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Universi^ Micixsilms International 300 N INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. 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In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. Universi^ MicixSilms International 300 N. ZEEB RD„ ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 Greene, Jamess ., in PROGRESSIVES IN THE KENTUCKY MOUNTAINS: THE FORMATIVE YEARS OF THE PINE MOUNTAIN SETTLEMENT SCHOOL: 1913-1930 The Ohio State University University Microfilms international 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Copyright 1982 by Greene, James S., Ill Ail Rights Reserved In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages _ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print______ 3. Photographs with dark background______ 4. Illustrations are poor copy______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy______ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page______ 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages a Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine______ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print______ 11. Page(s)___________ lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s)___________ seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered___________ . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages______ 15. Other____________________________________________________________________ University Microfiims Internationai PROGRESSIVES IN THE KENTUCKY MOUNTAINS: THE FORMATIVE YEARS OF THE PINE MOUNTAIN SETTLEMENT SCHOOL 1913-1930 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University James S. Greene III, B.S.Ed., M.A. The Ohio State University 1982 Reading Committee: Elsie J. Alberty John C. Belland Adviser Robert H. Bremner Academic Faculty of Educational Foundations Paul R. Klohr and Research ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study would not have been possible without the wholehearted cooperation of the Pine Mountain Settlement School as extended by its director, the Reverend Alvin Boggs; its librarian, Mary Rogers; and its director emeritus. Burton Rogers. I cannot begin to express my appre­ ciation for the myriad ways in which they have facilitated my research. I am also grateful to the Hindman Settlement School and to Lionel Duff, who was its director at the time of my visit there, for the use of that institution's files. I also appreciated the help of various staff mem­ bers at the libraries where I conducted additional research— the Hutchins Library of Berea College, Berea, Kentucky; the Harlan Public Library, Harlan, Kentucky; the Thompson Library of the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; the King Library of the University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and the Hoskins Library of the Univer­ sity of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee. The Smith College Archives, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, furnished photocopies of alumnae news items relating to Ethel de Long Zande. One of the most pleasant parts of this research has been meeting many wonderful people who were once Pine Mountain students or workers or who had some connection with mountain work. A complete list of those who helped through interviews or correspondence is included in ii the Bibliography, and I want to thank all of them for their time and interest in my work. I also want to thank these individuals who aided me in obtaining various information: Tommy Lee, Harlan County Court Clerk; Jeff Brock; and Mildred Anderson. I will always be indebted to the late Kendall Bassett for the great faith he showed in me and my project by turning over to me the Ethel de Long Zande papers which had been entrusted to him at the wish of Helen de Long, who, along with her mother, Arabella de Long, had carefully preserved them with the desire that one day they be used in telling the story of their Ethel's work. I only hope this history would have measured up to their dreams. My interest in progressivism stems from a class I took nine years ago under my master's adviser at Union College, Professor Lester G. Lindley. My doctoral adviser. Professor John C. Belland, has been both a model mentor and true friend as well as a paragon of patience in waiting for his distant advisee to finish sorting out the threads that formed the Pine Mountain story. I have also appreciated the interest and helpful suggestions of the other members of the Reading Committee, Professors Elsie J. Alberty, Paul R. Klohr, and Robert H. Bremner. I am grateful for the support given me by my family. My parents and my wife have encouraged and helped me in many ways; my sister has typed and photocopied far beyond the ca]Ll of sisterhood; my mother-in- law and sister-in-law have been there to babysit in the clinches and my children have reminded me there was more to life than Pine Mountain, iii November 10, 1943 ......... Born - Harlan, Kentucky 1965.......................B.S.Ed., The University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 1965-1973 ................. Teacher of French and History, Harlan High School, Harlan, Kentucky 1973.......................M.A., Union College, Barbourville, Kentucky 1973-1974 ................. Teaching Associate, Academic Faculty of Curriculum and Foundations, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1974-1981 ................. Teacher of French and History, Harlan High School, Harlan, Kentucky 1981....................... Part-time Instructor of History, Southeast Community College, Cumberland, Kentucky FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Curriculum and Foundations Studies in Educational Communications. Professor John C. Belland Studies in Curriculum. Professor Paul R. Klohr Studies in Teacher Education. Professor Donald R. Cruickshank Minor Field: History Studies in American History: Professors Paul C. Bowers and Robert H. Bremner TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................ il VITA ................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES......................................... vil LIST OF F I G U R E S ........................................ viii INTRODUCTION........................................... 1 SECTION ONE; BEGINNINGS ................................ 9 Chapter I. WHEN WILL YOU WOMEN COME AN’ LARN US THINGS? .... 11 II. A FEW PRINCIPLES............................ 56 SECTION TWO; PINE MOUNTAIN AS S C H O O L .................... 70 Chapter III. THE PINE MOUNTAIN STUDENT..................... 72 IV. EXILED FROM SOCIETY AND THE SLUMS............. 89 V. PROVIDING MENTAL TOOLS FOR EVERYDAY NEEDS...... 114 VI. TO LARN ’EM TO DO THINGS WITH THEIR HANDS...... 143 VII. THE ENI.IVENMENTS OF LEISURE................... 171 VIII. WHERE HEARTS AND SOULS ARE T R A I N E D ........... 203 IX. PEOPLE WHO WILL HELP THEIR CHARACTERS DEVELOP , , , , 231 SECTION THREE: PINE MOUNTAIN AS SETTLEMENT............... 266 Chapter X. A LEAVENING INFLUENCE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD...... 268 Page Chapter XI. GO WHERE THE PEOPLE A R E ........................ 296 XII. AWAKE TO THE ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES OF LIFE .... 331 RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT .............................. 372 SECTION SOURCES AND CHAPTER NOTES ......... 379 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................... 402 LIST OF TABLES ible Page 1. The Pine Mountain Academic Program, Grades 1-8, As Described for the Kentucky State Department of Education, May 1923 ........................................... 128 2. List of Courses Offered in the Pine Mountain High School Department, 1925-26 130 3. List of Courses Taught in the Pine Mountain High School Department, 1928-29 130 LIST OF FIGURES Map Showing
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