'Chemists' War', 1914–1923: Modern War, Munitions, and National Systems

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

'Chemists' War', 1914–1923: Modern War, Munitions, and National Systems SEYMOUR MAUSKOPF REVISITING THE ‘CHEMISTS’ WAR’ , 1914–1923: MODERN WAR, MUNITIONS, AND NATIONAL SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION The Ordnance Office, faced with an unprecedented demand for gunpowder, did not receive the quantity expected. Throughout the war it made various unsuccessful attempts to obtain more cooperation from the powder makers, who themselves had considerable problems in achieving a product of a satis- factory standard and in the necessary quantities, especially when trying to balance the demands of government and private trade.1 This quotation sounds strikingly close to the situation in the First World War, or at least during the first year or two and, depending on the protagonist, considerably longer. It is, in fact, a description of the munitions crisis facing Britain in that ‘other’, much earlier ‘World War’, the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763). My research in the history of explosives and munitions has focused on developments to the end of the nineteenth century. In reading the papers in this book, I experienced a sense of déjà vu. Despite enormous differences in the scientific, technological, industrial, political, and bureaucratic landscapes, the same general concerns and challenges that faced the Great War had faced the belligerent powers 150 years earlier. It is useful to consider these in sketching the modern development of munitions, and to use them as a heuristic guide in seeking comparisons and contrasts with 1914–1918. In this way, we would hope to draw out the larger implications of this book for the study of science, technology and warfare. MUNITIONS SUPPLY IN THE SEVEN YEARS’ WAR, 1756–1763 State Institutional Management During the Seven Years’ War, possibly for the first time on a global basis, European nations took upon themselves the management and supply of munitions. Both France and England, the major protagonists, found their needs not met by traditional means, whether contracting through the powder ‘ferme’ in France, or buying from private powder makers in England. France, in particular, faced the additional challenge of securing adequate supplies of one of the principal raw materials for gunpowder, saltpeter, the best contemporary source for which was India. The result, over the next decades, was a history of comprehensive reform and reorganization – in England, government purchase of some private powder mills, including Faversham Mills (1759) and Waltham Abbey (1783),2 and in France, 247 248 SEYMOUR MAUSKOPF a government-supported scientific programme of artificial saltpetre production – an 18th-century analogue of the Haber-Bosch process – centred on the formation of the Régie des Poudres (1775). State-Supported Scientific Management and Research ‘The chief support of war must, after money, now be sought in chemistry.’3 In both France and England, the responses to these wartime challenges involved research, education, and quality control. In France, the major figure was Antoine- Laurent Lavoisier; his English equivalent was William Congreve (the Elder). In these ways, the crisis of the Seven Years’ War (and the subsequent American and French Revolutions) thus inaugurated the modern era of munitions. These formed part of a much larger move towards rationalist and bureaucratic management, documented for France by Ken Alder in Engineering the Revolution and earlier by Charles Gillispie in Science and Polity at the End of the Old Regime. This resulted in the development, in France, at least, of what has been called the ‘second scientific revolution’. During the French Revolution, government management became even more clearly marked. Although Lavoisier was a casualty of the Revolution, his chemical colleagues, such as Berthellot and Guyton de Morveau, and the scientifically trained ‘élèves des poudres’, were pressed into the service of the State to develop ways of collecting, refining and incorporating raw materials to make gunpowder quickly and efficiently, as Patrice Bret has indicated. An equally significant outcome of the Revolution was the establishment of the École Polytechique, the Écoles de Genie, and the Napoleonic requirement that heads of powder factories (that is, the Service des Poudres)bepolytechniciens. I have argued elsewhere that the scientific engineering research styles instituted through these schools continued through the 19th century and climaxed in the work of Émile Sarrau and, even more importantly, Paul Vieille, the inventor of the first successful military smokeless powder, in the mid-1880s.4 A spin-off of the French tradition was the development of American munitions. E.I. DuPont was one of Lavoisier’s élèves des poudres and subsequently carried his French science-based training to DuPont in the United States. Moreover, the École Polytechnique tradition was institutionalized at the West Point Military Academy, which produced by the 1840s what Stanley Falk has called a generation of ‘soldier-technologists’, including Alfred Mordecai and T.J. Rodman, the inventor of prismatic powder, the most successful form of black powder for large guns.5 In England, it is less easy to see institutional and intellectual continuity from Congreve through the 19th century. But the officers at the newly reconstituted Royal Gunpowder Factory were trained at the Royal Artillery School at Woolwich; and in the post-Crimean War period, the Ordnance Select Committee of the War Office instituted a series of committees comprised of scientifically trained officers and scientists to examine the entire range of armaments. These included ‘explosives committees’ from 1858 to 1866, from 1869 to 1881 and from 1888 to 1891 (the REVISITING THE ‘CHEMISTS’ WAR’ , 1914–1923 249 latter developed cordite). There were also ‘guncotton committees’ from 1864 to 1868, and again from 1871 to 1874.6 In addition, in 1855, the British government established the office of War Department Chemist, in the person of Frederick (later Sir Frederick) Augustus Abel, FRS. Abel devoted a good part of his investigative attention to guncotton: from the early 1860s, he had hoped to ‘tame’ it so that it could serve as a reliable smokeless propellant; he did not succeed (at least not until cordite was developed) but by 1866, had developed a way of insuring its stability by ‘pulping’ it to destroy most of its fibrous structure. In fact, the first nitrocellulose smokeless powder was the result of the combined traditions of France and England. THE PROBLEMATIC ROLE OF CHEMISTRY IN 19TH-CENTURY MUNITIONS The career of Abel raises the question of the role of chemistry — and chemists — in the development of munitions. Abel was one of the earliest students of the Royal College of Chemistry in London, and perhaps the only one to carve out a career with the military. This is of great significance. As Hermann Boerhaave suggests, chemistry was looked upon in the 18th century as a promising science for the improvement of munitions. Indeed, chemists played a major role in the State reform and rational- ization of munitions. But, despite the enormous growth in chemistry as an academic discipline, its role in providing a scientific basis for industrial research and the development of smokeless powder and high explosives through the fabrication of nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine, and picric acid, chemistry and chemists were, for the most part, marginal to the development of munitions for most of the 19th century. Part of the reason was that munitions chemistry did not pose interesting research questions. The chemical reaction of gunpowder explosion was understood reasonably well by 1800, and attracted little attention. Conversely, chemical consid- erations gave way to physical problems in the improvements of gunpowder. For example, the suiting of black powder for the large guns from the 1860s involved considerations of size and shape of powder grain/cartridge, and powder density. The experience of Germany illustrates the marginality of chemistry. Despite the fact that German chemistry came to dominate the world during the 19th century, there is little evidence of German chemists’ interest in munitions. One of the few examples of research was carried out by Robert Bunsen and his Russian artillery student, Leon Schischkoff, and published in 1857. In this ‘Theory of Gunpowder’, Bunsen deployed thermochemical considerations to gain purchase on such parameters of explosion as temperature, pressure and energy. But, to the best of my knowledge, this was a one-shot for Bunsen, and he never returned to munitions. Moreover, he did not carry out this research under government or military patronage. However, thermochemistry turned out to be the one area in which a few chemists did play a more central role. The most important was Marcellin Berthelot. In the 250 SEYMOUR MAUSKOPF wake of the Franco-Prussian War, Berthelot turned his recent interest in thermo- chemistry to the study of explosions of all kinds, ranging from black powder to high explosives. This resulted in his ambitious Sur la Force des Poudres et des Matières Explosives (1872, 1882). The historical valuation of Berthelot has not been high in recent years, but I have recently argued that he played an important role in giving structure to the work of polytechniciens such as Vieille.7 France seems to have been virtually unique in the early 20th century in possessing a government- supported theoretical and experimental tradition in the study of munitions.8 But, as Bret shows, by the eve of the Great War, this advantage was offset by the lack of trained chemists, as well as by rivalries and lack of coordination between the munitions laboratories. Nor was munitions production closely associated with industrial research. Indeed, as Jeffrey Johnson’s paper shows, there was resistance among German firms to take up munitions and high explosives production. The principal reasons for this are straightforward: munitions and explosives production is dangerous, both to physical plant and to the health of the workers. Moreover, munitions production is economically precarious. In time of war, business is good, but there has always been a problem in maintaining capacity when demand is low. This was true in the 18th century, and it was true at the end of the 19th.
Recommended publications
  • The Development of the Periodic Table and Its Consequences Citation: J
    Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia The Development of the Periodic Table and its Consequences Citation: J. Emsley (2019) The Devel- opment of the Periodic Table and its Consequences. Substantia 3(2) Suppl. 5: 15-27. doi: 10.13128/Substantia-297 John Emsley Copyright: © 2019 J. Emsley. This is Alameda Lodge, 23a Alameda Road, Ampthill, MK45 2LA, UK an open access, peer-reviewed article E-mail: [email protected] published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) and distributed under the terms of the Abstract. Chemistry is fortunate among the sciences in having an icon that is instant- Creative Commons Attribution License, ly recognisable around the world: the periodic table. The United Nations has deemed which permits unrestricted use, distri- 2019 to be the International Year of the Periodic Table, in commemoration of the 150th bution, and reproduction in any medi- anniversary of the first paper in which it appeared. That had been written by a Russian um, provided the original author and chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, and was published in May 1869. Since then, there have source are credited. been many versions of the table, but one format has come to be the most widely used Data Availability Statement: All rel- and is to be seen everywhere. The route to this preferred form of the table makes an evant data are within the paper and its interesting story. Supporting Information files. Keywords. Periodic table, Mendeleev, Newlands, Deming, Seaborg. Competing Interests: The Author(s) declare(s) no conflict of interest. INTRODUCTION There are hundreds of periodic tables but the one that is widely repro- duced has the approval of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and is shown in Fig.1.
    [Show full text]
  • O. Theodor Benfey (1925-)*
    O. Theodor Benfey (1925-)* (Left) At his Certificate of Appreciation lecture, August 21, 2016, ACS National Meeting, Philadelphia. Photograph courtesy J. I. Seeman. (Right) Front cover of the Bulletin for the History of Chemistry, combined issues 13 and 14, 1992-1993. Ted Benfey was born on October 31, 1925 in Berlin, Germany. He was sent to England in 1936 and was educated at the Watford Grammar School. His parents immigrated to the United States in 1938, but Ted stayed on in England with the Mendl family. He entered University College, London in 1942 and eventually graduated with a Ph.D. in 1947 (spending much of the war years in Aberystwyth, Wales) under the direction of C.K. Ingold. Ted’s other heritage from his England period was to become a Quaker, a group that welcomed him into its fellowship and with whom he has continued to be associated. Ted came to America as a post-doctoral Fellow with L.P. Hammett at Columbia University in 1947. He was appointed to the Chemistry Department at Haverford College, a Quaker institution, in 1948 and served there until 1955, when he spent a year on Sabbatical Leave with Frank Westheimer at Harvard University. Rather than pursue a career in research at a major university, Ted chose to teach at Earlham College, a small Quaker school in Richmond, Indiana. This allowed him to pursue what would become his real passions: teaching and the history of science, especially chemistry. He stayed at Earlham from 1956-1972. In 1973 he was appointed the Dana Professor of Chemistry and History of Science at Guilford College in Greensboro, North Carolina, another school with Quaker roots.
    [Show full text]
  • Haverford College Bulletin, New Series, 48
    CLASS LD ZZO(0 BOOK B^ THE LIBRARY OF HAVERFORD COLLEGE THE GIFT OF HAvmrniu} ooT.Tffiiiy. ACCESSION No. 1 I O'^ ^ ^ I Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from LYRASIS IVIembers and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/haverfordcollege4849have Haverford College Bulletin Catalog, 1949-1950 VOLUME XLVIII NUMBER ONE June, 1949 Issued quarterly by Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania Entered as second-class matter November 2, 1944 at the Post Office at Haverford, Pa,, under the Act of August 24, 1912 Fiinted in U. S. A. Haverford College Bulletin 1949-1950 HAVERFORD, PENNSYLVANIA LocKed catSe LD ZZOi^ Contents v. 48^4^ College Calendar, 1949-50 5 Corporation 6 Board of Managers 7 Faculty 9 Administration 13 Standing Committees of the Faculty and Administration 14 College Program 15 History 18 Admission 21 College Entrance Board Tests 22 Advance Standing 24 Financial Arrangements 25 Rooms 25 Expenses 25 College Responsibility 26 Monthly Payments 27 Student Loan Fund 27 Student Aid 27 Scholarships 28 Curriculum 32 General '. 32 Bachelor's Degree 32 Required Courses 33 Limited Electives 33 Major Concentration 34 Free Electives 34 Non-Academic Electives 34 2 Curriculum (Continued) Freshman Program 36 Preparation for Professions 36 Regulations 38 Conflicting Courses 38 Additional Courses 38 Special Cases 38 Grading of Students 38 Failures and Dropped Courses 39 Intercollegiate Cooperation 40 Visitors and Lecturers 40 Current Changes 41 Graduate Study 42 Admission to Candidacy for Master's Degree 42 Requirements 42 Fellowships 43 Courses of Instruction 45 Non-academic Program 94 Extra-curricular Activities 96 Health Program 99 Library, Laboratories, and other Academic Facilities 100 Fellowships, Prizes and Honors 105 Alumni Association 112 Index 116 1949 S M T W T F S S M T W T F S Sept.
    [Show full text]
  • Science for the Nation Also by Peter J.T
    Science for the Nation Also by Peter J.T. Morris: POLYMER PIONEERS: A Popular History of the Science and Technology of Large Molecules (1986) With Colin A. Russell, ARCHIVES OF THE BRITISH CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 1750–1914 (1988) THE AMERICAN SYNTHETIC RUBBER RESEARCH PROGRAM (1989) Edited with H.L. Roberts and W.A. Campbell, MILESTONES IN 150 YEARS OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (1991) Edited with Susan T.I.Mossman, THE DEVELOPMENT OF PLASTICS (1994) Edited with Anthony S Travis, Harm G Schröter and Ernst Homburg, DETERMINANTS OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, 1900–1939: New Technologies, Political Frameworks, Markets and Companies (1998) With Otto Theodor Benfey, ROBERT BURNS WOODWARD: Architect and Artist in the World of Molecules (2001) Edited, FROM CLASSICAL TO MODERN CHEMISTRY: The Instrumental Revolution (2002) Edited with Klaus Staubermann, ILLUMINATING INSTRUMENTS (2009) Science for the Nation Perspectives on the History of the Science Museum Edited by Peter J.T. Morris Principal Curator and Head of Research, Science Museum, London, UK © NMSI 2010 Foreword © Simon Schaffer 2010 All images courtesy of Science Museum/Science and Society Picture Library unless otherwise stated. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-23009-5 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Group Occasional Paper 9
    ISSN 2050-0424 A Biography to Mark the Centenary of the Birth of Robert Burns Woodward Honoured by a meeting of the RSC Historical Group on 10 May 2017 Dr Peter J.T. Morris Science Museum, London Historical Group OCCASIONAL PAPERS No 9 Series Editor: Dr Anna Simmons Robert Burns Woodward in his Own Words Dr Peter J.T. Morris April 2017 Robert B. Woodward [photographic portrait], Nov. 6, 1965 HUP Woodward, Robert Burns (8),olvwork727971. Harvard University Archives. -1- What happened on Tuesday 10 April 1917? The Second Battle of Arras year-old Arthur and she worked as a bookkeeper. She was also a widow, started on the Western Front and the British Army made major gains on the having presumably been married to a Mr Gavitt, of whom there is no trace. first day. Only four days earlier the USA had entered the First World War on She had been born in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1880, the daughter of a the side of the Allies, as a consequence of the Germans’ unrestricted working-class couple, John Burns who was from Glasgow and Annie (née submarine warfare. A munitions factory in Eddystone, Pennsylvania, blew Hind) who had been born in England but brought up in Glasgow. The Burns up killing 133 workers. Just over a month earlier, revolution had broken out family appears to have emigrated to America in the mid-1880s but the in Russia and the monarchy had been overthrown. Lenin arrived in precise details are lacking. It appears from Woodward’s own remarks that Petrograd in his infamous sealed train supplied by the Germans on 16 April Margaret fondly imagined that she was a descendant of Robert Burns the 1917.
    [Show full text]
  • The Record of the Class
    miECDCIDIEDD I1S)SI1 :Y.A Class L3)S,2.15 BOOK 113 »S5I THE LIBRARY HAVERFORD COLLEGE THE GIFT OF CLASS OF 1951 ACCESSION No. \ 8 2> T 5 \ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from Lyrasis Members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/recordofclass1951have \y ^/. V h «< ,;; - 'J// ^r ^ ^ w^ |i i:r« ..J ^•j^ rii» THE RECORD THE NINETEEN HAVERFORD COLLEGE HAVERFORD PENNSYLVANIA FIFTY-ONE ^..? We have attempted to portray the College iniormally and realistically. The result oi our efforts will speak for itself . A SENIOR PUBLICATION Dedication There are few of us who will forget the Collection late in the first semester when Bill Docherty, soon to leave to return to the Navy, stood on the stage, tickled and embarrassed, to receive a silver tray as a gift from his friends at Haverford. In the moments while he unwrapped the gift there passed in swft review the many things that we were indebted to Bill for . and we were proud to think, as we looked over our shoulders and saw Pat smiling even more proudly and a little wistfully, that we had had the sense to dedicate our yearbook to this couple. To Bill, who had made his friendship and under- standing available to every student, and who will always be the ideal of coach and leader to us. To Pat, whose cheery good humor must remain a marvel amidst the difficulties of her bookstore, and whose door was always open to all. Realizing that it has been a pleasure to call them our friends, the class of 1951 dedicates this Record to Bill and Pat—and Mike.
    [Show full text]
  • Perfume at the Forefront of Macrocyclic Compound Research: from Switzerland to Du Pont
    International Workshop on the History of Chemistry 2015 Tokyo Perfume at the forefront of macrocyclic compound research: from Switzerland to Du Pont Galina Shyndriayeva King’s College London, London, United Kingdom A set of corporate publicity photographs from 1937 depicts several stages in the making and testing of perfumes, including one tableau of a perfume laboratory with a man and a woman sniffing smelling strips, and another depicting the “director of the perfume laboratories”.1 These photographs were not taken for a perfume house or an essential oil supplier; neither do they depict the workings of a firm in Grasse or Paris. These are instead portraying one line of business of the venerable giant of the American chemical industry, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company. From the 1930s into the postwar period, Du Pont manufactured and sold synthetic scents and aroma chemicals. While these chemicals were never important either in terms of output or revenue, their production by Du Pont is significant. One of these scents, a synthetic musk, was a direct product of Du Pont’s famed Experimental Research Station, ‘Purity Hall’, an output of the research of Wallace Carothers and his group. In this paper I will argue that the study of perfume was a driver for research in organic chemistry in the twentieth century, particularly in investigations of macrocyclic compounds. This was possible because of the strong financial support given by the fragrance industry, which was willing to invest in expensive processes. After situating this claim in historiography, I will focus in particular on the scent of musk and its synthesis, tracing the research of Nobel Prize chemist Leopold Ruzicka as well as the continuation of his work by Wallace Carothers and his group.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Group on 10 May 2017 Dr Peter J.T
    ISSN 2050-0424 A Biography to Mark the Centenary of the Birth of Robert Burns Woodward Honoured by a meeting of the RSC Historical Group on 10 May 2017 Dr Peter J.T. Morris Science Museum, London Historical Group OCCASIONAL PAPERS No 9 Series Editor: Dr Anna Simmons Robert Burns Woodward in his Own Words Dr Peter J.T. Morris April 2017 Robert B. Woodward [photographic portrait], Nov. 6, 1965 HUP Woodward, Robert Burns (8),olvwork727971. Harvard University Archives. -1- What happened on Tuesday 10 April 1917? The Second Battle of Arras year-old Arthur and she worked as a bookkeeper. She was also a widow, started on the Western Front and the British Army made major gains on the having presumably been married to a Mr Gavitt, of whom there is no trace. first day. Only four days earlier the USA had entered the First World War on She had been born in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1880, the daughter of a the side of the Allies, as a consequence of the Germans’ unrestricted working-class couple, John Burns who was from Glasgow and Annie (née submarine warfare. A munitions factory in Eddystone, Pennsylvania, blew Hind) who had been born in England but brought up in Glasgow. The Burns up killing 133 workers. Just over a month earlier, revolution had broken out family appears to have emigrated to America in the mid-1880s but the in Russia and the monarchy had been overthrown. Lenin arrived in precise details are lacking. It appears from Woodward’s own remarks that Petrograd in his infamous sealed train supplied by the Germans on 16 April Margaret fondly imagined that she was a descendant of Robert Burns the 1917.
    [Show full text]
  • Haverford College Bulletin, New Series, 50-51, 1957-53
    Class LD l-'^OL Book B 1 THE LIBRARY OF HAVERFORD COLLEGE Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from LYRASIS IVIembers and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/haverfordcollege5051have Haverford College Bulletin 1952-1953 HAVERFORD, PENNSYLVANIA Contents College Calendar, 1952-53 5 Corporation 6 Board of Managers 7 Faculty 9 Administration 14 Standing Committees of the Faculty and Administration 15 College Program 19 History 20 Admission 23 College Entrance Board Tests 24 Advanced Standing 26 Financial Arrangements 27 Rooms 27 Expenses 27 College Responsibility 29 Monthly Payments 29 Student Loan Fund 29 Student Aid 29 Scholarships 30 Curriculum 35 General 35 Bachelor's Degree 35 Limited Electives 36 Free Electives 37 Non-Academic Electives 37 Major Concentration 37 Freshman Program 39 Preparation for Professions 40 Regulations 41 Conflicting Courses 41 Additional Courses 41 Course Changes 41 Special Cases 41 Grading of Students 42 Failures and Dropped Courses 42 Intercollegiate Cooperation 43 Visitors and Lecturers 44 Graduate Study 45 Admission to Candidacy for Master's Degree 45 Requirements 45 Fellowships 46 Courses of Instruction 48 Non-academic Program 101 The Graduate Curriculum in Social and Technical Assistance 104 The Course of Study 106 Fellowships 109 Extra-curricular Activities 110 Student Government 110 Societies and Organizations Ill Health Program 114 Library, Laboratories, and other Academic Facilities 115 Fellowships, Prizes and Honors 1 20 Alumni Association 127 Index 132 1952 S M T W T F S S M T W T F S Sept. 1 2 3 4 5 Nov. 1 7 8 9 10 11 12 ^ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 14 15 16 17 18 19 (2q) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 28 29 30 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Oct.
    [Show full text]
  • JANUARY 03 Nucleus
    DED UN 18 O 98 F yyyy N yyyy Y O T R E I T H C E N O yyyy A E S S S L T A E A C R C I yyyyN S M S E E H C C T N IO A January 2003 Vol. LXXXI, No. 5 yyyyC N • AMERI Monthly Meeting Leslie Orgel speaks on RNA and the origin of Life Meeting Report From the November Norris Award Meeting Book Review Robert Burns Woodward by O.T. Benfey and P.J.T. Morris, eds. Summer Scholar Report On conductive DNA electrode linkers 2 The Nucleus January 2003 The Northeastern Section of the American Chemical Society, Inc. Contents Office: Marilou Cashman, 23 Cottage St., Natick, MA 01760. 1-800-872-2054 (Voice or FAX) or 508-653-6329. Nominations _______________________________________ 4,14 e-mail: [email protected] Philip L. Levins Memorial Prize_____________________4 Any Section business may be conducted via the business office above. Aula Laudis ____________________________________14 NESACS Homepage: http://www.NESACS.org Monthly Meeting ______________________________________ 5 Frank R. Gorga, Webmaster Prof. Leslie Orgel speaks on “The RNA World and the Origin of Life” Washington, D.C. ACS Hotline: 1-800-227-5558 Greetings from the Chair________________________________ 6 Officers 2003 Dr. John Neumeyer expresses his concerns: “Ask not what chemistry can do for Chair: John L. Neumeyer you – Ask what you can do for chemistry! Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478 Meeting Report _______________________________________ 7 617-855-3388; [email protected] The Education of Zafra Lerman – from the November Norris Award Meeting Chair-Elect: Jean A.
    [Show full text]
  • 16 Bull. Hist. Chem. 13 14 (1992-93)
    16 Bull. Hist. Chem. 13 - 14 (1992-93) Mhl, nd W. Mr, "I. rprtn fr All ld,"thd., Sn, Yr, 0, vl. ,44840. , 20, 8284. 26.0. nf, "thr Mr," n C. Gllp, d., Dictionary 0. It , hvr, dd n nf dtrl "I rh of Scientific Biography, Chrl Srbnr Sn, Yr, 4, Evr r? M Std th phthln," Chemistry, 6, vl. , 4. 49(2), 2, hh l rprntd n rfrn 24. 2.0. nf, "h l f th Intn n Sn vnt .0. nf, "rt pth," J. Chem. Educ., 2, ff Inrl Addr," J. Chem. Educ., 60, , 4640. 2,88. O.28.. nf, "A. W. Wlln nd th Iprnlv,". 2. I. Knt, Critique of Pure Reason, Clnl r, Yr, Chem. Educ., , . 00. 2.0. nf, The Names and Structures of Organic Mole- . E. Crr, Determinismus und Indeterminismus in der mod- cules, Wl, Yr, Y, 66 rprntd b Krr n 82 nd ernen Physik, Elndr trr Atbl, G6tbr, trnltd nt rt n 6. Ernt Crr, Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics, 0.0. nf, Introduction to Organic Reaction Mechanisms, trnltd b 0. nf, Yl Unvrt r, vn, 6. MGrll, Yr, Y, 0, rprntd b Krr n 8 nd 4. Aftln, The History of the International Chemical Indus- trnltd nt Grn ( nd pn (4. try, trnltd b 0. Inf, Unvrt f nnlvn r, . K. Ybh, Chugoku no KagakuBunmei [China's Scientific hldlph, . Civilization], In Shtn, , 0. hl nf ltr tht rt t ftr lntr hl 2.0. Inf, "Gtrl r n Chtr,"h Science thr t Erlh, nd hl t Glfrd, h fndd Qr pr Teacher, 8, 48, 26.
    [Show full text]
  • The Symbolic Construction of Reality: the Xici and Ernst Cassirer’S Philosophy of Symbolic Forms
    Journal of chinese humanities 4 (2018) 197-224 brill.com/joch The Symbolic Construction of Reality: The Xici and Ernst Cassirer’s Philosophy of Symbolic Forms Xiang Shuchen 項舒晨 PhD Candidate, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany [email protected] Abstract This paper, unlike scholars who ascribe to it a copy theory of meaning, argues that the logic of the Xici is best described through “philosophy’s linguistic turn,” specifically Ernst Cassirer’s philosophy of symbolic forms. Cassirer’s concept of the symbol as a pluralistic, constitutive, and functional yet concrete and observable form, is compa- rable to the symbolic system in the Xici 系辭: xiang 象, gua 卦, yao 爻, and yi 易. Their similarity is due to a shared philosophical orientation: humanism. The characteristics of the Xici—the part-whole (structuralist) relationship typical of correlative cosmol- ogy, the simultaneously sensuous and conceptual nature of its symbols, the stress on order as opposed to unity, and the importance of symbols per se—for Cassirer are characteristics that were only possible in European intellectual history after a sub- stance ontology was replaced by a functional one. For Cassirer, a functional ontology is closely associated with a humanism that celebrates creations (i.e., language) of the human mind in determining reality. This humanism is coherent with the intellectual context—Confucian humanism—contemporary with the period of the Xici’s compo- sition. It would thus be inconsistent to concede this humanism to the Xici without also conceding that its understanding of the symbols is akin to that of the linguis- tic turn.
    [Show full text]