A Absolutely Countably Compact Space, 286 Accumulation Point, 81 of a Sequence of Sets, 80 Action, 218, 220, 222–228, 231
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Nearly Metacompact Spaces
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Topology and its Applications 98 (1999) 191–201 Nearly metacompact spaces Elise Grabner a;∗, Gary Grabner a, Jerry E. Vaughan b a Department Mathematics, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, USA b Department Mathematics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA Received 28 May 1997; received in revised form 30 December 1997 Abstract A space X is called nearly metacompact (meta-Lindelöf) provided that if U is an open cover of X then there is a dense set D ⊆ X and an open refinement V of U that is point-finite (point-countable) on D: We show that countably compact, nearly meta-Lindelöf T3-spaces are compact. That nearly metacompact radial spaces are meta-Lindelöf. Every space can be embedded as a closed subspace of a nearly metacompact space. We give an example of a countably compact, nearly meta-Lindelöf T2-space that is not compact and a nearly metacompact T2-space which is not irreducible. 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Metacompact; Nearly metacompact; Irreducible; Countably compact; Radial AMS classification: Primary 54D20, Secondary 54A20; 54D30 A space X is called nearly metacompact (meta-Lindelöf) provided that if U is an open cover of X then there is a dense set D ⊆ X and an open refinement V of U such that Vx DfV 2 V: x 2 V g is finite (countable) for all x 2 D. The class of nearly metacompact spaces was introduced in [8] as a device for constructing a variety of interesting examples of non orthocompact spaces. -
Version of 21.8.15 Chapter 43 Topologies and Measures II The
Version of 21.8.15 Chapter 43 Topologies and measures II The first chapter of this volume was ‘general’ theory of topological measure spaces; I attempted to distinguish the most important properties a topological measure can have – inner regularity, τ-additivity – and describe their interactions at an abstract level. I now turn to rather more specialized investigations, looking for features which offer explanations of the behaviour of the most important spaces, radiating outwards from Lebesgue measure. In effect, this chapter consists of three distinguishable parts and two appendices. The first three sections are based on ideas from descriptive set theory, in particular Souslin’s operation (§431); the properties of this operation are the foundation for the theory of two classes of topological space of particular importance in measure theory, the K-analytic spaces (§432) and the analytic spaces (§433). The second part of the chapter, §§434-435, collects miscellaneous results on Borel and Baire measures, looking at the ways in which topological properties of a space determine properties of the measures it carries. In §436 I present the most important theorems on the representation of linear functionals by integrals; if you like, this is the inverse operation to the construction of integrals from measures in §122. The ideas continue into §437, where I discuss spaces of signed measures representing the duals of spaces of continuous functions, and topologies on spaces of measures. The first appendix, §438, looks at a special topic: the way in which the patterns in §§434-435 are affected if we assume that our spaces are not unreasonably complex in a rather special sense defined in terms of measures on discrete spaces. -
Sequential Compactness Vs
SEQUENTIAL COMPACTNESS VS. COUNTABLE COMPACTNESS Angelo Bella and Peter Nyikos Abstract. The general question of when a countably compact topological space is sequentially compact, or has a nontrivial convergent sequence, is studied from the viewpoint of basic cardinal invariants and small uncountable cardinals. It is shown that the small uncountable cardinal h is both the least cardinality and the least net weight of a countably compact space that is not sequentially compact, and that it is also the least hereditary Lindel¨of degree in most published models. Similar results, some definitive, are given for many other cardinal invariants. Special attention is paid to compact spaces. It is also shown that MA(!1) for σ-centered posets is equiv- alent to every countably compact T1 space with an !-in-countable base being second countable, and also to every compact T1 space with such a base being sequential. No separation axioms are assumed unless explicitly stated. 1. Introduction This article continues the theme, begun in [Ny], of sequential compactness (and lack thereof) in countably compact topological spaces, without the usual assumption of separation axioms. We do mention (and, in a few places, prove) some results involving the separation axioms T1, KC, Hausdorff (T2) and T3 (= T2 and regular) but we will always spell these axioms out when they are assumed. In [Ny] one of us gave some reasons for taking this unusual (for him) step. These will not be repeated here, but there is an additional reason, which is behind prac- tically all the results in this paper: quite unexpectedly, we have found countably compact spaces to be quite amenable to the techniques of modern set theory even in a general topological setting. -
Some Results on Separate and Joint Continuity
SOME RESULTS ON SEPARATE AND JOINT CONTINUITY A. BARECHE AND A. BOUZIAD Abstract. Let f : X × K → R be a separately continuous function and C a countable collection of subsets of K. Following a result of Calbrix and Troallic, there is a residual set of points x ∈ X such that f is jointly continuous at each point of {x}×Q, where Q is the set of y ∈ K for which the collection C includes a basis of neighborhoods in K. The particular case when the factor K is second countable was recently extended by Moors and Kenderov to any Cech-completeˇ Lindel¨of space K and Lindel¨of α-favorable X, improving a generalization of Namioka’s theorem obtained by Talagrand. Moors proved the same result when K is a Lindel¨of p-space and X is conditionally σ-α-favorable space. Here we add new results of this sort when the factor X is σC(X)-β-defavorable and when the assumption “base of neighborhoods” in Calbrix-Troallic’s result is replaced by a type of countable completeness. The paper also provides further information about the class of Namioka spaces. 1. Introduction If K, X are topological spaces, a mapping f : X ×K → R is said to be separately continuous if for every x ∈ X and y ∈ K, the mappings f(x, .): K → R and f(., y): X → R are continuous, the reals being equipped with the usual topology. The spaces K and X satisfy the Namioka property N (X,K) if every separately continuous map f : X × K → R is (jointly) continuous at each point of a subset of X×K of the form R×K, where R is a dense subset of X [20]. -
On Expanding Locally Finite Collections
Can. J. Math., Vol. XXIII, No. 1, 1971, pp. 58-68 ON EXPANDING LOCALLY FINITE COLLECTIONS LAWRENCE L. KRAJEWSKI Introduction. A space X is in-expandable, where m is an infinite cardinal, if for every locally finite collection {Ha\ a £ A} of subsets of X with \A\ ^ m (car dinality of A S ni ) there exists a locally finite collection of open subsets {Ga \ a £ A} such that Ha C Ga for every a 6 A. X is expandable if it is m-expandable for every cardinal m. The notion of expandability is closely related to that of collection wise normality introduced by Bing [1], X is collectionwise normal if for every discrete collection of subsets {Ha\a € A} there is a discrete collec tion of open subsets {Ga\a £ A] such that Ha C Ga for every a 6 A. Expand able spaces share many of the properties possessed by collectionwise normal spaces. For example, an expandable developable space is metrizable and an expandable metacompact space is paracompact. In § 2 we study the relationship of expandability with various covering properties and obtain some characterizations of paracompactness involving expandability. It is shown that Xo-expandability is equivalent to countable paracompactness. In § 3, countably perfect maps are studied in relation to expandability and various product theorems are obtained. Section 4 deals with subspaces and various sum theorems. Examples comprise § 5. Definitions of terms not defined here can be found in [1; 5; 16]. 1. Expandability and collectionwise normality. An expandable space need not be regular (Example 5.6), and a completely regular expandable space need not be normal (W in Example 5.3). -
On Countably Paracompact Spaces
ON COUNTABLY PARACOMPACT SPACES C. H. DOWKER LET X be a topological space, that is, a space with open sets such that the union of any collection of open sets is open and the intersection of any finite number of open sets is open. A covering of X is a collection of open sets whose union is X. The covering is called countable if it consists of a countable col lection of open sets or finite if it consists of a finite collection of open sets ; it is called locally finite if every point of X is contained in some open set which meets only a finite number of sets of the covering. A covering 53 is called a refinement of a covering U if every open set of 25 is contained in some open set of U. The space X is called countably paracompact if every countable covering has a locally finite refinement. The purpose of this paper is to study the properties of countably para compact spaces. The justification of the new concept is contained in Theorem 4 below, where it is shown that, for normal spaces, countable paracornpactness is equivalent to two other properties of known topological importance. 1. A space X is called compact if every covering has a finite refinement, paracompact if every covering has a locally finite refinement, and countably compact if every countable covering has a finite refinement. It is clear that every compact, paracompact or countably compact space is countably para compact. Just as one shows1 that every closed subset of a compact [para compact, countably compact] space is compact [paracompact, countably com pact], so one can show that every closed subset of a countably paracompact space is countably paracompact. -
On Pseudo-K-Spaces
Applied General Topology c Universidad Polit´ecnica de Valencia @ Volume 9, No. 2, 2008 pp. 177-184 On pseudo-k-spaces Annamaria Miranda Abstract. In this note a new class of topological spaces generalizing k-spaces, the pseudo-k-spaces, is introduced and investigated. Particu- lar attention is given to the study of products of such spaces, in analogy to what is already known about k-spaces and quasi-k-spaces. 2000 AMS Classification: 54D50, 54D99, 54B10, 54B15 Keywords: Quotient map, product space, locally compact space, (locally) pseudocompact space, pseudo-k-space. 1. Introduction The first example of two k-spaces whose cartesian product is not a k-space was given by Dowker (see [2]). So a natural question is when a k-space satisfies that its product with every k-spaces is also a k-space. In 1948 J.H.C. Whitehead proved that if X is a locally compact Hausdorff space then the cartesian product iX × g, where iX stands for the identity map on X, is a quotient map for every quotient map g. Using this result D.E. Cohen proved that if X is locally compact Hausdorff then X × Y is a k-space for every k-space Y (see Theorem 3.2 in [1]). Later the question was solved by Michael who showed that a k-space has this property iff it is a locally compact space (see [5]). A similar question, related to quasi-k-spaces, was answered by Sanchis (see [8]). Quasi-k-spaces were investigated by Nagata (see [7]) who showed that “a space X is a quasi-k-space (resp. -
Some Examples and Counterexamples of Advanced Compactness in Topology
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES) ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356 www.ijres.org Volume 9 Issue 1 ǁ 2021 ǁ PP. 10-16 Some Examples and Counterexamples of Advanced Compactness in Topology Pankaj Goswami Department of Mathematics, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732102, West Bengal, India ABSTRACT: The examples and counter examples are always usefull for better comprehension of underlying concept in a theorem or definition .Compactness has come to be one of the most importent and useful topic in advanced mathematics.This paper is an attempt to fill in some of the information that the standard textbook treatment of compactness leaves out, and giving some constructive significative counterexamples of Advanced Compactness in Topology . KEYWORDS: open cover, compact, connected, topological space, example, counterexamples, continuous function, locally compact, countably compact, limit point compact, sequentially compact, lindelöf , paracompact --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Date of Submission: 15-01-2021 Date of acceptance: 30-01-2021 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I. INTRODUCTION We begin by presenting some definitions, notations,examples and some theorems that are essential for concept of compactness in advanced topology .For more detailed, see [1-2], [7-10] and others, in references .If X is a closed bounded subset of the real line ℝ, then any family of open sets in ℝ whose union contains X has a finite sub family whose union also contains X . If X is a metric space or topological space in its own right , then the above proposition can be thought as saying that any class of open sets in X whose union is equal to X has a finite subclass whose union is also equal to X. -
Borel Extensions of Baire Measures
FUNDAMENTA MATHEMATICAE 154 (1997) Borel extensions of Baire measures by J. M. A l d a z (Madrid) Abstract. We show that in a countably metacompact space, if a Baire measure admits a Borel extension, then it admits a regular Borel extension. We also prove that under the special axiom ♣ there is a Dowker space which is quasi-Maˇr´ıkbut not Maˇr´ık,answering a question of H. Ohta and K. Tamano, and under P (c), that there is a Maˇr´ıkDowker space, answering a question of W. Adamski. We answer further questions of H. Ohta and K. Tamano by showing that the union of a Maˇr´ıkspace and a compact space is Maˇr´ık,that under “c is real-valued measurable”, a Baire subset of a Maˇr´ıkspace need not be Maˇr´ık, and finally, that the preimage of a Maˇr´ıkspace under an open perfect map is Maˇr´ık. 1. Introduction. The Borel sets are the σ-algebra generated by the open sets of a topological space, and the Baire sets are the smallest σ- algebra making all real-valued continuous functions measurable. The Borel extension problem asks: Given a Baire measure, when can it be extended to a Borel measure? Whenever one deals with Baire measures on a topological space, it is assumed that the space is completely regular and Hausdorff, so there are enough continuous functions to separate points and closed sets. In 1957 (see [Ma]), J. Maˇr´ıkproved that all normal, countably paracompact spaces have the following property: Every Baire measure extends to a regular Borel measure. -
Products of Countably Compact Spaces
PROCEEDINGS of the AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 58, July 1976 PRODUCTS OF COUNTABLY COMPACT SPACES THOMAS W. RISHEL Abstract. Extensions of sufficient conditions for the product of two countably compact spaces to be countably compact, plus a relevant example. In 1953 Novak [4] published an example to show that countable compact- ness is not preserved under products. Novak's example consists of taking two countably compact subspaces Ax and A2 of the Stone-Cech compactification ßN of the natural numbers A such that Ax U A2 = ßN and Ax n A2 = A; the product Ax X A2 is not countably compact because it contains an infinite closed discrete space. Additional conditions are thus necessary on one of the countably compact spaces A or F to ensure countable compactness of the product A x F. Some of the additional properties on A which will guarantee this are: sequentially compact, first countable, sequential, k. These properties and some proofs have been discussed in a paper of S. Franklin [2]. Other properties which generate countably compact products in this manner are paracompactness and meta- compactness, since either of these conditions, when added to countable compactness of a factor, makes the factor compact, and the product of a compact space with a countably compact space is well known to be countably compact. In what follows, assume all spaces Hausdorff. A space which is a generalization of /:-space (hence, of first countable and sequential space) has proved fruitful in some product theorems. This space is called a weakly-^ space. Definition. A topological space A is weakly-/: iff a subset F of A is closed in X if F fi C is finite for every compact C in A. -
On Feebly Compact Paratopological Groups 11
ON FEEBLY COMPACT PARATOPOLOGICAL GROUPS TARAS BANAKH AND ALEX RAVSKY Abstract. We obtain many results and solve some problems about feebly compact paratopo- logical groups. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for such a group to be topologi- cal. One of them is the quasiregularity. We prove that each 2-pseudocompact paratopological group is feebly compact and that each Hausdorff σ-compact feebly compact paratopological group is a compact topological group. Our particular attention concerns periodic and topo- logically periodic groups. We construct examples of various compact-like paratopological groups which are not topological groups, among them a T0 sequentially compact group, a T1 2-pseudocompact group, a functionally Hausdorff countably compact group (under the axiomatic assumption that there is an infinite torsion-free Abelian countably compact topo- logical group without non-trivial convergent sequences), and a functionally Hausdorff second countable group sequentially pracompact group. We prove that the product of a family of feebly compact paratopological groups is feebly compact, and that a paratopological group G is feebly compact provided it has a feebly compact normal subgroup H such that a quotient group G/H is feebly compact. For our research we also study some general constructions of paratopological groups. We extend the well-known construction of Ra˘ıkov completion of a T0 topological group to the class of paratopological groups. We investigate cone topologies of paratopological groups which provide a general tool for constructing pathological examples, especially examples of compact-like paratopological groups with discontinuous inversion. We find a simple interplay between the algebraic properties of a basic cone subsemigroup S of a group G and compact-like properties of two basic semigroup topologies generated by S on the group G. -
Antidiamond Principles and Topological Applications 1
TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 361, Number 11, November 2009, Pages 5695–5719 S 0002-9947(09)04705-9 Article electronically published on June 24, 2009 ANTIDIAMOND PRINCIPLES AND TOPOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS TODD EISWORTH AND PETER NYIKOS Abstract. We investigate some combinatorial statements that are strong enough to imply that ♦ fails (hence the name antidiamonds); yet most of them are also compatible with CH. We prove that these axioms have many consequences in set-theoretic topology, including the consistency, modulo large cardinals, of a Yes answer to a problem on linearly Lindel¨of spaces posed by Arhangel’ski˘ı and Buzyakova (1998). 1. Introduction Researchers of set theory and allied branches of mathematics have long been fa- miliar with the contrast between the effects of the Continuum Hypothesis (CH) and those of MA+¬CH (Martin’s Axiom together with the negation of CH). Also long well-known is the way the contrast is greatly magnified when CH is strengthened to the combinatorial axiom ♦ while MA+¬CH is strengthened to the Proper Forc- ing Axiom (PFA). Until recently, however, comparatively little was known about just how much stronger ♦ really is than CH alone. Although a great variety of mathematical structures have been defined with the help of ♦, in most cases it was simply not known until recently whether or not CH alone is adequate to produce structures with the same basic properties. For many years, Shelah seemed to have a near-monopoly on models of CH+¬♦, as exemplified by the D-completeness constructions in [34]. The machinery of D- completeness is very difficult to apply directly, while other CH+¬♦ constructions prior to 1996 were of very limited applicability.