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Psamathe – Alternatives Konzept Der Entsanderspülung

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Psamathe – Alternatives Konzept Der Entsanderspülung WASSERBAU Giovanni De Cesare, Cécile Münch-Aligné, Milad Daneshvari, Sebastian Schwindt und Fernando Biaggi Psamathe – Alternatives Konzept der Entsanderspülung Die vollständige Spülung von Dufour-Sandfängen geht einher mit erheblichen Verlusten des Triebwassers, wodurch der Anlagenertrag geschmälert wird. Die Effizienz eines neuarti- gen Spülsystems wird durch numerische Simulationen anhand einer Fallstudie eines Dufour- Sandfangs bewiesen. Das System ermöglicht gleichmäßige Geschwindigkeitsverteilungen entlang des Spülkanals im Bereich einer ausreichenden Sedimenttransportkapazität, im Ge- gensatz zu bestehenden Systemen, die erst im letzten Drittel des Spülkanals ausreichende Fließgeschwindigkeiten erreichen. 1 Einleitung Projektverantwortlichen die vorliegende setzverhalten zu fördern. Bei größeren Studie einer alternativen Entsanderspü- Durchflüssen werden mehrere Becken pa- Bereits die antiken Griechen wussten um lung ebenfalls nach Psamathe zu benen- rallel angeordnet, um ein gleichmäßiges die Bedeutsamkeit des Sandes und schrie- nen. Von größerer Relevanz als die der ter- Durchströmen zu ermöglichen [12]. Die ben dem Material mit Psamathe eine Göt- minologischen Historie dieser Studie sind abgelagerten Feststoffe müssen regelmä- tin zu. Sie ist eine der etwa 50 Nereiden, ihre technischen Aspekte, da Sand im ßig aus dem Absetzraum gespült werden. den Töchtern des Nereus und der Doris. Triebwasser für Wasserkraftbetreiber ei- Obwohl es langjährig bewährte Systeme Der Ursprung ihres Namens liegt in den nen kritischen Aspekt darstellt. gibt, sollte der große Erfahrungswert mit griechischen Worten psammos, Sand, und Der sichere und ökonomische Betrieb bestehenden und gut funktionierenden theia, Göttin. [4] sowie eine lange Lebensdauer der Turbi- Systemen kein Hindernis darstellen, Gu- Einige Zeit nach der Antike wurde im nen, Leitapparate und Schieber einer Was- tes noch besser zu gestalten. Jahr 2007 der zuvor entdeckte dreizehnte serkraftanlage sowie das Verhindern un- Mond des Neptuns von der Internationa- gewollter Ablagerungen im System kön- len Astronomischen Union nach Psama- nen durch Installation eines Entsanders 2 Bestehende Spülsysteme the benannt, gemäß der NASA (solarsys- oder Sandfangs gewährleistet werden. bei Entsander tem.nasa.gov), die alle Monde des Nep- Grundsätzlich besteht dieser aus einem tuns in Anspielung an die Götter Neptun Absetzbecken, gebildet aus einem gera- Der wesentliche Parameter eines Sand- oder Poseidon und deren Nachfahren be- den, relativ tiefen und breiten Kanal. Der fangs ist die mittlere Strömungsgeschwin- nennt, wie z. B. die Nereiden. Querschnitt des Kanals im Langsandfang digkeit, gekoppelt mit der Absetzge- Um dem Namen der Sandgöttin weite- wird in der Regel konstant gehalten, um schwindigkeit des maßgebenden Korns ren Ruhm hinzuzufügen, entschieden die Turbulenzen zu verringern und das Ab- (Dmin meistens im Bereich von 0,2 bis 0,3 mm) und der daraus errechneten er- forderlichen Beckenlänge. Der obere Teil des Sandfangs dient als Absetzbereich, die darunterliegende Zone als Ablagerungs- bereich. Im Idealfall kann sich das Sedi- ment bei ruhigem Abfluss kontinuierlich im Becken auf dessen gesamter Länge ab- setzen und wird dann von Zeit zu Zeit durch den darunterliegenden Spülkanal ausgewaschen [2]. Am unteren Ende des Beckens werden der Ausfluss und der Wasserstand durch eine Endschwelle oder durch eine Schütze gesteuert. Eine typische Form eines Sand- fangs ist in Bild 1 dargestellt. Eine klassische Entsanderanlage be- steht aus Einlaufkanal, Grobrechen, je Bild 1: Typische Form eines Sandfangs [10] nach Fassung einem Entkieserbereich, 44 WASSERWIRTSCHAFT 4 | 2014 WASSERBAU Feinrechen, Entsanderkanal, Spülsystem in der Menge des turbinierbaren Abflus- 3 Fallbeispiel eines und Überlauf am Ende des Entsanders zur ses bemerkbar macht. Zudem besteht eine Umbaukandidats Weitergabe des Wassers [10]. gesteigerte Unfallgefahr für Unterlieger Die bekanntesten Entsanderanlagen bei großen punktuellen Spülungen. Um den hydraulischen Wirkungsgrad ei- mit den entsprechenden Spülvorrichtun- Der Großteil der existierenden Entsan- nes Dufour-Sandfangs zu überprüfen, gen sind die Typen Büchi, Bieri und Du- deranlagen ist alt und muss in nächster wurde der bestehende Langsandfang der four [3] (Bild 2), welche im Folgenden kurz Zeit revidiert werden. Es liegt nahe, bei den Kraftwerksanlage Ernen-Mörel der Rho- beschrieben werden [9], [12]. geplanten Revisionen die Installation tech- newerke AG in Fiesch, Schweiz, als Refe- Im Sandfang nach Büchi (Bild 2a) wird nischer Maßnahmen zu erwägen, um den renzobjekt verwendet. Die Abflüsse der nach Teilschließung des Zuflusses und oben genannten Problemen zu begegnen. Rhone werden unterhalb des Zusammen- Öffnen des Spülschützes das Becken voll- Mit dem heutigen Stand der Technik flusses mit dem Wysswasser gefasst und in ständig entleert, so dass ein schießender können Entsander den Spülzeitpunkt die als Laufkraftwerk konzipierte Anlage Spülstrom die Ablagerungen auf der ge- selbstständig antasten und die Spülvor- geleitet, welche 1943 in Betrieb genommen neigten Sohle ins Unterwasser befördert. gänge technisch und ökonomisch optimal wurde und der Beschickung der Zentrale Das System Bieri (Bild 2b) trennt die in die Wege leiten. Mörel dient. Diese ist mit 3 Francis- Spülrinne vom Absetzraum durch zwei Letztlich kann durch ein neues Spül- Turbinen ausgerüstet, jeweils mit 18 MW übereinanderliegende Lochbleche (Lamel- konzept ein konstantes Wasserniveau im Kapazität bei einer Bruttofallhöhe von len). Durch Verschieben des oberen Ble- Entsanderbecken etabliert werden. Da- 249 m und einer Ausbauwassermenge von ches in Längsrichtung werden die Öffnun- durch muss der Betrieb der Turbinen nicht 22 m3/s . Das Wasser wird anschließend gen der Bleche übereinandergelegt und die mehr bedingt durch Abflussfluktuationen oberhalb der Fassung des Kraftwerks Ablagerungen aus dem Absetzraum gelan- alterniert werden. Massaboden der Rhone rückgeführt. gen in den Spülkanal. Für einen verlustfrei- en Betrieb kann auf ein Spülschütz am En- de der Spülrinne nicht verzichtet werden. Das System nach Dufour (Bild 2c) kann kontinuierlich oder temporär gespült wer- den. Die Sohle des Absetzraumes ist durch unbewegliche Leitblätter in Holzkästen von der Spülrinne getrennt. Die Abstände zwischen den Lamellen nehmen in der Re- gel vom Beginn bis zum Ende des Sand- fangs von ca. 20 cm auf 10 cm ab. Durch hohe Geschwindigkeiten in der Spülrinne soll bei eingestautem Betrieb ein kontinu- ierlicher Abfluss der abgesetzten Sedimen- te bei teilweise geöffnetem Spülschütz ge- währleistet werden (kontinuierlich). Für eine vollständige Spülung ist jedoch die vollständige Absenkung des Wasserspie- gels im Sandfang notwendig (temporär). Wie bereits angedeutet, wird die Spülwas- sermenge durch einen Schieber am Ende der Spülrinne kontrolliert. Als weitere Spülsysteme seien erwähnt das HSR-System [11], das von Støle [8] ent- wickelte Serpent-Sediment-Sluicing-Sys- tem (4S), der Slotted Pipe Sediment Slui- cer (SPSS) und der Saxophon Sediment Sluicer (SSS) [7]. Die in der Schweiz gebräuchlichen Ent- sanderanlagen funktionieren gut in Lagen oberhalb der Waldgrenze. Sobald sie un- terhalb davon liegen, treten häufig Proble- me auf, wie die Verstopfung des Spülsys- tems durch Geschwemmsel. Problema- tisch sind vor allem Kleinholz und Blätter, die durch den Grob- bzw. Feinrechen dringen. Bild 2: Die drei gebräuchlichsten Sandfang Spülsysteme, a) Büchi, b) Bieri und Ferner stellt die Spülwassermenge ein c) Dufour [12], mit: 1) Spülrinne, 2) Spülschütze, 3) Entsanderüberfall, 4) Beruhigungs- Problem dar, da sich ihr Volumen direkt rechen, 5) Lamellen, 6) Leitblätter und 7) Spülschieber WASSERWIRTSCHAFT 4 | 2014 45 WASSERBAU Die Entsanderanlage hat zwei paralle- le, 45 m lange sowie 5,85 m breite Becken und befindet sich praktisch im Original- zustand. Die Abflüsse bewegen sich zwi- schen 5 und 12 m3/s je Becken. Der Spül- prozess wird bei starkem Feststoffanfall oder signifikanten Ablagerungen manuell eingeleitet. Dabei wird in einem ersten Schritt die Spülung durch Absenken in ei- nem der beiden Becken durchgeführt. Das andere Becken wird mit der doppelten Wassermenge beschickt und entsandet so- mit nicht optimal. Eventuell verbleibende Sandreste zwischen den Spülöffnungen werden durch mehrmalige rasche Wasser- zugaben nahezu vollständig ausgewa- schen. Bild 3 zeigt den Sandfang während des Spülprozesses. Eine Spülung bis zur Wiederinbetrieb- nahme dauert bei vollständiger Absen- kung ca. 20 Minuten. Zum Vergleich mit den numerischen Simulationen wurde das linke Becken auf seiner gesamten Länge gespült. Dies funktioniert jedoch nur kor- rekt bei kompletter Absenkung. Bleibt das Becken voll, wird nur etwa das hinterste Bild 3: Aufnahme des bestehenden Entsanders des Typs Dufour der Kraftwerksanlage Drittel des Absetzraumes gespült. Ohne Mörel mit zwei parallelen Becken, in Fließrichtung: a) Anfang der Spülung durch Ab- vollständiger Entleerung beträgt die Spül- senken des linken Beckens; b) Sicht auf das Ende der Spüleinrichtung mit Spülschütze; wassermenge etwa 1/3 der Zuflusswasser- c) komplett gespültes Becken mit Sandresten zwischen den Öffnungen, welche durch menge, was ein Herunterfahren der Tur- mehrmalige schwallartige Wasserzugaben fast gänzlich weggespült werden; d) Auf- binen impliziert. Dadurch ist die einzig nahme der freigespülten original Holzkästen mit den Leitblättern sinnvolle Lösung im Ist-Zustand die der vollständigen Entleerung. nicht mehr infolge von Geschwemmsel spülende Sektionen
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