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Sightings of Southern Right Whales Around 'Mainland' New Zealand

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Sightings of Southern Right Whales Around 'Mainland' New Zealand • In winter 2001 a cow/calf pair travelled from Orutua River mouth to Whangawehi then Hicks Bay, and was sighted over a period of 18 days (Fig. 7). • In winter 2002, a cow/calf pair first sighted in Bell Block, New Plymouth was later sighted near Tapua stream and Titahi Bay, and was last sighted in Palliser Bay. Sightings were reported over a period of 21 days (Fig. 8). Figure 6. Residency 0.9 period of cow/calf pairs and 0.8 other southern right whale cow/calf pairs groups sighted around 0.7 mainland New Zealand other whales between 1976 and 2002. 0.6 0.5 0.4 Proportion 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 to 7 8 to 14 15 to 21 22 to 30 > 30 Residency (days) Figure 7. Movements and residency of five southern right Figure 8. Presumed movement and residency of a southern whale cow/calf pairs sighted in East Coast/Hawkes Bay right whale cow/calf pair sighted in Wanganui/Wellington Conservancy. Conservancy in winter 2002. Science for Conservation 225 17 4.6 BEHAVIOUR The behaviour of sighted whales was very seldom recorded (Appendix 1). Reported behaviours included travelling, ‘rolling around’, playing and leaping, ‘frolicking’, tail lobbing, possible feeding and swimming up and down a beach. Less demonstrative behaviours (e.g. resting), likely occurred but were not specifically reported. Mating groups usually consist of 2–8 whales, are highly active, creating white water, and can last for hours to a few days. The group of 10–12 whales reported in Foveaux Straight over winter 1990 and the group of 3–4 whales reported around Otago Peninsula in winter 1994 were likely engaged in mating activity. The behaviour of cow/calf pairs included resting and travelling close inshore, sometimes over a period of several days and weeks. Nursing was not reported but likely occurred. TABLE 2. SOUTHERN WHALES (n = 26) PHOTO-IDENTIFIED AROUND MAINLAND NEW ZEALAND. DISTINCT. YEAR DATE LOCATION REPRODUCT. PHOTOGRAPHER USEFULNESS CATEGORY STATUS LEFT RIGHT TOPSIDE 1990 26 Jul Te Wae Wae Bay/Southland Andy Cox, DOC good good good 2 1990 ? Port Pegasus/Southland Unknown good 1 1992? May Mahurangi Harbour/Auckland Thelma Wilson, DOC poor 2 1994 6 Jul St Kilda/Otago Adult Graeme Loh, DOC good poor 0 1994 6 Jul St Kilda/Otago Adult Graeme Loh, DOC, Natural poor good 2 History Unit 1994 25 Jul Warrington Beach/Otago Adult Otago Daily Times, DOC staff fair poor 2 1994 25 Jul Warrington Beach/Otago Adult DOC staff, Natural History Unit poor poor 0 1996 Aug Jacky Lee Bay/Southland Anonymous fair good good 2 1996 Dec Paterson Inlet/Southland DOC staff good poor 3 1997 10 Aug Mt Maunganui/Bay of Plenty Cow Paul Keyes, Bay of Plenty Polytech fair fair 3 1997 1 Oct Wellington Harbour/Wellington Mark Round, Dominion good poor 2 1998 13 Sep Taraunga/Bay of Plenty Cow Kim Westerskov, Tauranga good good fair 1 1998 29 Aug Kaikoura/Canterbury Rob Suisted, DOC good 2 1999 19 Jan Kaikoura/ Canterbury Sub-adult Dennis Buurman, Dolphin fair poor 2 Encounter; T. Markowitz, Dusky Dolphin Project 2000 23 Jul Sumner/Canterbury Jim Lilley, Marine Watch good 2 2000 27 Jul New Plymouth/Wanganui TVNZ One news poor good poor 2 2000 28 Sep Hen and Chickens Is/Northland Adult Carol Turner poor 3 2000 28 Sep Hen and Chickens Is/Northland Adult Carol Turner fair good 1 2000 1 Jul Tory Channel/Nelson-Marlborough Zoe Battersby, Dolphin Watch good good 1 Marlborough 2000 29 Aug Parapara sandspit/ Simon Hall, DOC poor fair 3 Nelson-Marlborough 2001 8 Aug Bluff Harbour/Southland B. Harcourt, Southland Times poor 3 2001 4 Aug Brighton Beach/Canterbury Sam Dufresne, Otago University poor poor 1 2001 27 Aug Lyall Bay/Wellington Sub-adult Peter Rees, Te Papa poor 1 2001 11–20 Sep Endeavour Inlet/ Zoe Battersby, Dolphin Watch good good poor 1 Nelson-Marlborough Marlborough; Jim Tannock, Marlborough Express 2002 24–25 Jul Bay View/East Coast-Hawkes Bay Adult Hawkes Bay newspaper, TVNZ fair poor poor 2 2002 3 Sep Whangarei Harbour/Northland Ingrid Visser good good fair 1 18 Patenaude—Sightings of southern right whales, New Zealand 4.7 PHOTO-IDENTIFICATION A total of 26 different whales were photo-identified and photographs were collated into a mainland photo-identification catalogue (Table 2, Appendix 3). Whales were photo-identified in 10 of the 11 Conservancies where they were sighted: Southland (n = 5), Otago (n = 4), Canterbury (n = 4), Nelson- Marlborough (n = 3), Wellington (n = 2), Bay of Plenty (n = 2), East Coast/ Hawkes Bay (n = 1), Wanganui (n = 1), Auckland (n = 1) and Northland (n = 3). These included photographs of two cows, two juveniles, seven adults and 15 other whales of unknown status. Overall, 20 whales had at least one good or fair photograph to compare with the New Zealand subantarctic catalogue. One of the six whales for which only poor photographs were available was mottled (highly distinctive), and two others were very distinctive. Overall, pictures of 23 whales were considered of good enough quality to be matched to the subantarctic catalogue. The remaining three whales with poor quality photographs were not distinctive and the ability to match them was low. No match was made between these 23 photo-identified whales from around mainland New Zealand, and the extensive subantarctic catalogue. None of the small subset of top-side profiles from mainland New Zealand waters (n = 6) were matched to the Australian regional catalogues during a workshop held at the South Australian museum in March 2002. 5. Discussion 5.1 LIMITATIONS AND BIASES The results presented in this report are based on non-systematic sighting reports of southern right whales obtained from several sources. Determination of species identity, group size and group composition was likely to be subject to error depending on the observer’s experience. Efforts were made to verify species identity, group size and composition by viewing photographs or video, interviewing observers, and relying on the description provided. Only confirmed sightings of right whales were included in the analysis. It is possible that some sightings listed as ‘unconfirmed’ may have been of right whales. As such, the interpretation of the results is based on the minimum number of confirmed southern right whale sightings reported between 1976 and 2002. Efforts were made to minimise the likelihood of duplicate sightings by grouping sightings when whale groups of similar size or composition were reported on the same day or within a few days of each other, and in the same location or within a few kilometers of each other. This grouping of sightings may downward-bias the number of true unique sightings. However, some sightings may have been duplicate sightings of whales seen several days, weeks or even months apart. Considering sightings as unique when they were in fact resightings would create an upward bias for the true number of unique sightings. Without individual photo-identification (or genetic tagging), these biases are impossible to resolve. Science for Conservation 225 19 5.2 EVIDENCE OF A SIGNIFICANT RECOVERY OF SOUTHERN RIGHT WHALES AROUND MAINLAND NEW ZEALAND The number of sightings around mainland New Zealand has increased since the first right whales returning to mainland New Zealand waters after whaling ceased was reported in Tory Strait in 1963 (Gaskin 1964). Between 1976 and 1987, single sightings of southern right whales were occasionally reported in some years. Two decades later, southern right whales have been consistently reported each year, and both the number of sightings and the number of whales are significantly increasing over time. The extent of this increase is difficult to quantify, in part because of the sighting biases mentioned above, and because sighting effort has been inconsistent over time. The University of Auckland/ DOC southern right whale research project started in 1995 and, during the first few years of this project, several radio and television interviews, printed press articles, and a TVNZ documentary highlighted the need for more information on southern right whales. This would have increased the awareness of members of the public, whale-watch operators, and DOC regional staff to reporting southern right whale sightings. The estimated rates of increase are likely to be affected by the inconsistent effort in the reporting of sightings and should not be considered as actual rates of population increase, rather as indications that the population is increasing at some unknown rate. What is of greater concern is that there has not been an increase in sightings of cow/calf pairs and the total number of reproductive females sighted around the mainland is very low. At most, 11 different cow/calf pairs have been sighted around the mainland in the last 25 years. If females show site fidelity and a three-year calving interval, the number of calving females in this population may be closer to four or five. If the whales sighted around the mainland are distinct from those of the subantarctic islands (see below), it suggests that the population around New Zealand is extremely depleted, and that the most vulnerable and important (cows and calves) component of the population should be afforded maximum protection. 5.3 IDENTIFYING IMPORTANT NEW ZEALAND COASTAL HABITAT FOR RIGHT WHALES The location of reported sightings over the past two decades indicates that several coastal areas are important to right whales. East Coast/Hawkes Bay and Bay of Plenty Conservancy are of primary importance for southern right whale cows with calves in winter and spring. This distribution is concordant with what is known of the historical distribution based on catch records. Hawkes Bay was home to at least 13 whaling stations, 5 of which were on Mahia Peninsula (Prickett 2002).
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