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The Potential of Leaks: Mediation, Materiality, and Incontinent Domains
THE POTENTIAL OF LEAKS: MEDIATION, MATERIALITY, AND INCONTINENT DOMAINS ALYSSE VERONA KUSHINSKI A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO AUGUST 2019 © Alysse Kushinski, 2019 ABSTRACT Leaks appear within and in between disciplines. While the vernacular implications of leaking tend to connote either the release of texts or, in a more literal sense, the escape of a fluid, the leak also embodies more poetic tendencies: rupture, release, and disclosure. Through the contours of mediation, materiality, and politics this dissertation traces the notion of “the leak” as both material and figurative actor. The leak is a difficult subject to account for—it eludes a specific discipline, its meaning is fluid, and its significance, always circumstantial, ranges from the entirely banal to matters of life and death. Considering the prevalence of leakiness in late modernity, I assert that the leak is a dynamic agent that allows us to trace the ways that actors are entangled. To these ends, I explore several instantiations of “leaking” in the realms of media, ecology, and politics to draw connections between seemingly disparate subjects. Despite leaks’ threatening consequences, they always mark a change, a transformation, a revelation. The leak becomes a means through which we can challenge ourselves to reconsider the (non)functionality of boundaries—an opening through which new possibilities occur, and imposed divisions are contested. However, the leak operates simultaneously as opportunity and threat—it is always a virtual agent, at once stagnant and free flowing. -
The Views of the U.S. Left and Right on Whistleblowers Whistleblowers on Right and U.S
The Views of the U.S. Left and Right on Whistleblowers Concerning Government Secrets By Casey McKenzie Submitted to Central European University Department of International Relations and European Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Supervisor: Professor Erin Kristin Jenne Word Count: 12,868 CEU eTD Collection Budapest Hungary 2014 Abstract The debates on whistleblowers in the United States produce no simple answers and to make thing more confusing there is no simple political left and right wings. The political wings can be further divided into far-left, moderate-left, moderate-right, far-right. To understand the reactions of these political factions, the correct political spectrum must be applied. By using qualitative content analysis of far-left, moderate-left, moderate-right, far-right news sites I demonstrate the debate over whistleblowers belongs along a establishment vs. anti- establishment spectrum. CEU eTD Collection i Acknowledgments I would like to express my fullest gratitude to my supervisor, Erin Kristin Jenne, for the all the help see gave me and without whose guidance I would have been completely lost. And to Danielle who always hit me in the back of the head when I wanted to give up. CEU eTD Collection ii Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgments..................................................................................................................... -
USA V. Bradley (Chelsea) Manning: Army Court of Appeals Affirms Prior
UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS Before CAMPANELLA, CELTNIEKS, and HAGLER Appellate Military Judges UNITED STATES, Appellee v. Private First Class BRADLEY E. MANNING (nka CHELSEA E. MANNING) United States Army, Appellant ARMY 20130739 U.S. Army Military District of Washington Denise R. Lind, Military Judge Colonel Corey J. Bradley, Staff Judge Advocate (pretrial) Colonel James R. Agar, II, Staff Judge Advocate (post-trial) For Appellant: Vincent J. Ward, Esquire (argued); Captain J. David Hammond, JA; Lieutenant Colonel Jonathan F. Potter, JA; Vincent J. Ward, Esquire; Nancy Hollander, Esquire (on brief); Lieutenant Colonel Christopher D. Carrier, JA. Amicus Curiae: For Electronic Frontier Foundation, National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, and the Center for Democracy and Technology: Jamie Williams, Esquire; Andrew Crocker, Esquire (on brief). For Amnesty International Limited: John K. Keker, Esquire; Dan Jackson, Esquire; Nicholas S. Goldberg, Esquire (on brief). For American Civil Liberties Union Foundation: Esha Bhandari, Esquire; Dror Ladin, Esquire; Ben Wizner, Esquire (on brief). For Open Society Justice Initiative: James Goldston, Esquire; Sandra Coliver, Esquire (on brief). For Appellee: Captain Catherine M. Parnell, JA (argued); Colonel Mark H. Sydenham, JA; Lieutenant Colonel A.G. Courie III, JA; Major Steve T. Nam, JA; Captain Timothy C. Donahue, JA; Captain Jennifer A. Donahue, JA; Captain Samuel E. Landes, JA (on brief); Captain Allison L. Rowley, JA. 31 May 2018 --------------------------------- OPINION OF THE COURT --------------------------------- MANNING—ARMY 20130739 CAMPANELLA, Senior Judge: A military judge sitting as a general court-martial convicted appellant, in accordance with her pleas, of one specification of violating a lawful general regulation and two specifications of general disorders in violation of Articles 92 and 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. -
Wikileaks, the First Amendment and the Press by Jonathan Peters1
WikiLeaks, the First Amendment and the Press By Jonathan Peters1 Using a high-security online drop box and a well-insulated website, WikiLeaks has published 75,000 classified U.S. documents about the war in Afghanistan,2 nearly 400,000 classified U.S. documents about the war in Iraq,3 and more than 2,000 U.S. diplomatic cables.4 In doing so, it has collaborated with some of the most powerful newspapers in the world,5 and it has rankled some of the most powerful people in the world.6 President Barack Obama said in July 2010, right after the release of the Afghanistan documents, that he was “concerned about the disclosure of sensitive information from the battlefield.”7 His concern spread quickly through the echelons of power, as WikiLeaks continued in the fall to release caches of classified U.S. documents. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton condemned the slow drip of diplomatic cables, saying it was “not just an attack on America's foreign policy interests, it [was] an attack on the 1 Jonathan Peters is a lawyer and the Frank Martin Fellow at the Missouri School of Journalism, where he is working on his Ph.D. and specializing in the First Amendment. He has written on legal issues for a variety of newspapers and magazines, and now he writes regularly for PBS MediaShift about new media and the law. E-mail: [email protected]. 2 Noam N. Levey and Jennifer Martinez, A whistle-blower with global resonance; WikiLeaks publishes documents from around the world in its quest for transparency, L.A. -
Disinformation, and Influence Campaigns on Twitter 'Fake News'
Disinformation, ‘Fake News’ and Influence Campaigns on Twitter OCTOBER 2018 Matthew Hindman Vlad Barash George Washington University Graphika Contents Executive Summary . 3 Introduction . 7 A Problem Both Old and New . 9 Defining Fake News Outlets . 13 Bots, Trolls and ‘Cyborgs’ on Twitter . 16 Map Methodology . 19 Election Data and Maps . 22 Election Core Map Election Periphery Map Postelection Map Fake Accounts From Russia’s Most Prominent Troll Farm . 33 Disinformation Campaigns on Twitter: Chronotopes . 34 #NoDAPL #WikiLeaks #SpiritCooking #SyriaHoax #SethRich Conclusion . 43 Bibliography . 45 Notes . 55 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This study is one of the largest analyses to date on how fake news spread on Twitter both during and after the 2016 election campaign. Using tools and mapping methods from Graphika, a social media intelligence firm, we study more than 10 million tweets from 700,000 Twitter accounts that linked to more than 600 fake and conspiracy news outlets. Crucially, we study fake and con- spiracy news both before and after the election, allowing us to measure how the fake news ecosystem has evolved since November 2016. Much fake news and disinformation is still being spread on Twitter. Consistent with other research, we find more than 6.6 million tweets linking to fake and conspiracy news publishers in the month before the 2016 election. Yet disinformation continues to be a substantial problem postelection, with 4.0 million tweets linking to fake and conspiracy news publishers found in a 30-day period from mid-March to mid-April 2017. Contrary to claims that fake news is a game of “whack-a-mole,” more than 80 percent of the disinformation accounts in our election maps are still active as this report goes to press. -
U.S. Charges Hacker with Illegally Accessing New York Times Computer Network
September 9, 2003 U.S. Department of Justice United States Attorney Southern District of New York James B. Comey Contact: Marvin, Smilon, Herbert Hadad, Michael Kulstad Public Information Office (212) 637-2600 Mark F. Mendelsohn (212) 637-2487 FBI Joseph A. Valiquette James, Margolin (212) 384-2715, 2720 U.S. Charges Hacker with Illegally Accessing New York Times Computer Network JAMES B. COMEY, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, and PASQUALE D’AMURO, the Assistant Director in Charge of the New York Office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, announced that ADRIAN LAMO was charged in Manhattan federal court with hacking into the internal computer network of the New York Times. LAMO surrendered today to federal authorities in Sacramento, California. According to a two-count criminal Complaint unsealed today in Manhattan federal court, on February 26, 2002, LAMO hacked into the New York Times’ internal computer network and accessed a database containing personal information (including home telephone numbers and Social Security numbers) for over 3,000 contributors to the New York Times’ Op-Ed page. As described in the Complaint, soon after being notified of the computer intrusion, the New York Times conducted an internal investigation and confirmed that an intruder had in fact hacked into its network and accessed the personal information for contributors to the Op-Ed page. In addition, according to the Complaint, the Times determined that the intruder had added an entry to that database for “Adrian Lamo,” listing personal information including LAMO’s cellular telephone number (415) 505-HACK, and a description of his areas of expertise as “computer hacking, national security, communications intelligence.” The Complaint states that the New York Times later learned that while inside its internal network, LAMO had set up five fictitious user identification names and passwords (“userids/passwords”) under the New York Times’ account with LexisNexis, an online subscription service that provides legal, news and other information for a fee. -
The Rise of Transparency and the Decline of Secrecy in the Age of Global and Social Media
Penn State Journal of Law & International Affairs Volume 1 Issue 2 November 2012 The Rise of Transparency and the Decline of Secrecy in the Age of Global and Social Media P.J. Crowley Follow this and additional works at: https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/jlia Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, International and Area Studies Commons, International Law Commons, International Trade Law Commons, Law and Politics Commons, Political Science Commons, Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons, Rule of Law Commons, Social History Commons, and the Transnational Law Commons ISSN: 2168-7951 Recommended Citation P.J. Crowley, The Rise of Transparency and the Decline of Secrecy in the Age of Global and Social Media, 1 PENN. ST. J.L. & INT'L AFF. 241 (2012). Available at: https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/jlia/vol1/iss2/2 The Penn State Journal of Law & International Affairs is a joint publication of Penn State’s School of Law and School of International Affairs. Penn State Journal of Law & International Affairs 2012 VOLUME 1 NO. 2 THE RISE OF TRANSPARENCY AND THE DECLINE OF SECRECY IN THE AGE OF GLOBAL AND SOCIAL MEDIA P.J. Crowley* Secrets aren’t what they used to be. Given news reporting of a wide range of sensitive U.S. government policies, operations and internal deliberations in recent years—the National Security Agency terrorist surveillance program and Central Intelligence Agency black sites during the Bush administration, the release of thousands of diplomatic cables and war-related documents by WikiLeaks, the “Olympic Games”1 cyber attack on Iran’s nuclear sites and details of the raid that killed Osama bin Laden during the Obama administration and other counterterrorism operations—there is understandable concern that these revelations and many more are seriously compromising U.S. -
Ethical Hacking
Ethical Hacking Alana Maurushat University of Ottawa Press ETHICAL HACKING ETHICAL HACKING Alana Maurushat University of Ottawa Press 2019 The University of Ottawa Press (UOP) is proud to be the oldest of the francophone university presses in Canada and the only bilingual university publisher in North America. Since 1936, UOP has been “enriching intellectual and cultural discourse” by producing peer-reviewed and award-winning books in the humanities and social sciences, in French or in English. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Title: Ethical hacking / Alana Maurushat. Names: Maurushat, Alana, author. Description: Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20190087447 | Canadiana (ebook) 2019008748X | ISBN 9780776627915 (softcover) | ISBN 9780776627922 (PDF) | ISBN 9780776627939 (EPUB) | ISBN 9780776627946 (Kindle) Subjects: LCSH: Hacking—Moral and ethical aspects—Case studies. | LCGFT: Case studies. Classification: LCC HV6773 .M38 2019 | DDC 364.16/8—dc23 Legal Deposit: First Quarter 2019 Library and Archives Canada © Alana Maurushat, 2019, under Creative Commons License Attribution— NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Printed and bound in Canada by Gauvin Press Copy editing Robbie McCaw Proofreading Robert Ferguson Typesetting CS Cover design Édiscript enr. and Elizabeth Schwaiger Cover image Fragmented Memory by Phillip David Stearns, n.d., Personal Data, Software, Jacquard Woven Cotton. Image © Phillip David Stearns, reproduced with kind permission from the artist. The University of Ottawa Press gratefully acknowledges the support extended to its publishing list by Canadian Heritage through the Canada Book Fund, by the Canada Council for the Arts, by the Ontario Arts Council, by the Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences through the Awards to Scholarly Publications Program, and by the University of Ottawa. -
Who Watches the Watchmen? the Conflict Between National Security and Freedom of the Press
WHO WATCHES THE WATCHMEN WATCHES WHO WHO WATCHES THE WATCHMEN WATCHES WHO I see powerful echoes of what I personally experienced as Director of NSA and CIA. I only wish I had access to this fully developed intellectual framework and the courses of action it suggests while still in government. —General Michael V. Hayden (retired) Former Director of the CIA Director of the NSA e problem of secrecy is double edged and places key institutions and values of our democracy into collision. On the one hand, our country operates under a broad consensus that secrecy is antithetical to democratic rule and can encourage a variety of political deformations. But the obvious pitfalls are not the end of the story. A long list of abuses notwithstanding, secrecy, like openness, remains an essential prerequisite of self-governance. Ross’s study is a welcome and timely addition to the small body of literature examining this important subject. —Gabriel Schoenfeld Senior Fellow, Hudson Institute Author of Necessary Secrets: National Security, the Media, and the Rule of Law (W.W. Norton, May 2010). ? ? The topic of unauthorized disclosures continues to receive significant attention at the highest levels of government. In his book, Mr. Ross does an excellent job identifying the categories of harm to the intelligence community associated NI PRESS ROSS GARY with these disclosures. A detailed framework for addressing the issue is also proposed. This book is a must read for those concerned about the implications of unauthorized disclosures to U.S. national security. —William A. Parquette Foreign Denial and Deception Committee National Intelligence Council Gary Ross has pulled together in this splendid book all the raw material needed to spark a fresh discussion between the government and the media on how to function under our unique system of government in this ever-evolving information-rich environment. -
Managing Journalistic Innovation and Source Security in the Age of the Weaponized Internet
This is a repository copy of Managing Journalistic Innovation and Source Security in the Age of the Weaponized Internet. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/146981/ Version: Accepted Version Book Section: Watkins, EA and Anderson, C orcid.org/0000-0002-3893-8411 (2019) Managing Journalistic Innovation and Source Security in the Age of the Weaponized Internet. In: Bygdås, AL, Clegg, S and Hagen, AL, (eds.) Media Management and Digital Transformation. Routledge , Oxon , pp. 119-131. ISBN 9781138592087 This chapter is protected by copyright. This is an author accepted version of a chapter published in Media Management and Digital Transformation. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Managing Journalistic Innovation and Source Security in the Age of the Weaponized Internet Elizabeth Anne Watkins (Columbia University) and C.W. Anderson (University of Leeds) Abstract Journalism scholarship has for the last two decades grappled with a paradox: while the industry spent years mired in gloomy proclamations of falling ad revenue, shrinking newsrooms, and the death of local reporting, since the late 2000s the industry has also been caught up in a wave of jubilance about technology and innovation. -
Inglorious Snitching: Adrián Lamo, Chelsea Manning and Patriotism
Inglorious Snitching: Adrián Lamo, Chelsea Manning and Patriotism By Dr. Binoy Kampmark Region: USA Global Research, March 24, 2018 Theme: Intelligence, Law and Justice The hacking community, like poets, tend to be irritable tribesmen and women. Their modus operandi functions on the stab, the enthusiastic penetration of insecure computer systems and mockery. Their role is as much to instruct as it is to disrupt. To that end, such figures cut different forms. There is the lonesome soul finding solace in being a nuisance, or the idealist intent on revealing a compromised state of affairs (those working for Anonymous, by way of example). It was questionable whether Adrián Lamo was of the latter breed. According to his father, Mario, he lacked malice though not initiative. “Everything he did was out of curiosity.” Lamo’s views of his own activities suggested less a case of hacking than finding “different ways of seeing.” Dead at 37 at his Kansas apartment on Wednesday in circumstances that barely struck an interest for most scribblers of the mainstream press, Lamo established his initial claim as one who hacked the Old Gray Lady. In breaking into The New York Times network in 2003, Lamo proceeded to run up $300,000 in data research fees by means of fake usernames, essentially adding himself to the paper’s payroll. Cingular Wireless, Microsoft and Yahoo! were also accessed, the latter being notable for receiving touch-ups and satirical readjustments to news articles. After an 18 month investigation by the FBI, he was subsequently arrested and convicted for computer fraud, spending time in house arrest. -
Design of the Next-Generation Securedrop Workstation Freedom of the Press Foundation
1 Design of the Next-Generation SecureDrop Workstation Freedom of the Press Foundation I. INTRODUCTION Whistleblowers expose wrongdoing, illegality, abuse, misconduct, waste, and/or threats to public health or safety. Whistleblowing has been critical for some of the most important stories in the history of investigative journalism, e.g. the Pentagon Papers, the Panama Papers, and the Snowden disclosures. From the Government Accountability Project’s Whistleblower Guide (1): The power of whistleblowers to hold institutions and leaders accountable very often depends on the critical work of journalists, who verify whistleblowers’ disclosures and then bring them to the public. The partnership between whistleblowers and journalists is essential to a functioning democracy. In the United States, shield laws and reporter’s privilege exists to protect the right of a journalist to not reveal the identity of a source. However, under both the Obama and Trump administrations, governments have attempted to identify journalistic sources via court orders to third parties holding journalist’s records. Under the Obama administration, the Associated Press had its telephone records acquired in order to identify a source (2). Under the Trump Administration, New York Times journalist Ali Watkins had her phone and email records acquired by court order (3). If source—journalist communications are mediated by third parties that can be subject to subpoena, source identities can be revealed without a journalist being aware due to a gag that is often associated with such court orders. Sources can face a range of reprisals. These could be personal reprisals such as reputational or relationship damage, or for employees that reveal wrongdoing, loss of employment and career opportunities.