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The West Unbound: Social and Cultural Studies Series Editors: Alvin Finkel and Sarah Carter

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The West Unbound: Social and Cultural Studies Series Editors: Alvin Finkel and Sarah Carter The West and Bey nd The West Unbound: Social and Cultural Studies SerieS editorS: Alvin Finkel And SArAh CArter Writing on the western halves of Canada and the United States once focused on the alienation of the peoples of these regions from residents of the eastern regions. The mythology of a homogenized West fighting for a place in the sun blunted interest in the lives of ordinary people and the social struggles that pitted some groups in the West against others, usually the elite groups that claimed to speak for the whole region on the national stage. The West Unbound series challenges simplistic definitions of the West and its institutions. It focuses upon the ways in which various groups of Westerners—women, workers, Ab- original peoples, farmers, and people of various ethnic origins, among others— tried to shape the institutions and attitudes of the region. This series draws on a variety of disciplines and is intended for both university audiences and lay audiences with an interest in the American and Canadian Wests. Series Titles Expansive Discourses: Urban Sprawl in Calgary, 1945–1978 by MAx ForAn Icon, Brand, Myth: The Calgary Stampede edited by MAx ForAn The Importance of Being Monogamous: Marriage and Nation Building in Western Canada to 1915 by SArAh CArter Liberalism, Surveillance, and Resistance: Indigenous Communities in Western Canada, 1877–1927 by keith d. SMith One Step Over the Line: Toward a History of Women in North American Wests edited by elizAbeth JAMeSon And SheilA MCMAnuS The West and Beyond: New Perspectives on an Imagined Region edited by Alvin Finkel, SArAh CArter, And Peter FortnA © 2010 Alvin Finkel, Sarah Carter, and Peter Fortna Published by AU Press, Athabasca University 1200, 10011 – 109 Street Edmonton, AB T5J 3S8 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication The West and beyond : new perspectives on an imagined region / edited by Alvin Finkel, Sarah Carter, and Peter Fortna. (The West unbound, social and cultural studies, ISSN 1915–8181) Based on papers presented at the conference: The West and Beyond : Historians Past, Present and Future, held at the University of Alberta, 19–21 June, 2008. Includes bibliographical references and index. Also available in electronic format (978–1–897425–81–7). ISBN 978–1–897425–80–0 1. Canada, Western—History. I. Finkel, Alvin, 1949– II. Carter, Sarah, 1954– III. Fortna, Peter, 1979– IV. Series: West unbound, social and cultural studies FC3206.W475 2010 971.2 C2010–901788–9 Cover design by Helen Adhikari, Helen Wong Design. Book design by Lara Minja, Lime Design, www.limedesign.ab.ca. Printed and bound in Canada by Marquis Book Printing. This publication is licensed under a Creative Commons License, Attribution- Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 Canada, see www.creativecommons.org. The text may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes, provided that credit is given to the original author. Please contact AU Press, Athabasca University at [email protected] for permission beyond the usage outlined in the Creative Commons license. A volume in the The West Unbound: Social and Cultural Studies series: ISSN 1915-8181 (Print) ISSN 1915-819X (Online) C ntents Acknowledgements xi Introduction Alvin Finkel, SArAh CArter, And Peter FortnA xi Part One Frameworks for Western Canadian History 1 Critical History in Western Canada 1900–2000 • 3 GerAld FrieSen 2 Vernacular Currents in Western Canadian Historiography: The Passion and Prose of Katherine Hughes, F.G. Roe, and Roy Ito • 13 lyle diCk 3 Cree Intellectual Traditions in History • 47 WinonA Wheeler Part Two The Aboriginal West 4 Visualizing Space, Race, and History in the North: Photographic Narratives of the Athabasca-Mackenzie River Basin • 65 MAtt dyCe And JAMeS oPP 5 The Kaleidoscope of Madness: Perceptions of Insanity in British Columbia Aboriginal Populations, 1872–1950 • 94 kAthryn MCkAy 6 Space, Temporality, History: Encountering Hauntings in Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside • 113 AMber deAn 7 The Expectations of a Queen: Identity and Race Politics in the Calgary Stampede • 133 SuSAn l. Joudrey Part Three The Workers’ West 8 Capitalist Development, Forms of Labour, and Class Formation in Prairie Canada • 159 JeFFery tAylor 9 Two Wests, One-and-a-Half Paradigms, and, Perhaps, Beyond • 181 elizAbeth JAMeSon 10 Disease as Embodied Praxis: Epidemics, Public Health, and Working-Class Resistance in Winnipeg, 1906–19 • 200 eSyllt W. JoneS 11 Winnipeg’s Moment: The Winnipeg Postal Strike of 1919 • 227 John WilliS Part Four Viewing the West from the Margins 12 “Our Negro Citizens”: An Example of Everyday Citizenship Practices • 253 dAn Cui And JenniFer r. kelly 13 A Queer-Eye View of the Prairies: Reorienting Western Canadian Histories • 278 vAlerie J. korinek 14 Human Rights Law and Sexual Discrimination in British Columbia, 1953–84 • 297 doMinique CléMent Part Five Cultural Portrayals of the West 15 W.L. Morton, Margaret Laurence, and the Writing of Manitoba • 329 robert WArdhAuGh 16 The Banff Photographic Exchange: Albums, Youth, Skiing, and Memory Making in the 1920s • 349 lAuren Wheeler 17 Eric Harvie: Without and Within Robert Kroetsch’s Alibi • 375 robyn reAd 18 “It’s a Landmark in the Community”: The Conservation of Historic Places in Saskatchewan, 1911–2009 • 397 bruCe dAWSon Contributors 417 Acknowl dgments The editors of this volume thank all members of the orga- nizing committee for the conference “The West and Beyond: Historians Past, Present and Future,” held at the University of Alberta in June 2008. Commit- tee members (aside from the editors of this volume) were Catherine Cavana- ugh, Erika Dyck, Gerhard Ens, Jeremy Mouat, James Muir, Liza Piper, Shannon Stunden-Bower, Erna Dominey, and Francis Swyripa. Special thanks to Melanie Marvin and Daniel Sims of the Department of History and Classics of the Uni- versity of Alberta for all of their work, and to Tereasa Maillie for her work on the conference website. Ken Munro translated our call for papers. Mary Hil- debrandt’s photo of the riverbank at Edmonton was used in all our conference material and website. Thanks also to our team of graduate student and other volunteers: Denise Ens, Daniel Johns, Natasha Julian, Erik Lizée, Melanie Nie- mi-Bohun, Katie Pollock, and Eric Strikwerda. Major sponsors for the conference were the Social Sciences and Humani- ties Research Council of Canada, Athabasca University, the Faculty of Arts of the University of Alberta, and the Alberta Historical Resources Foundation. Other sponsors were Augustana Campus of the University of Alberta, Can- ada West Foundation, Department of History and Classics of the University of Alberta, Historical Society of Alberta, Legacy magazine, NiCHE—the Net- l ix work in Canadian History and Environment, and the Royal Alberta Museum. Thanks to all. The editors would also like to thank Trevor Rockwell for all of his work on this manuscript, as well as everyone at Athabasca University Press, includ- ing Walter Hildebrandt, Erna Dominey, and Tiffany Foster. Each submission for this collection was peer reviewed by reviewers chosen by the editors, and we thank all the reviewers of submissions, whether the articles they reviewed made it to the final cut or not, for their insights that helped our authors to reconsider their submissions in various ways. Two reviewers chosen by Atha- basca University Press read the entire manuscript, and we thank them for their valuable comments. P x l The West and Beyond Intr duction Alvin Finkel, SArAh CArter, And Peter FortnA The very first history conference attended by co-editor of this book Sarah Carter, then a Master of Arts student at the University of Sas- katchewan, was the 1977 ninth annual Western Canadian Studies conference held at the University of Calgary: “One Century Later: The Native Peoples of Western Canada since the ‘Making’ of the Treaties.”1 Presenters included people from the Treaty Six and Seven nations, such as Harold Cardinal, Chief John Snow, Marie Smallface Marule, and Stan Cuthand. Arthur J. Ray gave a paper that has been used in courses and readers ever since: “Fur Trade History as an Aspect of Native History.” George F. Stanley—whose monumental 1935 study, The Birth of Western Canada, remained in 1977 the most sustained aca- demic treatment of the Métis and First Nations—was also a presenter, shedding light on the neglected history of the Dakota in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. As Ian A.L. Getty and Donald B. Smith, editors of the volume of papers from the conference, commented in their introduction, the conference not only high- lighted the work then being done but also pointed to the “topics that [cried] out for further study” such as the history of the implementation of the treaties and “Indian policy” of the twentieth century, drawing on documentary sources but also oral histories.2 l xi A tremendous sense of energy and vitality infused the 1977 gathering, includ- ing important exchange and dialogue across disciplines and vocations among the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal delegates. The conference was also more accessible for graduate students studying in Western Canada than those held in the active conference regions such as Ontario. Yet when Carter’s advisor, Ted Regehr, introduced her to David Bercuson, one of the Western Canadian spe- cialists at the University of Calgary, Bercuson immediately asked how an MA student could possibly afford to attend a conference. (She was too embarrassed to stammer in reply that she had piggybacked on her parents’ visit to Calgary and Banff, which happened to coincide.) Conference attendance was, and re- mains, expensive for graduate students, and a conference outside of the Prairie provinces would have been well beyond the means of most at the West’s uni- versities. Yet conference attendance is critical for graduate students. It would be difficult to exaggerate the impact this gathering of more than five hundred students, teachers, and the general public had on Carter, who was casting about for a thesis topic and knew virtually nothing about the history of the Aborigi- nal people of the West.
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