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Le Conflit Israélo-Arabe Dans La Presse Européenne Analyse Critique De Neuf Quotidiens Belges, Français Et Britanniques

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Le Conflit Israélo-Arabe Dans La Presse Européenne Analyse Critique De Neuf Quotidiens Belges, Français Et Britanniques Université catholique de Louvain- UCL Faculté des Sciences économiques sociales et politiques- ESPO Département de Communication- COMU Observatoire du récit médiatique- ORM Le conflit israélo-arabe dans la presse européenne Analyse critique de neuf quotidiens belges, français et britanniques Dissertation doctorale présentée en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur en information et communication par Ziyad Abualrob Promoteur: Professeur Marc Lits Louvain-la-Neuve Mai 2011 Dédicaces Pour Aaron et Mahjouba À mes parents, à mon frère et à mes sœurs À Christophe Leveau ii Remerciements «Ô Seigneur ! Donne-moi encore plus de savoir » (Coran, 20: 114) Que dieu soit loué. Je tiens en tout premier lieu à remercier mon promoteur, le professeur Marc Lits, pour son soutien précieux, ses critiques constructives, son accompagnement et sa disponibilité. Je remercie les membres du jury: le professeur Jef Verschueren de l’Université d’Anvers, le professeur Benoît Grevisse, le professeur Gérard Dérèze et le professeur Vincent Legrand de l’UCL pour leur disponibilité, leur lecture attentive et leurs commentaires éclairants. Je tiens également à remercier mon ami et confrère, Baudouin Loos, pour ses remarques précieuses et sa lecture de cette thèse. Je remercie mon ami, Nidal Aboudagga, qui m’a encouragé pour commencer la rédaction de cette thèse. Lui qui a connu ce doute qui accompagne le thésard. Je tiens également à remercier mes amis Alaa Salama, Rania Kutteneh, Mohamad Abou Zaineh, Suzanne Jarrar, Jihane Jarrar, Damien Poncelet, Rachid Naïm, Bruno Herin, Pablo Drama, Adel Atieh, Raed Atieh, Ahmad Frassini, Murad Al-Sudani, Abdul Rahim Al-Shaikh et Nadia Shabana pour leur encouragement, leur soutien et leur écoute. Je remercie la CTB (Coopération Technique Belge) qui m’a accordé une bourse d’étude (04PZA/2545-2004-2009) pour réaliser cette thèse. Je remercie également l’IL&C pour son soutien financier qui a permis l’impression de cette thèse, ainsi que toutes les personnes qui ont contribué à préparer la soutenance publique. Ziyad Abualrob iii Table des matières DÉDICACES ............................................................................................................................................. II REMERCIEMENTS ............................................................................................................................... III TABLE DES MATIÈRES ....................................................................................................................... IV LISTE DES TABLEAUX ........................................................................................................................ IX LISTE DES FIGURES ............................................................................................................................. X INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Le conflit israélo-arabe dans la presse européenne .................................................................. 1 2. Un conflit au centre du monde? ................................................................................................ 2 3. Printemp arabe et tensions latentes .......................................................................................... 3 PREMIÈRE PARTIE: MISE EN CONTEXTE ...................................................................................... 7 CHAPITRE 1: HISTOIRES DU CONFLIT ISRAELO -ARABE ............................................................................. 8 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Le projet sioniste ....................................................................................................................... 9 1.2.1 Sionisme politique ........................................................................................................................ 10 1.2.2 Sionisme religieux ........................................................................................................................ 12 1.2.3 Sionisme culturel .......................................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Le soutien britannique............................................................................................................. 14 1.4 La Nakba de 1948 ................................................................................................................... 17 1.5 Mouvement de libération nationale palestinienne .................................................................. 20 1.6 Le processus de paix ............................................................................................................... 27 1.7 La seconde Intifada ................................................................................................................. 28 1.8 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 29 CHAPITRE 2: GROUPES D ’INTÉRÊT OU NÉGOCIATEURS DU SENS ............................................................. 31 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 31 2.2 Une question épineuse ............................................................................................................. 32 2.3 Lobby ou groupe d’intérêt? ..................................................................................................... 33 2.4 L’antisionisme est-il antisémitisme? ....................................................................................... 34 2.5 Lobby juif ou lobby pro-israélien? .......................................................................................... 36 2.6 En Belgique ............................................................................................................................. 38 2.6.1 Groupes pro-israéliens .................................................................................................................. 38 2.6.1.1 Groupes confessionnels ........................................................................................................... 39 2.6.1.2 Groupes laïques ....................................................................................................................... 39 2.6.2 Groupes pro-palestiniens ............................................................................................................... 41 2.7 En France ................................................................................................................................ 42 2.7.1 Groupes pro-israéliens .................................................................................................................. 42 2.7.1.1 Organisations confessionnelles juives...................................................................................... 43 Le CRIF ........................................................................................................................................................ 44 L’Observatoire du monde juif ....................................................................................................................... 44 2.7.1.2 Organisations laïques ............................................................................................................... 45 iv 2.7.2 Groupes pro-palestiniens ............................................................................................................... 46 2.8 Au Royaume-Uni ..................................................................................................................... 49 2.8.1 Groupes pro-israéliens .................................................................................................................. 49 2.8.2 Groupes pro-palestiniens ............................................................................................................... 50 2.9 En Israël et dans les territoires palestiniens occupés ............................................................. 51 2.10 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 55 CHAPITRE 3: ANALYSES PRÉCÉDENTES .................................................................................................. 59 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 59 3.2 Analyses francophones ............................................................................................................ 61 3.2.1 Le débat de la revue «Questions de communication » .................................................................. 64 3.3 Analyses britanniques ............................................................................................................. 67 3.4 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 70 DEUXIÈME PARTIE: CADRES THÉORIQUE ET MÉTHODOLOGIQUE .................................. 74 CHAPITRE 4: L' ANALYSE CRITIQUE DU DISCOURS MÉDIATIQUE .............................................................. 75 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................
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