INFORMATION & ANALYSIS MAGAZINE RADIO ELECTRONIC #4/2017 TECHNOLOGY

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page 7 Four generations of the Russian combat air forces page 14 Civil Aviation of Russia — Main Priorities page 21 Our aim is to create world-class industrial corporation page 36 KRET SLAR with APAA for 4++ generation fighter “Radio Electronic Technology”

INFORMATION & ANALYSIS MAGAZINE Founder and publisher – Concern Radio-electronic technologies JSC Author of the concept – Nikolai Kolesov

EDITORIAL BOARD

IOSIF AKOPYAN — Deputy Director General, Designer General, Agat JSC ANATOLY AXYONOV — President, Veterans of MTS, Regional Public Organization ANATOLY ALEXANDROV — Chancellor, Moscow State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman VLADIMIR BARKOVSKY — Doctor of Technical Sciences VICTOR BONDAREV — Russian Aerospace Forcer Commander-in-Chief YURI BORISOV — Deputy Defence Minister of Russian Federation PAVEL BUDAGOV — Director General, Ryazan State Instrument-making Enterprise JSC VLADIMIR GUTENEV — First Vice-President, Russian Engineering Union; First Deputy Chairman, Committee for Economic Policies, Industry, Innovative Development and Entrepreneurship, State Duma of the Russian Federation YURI GUSKOV — First Deputy Director General/Designer General, Phazotron-NIIR Corporation JSC VICTOR DOTSENKO — Director General, Micran Research & Production Company Ltd. EVGENY DRONOV — Director General, Tulamashzavod Production Association JSC VLADIMIR ZVEREV — First Deputy Director General Concern Radio-electronic technologies JSC ANATOLY ISAIKIN — Member of the Board of Directors of JSC Rosoboronexport GIVI JANJGAVA — Deputy Director General, avionics R&D/Designer General Concern Radio-electronic technologies JSC NIKOLAI KOLESOV — Director General Concern Radio-electronic technologies JSC GENNADY KOLODKO — First Deputy Director General — Technical Director, Ryazan State Instrument-making Enterprise JSC OLEG KUSTOV — Editor-in-Chief, Radio Electronic Technology magazine SERGEI LADYGIN — Deputy Director General Rosoboronexport JSC YURI MAYEVSKY — Designer General, EW systems and equipment/Deputy Director General Concern Radio-electronic technologies JSC VLADIMIR MERKULOV — Deputy Designer General, Vega JSC IGOR NASENKOV — Director General, Technodinamika JSC DINA NIZAMUTDINOVA — Head of the General Director’s Department of JSC Concern Radio-Electronic Technologies VLADIMIR NIKITIN — Director General, Krylov State Research Centre FSUE BORIS OBNOSOV — Director General, Tactical Missiles Corporation JSC IGOR OZAR — Director General, Sukhoi Aviation Holding Company VICTOR POLYAKOV — Director General, UAK — Integration Centre LLC VLADIMIR POSPELOV — Member of the Board of the Military-Industrial Commission of the Russian Federation VICTOR SLOKA — Designer General, Radiotechnical Institute named after academician A.L. Mints JSC YURI SLYUSAR — President, United Aircraft Corporation JSC ANDREI TYULIN — Director General, Russian Space Systems JSC EVGENY FEDOSOV — Research Supervisor, First Deputy Director General, GosNIIAS FSUE, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences ALEXANDER FOMIN — Deputy Defence Minister of Russian Federation VITALY KHANYCHEV — Director General, Central Scientific Research Institute Kurs JSC SERGEI KHOKHLOV — Director, Department of Radio-Electronic Industry, Ministry pf Industry and Trade SERGEY CHERNYSHEV — Director General, Central Aerohydrodinamic Institute VYACHESLAV SHEVTSOV — Chief, Telecommunication Department, Moscow Aviation Institute IGOR SHEREMET — Vice-President, Academy of military sciences ALEXANDER SHLYAKHTUROV — Chairman of the Board of Directors, Corporation Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology JSC

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Editor-in-Chief EDITORIAL & PUBLISHER’S ADDRESS: © All rights reserved. 20/1 p.1, Goncharnaya str., Moscow, 109240, Russia OLEG KUSTOV The materials published in the Tel./fax +7 (499) 253-65-22 magazine shall only be used with kustovhi-tech.media www.hi-tech.media, e-mail: infohi-tech.media Signed for printing: 06 July 2017 written permission of the editorial Publication Date: 15 July 2017 staff. Reference to the Radio Electronic Technology magazine in Technical editor DESIGN, PREPRESS & PRINTING: case of reprinting is obligatory. The BOGDAN KAZARYAN United Industrial Edition LLC editorial staff shall not review and kazarhi-tech.media 39 Malaya Gruzinskaya Street, Moscow, 123557 return materials submitted. Authors Tel. fax +7 (495) 778-14-47 e-mail: docpromweekly.ru are responsible for the contents of Design and layout: O.V. Filippova, A.N. Zinoviev the materials they submit. Columnist VLADIMIR GUNDAROV Printrun 1,000 copies gundarovhi-tech.media Free distribution

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contents

Radio Electronic Technology #4/2017 (14)

DIRECT SPEECH

The main factor of the country’s sovereignty and security ...... 2 Vladimir Gutenev

Lifting force of the KRET’s “Golden Wings” ...... 3 Nikolay Kolesov

FRONT LINE

Military-industrial complex is one of our priority ...... 4

Interview with Vladimir Gutenev

Four generations of the Russian combat air forces ...... 7 Yevgeny Fedosov

Civil Aviation of Russia — Main Priorities ...... 14 Valery Solozobov

MIC AND MILITARY FORCES

Review of events ...... 19

KRET: TASKS AND PROSPECTS

Our aim is to create world-class industrial corporation ...... 21 Vladimir Zverev

We offer full product line of certified components and systems of ARE, corresponding to EASA standards ...... 26

Interview with Givi Janjgava

Full-authority control ...... 30

From analog autopilot to digital complex Alexei Kuznetsov

SLAR with APAA for 4++ generation fighter ...... 36 Yuri Guskov, Anatoly Kanaschenkov

Keeping the leadership ...... 40 Sergey Shelukhin, Roman Polikashkin

DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES

Information management systems of prospective air patrol complexes...... 43 Ivan Antsev, Kirill Ivannikov, Pavel Zayakin, Yuliya Sanvald, Anna Shapido

1 4/2017 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY direct speech

direct speech

The main factor of the country’s sovereignty and security

areas is an important component of the state pol- icy. Despite the existing restrictions, the Russian Defense Industry Complex has become one of the most export-oriented production sectors. At the same time, the arms export turnover is, first of all, an indicator of competitiveness and technological effectiveness of products. And fur- ther steps in conquering the world arms markets will help to resolve not only political goals, but also the tasks of developing the Russian industry, including its civil sector. Today the army forces of a number of countries are already getting the remote- controlled and robotic combat complexes and modules. The warfare concept itself is changing — it is based on the maximum-level automation of systems and the reduction of the human presence level at the battlefields. Therefore, VLADIMIR GUTENEV Dear colleagues and friends! the products that can be integrated into complex Chairman of the State On behalf of the Commission of the State combat systems, parts of which can interact with Duma Commission Duma of the Russian Federation on the legal sup- each other as well as with control centers, will on the legal support port and development of the Defense Industry be in the great demand. and development Complex enterprises, the “League to Support Dear participants and guests! I am sure of the Defense Industry Defense Industry Enterprises” Association, that the format and the theme of the meeting Complex enterprises, the Russian Engineering Union in the develop- program, and the participants of the “Army- President of the “League ment of the Defense Industry Complex enterprises, 2017” Forum allow to talk about the possibility to Support Defense I am glad to welcome the participants, organizers of a comprehensive discussion of all issues Industry Enterprises” and guests of the Third International Military- related to defense and security areas, as well Association Technical Forum “Army-2017”! as to the issue on improving production First Vice-President The state of the armed forces and the Defense technologies and performance characteristics of the Russian Industry Complex is always the determining of all types of arms. I wish you fruitful work, Engineering Union factor for preserving sovereignty and ensuring contentious debates and mutually acceptable the state security, and the development of these solutions!

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Lifting force of the KRET’s “Golden Wings”

Dear colleagues, friends, participants and guests of the International Aviation and Space Salon MAKS-2017! I am glad to welcome all of you who again came to Zhukovsky (Moscow Region) in order to take part in the main aviation forum of our country. Over the last years, MAKS has significantly strengthened its positions and has become one of the most important events in the international life. The participants are attracted not only by an extensive exposition demonstrating the latest achievements in the aviation and space areas, but also by unique opportunities that the forum provides for expert and business communication, the development of production cooperation, the search for new partners. For our holding company the current MAKS is the special one. It is the fifth salon since 2009, in which the Joint-Stock Company “Concern Radio-electronics technologies” was registered. In 2013, we prepared an exposition that showed our concept of an integrated supplier Over the last two years after the MAKS-2015 NIKOLAY KOLESOV model that provides a complete life cycle of Salon, KRET has significantly increased its sci- JSC KRET Director General military and civil products. KRET was named entific, technical, technological and production a winner of the Golden Wings of MAKS-2013 potential, strengthened its positions in the area awards in the following categories: “MAKS-2013 of development and design of electronic warfare premiere” and “Exposition”. systems, avionics, navigation, medical equipment, At the 12th International Aviation and Space and other military and civil equipment. High- Salon MAKS-2015, KRET was named a winner of performance and high-precision machining the Golden Wings of MAKS-2015 awards in two centers, which are now available at our com- categories: “For innovation and integrity of the panies, allow us to introduce new technologies, exposition” and “MAKS-2015 premiere. Product” improve quality and characteristics of high-tech with its Rychag-AV electronic warfare system for products that we create. helicopters. The best samples are presented at MAKS- We are not superstitious, so we strongly 2017. I am sure that they will attract attention of believe that the 13th forum won’t be less suc- specialists, our partners and potential customers. cessful for us than the previous two, and we I wish the participants and guests of the consider MAKS-2017 to be a convenient plat- Moscow Aviation and Space Salon to realize all form for active promotion of our products to the your creative and commercial plans, to organize domestic and foreign markets. fruitful meetings and to be in the excellent mood.

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front line

Military-industrial complex is one of our priority

Vladimir Gutenev, First Deputy Chairman of Committee pose high-technology products release, oriented of the Russian Federation State Duma for Economic Policy, at market demand, attracting corresponding Industry, Innovative Development and Business Activity, investments with implementation of additional responds to questions of Radio Electronic Technology magazine financial mechanisms. Landmark outlined by the Russian president — 50 % of competitive civil products You are one of the chiefs of the committee related in overall volume of MIC supplies, will require with the Russian Federation military-industrial com- formulation of strategy directed to diversifica- plex (MIC) aspects. How do you define main priorities tion of existed industrial, technological, scientific in legislative maintenance of its activity? and human potential of defense enterprises for Innovations we want to see in our economics double- and civil purpose products release. arise in military complex by 50 %; its develop- In this regard it should be noted another ment is a key topic and, of course, we, along with direction of national policy in the area of MIC Military defense committee and some other development. This is strengthening of support committees, will handle it as a priority. Moreover, of enterprises, providing release of critical this direction is directly relating to national materials and components for MIC enterprises. security, and I think there is no need to tell about We also need to take more drastic measures current international situation once again… to involve private sector in diversification I would like to note direction to Defense processes. Industry diversification, clearly specified We will also continue works on development by the Russian president Vladimir Putin of pricing, profitability and defense order financ- at the Meeting on aspects of using Defense ing control system. Industry potential in civil high-technology prod- If Defense Procurement to be significantly ucts production in Tula on September 8, 2016. First reduced in the years to come, will it backfire of all, it requires some correction of the commit- on mobilization readiness of our industry? tee operation priorities. Its activity on legislative Reducing of military component of MIC prod- maintenance of MIC activity was mainly directed ucts does not mean its development stop. And to modernization of enterprises and creation your question on mobilization readiness is quite of advanced high-technology “defense shield” relevant now. In this regard I want to point out of our country. However, in 2018–2019 peak once again the strategical direction of imple- of supplies within State Armaments Programme mented import substitutions programs. Largely will be passed and order volume will be gradu- “thanks to” sanctions Russian industry comes ally reducing. However MIC has vast majority to required level of technological independ- of scientific and technical and technological ence, that is one of the basis for mobilization potential of the country. readiness. And, of course, for new conditions it Therefore the priority is on tasks related is necessary to clarify, first of all, required volume with analysis of MIC diversification possibilities of mobilization capacities and efficiency of their and preparation of offers on modernization usage, and, secondly, how much their condition of the federal legislation in this area. We are also satisfies “special” period tasks. talking about development on diversification There is a range of problems related to necessity production capacities of double- and civil pur- of legal groundwork for certification and licensing

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of diversification products currently. How are you Concern Radio-electronic technologies has planning to solve these problems? also achieved success in this direction. Among If we really want to take rightful place their high demand civil products are “Potok” on international markets, these problems should lung ventilator intended for respiratory support be solved in a mandatory manner, similar to how and artificial respiration for newborn babies; it is done in other parts of the world. And we have “Aventa-M” portable lung ventilator; “OPEKA- good examples of such solutions. Lead MIC enter- 04 S” social and medical wearable module; prises have required skills developed. At that, they “Multimag” magnetotherapy complex; automatic include actions on patent protection of technical blood pressure and heart rate monitor for daily solutions and intellectual property protection. measurements. These devices characteristics For instance, housed by Ural optical and exceed many foreign analogues, while being less mechanical plant, that is a part of Rostec’s Shvabe expensive. Holding, we produce and export complexes for Nowadays Russia pays a lot of attention to work newborn and preterm babies care, special lung for coming to markets of the countries, traditionally ventilation systems for them, create unique opti- oriented to other military hardware exporters. In your cal microscopes, other medical equipment, with opinion, what tasks should be solved in this area? high demand in such countries as Great Britain, Yes, our weapons and military hardware Germany, Japan, over the years. Customers have are quite competitive. Syria situation confirms no problems with legal groundwork for these it. Export orders portfolio grows and has Frigate, products. already reached US$ 45 bln. Russia has a stake project 11356

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in developing military and technical coop- It should be noted that results of BRICS eration with Latin America countries. At that, summit, that happened at Goa on October 16, the topic is discussed on modern technologies 2016, give grounds for closer cooperation transfer to partners and modernization of their of both involved enterprises and national military industry. Long-term programs of such institutes. This can be related to development cooperation are developed and approved. of unified requirements and standards, includ- Example of such work is Cuba. There are plans ing on military products. on development of relations with Argentina What role does State Duma committee play in this area. Venezuela, Peru, Mexico and in the following development of military and Colombia have already actively use Russian technical cooperation? helicopters. Beside expanding business connections However, we are into actively cooperation, for development of military and technical including with technologies transfer to for- cooperation system itself it is necessary to fur- eign countries: starting from multiple rocket ther develop regulatory and legal framework, launcher systems to advanced air-defense and take corresponding actions to remove various electronic warfare systems. Case study is a suc- administrative barriers. Positive examples cess of BraMos hypersonic missile — the project of such work was the decision to simplify mili- implemented by Russia and India. We currently tary products export for participation in foreign develop it further — rocket range was increased, exhibitions, as well as improving of foreign ground, air and marine basing modifications military and military technical personnel prepa- were created. ration procedure. In other words, currently cooperation Work on improvement of enforceability is transformed from common sales to collabora- of the Federal law articles of July 19, 1998 No. tive development of high-technology equipment. 114-FZ “On military and technical cooperation And here our enterprises, performing export of the Russian Federation with foreign countries” supplies, have another highly prospective direc- holds unique place in the further development tion — massive improvement of maintenance of international cooperation in arming area. service system for supplied equipment and its I was personally involved in preparation and support over the whole life cycle. promotion of the corresponding amendments Cooperation between Russia and India to this Law. They define provision of a right is developing at a fast pace. Russia has com- to perform foreign trade activity in relation pleted major contract execution on supply to military products for MIC integrated struc- of 151 military utility helicopters Mi-17V-5 for tures management companies. IAF. Besides, Moscow and Delhi have made an Our committee will solve the tasks, agreement on production of at least 200 heli- very important for current state of Russian copters Ka-226T and its modifications in India. industry development. Their solution level Russia and India work on fifth generation directly depends on completeness and fighter FGFA based on Russian aircraft T-50 efficiency of interaction with executive created as per PAK FA program. The agreement authorities, scientific organizations, industrial is signed on frigate project 11356, provid- corporations and social institutions involved ing making of two such frigates in Russia for in processes of development and diversifica- IAF and another two — by the license for tion of Russian MIC. Indian state shipyard Hindustan Shipyard Ltd Only integration of technical, technological in Visakhapatnam. At that, Russian party will and creative potentials, human capital assets provide cooperation in modernization of this qualities, achievements of basic and applied sci- enterprise and personnel training. ences will allow to maintain high competitive Agreement on project 971 multi-role nuclear ability of Russian weapons and involve defense submarine lease transfer from Russian Navy sector enterprises into civil economics competi- to India was also signed. tive ability improving.

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Four generations of the Russian combat air forces

I will start from the beginning. After The first generation of our jet aircraft is MiG- YEVGENY FEDOSOV, the First World War, the Italian military 15, MiG-17. These models were designed without Scientific Director theorist, General Giulio Douhet developed the propeller, which had limited the aerodynamic of the State Research the air warfare theory. Douhet believed that speed. The aviation sector switched to a jet Institute of Aviation aviation should play a leading role, and air engine, which provided a quantum leap in speed. Systems, Academician attacks on the state and economic centers First-generation airplanes were widely used dur- of the Russian Academy of the enemy could lead to the victory. During ing the Korean Peninsula War. In the sky of Korea, of Sciences the Second World War, it became obvious our and American pilots fought with each other to everyone that a ground campaign could not for the first time. The Americans had the F-86 give the expected result without achieving model, and we had the MiG-15 model, which superiority in aerial control. was in no way behind the American “Sabre”. The role of the air forces in the armed The second generation is associated with conflicts will continue to increase in the future. supersonic speeds. The MiG-19 model was This is to the large extent caused by changes the first for us to reach supersonic speeds, in the aviation structure. There used to be spe- and then the MiG-21 model was designed as cialized aircraft: fighters, bombers, ground-attack a supersonic one. We have reached speeds of 2 planes. The bombers were then divided into two Mach. The whole layout of the plane has been categories: front-line bombers and long-range changed. Supersonic aerodynamics came to life. bombers. But the modern wars, which are largely It was a revolutionary achievement. Moreover, the local conflicts, determined the necessity the weapons were changed, which allowed to develop multi-functional aircraft. Therefore, to increase the operating range. Air-to-air mis- this type of aircraft appeared in the front-line siles were introduced into service. MiG-19 was aviation sector. The tendency came into view equipped with a missile of this kind. starting from the generation “4+”, when our Basically, the USSR and the United States country and the USA both began to design such by that time had achieved parity in the combat aircraft. The concept of the fifth-generation aviation sector. But then there was a failure. aircraft definitely has multi-functionality as one Nikita Khrushchev said that strategic missiles of the main goals. would be the most important element, that there would be only the nuclear and mis- FROM MIG TO MIG sile war, and that for those reasons there Some people understand the term “generation” was no point to spend money on tactical as a life cycle of an aircraft, let’s say 25 years weapons. At some point the aviation develop- of its operation. It means that every 25 years we ment was even stopped. But at this moment, should create something new. And this is called the Arab-Israeli War began. The Americans had a change of generations. This is true and not a third-generation aircraft F-4 Phantom, which at the same time. In fact, each new generation had been developed before the Vietnam War. is marked with the appearance of fundamen- And we had MiG-21 — an aircraft of the second tally new combat qualities of the aircraft. And generation. By the way, it had the operational the classification of generation itself is rather parameters not much worse than ones of F-4, nominal. and even outperformed that model in speed. But

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F-4 have already had a medium-range mis- Our fourth-generation fighters are will- sile with a radar homing head, the radar ingly ordered by many countries all over operated against the earth’s background, that is, the world, including India and China. The Indian on the planes that were flying at lower altitudes. specialists are very demanding and meticu- It was a great advantage. The homing head lous. The Americans tried and are still trying of our missile could only operate in contrast, to make advances to New Delhi offering their against the sky. equipment. The Indian Air Forces performed Then the Soviet Union launched the project a series of training fights between the Soviet on the development of the third-generation air- and American aircraft, consisting of 27 combats craft MiG-23. Considering flight and some other involving the Su-27, MiG-29 and American characteristics, it outperformed the Phantom. fighters. The Americans have lost almost all The crew of the F-4 aircraft consisted of a pilot short-range air battles. They have won only one and a weapon system operator. In MiG-23 one battle — I do not know for what reason, probably pilot could perform piloting and air fighting the pilot just “gave a yawn”. using the automated weapon control system. Later on, Su-30 and then Su-35 have been The MiG-23 model had a wing variable sweep. designed as modifications of Su-27. The Su-35 A new radar, a missile homing head could oper- model has some features of the fifth-generation ate against the earth’s background. aircraft, including a radar with a phassed array This fighter was armed with a short-range with synthetic aperture. So this aircraft has missile. Our short-range air-to-air missile X-60 the multi-channel capability to aim at air and was much smaller than the American analog ground targets at the same time. This allows Sidewinder and was more maneuverable. to get a high-resolution image in the radar By the way, the Americans didn’t manage to do range. In this area, by the way, the Americans anything similar. Later on, we have designed were the pioneers with their F-18, but then we the K-73 missile based on the X-60 one, solved all their puzzles. which is still competitive with foreign models. Our fourth-generation aircraft excelled Therefore, in short-range combats we always win, American models in almost all parameters. including the combats on the fourth-generation aircraft. STEALTH TECHNOLOGIES, SUPER Thus, in the process of designing a third- MANEUVERABILITY AND MORE generation MiG-23 aircraft and weapons for From my point of view, stealth technologies that it, we equalized the capabilities of the Soviet provide low visibility are important, but overes- fighter aviation with the American one. timated. When two aircraft in a dueling situation move towards each other, then, indeed, invisibil- FIGHTERS WITH THE SOLID “4++” ity plays an important role. Who is the first one For the fourth-generation MiG-29 and Su-27 to detect the enemy — gets tactical superiority fighters a short-range combat weapon control and can take a more advantageous position system has been introduced. A helmet-mounted to attack the enemy. But there are only few such sight, an optical station and a radar have been situations in real battles, because the battle integrated into a unified information system. is more often the group one, and very seldom The pilot was sure to “reveal” the enemy and had the aircraft flies alone. In group battles, of course, the opportunity to use weapons. At the same time, a dueling situation can arise at a short distance, we achieved super maneuverability parameters but in this case maneuverability prevails, and in comparison with American aircraft. For short- considering this parameter the F-22 model range combats this parameter plays the most is behind our aircraft. important role. Therefore, the Americans were In addition, the invisibility effect is achieved forced to issue instructions with a recommenda- only in a very narrow range. If the aircraft tion to their pilots not to go into close combats is slightly higher, its radar already sees the “pan- with MiG-29 and Su-27. cake” of the enemy with a large reflecting

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surface, if it’s slightly lower — again the same angles of attack is needed. Stalling phenom- MiG-15 “pancake”. Only from the nose in a narrow cone of ena, uneven air flow into the nozzle increase +/ — 30 degrees, it is possible to reduce the risk of surging. So the motor automatics the invisibility, as the Americans say, getting should be designed in a such way as to avoid the reflective surface of the “tennis ball”. I surging by regulating the fuel inflow depend- think the “tennis ball” is difficult to be achieved, ing on the attack angle. But we really did not but the effective scattering area of less than pay a very high price for this. In return, we are a square meter is among the real targets. We winning aerial battles with American aircraft are now developing our fifth-generation aircraft, of the fourth generation and have designed in which we also strive to solve the problem a qualitatively new fifth-generation aircraft, of invisibility, but at the same time retaining where invisibility is combined with super super maneuverability. maneuverability. There are the disputes about the advantages I think the Americans have made a big and disadvantages of the super maneuver- mistake. The F-22 Raptor was planned as an ability characteristic. The Americans do not try aircraft that could excel Su-27 in its perfor- to increase this parameter. They say that this mance. A lot of money was spent on this model. capability is necessary for aerial acrobatics, for Our Su-27 cost about 30–40 million US dollars, shows, and they almost do not enter into short- and the Raptor model from the very beginning range combats. cost more than 100 million US dollars. But Indeed, it is not easy to achieve super- the designers didn’t pay much attention to this maneuverability, an engine with a thrust vector problem. But the program turned out to be very control that operates without failure at large expensive even for the USA. At the beginning,

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Su-35 it was planned to purchase a large batch. Then task, that’s why three different aircraft F-15, it was reduced to 180 aircraft, and almost all F-16 and F-18 have been developed. F-16 was of them were delivered to Alaska to defend designed for mass production to be delivered the area from a hypothetical air attack from to NATO allies, F-15 — mostly for domestic the direction of the Arctic Ocean. They didn’t purposes. F/A-18 was designed for domestic demonstrate any other functions, so they didn’t use in the sea-aviation sector. become the multi-functional ones to the full And suddenly at the stage of the fifth extent. The technical specification also included generation they again decided to create the capability to operate with ground targets. an universal aircraft. That was an airplane But in fact, the serial-production aircraft had of the single-engine type. For deck take-off and only the air-to-air operation mode. In the future, landing, an increased power-to-weight ratio it was decided to upgrade part of the F-22 fleet, is needed. In F-35B the engine took almost in terms of capability to attack ground (sea) tar- the entire space of the airframe. It was an gets. Some aircraft have been modernized with attempt to combine the incompatible elements. the capability to destroy targets on the ground. As a result, it was necessary to reduce the vol- In my opinion, the Raptor model is not better ume of compartments for arms, so they lost in any terms when compared with our Su-35. in the terms of distance range and combat load. And talking about another fifth-generation The aircraft became even worse than the fourth- aircraft — F-35 Lightning II — it looks as if generation models. These design works lasted the Americans on the whole made a similar more than 10 years, and there are still a lot mistake. They decided to design a multi-func- of limitations in its operation, although in terms tional airplane for the Air Forces — F-35A, for of cost it approached the F-22 model. the Naval Aviation — F-35C, and for the Marine We have never set one’s sights on such tasks, Corps — F-35B. The latter should have a short which can not be solved in principle, considering take-off distance and a vertical landing the possible limitations. These are incompatible capability. When the USA were designing things — a multi-functional aircraft for ground the fourth-generation aircraft, they also kept and deck applications. In addition, for us in mind this parameter, but could not solve this the deck application is not of such importance

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as it is for the Americans, given that we have one a rather difficult situation with the element base. aircraft carrying cruiser with an air group of 30 In the microelectronics area we are still behind. aircraft, and the United States now have ten The task was set to ensure import substitution, aircraft carriers, each having about a hundred to switch to all domestic elements. We switch… aircraft and helicopters. losing in terms of dimensions. Now we are testing a promising aviation Among us, the ideology of the so-called complex of a front-line aviation — aircraft T-50. integrated modular avionics is very popular. It It has compatible capabilities of invisibility and is already being implemented, including its super maneuverability. A large advantage is an application on the T-50 model. Roughly speak- on-board radar with an active phased array ing, there is a cabinet with modules — separate antenna. The aircraft is designed for group computers, each one with its own operating operations in group-centric wars. This is what system. We add two or three modules and get differs it from the fourth-generation aircraft. new functionality. The task is easily solved, you do not have to change the entire computing part. WHAT THE SIXTH-GENERATION Modularity opens the possibility for extending AIRCRAFT WILL BE LIKE IN RUSSIA functionality. In new models there certainly will I often hear the question: what the sixth- be mores function than in the fifth-generation generation aircraft will be like? As the saying aircraft. Thus, some elements of the next genera- goes, if only I knew! There is no technical speci- tion combat aircraft are already noticeable. But fication, no clear concept, as there is nothing now nobody can say what will be this original that would indicate the possibility of designing aircraft. Our “4++” generation is not worse than a new generation aircraft in the foreseeable the fifth one. future. All we have is in the design of T-50. But I think, that in the future a completely new …AND THE FIFTH ONE — IN CHINA aircraft will be developed. It can be assumed The Chinese later than us began to work that the sixth-generation aircraft will also on the fifth-generation aircraft, but their air- be piloted. Nowadays, many experts, including plane is already in the air, although it is not very ones in the USA, talk about a large degree clear with what capabilities. They succeeded of piloting automation. However, there is no in copying other people’s ideas. The design evidence of a super-revolutionary techni- of their fifth-generation aircraft was created cal solution to this problem. There are only based on the model of a front-line fighter that unfinished sketches. It is difficult to replace was developed within the frameworks of Project a pilot on a combat aircraft, or even impossible, 1.44 by the Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG. It because the secret of the human intellect is not was with this project that we began the history fully studied. of our fifth-generation aircraft. In the aircraft industry a role of composites At the China Air Show-2016, our experts is increasing, a sixth-generation aircraft will were amazed by the variety of aviation weapon be possibly designed with use of the composite system developed in China. A huge number materials. On-board radio electronic equipment of calibers of air-to-air and air-to-surface mis- is being improved. Now the transmission power siles were presented. They do almost everything of the transceiver module of the active phased that they have seen somewhere. It is not very array antenna is 5–7 watts. After switching clear for what reasons they have developed so to the use of gallium nitride in microwave many prototypes. It would be probably possible transmitters, the power can increase to 20 to optimize the type and have only three or four watts. Accordingly, the performance parameters calibers. of the radar will improve, and its dimensions will decrease. WHAT WILL BE AFTER TU-160M2? On-board computer technology is also Unlike the sixth-generation aircraft, the design being improved, despite the fact that we have of a prospective long-range aviation complex

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is more likely to be realized in the future. we are modernizing the Tu-95MS and Tu-22M3 The preliminary design project has been already fleet. Moreover, Tu-160M2 and Tu-22M3 have approved. It seems to me that there is nothing unified solutions in terms of armament. All sim- fantastic about the implementation of this pro- ulators for semi-modelling are prepared in our ject. The question is When? institute. We are waiting for the equipment. The standard of the long-range aircraft We work on prototypes and with experimental was always at the high level in our country. models. The classical example is Tu-22М3. It is used for massive bombing, it can operate in parallel with HYPERSOUND IS DEVELOPED, front-line aviation and cause serious damage BUT DOES AN AIRCRAFT NEED IT? to the enemy. In Syria, the Su-34 and Tu-22M3 There are some trendy directions in the aviation models are used together. Tu-22M3 can carry sector. One of them is hypersonic technology about 20 tons of ammunition. I was lucky and everything related to it. From my point enough to watch how it poured out its entire of view, there is an unhealthy excitement about ammunition, usually these are 500-kg bombs. It this issue. People talk about the achievement was a fascinating sight of a large area defeat. of some characteristics, which can be considered One air attack can solve the task of destroying a milestone in the aircraft construction sector. an enemy airfield. But few people think about the basic principles Today, the concept of long-range aviation of hypersonic technology. operations with attacks without entering On ballistic missiles we have already the enemy’s air defense zone has become implemented such speeds, materials, and flight of high priority. If the aircraft carries a lot dynamics characteristics. When working on glid- of weapons, the air defense system gets some ing ballistic missile blocks, we came almost information degradation. When performing mis- through all stages of control of hypersonic sile attacks, we define their direction, time and apparatus in the upper atmosphere layers with density. If we have the necessary information a speed of 5–6 M and more. So, in fact, we have about the enemy’s air defense system, we can the necessary competences, and it is really no always find the bottleneck and throw our group point to look for other ways. into this “bottleneck”. I think there is no point to design a hyper- The design of a prospective aviation com- sonic airplane, because it will be much more plex for long-range aviation does not mean expensive than a ballistic missile. It is more an immediate refusal of the Tu-160 models, practical, instead of several combat blocks, which still remain an unrivaled masterpiece to place one on a missile with a dimension of the Soviet aviation industry. This model of a hypersonic cruise missile, which after reach- is based on interesting ideas. This aircraft ing the upper atmosphere with the help of liquid has large compartments for weapons. It was or powder rocket engines will have the capabili- introduced to the mass production when there ties of a hypersonic aircraft. But for this purpose, were no cruise missiles. Now a long-range X-BD it is necessary to design a supersonic ramjet missile is being introduced into the project engine. It must be kept in mind, that today on all of arming the upgraded Tu-160. Its technical and “ramjet engines” there is subsonic combustion. performance characteristics are of a top secret, The physical processes of hypersonic combus- but we can estimate them comparing it with its tion have not been fully studied yet. predecessor — the X-101 missile. In its ordinary The design of the hypersonic aircraft loading mode, it will be able to hit the target is determined by this “ramjet” engine type. An at a distance of 3 thousand km. The new missile aircraft of this type has an extended duck’s will have a much longer distance range. nose, a wedge-shaped air intake to reach The upgraded strategic bomber was assigned the maximum airflow compression level. All this with the Tu-160M2 index. It will be produced is designed for great heights. When speaking at the Kazan Aircraft Factory. At the same time, about speeds of 5–8 M, they are achievable

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at altitudes of 20 km and more, but below this A few unmanned combat air vehicles have such level you will not get any hypersound charac- distance range. teristics. As an argument in favour of a drone, one Will this airplane be invulnerable to air usually remembers its capability to barrage for defense or anti-missile defense systems? — I a long time, and then strike at the right place do not think so. Our institute is working and at the right time. And the missile can on the missile defense system. The task is not be designed with this capability, but it’s not nec- only to get a few “notches” of the ballistic mis- essary. The long-range aviation, which includes sile trajectory, but also to predict its further cruise missiles, mainly operates on stationary, trajectory and to destroy a missile or a warhead pre-determined targets. Let’s say that the sea in the descending section on the basis of such target is detected, then the flight program can “notches”. We and the Americans are design- be re-defined. ing a missile defense system in such way as Another thing is a reconnaissance drone. to be able operate everywhere — in the space Syria has demonstrated that such drones are zone and at the entrance to the atmosphere, necessary in the tactical sector of the ground where maneuvers are possible. And then no pre- forces, right up to the troops. Such devices can diction is useful anymore, continuous tracking be given to sub-units commanders so that they is needed in the lower layers of the atmosphere, could reconnoitre the situation within their area where warhead is approaching the target. There of responsibility. Nowadays, we have introduced are some solutions for each mode. But they are such devices into production, including licens- still experimental, research and testing ones. ing operations. Hypersound for military purposes as a flight In addition, the drones are needed to sup- mode is now implemented using the gliding press air defense units. The attack of a swarm ballistic missiles blocks. The combat units have of drones for the purpose of setting traps, pas- a homing guidance system. At lower altitudes, sive and active jamming can create a difficult they switch from hypersound to subsonic or situation for air defense units and can ensure supersonic systems. There will be no hyper- the breakthrough of fighting aircraft. sound at low altitudes. Therefore, it is probably an exaggeration to say that some qualitatively WE KEEP FINGER ON THE PULSE new weapons are being designed that will put In modern conditions, combat aviation solves the air defense and missile defense systems the tasks of destroying enemy facilities, its at a dead end, and will in general become forces and units, gaining superiority in the air, the main type of weapons. Maybe I’m wrong, but conducting reconnaissance and electronic I do not intuitively believe in the emergence warfare. The “group centric warfare” concept has of a hypersonic armament paradigm. We are been introduced, where reconnaissance data are dealing with the usual increase in the speed of a great importance. The importance of elec- of missile armament. tronic warfare also increases. In our institute, the specialists analyse THE SWARM OF DRONES WILL DRIVE in details the development trends of strategic, CRAZY ANY AIR DEFENSE SYSTEM long-range, front-line and army aviation, as well The second fashionable development direction as tactical and technical characteristics and is unmanned combat air vehicles. The question combat capabilities of modern and promising arises: why do we need them since we have foreign aircraft. We always tried to catch up cruise missiles? It’s the same unmanned air or even overtake someone. When the leaders vehicle, only of an one-use type. Are the multi- of the country demonstrated their political will- use ones needed? To get it back is also a difficult power and set detailed tasks for designers and task, which has to ensure its landing. Our long- developers of military equipment, these tasks range aviation is armed with cruise missiles with were always properly executed. Technical prob- a distance range of 2–3 thousand kilometres. lems exist, but they can and need to be solved.

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Civil Aviation of Russia — Main Priorities

VALERY SOLOZOBOV Civil aviation is the only type of transport of aircraft maintenance, which was a positive Deputy General available for people living in remote areas factor for air transport and Russian economy Director for Design, to keep connection with their relatives, to access in general. However, one-time investment of an R&D of Tupolev PJSC to industrial, cultural, medical and educational amount sufficient to build a new infrastructure centers. However, types and characteristics in all regions is a difficult task for budgets of the civil aircraft fleet currently do not provide of the state, regions and companies. Therefore, the constitutional right of many Russian citizens up to now a major part of passenger traffic to freedom of movement, do not meet the needs is carried through Moscow, Saint-Petersburg and of society and maintenance of state integrity. some other regional air hubs. In 90-es, the government supported fleet Shortages of the air transport system renewal of Russian airlines by foreign aircraft. in Russia were highlighted by international This brought higher technology and standards sanctions of recent years that continued

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the strategy of “controlled technological infe- It will be impossible to obtain permits for riority” of CoCom (Coordinating Committee for flight of imported aircraft to hundreds of air- Multilateral Export Controls). CoCom compiled ports with obsolete runways. It is necessary lists of “strategic” goods and technologies that to reconstruct central and regional airdromes, are not subject for export to the Eastern bloc aircraft maintenance facilities, systems for take- countries. Restrictions on the use of foreign air- off and landing in adverse weather conditions, craft that transport 95 % passengers of domestic systems of passenger service in accordance with air lines can rebound the mobility of population strict standards defined by Boeing and Airbus. to the level of the beginning of 50-es. And in 2002 the RF Government defined a stra- On the other hand, despite two decades tegic task of building a new effective aerodrome of the use of foreign aircraft in Russia the rules infrastructure. and procedures are preserved that enforce Implementation of new standards and airlines to register their aircraft in offshore economic rules is a labor-consuming task, but countries. Airworthiness is not monitored and it is not the main difficulty. The problem is that confirmed for many types of purchased and within a short period Russia has to build an infra- leased foreign aircraft, because of absence structure that western aircraft manufacturers, of appropriate agreements with manufacturers passenger air companies, employees of airports of these aircraft and there are no appropriate ser- were building within decades: airplanes, main- vice centers. This has direct impact on the flight tenance equipment, organization of operation, safety, which was always maintained at the level passenger service, starting from logistics and of international standards in the Soviet period. ending with financial and economical issues. To gain economic returns, airlines must It is necessary to find and assimilate consid- be able to operate foreign and Russian aircraft erable investments required for construction and in flight foe 12 hours every day. Territorial scope reconstruction of airports. Now, for the period up of the network of air lines with small passenger to 2020, 1.63 tln roubles is assigned for build- traffic in many regions of Russia is a very large ing of 120 airport facilities within the “Civil multiple of what is typical for Europe, and this Aviation” Subprogram, Federal Targeted prevents intensive use of modern expensive Programs of “Development of Transport System airplanes. 1–2 flights a day or less in daylight of Russia (2010–2020)”, “Social and Economical time is enough for serving small towns and Development of Kuril Islands (Sakhalin Region) settlements in Polar Regions, Siberia and for 2007–2018”, “Economical and Social in the Russian Far East. Air companies are Development of the Far East and Transbaikal enforced to operate flights to airports that are Region for the Period up to 2018”. Difficulties hundreds kilometers away from each other and related to solving such a task dictated the heed from air hubs in order to deliver passengers of individual monitoring of the progress to connected flights practically simultaneously. in construction of airports of Rostov-on-Don, The problem of modernization of hundreds Yekaterinburg, Samara, Saransk, Ulan-Ude, of local airports will be partly defused by new Khabarovsk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky regional jets, Il-114S and Il-114T adapted by members of the Russian Government. to Polar Regions, Siberia, Far East. This will The federal budget provides 394.9 bln determine sufficiency of investments of private roubles for these purposes, while budgets companies and local budgets in the infrastruc- of constituent entities of Russia provide 21.7 ture of air ports. However, in the situation bln roubles in addition to 1,216.8 bln roubles of seasonal avalanche-type growth of passenger of extrabudgetary funds. 183.8 bln roubles traffic economically reasonable will be round of the above were planned for 2016. More than 3 flights of high-speed aircraft with a capacity bln roubles from budgets of constituent entities of up to 120 passengers flying over two or three of Russia and 38 bln roubles of extrabudgetary local airports, but ensuring full safety when funds were secured for development of the air- using runways with minimum equipment. port infrastructure, which is not in federal

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ownership. As a result of implementation aircraft. Investments of private companies is not of the above program the criterion of air mobil- sufficient. The terminations of agreements for ity of population in 2016 has reached the level Sukhoy Superjet 100 development and opera- of 0.53 passenger and more than 1,300 kilom- tion in Russia by Russian and foreign companies eters per one citizen annually. are not unique cases. The government of Russia The RF Government has entrusted practi- stimulates by its decisions the development and cal solving of the above mentioned task manufacture of Russian aircraft through provid- on the specially created FSUE «Administration ing funds for partial compensation of expenses of Civil Airports (Airdromes)» as a government of Russian companies related to leasing pay- customer for construction and modernization ments for aircraft from Russian manufacturers of regional airports within the scope of “Civil purchased for internal regional and local flights. Aviation” Subprogram, Federal Targeted Program Sukhoy Superjet 100 and MC-21 (got off of «Development of Transport System of Russia the ground as well) are the only green field (2010–2020)» and «Program of Preparation large projects in Russia. The last project is faced to World Football Championship in 2018 tests and a long way of implementation in vari- in the Russian Federation». ous markets. The Government provides support in order Our airplanes always realize the motto to extend capabilities of the air transport of Andrey Nikolayevich Tupolev, our general and availability of its service for the popula- designer: Safety! Reliability! Comfort. Today tion on domestic routes. These are programs attention is focused on economical issues. of subsidy to regional air transport over the ter- Airplanes of Tupolev PJSC, Ilyushin DB are ritory of the Russian Federation and building as good as foreign aircraft in terms of comfort, of the regional route network in Volga federal convenience and safety of operation. These district, in the Russian Far East, in Kaliningrad, machines meet the most strict requirements in Simferopol. Their total budget in 2016 was to safety and comfort imposed in all regions 8.7 bln roubles. of Russia and around the Globe. This can However, by now air carriers have not be easily seen in Siberia, in the Far East and reached the air traffic of the beginning of 90-es Polar Regions. Compliance of Russian airplane when all the traffic was carried by domestic properties to severe operational conditions airplanes. No considerable air ticket price were shown by practically simultaneous tests cutting is observed, even though the major por- of Tu-334 and a plane of well known western tion of traffic is carried and services delivered manufacturer in the environment of severe frost. by “effective” equipment. It is not only fuel After several days of staying on the airdrome and operational cost effectiveness that define Yakutsk at — 45º… — 48º the crew of Tu-334 effectiveness of flights. Significant contributions successfully heated up the cabin and equipment, to the total cost are expenses for certification, started engines, performed take off and flight extension of service life, maintenance in foreign to the base. The airplane of foreign manufac- service centers, crew training. turer was unable to start. It’s taken several days In Russia these tasks have to be solved to repair failures and start it. by the Government. Private companies are Complicated and variable conditions just partners so far. So, it is considered natural in our country and on many other regions to require from the government to grow its of the world for organizing and performing role and the amount of financial and regulatory passenger flights is one of important factors support of the civil aviation. This requirement determining approaches of Russian designers, is as evident as wrong and counterproductive, process engineers to creation of new airplanes. including in relation to the aviation industry. Technical specifications for design of Tupolev Today the government is both the main PJSC airplanes take into account features customer and the sponsor of development of existing airdromes, possibilities of local air of new types of aircraft and retrofitting of old maintenance and on-ground services, the lim-

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ited number of airdrome hubs with connected when Russian aircraft were promptly replaced flights or the possibility to transfer to another by machines from western manufacturers. type of transport, considerable seasonal fluctua- The second conclusion. The refusal of sup- tions of passenger traffic. For example, in order port of manufacture and implementation of new to deliver citizens of Chukotka from airports domestic airplanes in air transport markets with gravel-pebble unpaved runways built in 90-es made it impossible the work necessary in the end of 50-es to airports of Krasnodar, to set up serial production and upgrade of air- Adler, Simferopol and so on, transfers to another planes, to gain experience of their operation. flights will be needed in Magadan, Anadyr, Aircraft manufacturers and operators had no Khabarovsk, Novosibirsk, Vnukovo. stimulus and funds to create modern systems MC-21 meets all modern requirements, and of operation and service in Russian airports not as for some requirements, for example, to noise, to mention another countries. this machine meets future standards which will The third conclusion. The high potential be applied from 2020. of Russian design bureaus and remained sci- A number of conclusions can be made from entific and technical capacity allowed creation the experience of design, manufacture, imple- of airplanes with better efficiency parameters mentation and operation of Sukhoy Superjet than existing airplanes of Boeing and Airbus. 100 and development of MC-21. We know that Boeing and Airbus can work for The first conclusion. New passenger future, have their vision and invest sufficient airplanes were created in Russia practically funds. Breakthrough technical and economical from the same zero level as we were in 90-es characteristics of airplanes are required to catch

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a share in the market of passenger traffic in the Russian aviation industry all the best in the modern environment. technical and technological results obtained The fourth conclusion. In the modern con- in the world. ditions Russian design bureaus must design In contrast to the entertainment industry, airplanes and participate in arrangement aviation industries, i. e. aircraft manufacturing, of technological retrofitting of aviation industry civil aviation, maintenance infrastructure are for new projects. included as basics into the safety system of our The fifth conclusion. In the nearest future country. Therefore, our actions and thoughts development and manufacture of new aircraft must be focused first of all not on what and is impossible without governmental support. who should be attracted from abroad, but Western governments do not refuse to support on the development of our domestic industry their companies to make them developing and achievement of independence from and leading players in the world. Thus, Boeing imports (not only phase-out of imports). Thus, received 2 bln dollars from the Congress the Tupolev cooperation includes Ulyanovsk in 60-es during a hard period for the company, design bureau of instrument building, despite of scandal in the Senate House. And now “Electro avtomatika” design bureau from Saint- Boeing is an integrated scientific and manufac- Petersburg that develops and manufactures turing company with well-developed marketing, the best avionic packages of world class for sales, service departments — a leader of world Russian airplanes. Boeing and Airbus do not aviation industry. cooperate with these companies so far, but this The sixth conclusion. A new fundamental, is a matter of time in my opinion. expensive scientific and technical background We are not faced the task to start immedi- is required to be built in the nearest decade for ately creation of a passenger airplane, however the aviation of future. New design staff must Tupolev PJSC has sufficient potential to create be trained and accumulated together with airplanes not worse than those of competitors. manufacturing and operating engineering and The next generation of airplanes expected for technical personnel. the time after 2025 is a generation of more The development of internal needs of our electric airplanes in a new aerodynamic country and world markets of aviation and spe- configuration with electric motors, packages cial equipment, air transport, works and services of intelligent assistance for crews, packages provides us with several years for preparation of onboard systems availability assessment and for the new aviation reality. forecasting of their intactness. Requirements We are developing competences to build to organizational simplification and consider- passenger airplanes of different classes within able reduction of expenses for operation and projects of Tu-204SM, Tu-324, Tu-330, Tu-334 maintenance become stronger. Of course, high and special aircraft for various purposes. level of design and technological development Tu-204ON (open sky) is impressing foreign of new models is required to make payback experts very much. periods meeting the best world standards and Design and scientific personnel of our market demand should provide these payback company is mastering state-of-the-art tech- periods. nologies of aircraft design, new materials — from Thus, in the nearest future we have to per- titanium to composites, additive technologies. form economically effective design, technological, We participate in the modernization of the avia- marketing and organizational activities in all tion industry and improvement of production directions, i. e. airframe, engines, including com- process management. In addition to develop- bined power plants with turbo-jet and scramjet ment on the basis of internal resources, we components, materials, avionics, equipment, continue participation in international projects packages of aircraft technical maintenance, on- and extend our ability to use international ground service, navigation, communication and cooperation for the purpose of implementing control systems.

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MIC and Military Forces

RUSSIA PLANS REDUCING DEFENCE COSTS In the next three years, Russia will reduce its defense costs to 2.7-2.8% of its gross domestic product (GDP), said Russian President Vladimir Putin in an interview to the American film director Oliver Stone, in a film the third part of which was shown at Showtime. “The Army should be compact, yet modern and effective. But we are already spending quite a lot, these costs reached more than three percent last year. It is too much for us anyway”, said Vladimir Putin. Stone was talking with Vladimir Putin from July 2015 to February 2017.

INTERFAX.RU, June 15, 2017

CIS DEFENSE MINISTERS APPROVED THE PLAN OF JOINT ACTIVITIES FOR 2018 The Council of the CIS Defense Ministers approved a plan of joint military activities for 2018. It includes command and staff training, learning and teaching meetings, fieldcraft and military craft competitions, academic competitions and other events. The Council of Ministers approved the project of financing the CIS air defense system and reviewed the implementation of the concept of a unified geoinfor- mation system for military purposes. “ROSOBORONEXPORT” EXPECTS THE GROWING Heads of delegations supported the proposal of the GLOBAL DEMAND FOR THE RUSSIAN BATTLE Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation regarding AVIATION the creation of the Fieldcraft Coordination Committee. “Rosoboronexport” (a part of the Rostec State Heads of defense departments paid special atten- Corporation) forecasts the growth in sales of Russian tion to military aspects of efforts to combat global aircraft equipment and air defense assets abroad, as it terrorism, in particular, to the creation of a system for is said in the Company’s announcement to TASS. joint anti-terrorist activities. It was noted that such “According to our forecasts, the global trend of activities would contribute to further strengthening increasing the demand for the combat aviation and and improvement of the system for multiway military air defense assets will continue on a mid-term horizon. cooperation in the Commonwealth territory. Russia will consolidate and even improve its leading The Council meeting was attended by heads of positions in this market. Thanks to the introduction of defense departments of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, promising competitive samples, the Company reason- Armenia, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, the Head of ably expects the growth in orders volume, first of all, the General Staff of Kyrgyzstan and the Military Attaché from the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, the Arab of Turkmenistan. East and Latin America”, the Company’s CEO Alexander The next meeting of the Council of Ministers of Mikheev said in the announcement. Defence of the CIS countries will be held in November According to him, the annual share of these prod- in Dushanbe, the capital of Tajikistan. ucts in the Company’s total exports was at least 40% over the past five years. “In 2016, among more than one Department of Information thousand contractual documents signed by us, the ones and Communications of the Ministry of Defense related to the aviation equipment were the largest”, of the Russian Federation, May 26, 2017 Mikheev added.

Russian News Agency TASS, June 15, 2017

19 4/2017 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY MIC and Military Forces

PLAN OF EXERCISES FOR COLLECTIVE FORCES OF CSTO IN 2018 Joint exercises for the Collective Forces of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) in 2018 will be held in Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. This was told to media representatives by the CSTO General Secretary Yury Khachaturov after PRIZES NAMED AFTER THE MARSHAL OF THE SOVIET UNION the scheduled intersessional meeting of the G.K. ZHUKOV Council of Defense Ministers of the Collective On June 7, 2017, the Russian Federation Ministry of Defense held the Security Treaty Organization in Minsk. annual ceremony of awarding the Russian Federation State Prize named “According to the Joint Training Plan for CSTO after Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov. Management Bodies and Collective Forces in The prizes were presented by the Chairman of the Interdepartmental 2018, it is planned to conduct exercises with Commission for the State Prize named after G.K. Zhukov, the Head of the the Collective Rapid Interaction Forces called General Staff of the Russian Federation Armed Forces, Army General Valery “Interaction” in Kyrgyzstan”, Yury Khachaturov Gerasimov. said. In Russia, these will be exercises with Speaking to the Prize winners, he noted that the Commission consid- the Peacekeeping Forces “Indestructible ered 15 works submitted by separate authors and authors’ groups. Brotherhood” and with the CSTO Collective “In total, there were more than 60 contestants, citizens of Russia, Aviation Forces, in Tajikistan — with the representatives of various ministries and departments, institutions and Collective Rapid Deployment Forces “Rubezh”, organizations among the competition participants. Each of them is a high- in Kazakhstan — with forces and means of the caliber professional in his business”, Valery Gerasimov emphasized. “Poisk” reconnaissance units. As a result of a comprehensive examination, public discussion of works, According to Yury Khachaturov, in 2018 study of the creative contribution of authors, the winners of the competi- they also plan “a number of military training tion in the area of military science are: events, conferences and round tables on Ageev Vitaly Vladimirovich — Head of the Main Armament Directorate various subjects.” “As for the current year, such of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation; exercises will be held in Armenia, Kazakhstan Bezzub Alexander Ivanovich — Chief Structural Engineer of the thematic and Russia in October. Unlike the past years, direction of the Design Department of JSC “Bryansk Electromechanical they are conducted according to a united Plant”; plan and a common operational and strategic Vernigora Vladimir Nikolaevich — Deputy General Director of the background”, the General Secretary of the Technical Direction of JSC “All-Russian Research Institute “Gradient”; Organization emphasized. Kolesov Nikolay Alexandrovich — General Director of JSC “Concern It is to be recalled that at the meeting Radio-electronic technologies”; the heraldry and common distinctive signs Krasilnikov Petr Alexandrovich — Senior Officer of the Advanced Inter- were approved, which signify the belonging Specific Research and Special Projects Management Department of the of military contingents and special forces bod- Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation; ies, as well as weapons, vehicles, military and Lastochkin Yury Illarionovich — Head of the electronic warfare troops of special equipment, other property of the CSTO the Russian Federation Armed Forces; Collective Security Forces. “They are intended Maevsky Yury Ivanovich —General Designer of the electronic warfare for use by the Forces according to their purpose, system, Deputy General Director of JSC “Concern Radio-electronic technolo- at exercises, as well as at events in the format gies”; of the Organization”, Yury Khachaturov noted. Plotnikov Alexey Vladimirovich — Deputy General Director for Military Programs of LLC Scientific and Production Center “Business Automatica”. “Eurasia.Expert”, June 14, 2017 Source: materials of the Department of Information and Mass Communications of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, June 7, 2017

20 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY 4/2017 KRET: tasks and prospects

KRET: tasks and prospects

Our aim is to create world- class industrial corporation

Formed in February of 2009 and part of Rostec State Corporation, Concern Radio-electronic tech- nologies JSC (KRET JSC) is the leading Russian developer and producer of radio electronics in the area of creation of the most advanced airborne radio equipment (ARE) for aeroplanes and helicopters, development and improving of means and complexes of radio electronic war- fare (REW), state identification (SI) systems and measuring equipment (ME). Today KRET JSC includes 65 enterprises, 41 of which are production facilities, 18 — research and development institutes and design bureaus. More than 44 thous. people work at the Concern enterprises. The Concern enterprises provide 65 % of all means of radio electronic warfare for Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, holding 93 % share of domestic state identification systems (friend/foe) market. The Concern provides 56 % of airborne radio electronic equipment for Russian military aviation and 25 % — for civil, as well as holds significant share in supplies of special purpose measuring equipment for the Russian Federation Ministry of Defense. For the fourth year in a row Concern enter- prises perform contract obligations as per State showing Concern organizations activity effi- VLADIMIR ZVEREV Defense Order (SDO) in full. ciency improve. first deputy director In 2016 works were performed as per SDO According to the results of the year net profit general Concern for a total amount of 80.8 billion rubles within margin in amount of 11.1 % exceeds last year Radio-electronic more than 3,900 contractual obligations, includ- level by 31 % and planned target — by 13.5 %. technologies JSC ing 87 as per state contracts for amount of 15.7 The Concern provided more than 100 billion rubles (19.4 %). ground, air and ship-based radio electronic war- Total income over 2016 was equal to 123.7 fare systems and complexes, about 90 aviation billion rubles, that exceeds results of 2015 radars for combat aeroplanes and helicopters by 4.7 billion rubles or by 4 %. Growth in relation equipping, more than 3,500 equipment sets to planned target of 2016 was equal to 14.1 bil- of the unified system of state radar identifica- lion rubles or 12.9 %. tion (US SRI), more than 150 units of measuring At the same time, with sales proceeds devices to the Armed Forces of the Russian increase by 12.3 %, net profit growth was 28.1 %, Federation.

21 4/2017 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY KRET: tasks and prospects

PRODUCTION MODERNIZATION ment projects on 26 enterprises. Cumulative AND DIVERSIFICATION investment for period up to 2020 will be 45 Under global market conditions, production billion rubles. modernization and diversification is a priority FTP program is aimed at provision of tasks of the Concern. This is because we have to com- performing as per State Armaments Programme pete with such major world leaders in radio (SAP) and SDO in terms of creation and series electronic equipment industry as Thales, Sagem, production of advanced weapons for military Нoneywell, Rockwell Collins and many others. and special purpose hardware — REW and intel- Rostec national corporation actively develops ligence complexes, ARE, equipment of US SRI international cooperation and creates oppor- and ME. tunities for increase of Russian companies Implementation of 23 investment projects presence in various segments of the market. on reconstruction and technical re-equipping Measures on development of production of production capacities is planned for 2017 capacities of companies included in KRET JSC with cumulative investment of 10.25 billion control loop (reconstruction, technical re- rubles. Six of which are restarted projects: equipping, creation of advanced engineering 3 — on the subject of return to product “70” man- and manufacturing and laboratory and test ufacturing (“NPP Izmeritel” JSC, “UPPO” JSC, “OKB base) are performed as part of implementation Elektroavtomatika” JSC) and 3 — on the subject of investment projects of the Federal Target of “platformless INS” (MIEA PJSC). Program (FTP) “Development of military- At the present time Rostec Corporation and industrial complex of the Russian Federation Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian for 2011–2020”, as well as investment projects Federation perform work on creation of State Active phased array outside of FTP, financed by the enterprises. FTP program of the Russian Federation military- antenna sheet program provides implementation of 54 invest- industrial complex development for period up to 2025 with a purpose to modernize KRET JSC enterprises production capacities further. We consider work activating in the area of military and technical cooperation, after-sale service (ASS) and repair, as well as necessity to make quantum jump in direction of Concern activity diversification in the area of civil, both aviation and non-aviation equipment, as key directions of Concern development. The most important for us element of pro- duction diversification in the area of civil products creation is an entry to fast-growing and high-margin markets of telehealth, intelligence systems for self-driving cars, infrastructures for electric cars, robotronics, ARE for unmanned aerial vehicles, intelligence systems with domi- nant role of software for application in various economic sectors. Thus, we can integrate into traditional, specific for world leaders, markets of diversification, providing synergistic effect of specified directions with traditional ones. For that purpose we need to purchase similar busi- ness competencies such as development, sale and ASS of unique integrated complex solutions for specific clients.

22 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY 4/2017 KRET: tasks and prospects

COMPETENCIES COMBINING of international marketing; involvement as par- AND OPTIMIZATION. CREATION ent enterprise in development of new system and AND DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC means of state identification of aviation, ground AND PRODUCTION CLUSTERS and marine type basing, as well as participation Concern plans to purchase assets with in modernization of SI system in CIS countries. the corresponding competencies in the nearest For the purpose of these aims reaching and years. We also plan growth of expenses on new providing of own products competitive ability research and development works performing, on world market, the Concern undertakes active directed to development, production and sale works on competencies combining in the area of products new to Concern. of science, technics and production, as well According to development strategy, the main as creation of scientific and industrial companies long-term purpose of KRET JSC is creation (clusters) on the base of own enterprises. of world-class industrial corporation — leader Their creation will result in products com- in supplies of aviation, ground and marine radio petitive ability increase and synergistic effect, electronic systems and complexes. This can that we expect to receive from quality changes be provided by means of increasing of pres- in financial, operation, information and control ence in prospective airborne vehicles, as well spheres of activity. It will be expressed in control as increase of equipment share in modern boards quality improving, operating costs saving and Loading software to the with large volume of supplies; maintaining transaction costs reducing in combined using Moscow-1 electronic war- monopoly positions in the corresponding seg- by infrastructure objects cluster participants, fare automation hardware ments of REW world market and strengthening non-core assets divestiture. package

23 4/2017 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY KRET: tasks and prospects

Enterprises, that are part of it, will receive INVESTMENTS IN MAIN RESEARCH additional profit, having opportunity to share AND TECHNOLOGY DIRECTIONS positive experience and reduce costs, sharing OF CONCERN ACTIVITY the same services and suppliers. Research and technology policy of the Concern Aerometry research and manufacturing is aimed to significant increase of enterprises association, including UKBP JSC and Utes scientific and technological activities results OJSC is already created in Ulyanovsk and REW for the benefit of creation of competitive high- of aviation means research and manufacturing technology science-intensive products based association (KNIRTI JSC and KZRTA JSC) — on advanced scientific and technical achievements. in Zhukov, Kaluga Region. In the nearest time 5.7 billion rubles were allocated for research we plan to complete creation of ship-based REW and development works performing in ARE area, means research and manufacturing association 3.3 billion rubles in REW area in 2016. Volume in Taganrog (TNIIS JSC), as well as ground REW of initiative R&D, directed to creation of new means research and manufacturing association generation aircraft vehicles navigation and in Rostov-on-Don (VNII Gradient). Measuring control complexes, development and prepara- instruments enterprises pool is formed based tion of production of multispectral model-based on “NNPO imeni M. V. Frunze” JSC (Nizhny vision systems, AC and DC charging plants for Novgorod). Works on interplant cooperation electric cars, was equal to 954.3 million rubles strengthening are successfully performed based at the end of 2016. on competencies of radio detection (“Phazotron- In the area of REW equipment development, Adjustment of modern NIIR Corporation” JSC), navigation (“MIEA” JSC) state radar identification means and measuring airborne radar in the and state identification (“NPO Radioelektronika instruments, basis for their technical level sig- anechoic box im. V. I. Shimko” JSC). nificant increase is modernization of processes

24 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY 4/2017 KRET: tasks and prospects

of design, testing modeling and production Pursuant to these documents, KRET JSC of multichip compensated UHF modules, unified quality management system is certified for analog-digital broadband and ultrabroadband correspondence to the requirements of stand- receive/transmit modules, unified complexes ards of GOST R ISO 9001–2015 “Quality of semirealistic simulation and testing, super management systems. Requirements” and GOST high-speed computing modules of signal pro- RV 0015-002-2012 “Quality management sys- cessing, creation of UHF microcircuits in ceramic tems. General requirements” in “Military Register” enclosures, automated complexes of control and voluntary certification system. diagnostics of developed equipment. Technological superiority achieving on ARE INDEPENDENT AUDIT world level is planned to provide due to imple- AND TRANSPARENCY OF COMPANY mentation of second generation integrated The Concern has internal control systems, modular avionics. It will represent unmanned risks control system is created, management moti- airborne equipment complex with controlled vation system is implemented, advanced control redundancy of computing environment and end technologies are used, IFRS standards reports are systems, as well as with network-centric control released, corporate structure is optimized. support. From 2012 Concern makes consolidated financial statements as per IFRS. Implementation CERTIFICATION OF CIVIL PRODUCTS of world standards allows to improve quality AS PER INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS. and transparency of reports, as well as to stand- ORGANIZING OF PRODUCTION AS PER ISO ardize it. STANDARDS Reporting as per IFRS increases investment In accordance with the federal law dated attractiveness of Concern and brings the com- December 27, 2002 No. 184-FZ “On technical pany to higher level of financial (economical) regulation”, concern enterprises perform works development, allowing to use data as per IFRS on voluntary and mandatory certification of its in management accounting and making impor- own products, including ones planned for supply tant strategic solutions. to international market. As a result, Concern competitiveness One of examples is certification under increases, financial indicators comparison Customs Union rules of “FORA” electrical charg- becomes possible, as well as production means ing plant, model EZS-AS made by “GRPZ” JSC, improvement, actual receiving of better invest- and obtained certificate, approving products ments and loans. correspondence to the requirements of technical The Concern became 88-th company regulations of the Customs Union “On safety in the rating of 500 largest Russian companies of low voltage equipment” and “Electromagnetic (RBK-500) in 2016 and rose by 5 positions compatibility of technical means”. in comparison with previous year. International standardization organization The Concern became 48-th company in TOP- (ISO) develops standards, defining requirements 100 rating, annually made by Defense News to quality management systems for enterprises, American media, specifying 100 of the largest releasing products or providing services. weapon and military hardware manufacturers Production in accordance with ISO standards in the world, in 2016, while in 2014 Concern gives guaranteed provision of reliable, uninter- was on 52-th position. rupted supply of products and services. Such high rates shows stable financial and In Russia provisions, contained in ISO stand- economic performance of the Concern and its ards, are included in the corresponding state leading organizations. It clearly demonstrates standards, in which requirements are defined determination in main goals achieving, defined for products production and services. They form by KRET JSC development strategy and Rostec a constituent part of requirements to quality State Corporation aviation cluster development management system. strategy.

25 4/2017 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY KRET: tasks and prospects

We offer full product line of certified components and systems of ARE, corresponding to EASA standards

Interview with Givi Janjgava, Deputy Director General of airborne equipment R&D department – chief designer of KRET JSC stages of flight, monitoring and control of technical condition, as well as mastering of communication methods for crews and airborne complexes of air- Please evaluate the prospects of airborne radio crafts and air traffic management systems. equipment (ARE) development overall and by areas In this context the following will be prospec- of activity — for civil, military aviation, as well as small tive ARE groundbreaking developments:

aircrafts and unmanned aerial vehicles. ♦ creation of unattended avionics with controlled Current trend of aircraft ARE development can redundancy of computer environment and end be characterized as combination of deep integra- systems for aviation equipment of military and tion of hardware and software resources (including civil purposes with implementation of expert implementation of “system on a chip” technology) systems functions and network-centric control with principles of design modularity and open support;

architecture. At the same time interfaces are uni- ♦ computer environment with adaptive resourc- fied and possibilities of progressive development es distribution for ARE of aviation complexes of software are implemented. This trend is condi- with unified architecture of software and “sys- tioned both economical and organizational and tem on a chip” technology modules set;

technical premises. ♦ systems of precise control and safety provision At the present time demand for expanding for manned and unmanned aerial vehicle (AV) and convenience of functional equipment devel- in complex (multiple-factor) situations;

opment is increasing with simultaneous aiming ♦ dropdown inertial navigation systems based for its cost and operating costs reducing. Besides, on laser, micro-mechanical and solid state current and projected level of development wave gyroscopes;

of technologies and element base allow to deepen ♦ multifunctional means of direct image dis- airborne equipment integration on hardware and playing on large-format displays for AV cock- software levels. pit creation in accordance with the principles Concept-based directions of development of new of “glass cockpit” creation technology. generation avionics for aircrafts will be mastering All this should be implemented in integrated of avionics construction architectures, information complexes of flight and navigation equipment management systems, information support of crews and radio communication, fulfilling prospective on external situation and security threats on various requirements on aerial navigation and develop-

26 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY 4/2017 KRET: tasks and prospects

ment of air traffic management in accordance with It is important to note that we created modu- Cockpit of Mi-26T2 ICAO Global plan and regional plans. lar architecture of the fighter airborne equipment. heavy-lift transport What will be involved in uniformity of approaches And that means that it can be not only scaled helicopter to ARE creation for prospective aerial vehicles, its depending on assigned tasks, but also adapt for architecture creation and preparation of required individual requirements of any customer. In that flight information? way, PLAAF’s Su-35 is equipped with Chinese We plan to install new generation modular ARE, navigation equipment targeted at operation named “IAEC IMA” — integrated airborne equipment with national satellite position determination complexes based on integrated modular avionics, system BeiDou. It is of crucial significance for on new projects. our partners. However, mathematics and data Application of modern modular architecture processing procedures will be Russian. Including during development and production of avionics equipment for fighters usage preflight planning, allows to create ARE unified integrated complexes, where, as you know, Russian digital base maps that can be installed on new and upgraded are used. aeroplanes and helicopters. For instance, within Russian-Chinese wide-bodied long-range pas- prospective air transport project we offered avion- senger aeroplane (WLPA) will be the brand new ics based on single principle of integrated modular development. How far these approaches can be imple- avionics applied for wide range of AV. This will mented in WLPA and heavy helicopter projects? allow to equip, and later to upgrade, aeroplanes Within WLPA program KRET JSC received with modern unified devices and software within the request from UAC to provide information (RFI) the whole service life. This is why during creation on ARE complex with specified technical require- of a new aeroplane we decided to emphasize devel- ments for equipment. Analysis of requirements opment of modular avionics, when, like a modern showed that KRET developments in the area computer or even Lego toys, separate blocks will of integrated modular avionics, performed under be replaced by the advances ones as required. Federal Target Program “Development of civil What is your assessment of potential and pos- aeronautical engineering”, mainly satisfy them, sibilities of Su-35 ARE? sometimes even exceeding.

27 4/2017 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY KRET: tasks and prospects STRONG SUPPORT

By every parameters, technical, functional, transition to optional unmanned control of AV. Mi-26T2 heavy-lift operational — our offers allow to implement All these directions of R&D are planned on KRET transport helicopter modern ARE complex, satisfying all prospec- enterprises and will define their activity area. tive international requirements and allowing What certified advanced development in terms further to expand functional capabilities while of ARE can Russia currently present for WLPA project? implementing new requirements. However, since KRET can offer full range of certified compo- WWW.ROE.RU WLPA is a common project, we understand, that nents (complementary parts and systems) of ARE selection of final technical layout and content complex. Including for aeroplane certification of ARE complex is a subject of bilateral agree- support. Regulatory documents, taken as a basis for ment. During meetings with Chinese partners over development, are harmonized with international the last several years we have given to each other standards. And applied industrial technologies are work results and offers on various directions and approved by foreign aviation authorities (EASA, on a number of points we have become signifi- FAA). This will allow to create aviation equipment cantly closer on approaches and status of works. with high level of design assurance, sufficient for Serious cooperation is required for optimal enterprises — R&D participants entrance to EASA choice of works performer for each component certification level. of the complex, to provide the highest technical Overall, we have a possibility for major upgrad- level and parity aspect ratio. ing of domestic aeroplanes and helicopters park For WLPA and heavy helicopter it is offered equipment as per international standards of air to use already laid groundwork on ARE. For worthiness and safety. Within the frame of import instance, implemented in heavy helicopter Mi-26T2. substitution, this is foreign-made equipment Implementation of developed equipment into run- installed on active aeroplanes like Il-96-300/400, ning projects should be accompanied by the further Tu-214, An-124, Il-76, Be-200, Sukhoi Superjet-100, work on applicable R&D in terms of AV airborne MS-21. Similar task is set for helicopters Ka-62, equipment, application of new principles of com- Ka-226Т, Mi-38, Mi-171, Mi-8/1 series, made plexing and integration of ARE, improvement by Russian Helicopters JSC. of its fail safety, reliability, safety, implementation of new principles of equipment and AV control. This Interview was made by military analyst of Izves tia will provide crew with higher level of situation newspaper Dmitry Litovkin specially for “Ra dio­ awareness during a flight and, in prospect, gradual elektronnye Tekhnologii” magazine Rosoboronexport is the sole state company in Russia authorized to export the full range of 27 Stromynka str., 107076, defense and dual-use products, technologies Moscow, Russian Federation and services. Rosoboronexport accounts for 28 over 85% of Russia's annual arms sales and

RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY 4/2017 Phone: +7 (495) 534 61 83 maintains military-technical cooperation with ADVERTISEMENT Fax: +7 (495) 534 61 53 over 70 countries worldwide. www.roe.ru STRONG SUPPORT

WWW.ROE.RU

Rosoboronexport is the sole state company in Russia authorized to export the full range of 27 Stromynka str., 107076, defense and dual-use products, technologies Moscow, Russian Federation and services. Rosoboronexport accounts for over 85% of Russia's annual arms sales and

Phone: +7 (495) 534 61 83 maintains military-technical cooperation with ADVERTISEMENT Fax: +7 (495) 534 61 53 over 70 countries worldwide. www.roe.ru KRET: tasks and prospects

Full-authority control From analog autopilot to digital complex

ALEXEI KUZNETSOV Moscow Institute of Electromechanics and In USSR autopilots development was General Director Automatics (MIEA) is the oldest enterprise performed on “Aviapribor” plant, that, traveling of Moscow Institute in the area of flight and navigation equipment the path — plant 923, OKB-213, NII-923 — had of Electromechanics creation. All years of its activity the institute become intellectual framework for Moscow and Automatics PJSC, has created aeroplanes control systems, Institute of Electromechanics and Automatics Doctor of Engineering, inertial systems, astrosystems, later — naviga- formed later. professor tion instrumentation. MIEA marks is a sign Under guidance of future Chief designer of high-demand and positive-acting flight and first director of MIEA Antipov E. F., prototype and navigation equipment. Special atten- model, named AVP-12, was made in summer tion in the institute from the very beginning of 1937. By the year 1939 modernized autopilot of its foundation has been given to scientific AVP-12D was made and put into mass produc- justification of automatic control systems tion. In 1942 the plant along with OKB-213 implementation and their practical application. released 88 % autopilots for military aviation. The path has been made from simple analog Autopilot AP-45 was developed by the end of war. autopilot to fully digital redundant integrated Despite small number of specialists, evacuation control system, performing functions of fly-by- and harsh life conditions, collective augmented wire and automatic flight control systems with scientific potential, later resulting in MIEA main provision of specified safety and high accuracy role on creation of control systems mainly for of target task performing. civil and heavy military aeroplanes. Now let’s have some history. Since first air- Postwar creative and successful history crafts appeared, aviation engineers have started of control systems in MIEA must be consid- to think, how they can help pilot to control aircraft, ered in direct relation with appearing of new maintain it in level flight and during movement aeroplanes and their flight characteristics. according to desirable path. For postwar aeroplanes up until creation For instance, in the project of Russian aviator of supersonic heavy bomber Tu-160 mechanical pilot V. M. Olkhovsky, it was offered to suspend control run and simple dampers in pitch, roll and a seat on cockpit ceiling; seat remains vertical yawing were used for airfoil surfaces control. position and any pitch can be transmitted to con- Flight automation was performed by structural- trol vane, rigidly connected with seat. But Sperry’s functional modernization of autopilot. autopilot, developed in 1912, was the real pioneer AP-6 was one of the successful postwar in the area of control automation. It provided autopilots. Later modernized AP-6E was automatic holding of flight path and roll stabi- installed on aeroplanes Tu-16, Tu-104, Tu-124, lization. In 1914 on World Expo in Paris the first Tu-134, Tu-144, Tu-154, Il-18, Be-12. It was more official aeroplane flight with automatic control advances both in terms of number of functions was registered. performed and design. It was used for over 30 As flight duration and range had increased, years as part of automatic flight control systems the urge to relive a crew from wearing and (AFCS) on aeroplanes Tu-134 and Tu-154. monotonous functions of aeroplane roll, pitch Tu-134, was also equipped with airborne and path stabilization appeared. Requirements landing approach control system BSU-ZP, as part to autopilot started to increase and be compli- of autopilot AP-6E, developed at the enterprise cated as aviation had developed. and provided automatic landing as per 1st cat-

30 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY 4/2017 KRET: tasks and prospects

egory of ICAO and used up to replacement with calculating units in aeroplane control system The first mass produced ABSU-134. Besides, hand control unit appeared loop, using corresponding functional algorithms, autopilot AP-6E, on board, that together with autopilot was part countering this instability. that later was used of AFCS. Improvement of automated control Aviation technics development, con- on aeroplanes algorithms by inclusion of adaptation elements stant developers strive for improvement TU-104, Tu-124, in control loop depending on flight parameters, of aerodynamics and their designs on the cusp Tu-134, Tu-144, thus reducing overloads and enhancing comfort. of 1970–1980 years resulted in abandoning Tu-154, was installed Automatic flight control system ABSU-154 mechanical circuit as main control mean. From on aeroplane Il-18 was created for Tu-154. All subsystems of ABSU- this period on the era of fly-by-wire control 154, such as automatic control system (ACS), has started, consisting in commands from trajectory guidance system (TGS) and thrust aeroplane controllers entering control vane controller (TC), are multi-mode and redundant by electrical signals transmitting from sensors, aeroplane automatic control systems. All installed on controllers, through electronic AFCS subsystems are covered with integrated computing units to operating actuators with internal control system, that provides flight electrical inputs. However, mechanical control and automatic preflight control with failed unit was used as redundant in case of main fly-by- detection. Optimal redundancy and performed wire control fail. functions together with expanded control Later in world practice on the most advances allowed to significantly increase system reli- aeroplanes of 21 century it was decided ability and provide flight safety. Many technical to abandon mechanical control, placing full solutions, implemented in Tu-154 control, are responsibility for control and safety provision still relevant thus far. on aeroplane on fly-by-wire system. Trends in development of aviation equipment The largest and most powerful in the history were related with aircraft size increasing with of military aviation supersonic aeroplane with simultaneous decreasing of its specific weight, variable-sweep wing, as well as the heaviest expanding of operational ranges of altitude and combat aeroplane is strategic missile carrier speed, improving of aerodynamic shapes and Tu-160. Within the program of creation of this characteristics, thus, in its turn, resulted in aero- unique aeroplane in MIEA, automatic flight plane static instability during some flight modes. control system ABSU-200 was developed. To provide aeroplane stability and sensitivity Tu-160 became the first Soviet heavy aeroplane under all flight modes it was necessary to create with 4-channel analog fly-by-wire system and

31 4/2017 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY KRET: tasks and prospects

Strategic missile carrier emergency mechanical control run. Fly-by- compute core. Structurally the system has two Tu-160 — the first Sovier wire system provides high control reliability hardware-independent control circuits: three- heavy aeroplane under all flight modes, and mechanical control channel main circuit, implemented using with analog guarantees safe completion in case of fly-by- digital computing systems, and three-channel fly-by-wire system wire system fail with acceptable stability and standby analog circuit. Integral control laws, controllability characteristics. Aeroplane control implemented in main circuit, provide aeroplane can be performed both in automatic and manual control for the whole operation area of a flight modes. with automatic pitch trim. Standby analog At the beginning of 1980s due to rapid circuit provides aeroplane control with stability development of microelectronics and computing and controllability characteristics, correspond- tools in the country, in aviation instrumentation ing to at least complicated situation. Means transmission was also performed from analog of control, integrated in ASShU, provide trouble- technologies to digital-analog and digital. shooting both for ASShU equipment and control Undeniable advantages of digital technologies system actuator components. in terms of achievement of increased volume Transition to digital technologies allowed of objectives and performed functions allowed to provide quantum jump for automatic control to transition to creation of new generation system development. Flight management fly-by-wire systems, that were mainly used computer system (FMCS) and thrust control in aeroplane main control loop, while mechanical computer system (TCCS), developed in MIEA, for control — in standby circuit in case of emergency. Tu-204 and Il-96 were ranked among the best Tu-204 for the first time in Russian aircraft foreign flight control systems of Boeing and industry was equipped with digital-analog Airbus, significantly expanding range of auto- automatic wheel steering system ASShU-204, mation functions. These systems developed developed in MIEA, as aeroplane fly-by-wire structure by its technical level meets the most

32 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY 4/2017 KRET: tasks and prospects

recent requirements to its functional possibili- ing functions of wheel steering and automatic ties, reliability and flight safety provision. control systems. In comparison with functional possibilities The first such combined system was quadru- of the previous control systems, range of addi- plex-redundant digital integrated control system tional functions appeared, including autolanding, KSU-130 for combat-capable trainer aircraft certified as per 3rd category of ICAO for the first Yak-130. The core of the system is computing time; function of protection against speed instruments container, containing in each of 4 limit conditions achieving, also implemented channels calculation modules, motor and wing for the first time in digital computing system; devices control modules, signals conversion and automatic engine malfunction rejection; thrust control modules. Integration of functional tasks control during go-around flight manoeuvre into common hardware platform provides:

mode with usage of aeroplane energetic capa- ♦ substantial saving of hardware by means bilities analysis. Digital computing systems of usage of common interfaces and comput- applying allowed to implement more com- ing resources;

plicated management and control algorithms, ♦ reduction of time delays in control circuits;

providing increased control quality, safety and ♦ increase of operation reliability and reduc- comfort of a flight. tion of operating costs;

At the same time MIEA collective actively ♦ reduction of number of aeroplane cable net- participated in development of Buran spaceship works. automatic landing system. Many developed sci- High level of integration of manual and entific and technological solutions were pioneer automatic control functions is complemented for that time and MIEA lent a weighty contribu- with altitude and speed parameters and restric- tion to triumphant completion of this project. tive signal computation functions for usage Period of 2000–2010 is characterized in control laws of KSU-130, providing system by integration of separate FMCS and TCCS with increased application independence. systems into single FTMCS system, combining Continuous integrated control of KSU-130 functions of flight and thrust control under modules status guarantees detection of its own single computing system. Hardware part faults and fails of signals of interacting sys- of integrated system was designed with usage tems with the following reconfiguration of ICS of advanced element base, modular architec- to maintain flight safety. ture software was developed using high-level Main technical solutions, implemented programming language. Number of performed in KSU-130, are currently used during creation functions was increased, e. g. safety improving of automatic flight control systems for moderni- during wind shear conditions landing, usage zation of Tu-22M3 and Tu-160. of thrust equivalent extended version. System MIEA competencies in the areas of aero- certification is performed with usage of re- dynamics, automatic control theory, classical introduced qualification requirements. Broad mechanics, computing technologies, as well experience, accumulated during Tu-204 and as formed research and practice school Il-96–300 operation, was used for FTMCS crea- in the area of development and implementa- tion for Tu-204SM. tion of control systems allowed to make Current digital technologies develop- another step in development of integrated ment stage is characterized by reliability control systems during creation of information improvement, transition from unit construction computation complex of integrated control sys- architecture to integrated modular with weight- tem (IVK-KSU-MS-21) of short-haul passenger and-dimensional characteristics reducing. carrier MS-21. The highest level of integration Several generation control systems creation of control with implementation of fly-by-wire research and practice experience, accumulated control of all aeroplane drive gears without in MIEA, allowed to transition to creation of fully mechanical backup, i. e. with full responsibility, digital integrated control system (ICS), combin- was achieved in it.

33 4/2017 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY KRET: tasks and prospects As part of the International military-technical forum "ARMY-2017"

www.intelltechexpo.ru

Passenger aeroplane System architecture was built considering implemented in IVK-KSU-MS-21. In these gear MS-21 with the highest re-introduced qualifi cation requirements on cre- drives electronic control unit is installed directly level of integration ation of complicated high-integrated systems, on gear drive or close to it. Gear drive electronic of control and fl y-by-wire harmonized with international guidelines. Based control unit connection with ICC computational control of all aeroplane on system safety analysis and for the purpose platform is performed by digital exchange chan- August 22-27, 2017 drive gears without of excluding of common failure cause, hardware nels. High frequency of information exchange mechanical backup part of computation system, consisted of two gives opportunity of full performance control Russia, Moscow computation units, is quadruplex-redundant with of control system executive part. usage of various developers and manufacturers Thus, fully digital information computation (i. e. heterogeneous) electronic component base complex of ICS, providing specifi ed level of fl ight in each channel. safety by means of reasonable construction Such architecture of heterogeneous of system architecture, heterogeneous hardware EXHIBITION PROFILE: computing systems construction is made and main software, was created for MS-21 aero- by principle of “two controlled triads”, wheel planes series. Integrated technologies based on high- Additive technologies steering control modes provide controllable Research and practice experience of MIEA performance machines, tools, and Energy equipment for modernization of factories reconfi guration in case of local failures with on creation of several generations of control Building technologies possibility of transition to standby mode, also systems for civil aviation aeroplanes, and espe- Automation of production. Robotic production facili- allowing channel-by-channel reconfi guration cially for MS-21 series aeroplanes, is planned ties Industrial design for control function integrity maintaining. to use during development of integrated control Test, measuring and diagnostic equipment Personnel training Software also has the highest fail-safe level. For system for wide-body long-range aircraft within Materials Specialized Innovation Club exhibition the fi rst time in Russian practice, remote control the Program of cooperation between Russia and of gear drives by digital exchange channel was China. Electronic components and modules

MIEA developed control systems for new aeroplanes, modernized and accepted for operation after 2010 Application objects Yak­130 MiG­31 45.03M 70M MS­21 Control system code KSU­130 KSU­31 ABSU­145MC ABSU­200MC IVK­KSU Implementation year 2010 2017 2018 2019 2018 Location: Official partners: Organizer:

34 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY 4/2017 As part of the International military-technical forum "ARMY-2017"

www.intelltechexpo.ru

August 22-27, 2017 Russia, Moscow

EXHIBITION PROFILE:

Integrated technologies based on high- Additive technologies performance machines, tools, and Energy equipment for modernization of factories Building technologies Automation of production. Robotic production facili- ties Industrial design Test, measuring and diagnostic equipment Personnel training Materials Specialized Innovation Club exhibition

Electronic components and modules ADVERTISEMENT

Location: Official partners: Organizer:

KRET: tasks and prospects

SLAR with APAA for 4++ generation fighter

YURI GUSKOV At 11th International Aviation and Space later became widely known as Micran Research first deputy director Salon and Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition and Production Company. general – general Airshow China 2016 in Zhuhai Phazotron-NIIR Pool of Micran talents and Phasotron- designer “Phazotron-NIIR Corporation presented its new product — mul- NIIR corporation started works on creation Corporation” JSC tifunctional side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) of receive/transmit modules (RTM) of active “Zhuk-AME” with active phased array (APAA) phased antenna array (APAA) using monolithic ANATOLY made, using 3D technology, of Low Temperature integrated microcircuits (MIMC). KANASCHENKOV (below 1,000 degrees Celsius) Co-Fired Ceramic In the same city of Tomsk, in semi-conductor chief designer (LTCC). devices RDE for the first time in our country of “Phazotron-NIIR This radar in “air-to-air” mode detects the process of monolithic integrated microcir- Corporation” JSC targets with measuring of directional coordi- cuits creation using Russian equipment was nates, free space range and speed and against organized. Fifteen years ago this technology the earth’s (sea) background. It can track up impressed everyone. On 1 sq. m area bond sites to 30 targets with space view maintaining and were located, and inside of it was a microcircuit allows to attack up to six targets simultaneously. that in itself was an end functional device. It captures and tracks visual targets during There was a complicated task to solve — create dogfighting, detects and attacks jammer. It con- compact circuit, but at the same time it should sistently tracks evading air targets, including be reliable. in case of their tracks intersection. Our SLAR Initial design with single RTM allowed is very intelligent, it distinguishes class, type to perfect circuitry engineering, control, technical and size of the targets, including group ones, characteristics, but was rejected due to com- and determines their number. plicated manufacturing technology. Therefore In “air-to-surface” mode “Zhuk-AME” gener- it was decided to create quadruple RTM, and ates radar maps of earth (sea) surface in real Micran started series production of such devices. time, zooms in and “freezes”. Phazotron designers performed their In bistatic mode new SLAR is capable development part with an excellent mark and, to operate with ground (above water) and air as a result, for the first time in Russia SLAR with targets, perform electronic observation and jam- APAA was created and installed on aeroplane — ming support, enroute air navigation and data demonstrator MiG-35. exchange during warfighting as part of aircraft This aeroplane was created for participa- cell. Besides, “Meteo” and crash warning modes tion in tender for supply of Medium Multi-Role are provided in radar operation. Integrated built Combat Aircraft for IAF as per MMRCA program. in test of SLAR and its high reliability provide Beside Russia the following aeroplanes were simple and effective operation. presented for tender: F-16 and F-18 (USA), Rafale (France), Eurofighter (European Union), HOW IT ALL STARTED Grippen (Sweden). In 2002 we were lucky to find group of enthusi- MiG-35 with SLAR with APAA was presented asts in Tomsk State University of Control Systems to Indian customer on earth, in air and in real and Radioelectronics. Based on scientific labora- combat performance. Indian party choose Rafale tory of this institute the enterprise was built, that French fighter as a tender winner.

36 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY 4/2017 KRET: tasks and prospects

TECHNOLOGIES The next problem — noise minimization from The most important thing about “Zhuk-AME” internal power supplied (up to 200 kHz). When SLAR is APAA development technology, that transmitter pulse is generated, condensers, reveals, step-by-step, the actions to make. charging from power source, should be selected For instance, electromagnetic pulse in such way that they can instantly give off their is at the output. Therefore the radiator is meant energy. It turned out that many condenser types to be. APAA can contain suffi cient number can not give off energy instantly, but only with of radiators — standard transmit/receive anten- certain time. Special computer controlled time nas, sort of small radars, on the whole antenna order of voltage connection to power amplifi er aperture. They are located in the fi rst layer output transistor. of antenna phased array. After calculations we Other important task — to provide radiation decided what aperture should be used and how on power amplifi er of at least 10 W. It requires radiators should be located in relation to each applying voltage of about 1.5 V, 3 V, 5 V or 10 other to receive complete antenna radiation pat- V. Voltage to apply depends on MIMC structure. tern in wide range of frequencies and roll angles. If you want to take off high voltage, high power Simultaneously it was necessary to fi nd from power amplifi er, you need to supply high a place in RTM for receiver, transmitter (power supply voltage. You get a row created by power amplifi er), as well as for all elements control sources. They can be two- or three-stage. system. This task was completed by using mono- Chief designers of elements of SLAR with Fig. 1. FGA-29 version lithic integrated circuits. APAA can have many different solutions, but of Zhuk-AE airborne After radiator we have receiving and trans- they should be combined into a single structure. radar. Off-the-shelf mitting channels. Temperature over there can When we were creating radar-demonstrator, we product — 1,016 channels reach 180 degrees Celsius, that is critical for solved almost all problems and created technol- with improved reliability. RTM performed under GaAs technology. ogy of SLAR with APAA development in X-band In the upper part power Heat removal problem was solved the fol- for fi ghter. This radar has all essential schemes supplies can be seen, each lowing way. Installed four channel RTM together of MIMC. powering a group of TRMs with other identical RTM are installed into heat dissipator, through which coolant is passed. There are special clamps for RTM clamping to heat dis- sipator plates to remove all heat through them. Equivalent was made and everything was care- fully checked. Equivalent was so effective that temperature reduced from 180 to 45 degrees. Thus there was not a single case of RTM fail due to temperature parameters exceeding. Control circuits elements are located in RTM. Receiving-transmission was meant to be made in such a way that radiator works for transmis- sion in one instance and for receiving in another. Also it was required to set such phase and amplitude values that create required radiation pattern. If you set design values of amplitudes and phases in each RTM for antenna aperture, the whole assembly, located on aperture, can be put together into single narrow radiation pattern. The problem of creation of miniature power supplies and heat removal from them was also solved.

37 4/2017 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY KRET: tasks and prospects

The second argument for our SLAR with APAA is high reliability of such its elements as airborne computer, pilot oscillator and frequency synthe- sizer. We reached mark of 600 hours of operation before failure, i. e. possibility of four year trouble- free aeroplane operation. This is achieved because RTM themselves have reliability at the level of 10,000 hours of operation before failure with APAA overall reliability at the level of 800–900 hours. Also it is important to note, that SLAR with APAA at longer distance provides possibility of detection and tracking of significantly increased number of targets and, correspondingly, weapon guidance on them in comparison with slot array antenna radars made according to traditional technology.

CHEAPEST IS THE DEAREST We often hear complaints on SLAR with APAA high cost, in the context of radar selection for installa- tion on air vehicle. What radar should we select: traditionally-made or APAA technology-made? Cost of SLAR with APAA, in which a large number of X-band RTM are used, based on mono- Fig. 2. Self-contained We approached SLAR with APAA creation lithic UHF microcircuits, is indeed almost twice subarray based on dual- in a complex way, understanding, that it should higher than standard radar cost. It would seem channel 3D TRMs (LTCC) have single structure. Due to field distribution that solutions is obvious, since you should not on antenna aperture we achieved that all radia- make additional expenses. In fact, customer has tors can radiate the same power, providing its the following choice: to buy relatively inexpensive uniform distribution along the whole aperture. equipment with following significant annual Known law described in all books proclaims: expenses on servicing or to buy more expensive you will have maximum power radiated, but equipment, that, however, will be significantly first side-lobe maximum will be high — 13 %. If more reliable and requires incomparable less you want to decrease it, electromagnetic field expenses for servicing for the whole period of its should be decreased at edges and radiation pat- life cycle. tern should be with low side-lobe, because you Let’s try to examine this topic without bias. can’t work with high level against the earth’s Let’s say that there are 120 aeroplanes in operation, background due to parasitic signals. each with 240 flight hours per year, and reliability Our advantage is that we were able to pro- of standard SLAR installed on aeroplanes is 120 vide aperture control from airborne computer. hours before failure. With reliability of 120 hours Demonstration sample of “Zhuk-AME” SLAR there can be 240 failures for 120 aeroplanes per confirmed all characteristics during testing year. If there are eight main units in SLAR, cost on MiG-35 prototype. Indian pilots flew MiG- of which is US$ 1.6 mln (overall cost of 120 SLAR 35 and even fired a rocket with air target kill. is 192 mln), it is necessary to supply 30 units sets At the time prepositions for such radar series to SPTA, that equals US$ 48 mln or 48 % of overall production had been already created. New radar cost of radars. In case of reliability increases twice with APAA showed its efficiency and reliability. as much (240 hours before failure), SPTA cost will The latter is one of its advantages. be US$ 24 mln or 12.5 % of overall cost, and if reli-

38 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY 4/2017 KRET: tasks and prospects

ability is 480 hours, SPTA cost will be US$ 12 mln already have new SLAR with APAA as per LTCC 3D (about 6 % of overall cost). technology. It consists of three structure units: Now let’s examine how it all looks if SLAR with APAA (completed structure unit), receiving and APAA is installed on aeroplane. Considering unit setting unit and computation system, as well cost of US$ 3.2 mln (twice as much in comparison as cables and primary power supply switchbox. with traditionally-made radar cost), it will have We currently have a prototype model. APAA sub- reliability at the level of 600 hours before failure. array is created using 3D technology and tested; With the same 120 aeroplanes in operation and it can be expanded to full-size structure. SLAR will 240 flight hours per year a number of failures be multifunctional with good weight-size dimen- decreases five time. Therefore, demand in SPTA sions. will also decrease five time, and its cost will Multifunctional fighter MiG-35 equipping with be US$ 9.6 mln. SLAR with APAA will allow to increase combat Thus, with relatively inexpensive SLAR, made readiness, efficiency and survivability of aeroplane, as per traditional technology, with unit cost of $ 1.6 as well as mobility of aviation parts and subdivi- Fig. 3. Mockup of Zhuk- mln and reliability of 120 hours before failure, ser- sions. Besides, such decision will result in reducing AME airborne radar with viceability maintenance for park of 120 aeroplanes of maintenance burden, maintenance manpower active phased array will require expenses at the level of $ 48 mln. While and requirements to its qualification, and, conse- antenna based on dual- in case of SLAR with APAA with unit cost of $ 3.2 quently, in reducing of life cycle cost. channel 3D TRMs (LTCC) mln and reliability of 600 hours before failure for the same aeroplanes park, maintenance works only will require $ 9.6 mln. Maintenance works cost for 120 aeroplanes park equipped with SLAR with APAA becomes equal to expenses for servic- ing aeroplanes with traditionally-made radars on the fifth year of operation already. Further servicing of the latter will become significantly more expensive and by the end of the tenth year of operation it will exceed expenses for servicing SLAR with APAA almost twice. The famous saying that cheapest is the dearest is put in mind. Obviously, with all our calculations and esti- mations we consider that cooling system reliability, airborne and external electrical power systems high reliability and quality will be properly pro- vided.

RADAR FOR 4++ GENERATION FIGHTER MIG-35 We are frequently asked: “What would you install on MiG-35 these days?” — Of course SLAR with APAA made as per technology we used for demonstrator creation. There are no risks and problems. We made production model 40 % ready. The groundwork we created for SLAR with APAA is quite significant. Against all odds we continue to work on development of such radar design. RTM became different, requiring adaptation of power sources, cooling system, control and high frequency signals distribution system. In fact, we

39 4/2017 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY KRET: tasks and prospects

Keeping the leadership

SERGEY SHELUKHIN Ryazan State Instrument Plant JSC (RSIP) the order of Sukhoy PJSC our plant performs Director of R&D Center - is one of leading Russian company in the field designing and prototyping of a new-generation First Deputy Technical of serial production of airborne radars. In accord- high performance multiprocessor airborne com- Director of Ryazan State ance with design documents of V. Tikhomirov puter with improved reliability for the airborne Instrument Plant JSC Scientific-Research Institute of Instrument Design information and control system. This computer JSC (NIIP) and Phasotron-NIIR Corporation JSC is developed based on principles of integrated ROMAN POLIKASHKIN our company manufactures and supplies airborne modular avionics of combat systems with the use Deputy Director of R&D radars of various modifications for the needs of homogeneous network structure on the basis Center for Development of the Russian Ministry of Defense and within of serial high-speed interfaces. of New Products of Ryazan the scope of military technical cooperation with In 2016 our plant has successfully performed State Instrument Plant JSC other countries. preliminary tests of this computer, and now Now RSIP has performed sophisticated pre- it is tested on stands and systems of the Customer, production activities for manufacture of airborne flight tests onboard of T-50 aircraft are started. radars with active phased array antenna (APAA) A number of multiprocessor high-performance for the fifth generation fighter (T-50) under special digital computers for radio location signal the program of advanced tactical air system processing is developed by our plant for ground- (ATAS). We perform activities targeted to creation based radio location systems. A series of special of multifunctional integrated equipment package digital computers is developed for future marine of airborne IFF and air traffic control systems. radars and underwater sound systems. The equipment features high interference immu- Our company has developed the following for nity, ability to operate in radio location modes, the series production of airborne radar of RSIP interfacing with APAA. JSC for Su-35S aircraft:

RSIP takes active part in design of special ♦ digital receiver combined with synchronizer;

Mockup of an airborne computers for the ATAS. Ground tests of computer ♦ special digital computers that are combined radar with polarization for the airborne radar are successfully completed into a high-performance multiprocessor com- selection and now it is in the phase of flight tests. Under puter system solving in the real time tasks of digital processing of radiolocation sig- nals and control of airborne radar operation in general;

♦ high frequency receiver;

♦ IFF interrogator with active phased array an- tenna (APAA). RSIP JSC in cooperation with V. Tikhomirov Scientific-Research Institute of Instrument Design JSC perform activities targeted to extension of combat capabilities of Su-30SM multipurpose fighter with upgrade of the airborne radar and introduction of the IFF interrogator with APAA developed by our company into the airborne equipment package. Since 2016, according to design documents of Phasotron-NIIR Corporation JSC our company manufactures airborne radars for MiG-29M/M2 fighter.

40 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY 4/2017 KRET: tasks and prospects

One of top-priority directions of our company navigation and electronic displaying system for activities is development of mast mounted foreign customers. radars for Mi-28N helicopters. These radars are When making contracts with Russian airplane successfully tested. An important stage of our and helicopter manufacturers, as well as with for- company development started in 2004 and related eign customers are provided serial support of our to the first in-house development of radar is com- radars and their aftersales service. Necessary pleted. Airborne radars are implemented into serial schematic and structural design improvements production and now activities of its modernization targeted to convenience of operation and achieve- are in progress. ment of higher reliability, modifications based Design documents for retrofitting of Mi-28NM on results of tests are performed in the shortest helicopter are developed by our company, pro- possible time without taking aircraft out of service. totypes of helicopter equipment package are The key to success in solving this task and per- supplied to M. L. Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant forming design and R&D activities is competence Checking antenna for flight tests. This package includes a heli- of our researchers, engineers and technicians, parameters of an airborne copter radar and an IFF system. In accordance workers and employees. radar in the anechoic box with the task defined for our company in 2014, a package of activities is performed to upgrade the helicopter radar in order to improve opera- tional and physical characteristics and range of moving targets detection. Along with performing planned manufactur- ing and designing activities, the R&D center performs scientific research in order to improve functionality of helicopter radars. In 2016, we started to build a prototype of radar with polari- zation selection, which will allow improvement of detection of small-size targets on the back- ground of ground clutter due to selection of such targets by polarization attributes, and in future it can detect types of targets. Currently, within the scope of activities targeted to development of airborne equipment packages based on the integrated modular avion- Microstrip line assembly ics a unified 3 mm band airborne radar is developed. Design documents for the radar and test bench are prepared, prototype manufacturing is in progress. These science-intensive activities are new for our plant. They are connected with solving of a large number of complicated technical and technological tasks. A lot of things we have to do in the field of generating and debugging algorithms, development of functional modes of the equipment, including activities based on the mobile laboratory. Along with airborne radars, RSIP is a manu- facturer of navigation systems for Mi-8, Mi-24 helicopters and their modifications. In the current year flight tests of the Mi-35M combat helicopter were performed with a version of software for

41 4/2017 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY development priorities

development priorities

Information management systems of prospective air patrol complexes

IVAN ANTSEV “Radar mms” Research and Development and simplify systems control without increasing Chief Operation Officer enterprise JSC has developed and produced of crew size and combat units of APC. This prede- of “Radar mms” Research radioelectronic systems and special and civil termines creation of Information Management and Development complexes over 60 years. As a main developer System (IMS) as a central element of overall SSS. enterprise JSC, PhD of special multi-function airborne radio equip- Within ISM various airborne systems in Technical Sciences ment (ARE) the enterprise works closely and integrate as a unified multi-function complex, regularly with developers of avionics. providing high level of problems solving KIRILL IVANNIKOV Today “Radar mms” Research and automation and infological support of decision director of Special Development enterprise JSC creates navigation making by crew and combat units members. Software Research systems, soft hardware for geospatial data pro- Avionics have its individual place as a part and Production cessing and air data preparation, radar systems, of ARE intended for problems solving in the areas Complex (NPK SPO), remotely piloted air systems, medical equip- of navigation, piloting, promotion of safety for chief designer of the line, ment. One of the key priorities of the enterprise all operation modes, common equipment control PhD in Technical Sciences over the last years is development of the most during performing of tasks as intended by APC. advanced special airborne radio equipment During works on creation of prospective APC PAVEL ZAYAKIN based on Kasatka Search and Sighting System avionics the whole complex of airborne equip- First Deputy Director (SSS). Several modifications of Kasatka SSS are ment was singled out as individual element of NPK SPO developed for various air vehicle types. to provide its close interaction in information Kasatka SSS is designed to solve wide vari- management system structure. YULIYA SANVALD ety of problems as part of prospective Air Patrol The following processes compose main section head of NPK SPO Complexes (APC) and as a single unit, including: interaction content:

♦ examination of air, ground, above and un- ♦ receiving of piloting and navigation infor- ANNA SHAPIDO derwater situation, determination of coordi- mation from airborne equipment;

section head of NPK SPO nates and movement parameters, classifica- ♦ entering cartographic information, air data, tion and tracking of objects; information on marine, air situation from

♦ interaction with units of data control, gen- electrooptical, radar systems for observation eration and transmission to ship, air and and monitoring to display it to a crew, appli- ground reception centers; cation of equipment and safe piloting, into

♦ search and rescue works performing, marine avionics. economic area control, sea and ocean areas Information management system is highly ecological monitoring. intelligent system for control and infological Modern SSS consists of various airborne support of the crew. IMS implements as software systems combined with adjoint problems and hardware system for ARE control, collection, solving processes for APC functioning. List integrated processing, visualization of informa- of SSS functions and tasks constantly increases. tion, generation of displays and controls for Development of hardware allows to improve the crew members, intelligent support of deci- technical characteristics, expand capabilities sion making by the crew, interaction with outside

42 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY 4/2017 development priorities

development priorities

party by data communication and transmission IMS performs collection, integrated pro- channels, provided by connection systems cessing, visualization of information from ARE located on prospective APC board. systems according to unified and open for sys- The whole body of problems solved by IMS tems developers rules specified in IMS operation allows to integrate prospective APC in informa- guides, protocols of infological and information tion space generated by means of ships and and technical interfaces, as well as unified vessels, floating in patrolling area. requirements to operator visual interfaces gen- IMS functioning provides the crew with contin- erated at engineering design stage and finalized uous situation awareness on conditions in activity during further development. area and on actions of other forces, participating IMS in cooperation with ARE complex systems in assigned tasks solving. IMS is based on princi- performs the following important functions:

ples of open architecture and modularity of soft ♦ automatic processing and rectification hardware, provides unified integration of ARE of large volumes of initial information, re- systems, data banks and division of functions into ceived data and parameters;

the ones under control on command-signal, infor- ♦ automated, with minimum participation mation levels for special APC tasks solving. of operators, secondary processing of data IMS generates local single computer network (classification, tracking of objects);

of ARE complex and redundancy of the whole ♦ infological support of the crew and provision communication equipment and communication of reasonable action options for the crew channels. This results in high network capacity to make optimum human decisions. and reliability, possibility to add new systems and IMS key element is ISM Core unified software Fig. 1. IMS unified complex adaptation for prospective APC tasks. and hardware system (USHS). automated work place

43 4/2017 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY development priorities

It provides solution for prospective APC age, processing of geospatial (including map) common tasks as intended, including: data, performing of geodesic calculations, visu-

♦ loading and entering of required air data alization of map and geo-codified information. into ARE systems; GIS map server is a unified source of all map

♦ creation of reliable high-bandwidth data information on board of prospective APC. Map network; server provides loading, storage and provision

♦ interfacing with avionics systems (piloting of map data for prospective APC application area and navigation complex), on-board commu- (electronic marine navigation maps, air maps, nication complex; topographical maps, water depth, terrain height

♦ information support for ARE systems, infor- and other matrices) to subscribers (ARE complex mation registration and creation of a single systems) in vector, raster and matrix form. information space of ARE; Data transmission automation means (DT

♦ intelligent support of activity of crew and AM), included in ISM USHS, in cooperation airborne unit members of APC. with communication complex (CC) of PSHS Principles laid down during IMS design are intended for automation of interaction allow to expand ISM USHS with automation with control units, interacting forces, provid- Fig. 2, 3. Examples of complexes, providing interfacing and control ing, among other things, PSHS integration into visual interfaces of system of ARE, other functional systems and prospec- single information space for various forces of air data preparation tive APC special tasks solving. in the area. DT AM provide required subscriber and after-operation IMS includes mapping and geodesy system service quality, including creation of nonvola- information processing (geoinformation system (GIS)) intended for stor- tile queues during data transmission, maintain

44 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY 4/2017 development priorities

radio channels data transfer speed, provide tems developers. IMS provides operators actions guaranteed data delivery, etc. automatic logging. Information protection requirements ISM USHS key elements are system of infor- meeting is provided in IMS. IMS is developed mation integrated processing and control and as armored automated system in accordance tactical situation showing map-board. with the requirements of the corresponding System of information integrated process- regulations and specifications. ing and control performs identification and Development of unauthorized access infor- complexing of information from its own PSHS mation protection system (UAIPS) is performed systems and from interacting complexes, con- simultaneously with IMS development and trols overall complex operation modes, performs considers all features of designed systems, infological support of the crew members actions their integrations with other subsystems of ARE by means of its decision making support system. and avionics complexes and interaction within Tactical situation showing map-board pro- single information space with other objects vides:

by radio and other communication types. ♦ visualization of digital map information;

Armored IMS correspondence with all ♦ displaying of movement patterns and pa- requirements on information protection rameters, engagement zones, tactical situa- is approved during certification tests. tion (including information from PSHS sys- IMS is equipped with protected high speed tems, data on interacting forces, information high capacity information recorders and tools on civil ships, located in the area, etc.), vari- for their use provided to all ARE complex sys- ous zones and areas (including special at-

45 4/2017 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY development priorities

tention areas in accordance with flight task, information processing. It is intended for infor- forbidden zones, reference points zones, lev- mation and reference tasks solving, map, tactical eling points, etc.) with reference to geodesic and object information displaying, creation and coordinates; printing of air and other documents, reports and

♦ displayed geo-coded information content maps. control; It is seen from intended purpose that

♦ objects selection and tracking; system includes electronic maps bases, banks

♦ object structure information receiving; of operation data, climate and meteorological

♦ designed geodesic tasks solving (measure- information required for calculation of flight ment of distances and angles, calculation tasks for special tasks performing and for after- of objects areas and perimeters). flight information processing. IMS includes integrated system of functional System of air data preparation and after-oper- status and ARE complex soft hardware status ation information processing provides solution control. ARE systems sends data on performing to information-computing tasks, including:

tasks and their status to IMS by means of unified ♦ automated and manual flight routing, cor- protocols. Based on received data and informa- rection of routes created before;

tion from its own soft hardware IMS generates ♦ calculation and displaying of accessibility data on overall complex status, recommenda- boundaries, control transfer, astronomical tions to crew for operation recovery and presents phenomena appearing (dawn, rising, sunset, them to crew members. darkness), etc.;

IMS hardware is based on modularity and ♦ determination of safe en-route altitudes;

open architecture principle, allowing to adapt ♦ displaying of special tasks performing their content for specific APC tasks, provides schemes;

adding new and modernization of current ARE ♦ creation of communication plan;

systems without significant reworks of IMS ♦ plotting, displaying and comparing of actual hardware. Such approach allows to create flex- and set flight path;

ible and scalable complexes under IMS control. ♦ creation and operation with air and other Software modularity structure, unification data bases. of computational tools and means of displaying This is incomplete lost of functions solved and entering information of unified automated by system of air data preparation and after- work stations (AWS) from IMS and principles operation information processing. Examples behind design of local area network allow of visual interfaces created in this system are to quickly redistribute functions among opera- presented in Fig. 2. tors. This is particularly topical lately, considering System of air data preparation and after- trends of crew members reducing with maintain- operation information processing is included ing and expanding of performing task range. as a part of IMS for the following reasons:

All visual operator interfaces are created ♦ implementation of close relations with ISM on unified AWS in accordance with notifications for by means of unified geoinformation, algo- IMS user interfaces design. This allows to main- rythmic and software support and unified tain their common design, displayed information data bases;

unified classification and coding systems. Work ♦ integration of the system of air data prepa- place design can vary depending on a certain type ration and after-operation information pro- of air vehicle, on which unified AWS are planned cessing with IMS for: to install, however common approaches to organi- — significant increasing of used and tested zation of operators displays and controls remain. special software usage level, reduction of sys- Layout of one of the modifications of unified AWS tems development and integration time; from IMS is presented on Fig. 1. — increasing of operator performance due Particular attention should be given to sys- to unified approaches to operator visual tem of air data preparation and after-operation interfaces creation;

46 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY 4/2017 development priorities

— unification of information processing tasks solving, from preparation to flight, main algorythms on board of prospective APC tasks performing and to data processing and Fig. 4. Flying and during after-operation processing reporting after flight completion. laboratory Il-114LL of registered data in order to make avail- able complex operation reproduction possibilities for data registered during flight and operators training using ground means of the system of air data prepara- tion and after-operation information processing. Information management system is a com- plex software and hardware system for intelligent support of decision making by the crew, inte- grated information processing, control of special systems of air data preparation and after-opera- tion air and intelligence information processing, that are part of IMS, providing prospective APC

47 4/2017 RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY advertisement Organizer:

MINISTRY OF DEFENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

August 22-27

Location Exhibition operator

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Concern Radio-electronic technologies JSC is a new player on the global market of radio-electronic solutions for government and business, with the company facing bright technological vistas and having a long-term corporate development strategy. The concern offers up-to-date radio-electronic products based on innovative Russian technologies and designed for outer space, aviation, naval and army applications. Concern Radioelectronic technologies sports a wide range of products for use in the medical, power generation, transport and other spheres. The company’s steady growth and good financial standing bolster its commitment to its global security mission with reliance on the best traditions of the Russian radio-electronic school of thought. Concern Radio-electronic technologies was set up in 2009.

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