Letters from the Chair and Vice-Chairs

Shalom Delegates! (привет делегаты!)

My name is John, I am a junior at THE Winchester High School, and it is my honor to welcome you to WinMUN III as the chair of this year’s Historical Crisis! Some of you may remember debating alongside me at WinMUN I, and more of you might remember me as your chair of the Finnish Red side of WinMUN II’s JCC. I can not wait to help recreate another awesome MUN experience for you all! Here is a wee bit about myself; outside of the MUNiverse, I am involved in our High School’s choir program, part of our school’s Anchor Club, President of my class, and an ​avid​ volleyball player.

The fast-paced and rapidly evolving nature of crisis committees make it a treat for any delegate lucky enough to earn a spot. Especially for such an action-packed topic, I am so excited to see what creative (and funny) solutions y’all will devise.

If there’s one thing I’ve learned at conferences, it’s that it pays to do research and prepare. Do not treat your position paper as your only research! Make it a preliminary outline and gameplan that you can use to bulk up your speeches and directives with facts and evidence. I have shown up to countless MUN meetings without enough research, and it has really prevented me from pushing my leadership, public speaking, and listening skills. Make sure to learn from my mistakes!

I look forward to getting to know you all, watching you grow as delegates, and most of all, I hope to see you all have fun while trying new things!

Make sure to follow our WinMUN Facebook page as well! If you have any questions, don’t hesitate to reach out!

John H. Bellaire WinMUN III RFK AG Chair [email protected] [email protected]

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Bonjour mes amis!

My name is Bryce DiMatteo and I am beyond excited to meet all of you! I originally joined Wincester’s Model UN Team my sophomore year (I’m a junior) to meet new people, and I can confidently say that MUN kids are the most fun and interesting people I know, so I can not wait to become friends with all of you! I have stuck with MUN not just for the people, but also for the lively debate and the cool things I learn.

When I’m not at MUN, I participate in many other clubs at Winchester High School. I run Winchester Best Buddies and our French Cooking Club, I ski for our school’s Alpine Ski Team, I write for the school newspaper, I am a student representative for the Social Justice Network, I am part of the planning committee for the Martin Luther King Jr. Day of Service, and I attend Harvard Model Congress (one of the b​ est​ clubs at the high school; Noah and I both go), Connect and Commit, Social Justice Club, Environmental Club, Red Cross Club, Unicef Club, WHS Gives Back, French Club, HEAL Club, and Anchor Club! I am a pre-registered Democrat, and am a vehement supporter of Amy Klobuchar! (Did you know she’s from the midwest???)

With that said, MUN is my favorite club! It has bettered my public speaking, heightened my confidence, and made me more interested in the world! If I could give any advice, it would be to really embrace your role, for the good as well as the bad. It is all the more fun to have to argue something that you personally do not believe!

Overall, MUN has taught me to strive for camaraderie and to disagree respectfully. I can't wait for some lively debate, teamwork, and new friendships! See you all (kinda) soon! Also JFK was killed by the Soviets (with help from Epstein).

Bryce C. DiMatteo WinMUN III RFK AG Vice-Chair br​ [email protected]

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Hello everyone!

My name is Noah Kim and I am a sophomore here at Winchester High School. I have been a part of the school’s Model UN team since my freshman year, and it has since become my favorite club. I have been to several conferences (including WinMUN II of course), but this will be my first time as a Vice Chair and I am so excited to help chair all of you! I have met a lot of new people thanks to this club, both in my school and at conferences, and I have gained many good friends. I hope WinMUN III can contribute to your MUN experience in that respect at the very least.

Outside of MUN, I’m involved in some other activities in school. I run for our school’s cross country and track teams, I am a member of Harvard Model Congress, Connect and Commit, and Best Buddies, I play trumpet in the WHS Jazz Band, and Jeffrey Epstein didn’t kill himself.

Despite the struggle of keeping up with schoolwork and sports, MUN is something I can always look forward to. This club has helped me get to know new people, become a better (but not great) speaker, and it has shown me how that while other high schoolers can be ruthless and intense, they can also be inspiring and cooperative.

Through MUN I have seen people work to solve some of the most difficult challenges faced by the global community, and ultimately agree on creative solutions. The MUN members I’ve met are no stranger to these skills. In my day to day life, I rarely come across students as thoughtful, smart, and passionate as the ones that make up WHS’ best club. I look forward to meeting you all!

Noah D. Kim WinMUN III RFK AG Vice-Chair [email protected]

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Introduction to Crisis1 Crisis Committees differ in many ways from a General Assembly or other traditional MUN simulations. Rather than an international debate over a global issue, most Crisis simulations focus on a specific region or conflict. There are typically no more than a few dozen delegates, who usually represent the interests of individual people instead of entire nations. Delegates receive dossiers describing the objectives and abilities of their person, as well as pertinent information about that person. Compared to a GA, the pace of debate is much faster and less formal. Crisis Committees are most significantly different from GAs in delegates’ capacity to directly affect their scenario. While General Assemblies typically pass resolutions at the end of the session, Crisis Committees will pass multiple directives throughout the day that immediately alter the “state of the world.” Delegates can also submit private “Crisis Notes,” which use the delegate’s personal powers to individually change the direction of the committee. All documents are sent to the Crisis backroom. Another major aspect of Crisis committees is “Crisis Events.” Crisis staffers will regularly deliver updates to the committee room about changes in their scenario, whether it be wars, natural disasters, statements to the press, or beyond. Delegates can even be assassinated! Some of these events may be the result of directives or crisis notes. These Crisis Events create a feedback system between delegates and the crisis staff as each work to build the world and the story of the committee. It is usually harder to prepare for crisis committees as a delegate since you have no way of predicting when, how, or which curveballs will be thrown your way. In this committee, you are your given character, and the crisis staff represents the “outside” world and all the events that occur there. Every delegate will be advancing their own character’s agendas, so stay on your toes!

Introduction to Historical Crisis For those of you new to Historical Crisis, (I am assuming most if not all of you) it functions in a very similar fashion to a Joint-Crisis, but without the second room. You still send the same crisis notes, and pass the same directives, but you are less susceptible to the sabotage of an opposition. Instead, the chairs and vice-chairs will serve as the backroom and will respond to your crisis notes, so cut us some slack if we fall behind on notes! We will tackle the issues of the past in a more intimate committee, and will also deal with events that ​could have ​ happened. By the end of any historical crisis committee, especially this one, your MUN capabilities will have accelerated beyond your wildest dreams. In our committee, aside from crisis notes, delegates will also have the ability to pass documents through a majority vote. One of these documents is a directive, which is similar to a resolution written in a typical General Assembly committee. Directives are much shorter than resolutions though, and

1 Adapted from the WinMUN Crisis Workshop Guide.

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typically consist of one to four operative clauses and no preambulatory clauses. Directives typically respond to crisis events, but can pertain to any relevant matter of the committee at any time. Additionally, our committee can pass press releases. In a press release, the committee can make a written statement to the public whether that statement is true or false is up to this committee. To pass a press release, it will also need a majority vote by the committee. Similar to a press release is a communique, which is a private formally written letter to another governing body, whether it be a head of state or agency under the DOJ. Although the letter is private, the recipient of the letter can potentially make it public, and misconstrue the message you sent. The number of sponsors and signatories required to present legislations will be announced at the beginning of committee session one. Once a directive, press release, or communique has enough sponsors or signatories, it should be passed up to the dias. When the chair asks if there are any points or motions on the floor, to enter voting bloc raise your placard and say “motion to move into voting procedure”. If that motion passes, only drafts on the dias at the drop of the chair’s gavel will be voted on. Do not hesitate to ask questions during committee about how to draft and then pass comprehensive legislation in a crisis committee; it is complicated!

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Table of Contents Part I: Introduction Cover Letters and Introductions ______1 Introduction to Crisis ______4 Table of Contents ______6 Description on the Office of the Attorney General ______7 Biography of Robert F. Kennedy ______8 Summary of last decade/five years of US History ______10 Part II: The Issues Civil Rights Movement ______11 Unions ______11 Organized Crime ______12 The FBI ______12 Immigration Enforcement ______13 Broad Criminal Justice Reform ______14 Death Penalty ______14 Cuban Crisis ______14 Berlin Wall ______15 Space Race ______16 Part III: Conclusion Consequences of the Kennedys’ Presidency ______17 Note on the Crisis Arc ______18 Suggestions for Further Research______18 Bibliography ______19

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Part I: Introduction

The Office of the Attorney General and Its Powers Shortly after the ratification of the United States Constitution, President George Washington signed the Judiciary Act of 1789 into law. The Act primarily established other Federal courts under the Supreme Court, but it also opened the office of the Attorney General as a one person part-time job.​1 Virginian Edmund Randolph was appointed by Washington, confirmed by the Senate, and became the first United States Attorney General.​2​ In the following century, the Attorney General’s office expanded rapidly prompting President Ulysses S. Grant to establish the Department of Justice on July 1, 1870.​3

The Department of Justice, or DOJ, is overseen by the Attorney General and his or her associates. The DOJ runs the Federal Prison System, and encompasses various Federal Agencies including the FBI, DEA, ATF, as well as the US Marshall Service. As shown in the graphic to the left, the Deputy Attorney General is directly below the Attorney General, and they will serve as interim Attorney General.​4

Another key member of the DOJ is the Solicitor General who represents the Department of Justice, and the entire Federal Government, before the US Supreme Court.5​ ​ Most importantly, The Associate Attorney General (Archibald Cox under President Jack Kennedy) oversees the various divisions that will be represented by the delegates of our committee.​6 I​ n our committee, your Chair will act as the Associate Attorney General, directing the Assistant Attorneys General (y’all) on behalf of Mr. Robert F. Kennedy. The Department of Justice has evolved into the World’s largest law office, and is headquartered at the iconic ​Robert Francis Kennedy Department of Justice Building ​ in Washington D.C.​7

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The Powers of This Committee In our committee, the Department of Justice will have the power to introduce legislation to Congress that pertains to the relevant topics outlined in this background guide, to make recommendations to the President and Attorney General, and to utilize the agencies under the Department of Justice forcefully to ensure justice in the United States. Directives, communiquées, and press releases will all be used to execute the agenda of the Kennedy administration as it pertains to enforcing and reforming domestic law. However, there will be some drawback from State Attorney Generals in this committee on some issues. It is important that all opinions are valued, but injustice in any state immediately becomes the Federal Government’s responsibility, and RFK will act on it.

The Department of Justice Mission Statement

“To enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law; to ensure public safety against threats foreign and domestic; to provide federal leadership in preventing and controlling crime; to seek just punishment for those guilty of unlawful behavior; and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans.” ​3

Biography on Robert Francis Kennedy Robert Francis Kennedy (“Bobby”) was born on November 20, 1920 into what would become America’s Royal Family.​8 ​ His father, Joseph P Kennedy Sr., was a prominent businessman who earned a fortune in the stock market and through private ventures. A friend of President Franklin D Roosevelt, Joseph was the US Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1938-40: during the Battle of Britain. Joseph was also the first Chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) from 1934-35.​9

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Bobby was, of course, the brother of United States Senator and President John F. Kennedy (D-MA, pictured left), whose campaigns he successfully managed. Additionally, Bobby’s younger brother, Edward (Ted) Kennedy (pictured right), was a US Senator from Massachusetts from 1962-2009.1​ 0 T​ oday, the Kennedy dynasty is full of political activists who continue to heavily influence American life through government as well as the private sector. Most notably, Bobby’s grandson, Joseph Kennedy III, is a rising star in the DNC and a 38 year old Congressman from Massachusetts’ 4th District.

After successfully managing Jack’s Presidential campaign in 1960, Bobby was appointed to the office of US Attorney General, which many criticized as nepotism, even though Bobby was an experienced lawyer. ​11 ​ His prior, most notable role as a lawyer came in 1953, when he was assistant counsel for Senator Joseph McCarthy’s communist witch-hunt committee. Bobby even named McCarthy godfather to his first child, something that would later damage his political career.​12 ​ Not long after his brother’s assassination in 1963, Bobby resigned from his post as Attorney General over disagreements with President Lyndon B. Johnson. Another factor in Kennedy’s resignation were the prospects of a New York Senate seat. Although he only vacationed in New York and was from Massachusetts, Kennedy defeated Republican Incumbent Kenneth Keating by optimizing his name recognition and charisma.1​ 3

At the 1964 Democratic National Convention, Bobby received a twelve-minute long standing-ovation in support of him and the suffering he endured following his brother’s passing. The speech he gave afterwards became a signature moment in his life, and is one of the most inspiring speeches in American history.1​ 4 ​ In 1968, Bobby ran for President and was making up significant ground on frontrunner Hubert Humphry in the Democratic

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Primary. Hours after winning the monumental South Dakota and California Primaries, Kennedy was fatally shot in the kitchen of the Ambassador Hotel by Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan.1​ 5 ​Kennedy’s death was a huge blow to the country as a whole, and allowed Republicans to easily win the White House in 1968, toppling a crestfallen Democratic Party. Throughout his life, Bobby was an advocate for civil rights, labor unions, child poverty, criminal justice reform, and other various ideas that define today’s Democratic Party. In this committee, we will focus on his beliefs as Attorney General, and the capabilities of the DOJ. However, it is important to understand Kennedy’s general motives and later actions in his life to make realistic choices in fictional scenarios this committee will throw at you.

America in the 1950s and 1960s The fifties are not traditionally regarded as a significant decade, but at this time America was transitioning from one era of chaos to another. The Second World War had ended in the previous decade, and the Korean War ended in 1953. Domestically, the landmark ​Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme Court Case marked a turning point for the Civil Rights Movement, and forced out the “Separate but Equal” hogwash of P​ lessy vs. Ferguson.​ This, combined with the birth of the Cold War, brought extreme racial and social tensions to America. The Interstate Highway System was being built, and by the end of the decade Hawaii and Alaska became the 49th and 50th states respectively. Elvis was tearing up the charts, while Fidel Castro’s successful coup in Cuba set up a Communist regime less than ninety miles from the southern tip of Florida. Organized crime was rapidly expanding. On November 6th, 1960, John Fitzgerald Kennedy beat out Republican Richard Nixon for the Presidency (See EC map right). At the time, this election was the closest in US history, showing how divided the country was. Needless to say, JFK inherited a multitude of issues. To solve these issues, he would often look to his Attorney General for advice. The issues that pertained to the Department of Justice will be discussed in the following pages.

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Part II: The Issues

The Civil Rights Movement The Civil Rights Act of 1957 established a Civil Rights Division to the Department of Justice.1​ 8​ Under the Kennedy administration, public schools were integrated and the Civil Rights Movement gained momentum. Under Bobby’s direction, the DOJ led by example in desegregation having opened jobs up to African Americans. During John’s presidential campaign, Bobby negotiated Martin Luther King Jr.’s release from a prison in Georgia, reflecting that the Kennedy Administration would help African Americans. ​ 19 ​ However, Bobby also gave FBI director J. Edgar Hoover the green light to wiretap Dr. King. When Bobby ran for President in 1968, Dr. King would have most likely endorsed him.2​ 0 ​As Federal Laws changed in the 1960s, the Department of Justice played a bigger and bigger role in protecting the rights of African Americans, especially in southern states. If (when) freedom marches are met by violent counter-protesters, the DOJ is responsible for maintaining peace and pursuing justice to the full extent if the states fail to do so.

Labor Unions Membership in unions was falling when Jack Kennedy was inaugurated, but that did not stop the President and his administration from protecting union rights.​21 S​ urprisingly, the strength of a​ ll unions was most threatened by a labor union. The International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT), led by Jimmy Hoffa, supposedly fought to protect the rights of truck drivers and warehouse men. Unfortunately, the union got heavily involved in organized crime, and Bobby and the FBI prosecuted Hoffa. The IBT’s reputation reflected poorly on all unions and helped to increase Republican anti-union sentiment.

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On the opposite side of the spectrum, Cesar Chavez led the United Farm Workers Union and organized a key voting base for the Kennedys.2​ 2 ​Additionally, in 1959, the United Steelworkers Union went on a successful strike for 116 days.2​ 3 ​As a Democratic administration, it was crucial that the Kennedys supported Union Rights, but how would they go about this while simultaneously cracking down on organized crime?

Organized Crime The International Brotherhood of Teamsters labor union was formed in 1903, and suffered from corruption since its beginning. In the 1950s, organized crime infiltrated the union and dominated its agenda. Jimmy Hoffa became president of the IBT on October 4, 1957, and Bobby Kennedy made it his personal mission to bring him down. During this time Bobby created a secretive “Get Hoffa” squad in the DOJ.4​ 3 ​ Media attention over conflicts between Teamsters led to inquiries by the DOJ and the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the U.S. Senate Committee on Government Operations.​39 ​ Bobby was approached by journalists to investigate labor racketeering.​42 Kennedy’s pursuit of organized crime, specifically the Teamsters, was no secret. Bobby was able to get approval from the Senate to create the so-called “Rackets Committee” that looked into corruption in labor unions. The committee would end up exposing 49 mobsters associated with the Teamsters, 141 Teamsters officers tied to criminal activities, and saw 73 of the union’s officers exercise their Fifth Amendment rights.​40 T​ he committee received tens of thousands of letters and telegrams from union members pledging aid to investigators despite the fear of violent retaliation. Although the teamsters union now valiantly protects the rights of truckers, it is to this day run by Hoffa’s son. Throughout this process, Hoffa Sr. still increased the IBT’s prestige and used many of its assets to support the Mafia’s projects. The Mafia was another of Bobby’s focuses, as it had around 5,000 members in the mid-20th century. He was the first Attorney General to encourage the government’s investigative agencies to cooperate while probing national crime syndicates.4​ 1 ​ Despite Bobby’s efforts, Hoffa remained free. In 1964, Hoffa finally succeeded in unifying all freight drivers under the National Master Freight Agreement, which was one of the union’s greatest achievements. However, in that same year, Hoffa was finally convicted of jury tampering, and he went to prison in 1967.3​ 9 ​ After the sentence was announced, Bobby called the prosecutors to congratulate them. With the growing influence of gangs, this committee must make combating organized crime one of its top priorities.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation As Attorney General, Bobby Kennedy was in charge of various agencies, including the FBI. Since their first official encounter, Bobby Kennedy had a strained relationship with FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover. During the infamous McCarthy investigations in the 1950s, Hoover refused to give Bobby a file because McCarthy’s chief counsel had given Hoover a biased warning against Bobby.2​ 7

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Later on, Kennedy and Hoover clashed over Martin Luther King Jr. in the ‘60s. Hoover viewed King as a troublemaker, and called him an "enemy of the state".2​ 7​ In February of 1962, Hoover presented allegations to Bobby that some of King’s advisors and supporters were communists. The FBI was concerned, and deployed agents to monitor King. In 1963, Kennedy issued a directive authorizing the FBI to wiretap King "on a trial basis, for a month or so", but Hoover extended the clearance to allow his men to continue wiretapping King through June 1966.3​ 8 Furthermore, when President Johnson officially ruled out his cabinet members as running mates in July 1964, many people were disappointed that Kennedy was no longer a potential running mate. Johnson became worried after receiving angry letters, and had the FBI monitor Kennedy to make sure he could not speak until Hubert Humphrey was confirmed as his running mate.2​ 7 ​ Other leaders fought with Hoover as well. In 1971, Richard Nixon stated that one of the reasons he did not fire Hoover was that he was afraid of Hoover's reprisals against him. Similarly, Harry Truman and JFK considered dismissing Hoover as FBI Director, but decided that there would be too much of a political cost. Truman even said that “... we want no Gestapo or secret police. The FBI is trending in that direction. They are dabbling in sex-life scandals and plain blackmail. J. Edgar Hoover would give his right eye to take over, and all congressmen and senators are afraid of him.”​37 ​ In a time when the federal government was under scrutiny for the FBI’s behavior, it was important that the Kennedy administration preserved their image in front of the public and the FBI. At the same time, Bobby needed the FBI’s help in his criminal justice crusades. It is up to this committee on how to handle the FBI’s recent behavior and use the Bureau for good.

Immigration Policies and Enforcement When JFK took office, the Immigration Act of 1924 was the law of the land in regards to immigration policy. The Immigration Act set quotas for various countries, specifying the maximum number of immigrants to the US each country could have each year. However, these quotas were not equal, discriminating against Jews, Italians, Slavs, and Asians. 3​ 1 ​ Bobby proposed that the policy be amended to get rid of quotas and instead accept applicants based on relation to US citizens, labor capabilities or skills, and refugee status.3​ 2 ​ Bobby’s demands eventually became the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965, but this law did not come without spirited debates.

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Broad Criminal Justice Reform As a lawyer, Bobby Kennedy knew the federal court system very well. Due to this, he also knew very well how unfair the court system was. As Attorney General, Bobby realized that, in addition to racial discrimination, the courts discriminated on the basis of wealth. He focused his efforts to reform the matter of b​ ail​. When an alleged perpetrator of a crime is detained, to ensure that he or she is present at his or her trial, they are held in custody until their trial is ready. However, judges allow defendants to post bail, meaning the defendant can give the court a sum of money, set by the judge, in exchange for their freedom. When the defendant arrives for their trial, the sum of money is returned to them.1​ 6 M​ eanwhile, those who can not afford to make bail spend months in jail, w​ ithout being found guilty of any crime, ​awaiting their trials. To complicate things, in the 1960s, private bondsmen sold bail (with premiums) to accused criminals and charged absurd interest rates on them. In Montgomery County, Maryland, 30% of all inmates waited for their trials since they were unable to pay bail, costing taxpayers millions annually. ​17 ​ It is up to this committee to decide if and how to reform, or do away with, the practice of bail.

The Death Penalty The District of Columbia was the only place in the United States that had a mandaotry execution for suspects found guilty of first degree murder. In 1961, the Kennedy administration passed HR5143 into law to abolish this D.C.-specific law and not require the death penalty; the prevouis execution in D.C. was in 1956. In 1963, the administration put a moratorium (a suspension without a deadline) on all federal executions. The most recent execution had taken place in Iowa on March 15, 1963. A moratorium cannot last forever. The committee needs to pass a law to either legalize or outlaw the death penalty.4​ 8

Cuban Crisis By 1961, the Cuban Revolution had ended, and Cuba was officially a communist country. The US-backed dictatorship was violently overthrown by Fidel Castro’s Communist Party of Cuba. With this development, Cuba quickly joined the list of America’s communist enemies (topped, of course, by the Soviet Union). When the Kennedys came into office, they inherited the “Bay of Pigs” operation from Eisenhower, who had set things in motion but left the consequences for the next administration. The basic idea of the operation was to send in US troops to take over the Cuban government and set up a capitalist economy. Bobby was opposed to the mission, since he felt that the US was underestimating the capabilities of the Cuban armed forces. Since it was also part of the Executive Branch, Bobby spoke with CIA officials and endorsed the CIA’s plan for Operation Mongoose. The goal of Operation Mongoose was to start another revolution among the Cuban people and oust the communists. The CIA started becoming more reckless and moved past the

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administration's approved missions, making plans to discreetly assassinate Castro. Bobby revoked his support from such direct intervention in Cuba and instead looked towards a more diplomatic approach to the US-Cuba relationship. Unfortunately, Castro and the Communist Party were angry with recent US military actions, which they perceived as acts of war. They looked towards the Soviet Union, a fellow communist nation and an enemy of the US. The US passed the Foreign Assistance Act, which prohibited all trade (except for food and medicine) and refused aid to any country who tried to trade with Cuba. Russia was able to swoop in and supply the Cubans with the goods they needed. Russia took advantage of Cuba’s dependence on them, and built missile silos on the island country within striking distance of the US. Twenty years into the Cold War, this uncalled-for escalation, soon to be called the Cuban Missile Crisis, presented an insurmountable task for the Kennedy Administration. At any time, the Soviet Union could launch nuclear missiles; with the stroke of a finger, New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, or Washington DC could be obliterated. It is up to you to stop the impending doom of a missile strike.2​ 4, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30

Berlin Wall The Berlin Wall was a barrier that surrounded West Berlin and prevented access to it from East Berlin from 1961 to 1989.4​ 9​ The causes for its construction began after WWII. Allied peace conferences determined that the eastern part of Germany would go to the Soviet Union and the western part would go to the United States, Great Britain, and eventually France.5​ 0​ The existence of West Berlin, a capitalist city deep within communist East Germany, was an obstacle for the Soviets. Consequently, the Russians began planning to drive the other nations out of the city. They blustered and made threats, leading to summits, conferences, and other negotiations that went without resolution. Meanwhile, the flood of refugees continued. Between 1949 and 1961, about 2.5 million East Germans had fled to West Germany, including large numbers of skilled workers, professionals, and intellectuals; their loss threatened to destroy the economy of the East German state.​49 ​ In June 1961, some 19,000 people left the GDR through Berlin, and 30,000 more fled in July. In the first 11 days of August, 16,000 East Germans crossed the border, and on August 12 some 2,400

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followed, becoming the largest number of defectors ever to leave East Germany in a single day.​50 ​ That night, Premier Khrushchev gave the East German government permission to close its border for good.​50 The Berlin Wall was first erected on August 13, 1961, as the result of a decree passed on August 12 by the East German Volkskammer.​49 ​ In two weeks, the East German army, police force, and volunteer construction workers had completed a makeshift barbed wire and cinder block wall.​50 ​ By the 1980s, a system of walls, electrified fences, and fortifications extended 28 miles through Berlin, dividing the two parts of the city, and extended a further 75 miles around West Berlin.4​ 9 ​The Berlin Wall came to symbolize the Cold War’s division of East from West Germany and of eastern from western Europe. However, it did defuse the crisis over Berlin.​50 ​ President John F. Kennedy conceded that “a wall is a hell of a lot better than a war.” Almost two years after the Berlin Wall was erected, JFK delivered an address to a crowd of over 120,000 gathered outside West Berlin’s city hall. Kennedy’s speech was largely remembered for his line, “I am a Berliner.”4​ 9

Space Race The Kennedy’s relationship with the Soviet Union and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev had been going downhill, with the Cold War extending into its 14th year. In the aspect of space, the Soviet Union had been winning. They sent the first dog into space and the first person to fully orbit the Earth, with their end goal being to make it to the Moon. The Kennedys knew that they needed to get their foot in the door and get more aggressive in the space race. In May of 1961, JFK went in front of both branches of Congress and said, “This nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before the decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth.” He believed that sending a man to (and from) the moon would put them ahead in the invisible war with the Soviet Union. To achieve this goal, the administration needed another $7-9 billion over the next five years for the space program, and to compromise with John Tower, the Texas senator and leader of the subcommittee controlling the funding of the space program. Can you help the Kennedys cement their legacy and finally pull ahead in the Cold War?​44, 45, 46, 47

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Part III: Conclusion

Consequences of the Kennedy Presidency Although John F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963, his legacy has continued to impact society through the modern day. On July 20th 1969, NASA fulfilled Kennedy’s goal and put a man on the Moon. ​33 ​Bobby and Jack’s work was built upon by Lyndon B. Johnson’s administration. Most notably, LBJ signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law which prevented discrimination on the basis of sex and color in the United States. Johnson also furthered US involvement in the Vietnam conflict, something that JFK was also responsible for. Bobby focused the national attention on organized crime, and increased the number of DOJ staffers focused on gangs twenty-fold. 3​ 4 ​Following her husband’s death in 1968, Ethel Kennedy founded a non-profit organization, the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Human Rights and Justice, in his honor. The John F. Kennedy School of Government and the JFK Presidential Library have helped educate thousands of citizens on how government operates.3​ 5 ​Through the modern day, politicians from Ronald Reagan to Bernie Sanders have referenced and attempted to emulate the Kennedy’s charisma. Most famously, in the 1988 Vice-Presidential debate, Lloyd Bensten told Republican Dan Quayle “Senator, you’re no Jack Kennedy” ​36 (​ you should watch it; it’s as juicy as it sounds). W​ hen Sirhan Sirhan gunned down Bobby in the Ambassador Hotel kitchen, the country mourned and was in disbelief. After Bobby’s death, three of the next four Presidents would be from the Republican party, as the Democrats struggled to find qualified leadership to replace them. What the Kennedy family did, and continues to do for the country, can not be understated. Their kindness and determination to help others gave the country hope in a turbulent time, and hopefully the delegates in this Historical Crisis can capitalize on it.

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Notes on this Committee’s Timeline Although this committee will use the actual courses of action taken by the Kennedy administration as guidelines, they will not directly line up to the crisis arc you all will encounter in committee. Rather, the actual events frame a background knowledge that will help you understand the severity of the issues, and provide an insight into the Kennedy’s beliefs. However, references to events that transpire after 1961, and that are not explicitly mentioned in committee, are not allowed. For example, mentioning Sirhan Sirhan, who is an irrelevant everyday nobody until four years after our committee ends, would be frowned upon by the chair. You can look to the following years for proposed solutions, but you can not support an argument for your solution on the fact that it was the solution chosen by RFK. The crisis arc itself will not directly follow the true events that transpired as history, but they will be possible within the limits of the​ background​ information provided in this background ​guide. We hope to see you creatively adapt to fictional (yet realistic) scenarios that the crisis will throw at you using the background knowledge provided in these pages and beyond.

Suggestions for Further Research For further research, I suggest you skim the Wikipedia pages that have their links posted below. Additionally, the Department of Justice website provides primary source files, some of which you may encounter in committee. The first two episodes of the series B​ obby Kennedy for President ​on Netflix are exceptional documentaries and provide a strong timeline of what Bobby accomplished and went through in the DOJ. The electoral college maps and popular vote results from the 1960 and 1964 elections are valuable primary sources as well, since they show important voter demographics that would have been crucial in JFK’s re-election. Bobby’s various speeches are on youtube from his life, and they show his powerful way of words and help transport you into the shoes of a State/Assistant Attorney General at the time. The actions of William Pierce Rogers and Nicholas Katzenbach, who were the attorneys general before and after RFK, will provide potential solutions to the potential problems this committee will face. Thanks if

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Bibliography

1. “Primary Documents in American History.” Judiciary Act of 1789: Primary Documents ​ of American History (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress), ​ www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/judiciary.html. ​ 2. “Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Edmund Jennings Randolph (1753–1813).” U.S. ​ Department of State, U.S. Department of State, ​ www.history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/randolph-edmund-jennings. ​ 3. “About DOJ.” The United States Department of Justice, 7 Nov. 2018, ​ ​ www.justice.gov/about. ​ 4. “United States Assistant Attorney General.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 25 Sept. ​ ​ 2019, www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Attorney_General. ​ ​ 5. “Solicitor General of the United States.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 13 Dec. ​ ​ 2019, www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States. ​ ​ 6. “The Watergate Story.” The Washington Post, WP Company, ​ ​ www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/cox.html?noredirect=on. ​ 7. “Remarks by the President At Dedication Of the Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building.” National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives and ​ ​ Records Administration, www.georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/11/20011120-15.html. ​ 8. “Robert F. Kennedy.” JFK Library, ​ ​ www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/robert-f-kennedy. ​ 9. “Joseph P. Kennedy.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 3 Dec. 2019, ​ ​ www.biography.com/political-figure/joseph-p-kennedy. ​ 10. John. “Edward M. Kennedy, Senate Stalwart, Is Dead at 77.” The New York Times, The ​ ​ New York Times, 26 Aug. 2009, www.nytimes.com/2009/08/27/us/politics/27kennedy.html. ​ 11. Zeitz, Josh, et al. “The Bitter Feud Behind the Law That Could Keep Jared Kushner Out of the White House.” POLITICO Magazine, 17 Nov. 2016, ​ ​ www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/11/1976-nepotism-law-lyndon-johnson-bobby-k ennedy-trump-kushner-214465. ​ 12. Maranzani, Barbara. “10 Things You Didn't Know About Robert F. Kennedy.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 4 June 2018, ​ www.history.com/news/remembering-robert-f-kennedy. ​ 13. “Robert F. Kennedy.” JFK Library, ​ ​ www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/robert-f-kennedy. ​

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14. “JFK & RFK Convention Speeches at the 1960 and 1964 DNC's.” YouTube, YouTube, ​ ​ 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNouvB5ii80. ​ ​ 15. “TheAmbassadorHotel.com - Everyone Spoke, but It's History.” TheAmbassadorHotel.com - Everyone Spoke, but It's History., ​ www.theambassadorhotel.com/. ​ 16. Silverman, Jacob. “How Bail Works.” HowStuffWorks, HowStuffWorks, 5 Feb. 2007, ​ ​ www.money.howstuffworks.com/bail1.htm. ​ 17. “Bail Legislation Testimony.” 1964. Robert F. Kennedy https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/ag/legacy/2011/01/20/08-04-1964.pdf

18: https://www.justice.gov/crt ​ 19: https://www.ushistory.org/people/twolions.htm ​ 20: https://scholarship.law.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=lawreview ​ 21: https://www.historycentral.com/sixty/Economics/Laborunion.html ​ 22: https://ufw.org/research/history/story-cesar-chavez/ ​ 23: https://www.usw.org/union/history ​ 24:https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/rfks-secret-role-in-the-cuban-missile-crisis/ ​ 25: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/26/world/americas/fidel-castro-dies.html ​ 26:https://theintercept.com/2017/08/17/the-north-korea-standoff-like-the-cuban-missile-crisis-ex ​ poses-the-reckless-u-s-worldview/ 27:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy ​ 28:https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/the-bay-of-pigs ​ 29: https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/the-cold-war ​ 30: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-cuba-relations ​ 31: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_immigration_statistics ​ 32: https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/ag/legacy/2011/01/20/07-22-1964.pdf ​ 33:https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo11.html ​ 34:https://www.history.com/news/robert-kennedy-started-the-war-on-mafia-gangs ​ 35: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights ​ 36: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWXRNySMW4s ​ 37: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover ​

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38:https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2002/07/the-fbi-and-martin-luther-king/30253 ​ 7/ 39: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Teamsters ​ 40:https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/ag/legacy/2011/01/20/09-25-1963.pdf ​ 41: https://www.history.com/news/robert-kennedy-started-the-war-on-mafia-gangs ​ 42: https://themobmuseum.org/blog/robert-f-kennedys-crusade-mob/ ​ 43:https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-political-blood-feud/2015/07/16/eb3ea120-2030 ​ -11e5-84d5-eb37ee8eaa61_story.html 44: https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/space-program ​ 45:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union ​ 46:https://www.space.com/11774-jfk-speech-moon-exploration-kennedy-congress-50years.html ​ 47:https://millercenter.org/president/kennedy/foreign-affairs ​ 48: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy ​ 49: https://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Berlin-Wall/78806 ​ 50: https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/berlin-wall ​

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