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Feb 07 MT.Indd he sulpha drugs, together with penicillin and the other antibiotics that followed, had a massive effect on medicine, saving countless lives in peace How two and war, as well as making Tpossible many of the medical advances we now take for granted. The first two drugs had a particular impact Milton Wainwright speculates on how the in WWII and while the Allies had antimicrobials unlimited supplies of penicillin from D-Day onwards, the Axis powers outcome of World War II might have been had to rely upon the less dependable sulphonamides. very different if novel antimicrobial drugs The following two stories show how altered the history these novel antimicrobials changed the had not been available. course of WWII, and thereby modern history. The first story is relatively well known, how Winston Churchill’s life Winston Churchill giving his traditional ‘V for Victory’ salute on 10 November 1942. was saved by a new sulphonamide. The of the modern Reg Speller / Hulton Archive /Getty Images second and more intriguing story has only recently come to light and begs the Adolf Hitler at the Berghof, Berchtesgaden, Upper Bavaria, Germany, in the late 1930s. question – did the Allies inadvertently Hugo Jaeger / Timepix / Time Life Pictures / Getty Images save Hitler’s life in July 1944? world Churchill’s cure developed sulpha drug (sulphapyridine), commonly referred By the time WWII began in Europe the sulphonamides were to as M&B, after its manufacturers. Churchill’s condition got well established as life-saving drugs. Discovered by Domagk, worse, however, and he developed heart disease. The lungs as Prontosil, the new drugs had been further developed of the 69-year-old Prime Minister became congested and his and were showing their worth in treating childbed fever, condition deteriorated rapidly. Then, miraculously, under the pneumonia and septic wounds. Sulphonamides were used influence of the new drug, Churchill began to improve, and to great effect to treat the wounded at Pearl Harbor and by Christmas he was working again. At the end of December continued to be used in the Pacific and, alongside penicillin, he was transferred to Marrakesh to convalesce and was able throughout the War. to return to England by early January 1944. One type of sulphonamide produced in England by May M&B 693 undoubtedly saved Churchill’s life in 1943, and, and Baker undoubtedly saved the life of Winston Churchill by allowing him to return to work on plans for the Anzio and thereby had a spectacular effect on the outcome of the invasion of Italy and the Normandy invasion, affected the War, and civilization in general. course of WWII. We obviously have no idea what would Late in 1943, at the height of the War, Churchill made have happened if Churchill had not been saved by M&B. a trip to the Middle East, meeting Chang Kaishek in Cairo, Perhaps his successor would have taken a completely different Stalin in Tehran and then on his return to Cairo, Roosevelt. approach when it came, for example, to supporting Tito in Early in the morning of 11 December, he boarded a flight Yugoslavia, to the aerial bombing of Germany or relations to Tunisia to spend a while relaxing at Eisenhower’s villa in between Stalin and the Allies. What is not in doubt however, Carthage. But things began to go wrong from the start. Off is that without M&B the outcome of WWII would, for better course, the plane was forced to make an unscheduled stop or worse, have been very different. some 40 miles from Carthage. Churchill was left stranded in a cold wind, sitting on his luggage, for more than an hour. In Hitler’s escape from death the evening, he complained of a sore throat and bad headache Antibacterial agents, of course do not discriminate – they and soon developed a temperature of 101 F. His personal save the wicked as well as the righteous. The next story physician, Lord Moran, was called and he used a portable provides a perfect example of the former, showing how, in X-ray machine to show that Churchill had a shadow on his all likelihood, penicillin, the antibiotic that has reduced lung that indicated only one thing; the Prime Minister had mortality and relieved so much suffering, also saved the life pneumonia. Moran immediately prescribed a new, British- of Adolf Hitler. 16 microbiology today feb 07 microbiology today feb 07 17 28–30 Hitler lived a charmed life, so much so that one might November 2007 believe the Fates were, for a long time, on his side. He Cardiff City Hall survived wounding in the First World War, life in Munich during the interwar years, and then numerous near misses The 2007 Conference will be the largest UK gathering of and assassination attempts as he rose to power, even while health professionals working in infectious disease and its allied he was Führer. disciplines. The conference will include: One assassination attempt that almost succeeded involved multidisciplinary plenary sessions Count Claus von Stauffenberg. In 1944 von Stauffenberg smuggled a briefcase containing a bomb into Hitler’s briefi ng a variety of challenging interactive workshops hut at the Wolf’s Lair in East Prussia. As he made his hasty named lectures satellite symposia exit, he heard an enormous explosion, which he assumed oral presentations poster walks must have killed everyone in the hut, including Hitler. social programme trade exhibition Unfortunately he was wrong; Fate had once again smiled The Scientifi c Organizing Committee, with input from many on Hitler. Soon after von Stauffenberg placed the bomb, of the constituent societies of FIS, is putting together an exciting one of Hitler’s adjutants moved it behind a thick wooden programme focusing on a wide range of topics of current table leg. This helped dampen the blast, leaving Hitler alive, importance in the fi eld of infection. although badly injured. von Stauffenberg, his family and co-conspirators were not so lucky; some committed suicide, For all enquiries, contact the FIS Secretariat: while most were hunted down by the Gestapo and the SS, email [email protected]; tel. 0118 988 1805 tortured and then brutally murdered. Hitler’s personal physician, Theodor Morell, arrived almost We look forward to welcoming you to Cardiff in November 2007. immediately on the bomb scene and began administering fi rst aid. It was clear, however, that Hitler’s life hung on a thread. Morell is usually portrayed as a quack who did more harm than good to his principal patient. Despite the fact that he kept Hitler high on drugs, Morell also did some surprisingly Out-of-print books for sale imaginative work on a novel probiotic called Mutafl or, which he prescribed to ease Hitler’s long-term stomach problems. Morell probably began treating Hitler with sulpha drugs after Hitler’s personal physician Theodor Morell in Wilhelmshaven for the the explosion, but he had a small supply of a much better launching of the battleship Tirpitz. Hugo Jaeger / Timepix / Time Life drug, penicillin, in his arsenal. Pictures / Getty Images The Germans and their allies had been remarkably slow in developing their own penicillin so, by the time of von would have sued for peace and all those who died in the war Stauffenberg’s assassination attempt, they had only small and the concentration camps, from 1943 onwards, would amounts of Axis-produced penicillin. Doubtless these have survived; the speculation is endless. meagre supplies would have been available to Morell for For good or for worse, antimicrobial agents have use in treating Hitler and his criminal henchmen. Fortunately dramatically changed the course of history. Although we for the Führer, Morell had access to the more potent usually emphasize their positive effects in saving lives, American and British penicillin. The Americans, in particular, these two stories show that history is never simple and that Microbiology and allied disciplines, especially late 19th to mid-20th century had decided to supply their fi eld doctors with penicillin, antimicrobials have had a complex impact on our modern and fi ghter and bomber pilots carried a supply when they world. fl ew over Germany. Penicillin was also sent through the • We welcome enquiries for specifi c titles Red Cross to prisoner-of-war camps. Morell clearly would Milton Wainwright have had access to some of this Allied penicillin; Adolf Our regular catalogues cover all biomedical sciences Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, • Hitler would naturally have been the fi rst person to receive University of Sheffi eld, Sheffi eld S10 2TN, UK We are also interested in buying books it. My own recent researches in fact leave little doubt that • (e m.wainwright@sheffi eld.ac.uk) Morell used Allied penicillin to help save Hitler’s life in 1944. Bernard Dixon and Kath Adams A Germany at war without Hitler in 1944 would have been Further reading 130 Cornwall Road very different. Perhaps the Germans would have continued Lesch, J.E. (2006). The First Miracle Drug. Oxford: Oxford to fi ght under a new Führer. Conversely, a German Army University Press. Ruislip Manor Tel. 01895 632390 without Hitler’s meddling may have done better at Stalingrad Wainwright, M. (2004). Hitler’s penicillin. Perspect Biol Med and on D-Day; we shall never know. Maybe the Germans 47, 189–198. HA4 6AW Email [email protected] 18 microbiology today feb 07.
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