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Lao Swedish Forestry Program Land Use Planning Sub-program
Manual on Participatory Land Use Planning and Land Allocation
October 1997
Edition 1
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Department of Forestry National Office for Forest Inventory and Planning
Foreword
This document on participatory land use planning and land allocation was first prepared by the Land Use Planning Sub-project of the Lao Swedish Forestry Program for a short training course for the Departments of Forestry and Agriculture in September 1996. The procedures and methods described are consistent with the government policies on land use planning and allocation and are designed to provide opportunities for village communities to participate in the land use planning and land allocation process.
This manual has been produced to serve a number of purposes:
for training members of the central level land use planning and land allocation support teams from the Departments of Forestry and Agriculture. for training provincial and district staff involved in land use planning and land allocation. Page 2 of 3
to assist the development of curriculum on land use planning and allocation at the Forestry Training Centres. as a reference document for agencies and projects involved in land use planning and land allocation.
The manual concentrates on the procedures, methods and practices involved in land use planning and land allocation at village level. These have been developed during the first two years of model building exercises conducted in target villages of the Lao-Swedish Forestry Program. It's purpose is to help implementing staff know what activities to do and how to do the activities associated with land use planning and land allocation.
The manual is a first edition which will be improved after further experience is gained during field work in 1997/98 as to date it is based on rather limited experience.
I have pleasure in commending the manual to staff for use as a guide to land use planning and land allocation activities at field level.
Mr Silavanh Sawathvong
Deputy Director General Department of Forestry
Acknowledgments
This practical manual was compiled by the Land Use Planning Sub-Project of the Lao Swedish Forestry Program. It has been produced internally by the staff of the Land Use Planning Core Team a small unit with responsibility for developing improved methods for participatory land use planning and land allocation. The material in the manual is the product of almost two years of field activity in selected method building villages in northern and southern Provinces of Lao PDR.
The authors, members of the Core Team, have had the good fortune of working with staff of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in four Provinces and eight Districts and it is to all of those people who have contributed their time and thoughts to the procedures and methods described in this manual that special thanks are extended.
Guidance and suggestions have been received from staff in the various Divisions of the Department of Forestry at central level and valuable assistance with translation and editing has been provided by the Land Use Planning Sub-Project Head.
Somsak Sysomvang Somkhit Senthavy Hongthong Amphaychith Peter Jones
CONTENTS Page 3 of 3
Topic 1: Concept of Participatory Land Use Planning and Land Allocation 1 Topic 2: Sustainable and Stable Land Use 2 Topic 3: Participatory Land Use Planning and Land Allocation 5 Procedures, Methods and Practices Topic 4: Village Boundary Agreement and Survey 13 Topic 5: Data Collection and Analysis Methods 19 Topic 6: Land Allocation Criteria and Methods 33 Topic 7: Land Survey Methods 40 Topic 8: Village Mapping Methods 50 Topic 9: Land Use Transfer Forms 62 Topic 10: Village Forest and Agricultural Land Management Agreement 67 Topic 11: Land Use Options and Approaches Towards Sustainable Land 79 Use Topic 12: Methods for Conducting Conservation Farming Demonstrations 83 Topic 13: Co -operation Between Land Use Planning and Extension 88 Programs Topic 14: Monitoring and Evaluation Methods for Land Allocation 91 Programs Page 1 of 1
LAND USE PLANNING SUB -PROJECT PARTICIPATORY LAND USE PLANNING AND LAND ALLOCATION MANUAL
TOPIC 1: CONCEPT OF PARTICIPATORY LAND USE PLANNING AND LAND ALLOCATION
Introduction.
If land use planning and land allocation teams work through various tasks with the villagers the community will be involved in the process of land use planning and land allocation and the villagers will feel more committed to managing and protecting forest and agricultural lands. If villagers are not involved in the process they will probably view the land allocation exercise as a "government activity" and not be committed to managing natural resources.
Implementing staff should therefore provide opportunities and sufficient time for villagers to participate in the land use planning activities mentioned below to increase the commitment of villagers in forest and land protection and management.
Participation means that implementing staff ensure that villagers are being involved in:
Explaining the village traditional land tenure, land use and production systems.
Providing socio-economic data to assist with land allocation activity.
Identifying village boundaries with neighbouring villages.
Identifying forest categories within the agreed village boundaries.
Forming a Forest Land Management Committee (PLUMP Committee).
Assisting with the identification and allocation of agricultural lands and reserve land.
Developing an agreement or management plan for village forest and agricultural lands.
Providing problem/needs information (problem census) on which to base extension work plans for forestry, agriculture and community development
Participating in improved methods of land use and land management. Page 1 of 3
LAND USE PLANNING SUB -PROJECT PARTICIPATORY LAND USE PLANNING AND LAND ALLOCATION MANUAL
TOPIC 2: SUSTAINABLE AND STABLE USE OF LAND
Introduction
The Government has a policy of encouraging villagers who have practised shifting cultivation to adopt sedentary forms of agriculture. The aim is to reduce the area of upland or sloping land being used for annual crop production through the adoption of permanent crop production and to maintain the area of forested land.
Strategies
The strategies for doing this are:
Allocating agricultural land on a temporary basis to provide farmers with land security.
Encourage farmers to invest in inputs to improve the productivity of the land allocated.
Increasing the area of land developed for wet rice production.
Encourage the planting of annual and permanent economic crops to increase income and increase food security.
Increasing the opportunity of villagers to participate in commercial tree planting and wood production.
Current Farming Practices.
Villagers in most areas have practised forms of shifting cultivation using a rotational system of field cultivation to maintain productivity levels. To do this each family has used about six or more plots of land. Some have used more than 10 plots in the past.
Some ethnic groups are less conscious about conserving natural resources than others and have caused depletion of forests and soil fertility by cultivating land two and three times in succession to produce food crops and high value crops.
As population has increased and the opportunities for entering the cash economy have improved, villagers have changed their farming patterns. Villages have moved close to roads, they have expanded the area of paddy land and they have started to plant permanent agricultural crops and commercial trees. In response to government policy and encouragement from government staff, villagers have started to relinquish farming land in the heads of micro-watersheds.
The result of these changes is that upland agriculture has become more concentrated. Farming rotations have decreased, and the sloping lands are being used more frequently. The effect of this more intense land use is that top soil is being lost more rapidly than in the past, soil fertility is declining and productivity of field crops is starting to decline.
Definitions Page 2 of 3
Productivity. This is a measure of product received. It is commonly measured as annual yield or net income per hectare.
Stability. Stability refers to productivity of the land. Productivity is stable if it remains the same even though there are small changes in environmental conditions such as climate and in market conditions.
Sustainability. Sustainability also refers to productivity of the land. But in this case the productivity of the farming system is maintained even though there are more serious stresses or disturbances. For example the effect of declining soil fertility or a major event such as a flood or a new pest.
In simple terms for an agro-ecological system at village level to be productive, stable and sustainable it is necessary to consider both the agricultural and the forest relationships. For example a lot of forest may give the system high stability and high sustainability but it probably will not be very productive and the productivity may not be spread among the population very evenly. On the other hand having a lot of cropping may increase the productivity and the spread of benefits among the people but because there is insufficient forest the system may lack stability and sustainability.
Issues
Will the emphasis on permanent fanning lead to stability and sustainability of the village agro-forestry system? Will increasing forest area increase productivity in the villages? What measures are necessary to maintain productivity and increase the potential for sustainability on upland fields? When allocating agricultural land what needs to be considered to address productivity, stability and sustainability?
Methods in Land Use Planning and Allocation to Address Productivity, Stability and Sustainability
1. For Village Forest Lands
Defining the village boundary and the categories of village managed forest Mapping the village area at a scale of 1: 10000 to facilitate village planning and extension work. Developing a participatory village forest and agricultural land management agreement and rules. Documenting the role of the village development committee in resource management and encouraging the committee and community to follow the agreement. Planning for the re-generation of degraded forest lands by natural regeneration, forest enrichment or commercial forest planting. Encouraging the involvement of women in the management of forests and the utilisation of forest products.
2. For Village Agricultural Lands
Apply appropriate and realistic criteria for agricultural land allocation in each village. Allocate sufficient agricultural land for families to provide for; subsistence food requirements, Page 3 of 3
expansion into commercial tree or fruit crops as markets become available, an adequate fallow rotation to rest farming lands, "spare" village land for family division and village population expansion, Incorporate population growth control in extension programs. Prepare appropriate land use cropping options. Prepare land and soil conservation recommendations. Demonstrate appropriate land use and cropping options. Assist farmers to develop conservation land management plans for land allocated. Page 1 of 7
LAND USE PLANNING SUB -PROJECT PARTICIPATORY LAND USE PLANNING AND LAND ALLOCATION MANUAL
TOPIC 3: PARTICIPATORY LAND USE PLANNING AND LAND ALLOCATION PROCEDURES, METHODS AND PRACTICES
Introduction
It is important that staff understand the process of land use planning and land allocation. In the process there are procedures to follow, methods to apply and practices or tasks to undertake. Procedures, methods and practices are explained below.
Procedures : These are the step involved in preparing for land use planning and conducting the planning and allocation exercise at village level. It is most important that extension staff understand the sequence of steps (or the process) in LUP before attempting the field work. In the LSFP model there are 8 stages and 23 steps.
Example: Gathering information on village land tenure and land use systems.
Methods: These are the ways in which the steps are implemented. It is most important for extension staff to know to do the various steps before attempting the exercises in the field.
Example: The use of informal discussions, family interviews and meetings with the village PLUMP committee to get the required information on village land tenure and land use.
Practices These are the actions or activities which implementing staff undertake. They need to do the required steps in the desired sequence and apply appropriate methods or techniques for each task or activity.
Example: Arranging and undertaking the discussions and the family interviews in an appropriate and participatory manner; making appointments at convenient times for the committee and conducting the meetings in a participatory manner; gathering and recording good quality data.
This set of procedures describes the tasks which are undertaken in each stage. They are not arranged in the exact order in which each task will be performed during the field exercise. Some activities or tasks are carried out at the same time by different staff members,
Note 1: The LSFP procedures, methods and practices have been arranged to conform with the stages for land use planning and land allocation which the Department Of Forestry has established. The steps in each stage are indicated, the methods for doing the work are explained and the tasks to be undertaken are detailed so that staff have a clear understanding of what is required to conduct LUP and LA. Page 2 of 7
AT FIELD LEVEL
STAGE 1. PREPARATION FOR IMPLEMENTING LUP AND LA ACTIVITIES
A) Staff Preparation
1.1 Prepare Implementation Teams at District and Provincial Levels and Conduct Training for Team Members
Select appropriate staff to conduct PLUM procedures. Provide training on PLUM methods and activities. Define the team tasks at village level. Prepare LUP and LA forms and documents.
1.2 Prepare Survey and Mapping Equipment and Materials
Select 1:100,000 or 1:50,000 topographic map sheets covering the target village area for use in land use planning and drawing village land use maps. If available choose aerial photos at scales between 1: 5000 to 1:30000 to help identify village boundaries, land use and land ownership.
If aerial photographs or satellite images are available, use them to interpret and define on base maps, forest types and land use areas in the target village area.
Ensure that all essential equipment for mapping, land
measurement and area measurement is available for use in the village.
1.3 Arrange for Neighbouring Villages to Attend the LUP and LA Exercise in the Target Village
Prepare a written invitation for senior representatives from neighbouring villages to attend the LUP and LA exercise. Send the invitation to the neighbouring villages 3 days before the LUP and LA exercise is due to start in the target village.
B) Villager Preparation
1.4 Explain the Implementation Activities and Methods of the LUP Process to the Village Committee and Village Organisations
Collect general village information and prepare village profile. The various steps and work activities which will be undertaken during the LUP and LA exercise. Data collection activities which will be undertaken. Provincial and District land allocation provisions and instructions. Advise that there will be a LUP and LA committee formed and request the villagers consider the membership of the committee. Discuss the preparation of a village forest and agricultural land management agreement. Explain activities in which women will be involved. Page 3 of 7
1.5 Explain GoL Policies, Regulations and Objectives to Villagers
Explain the detail in the relevant GoL decrees and regulations to villagers in the target village and to elders from villages with adjoining boundaries. Explain about land use options for agricultural land to villagers. Present the names of persons selected for the village forest and agricultural land management committee and prepare the village LUP and LA Committee Formation Document. Explain the potential rights, responsibilities and benefits for Villagers from LUP and LA.
STAGE 2. SURVEY AND MAPPING OF VILLAGE BOUNDARY AND FOREST AND AGRICULTURAL LAND USE ZONES
2.1 Determine Village Boundaries and Prepare Boundary Agreement
Discuss the location of target village boundaries with village elders/leaders and village elders/leaders from neighbouring villages, Using "ground sketches", topographic maps and aerial photographs if available, to reach agreement on the land boundaries of the target village. Survey/inspect the village boundaries to verify the agreed boundaries. Complete a written document to indicate that agreement on the village boundary has been reached. Indicate the village boundary with strategically sign boards.
2.2 Draw a Village Base Map
Method 1: If only topographic maps of 1:100,000 are available, use pantograph or scale ruler to prepare a, village base map of scale 1:10,000 or 1: 5,000 depending on the size of the village area. Method 2: If aerial photographs of scale 1: 30,000 down to 1: 5,000 are available, prepare a village base map of scale 1: 10,000 or 1: 5,000 depending on the size of the village area. Indicate on the map the following features: the village boundary, roads, tracks, streams and other important landmarks,
2.3 Survey Village Landmarks and Topographic Features to Establish Village Reference Points
Prepare survey instruments such as hand compass, inclinometer, measuring tape, topographic map, field maps of 1: 5,000 or 1: 10,000 and aerial photographs if available. Prepare materials to assist surveys such as survey posts, paint, bush knives, and digging hoes. Survey all important roads, tracks and other features which can not be drawn from the topographic map or the aerial photographs. Place permanent survey marker posts along the survey lines at 100 meter intervals and paint the reference data on each post. Record the various survey data on field survey form Draw the surveyed lines and reference points on the base map.
2.4 Identify Village Forest and Agricultural Land Use Zones Page 4 of 7
Survey the village forest areas with villagers to gather data with which to identify forest types, land use zones and locations. Use the enlarged maps and aerial photographs (if available) to reach agreement on the locations of various forest and agricultural zones with the LUP and LA-committee. Zoning should be consistent with government criteria relating to forest and agricultural land use. Draw the surveyed village forest and agricultural land use zones on the 1:10,000 or 1: 5,000 scale village base map. Calculate the total village area (within the agreed boundaries) and calculate the areas of the various forest and agricultural land use zones. Indicate the various forest and agricultural land use zones with sign boards.
STAGE 3. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS.
3.1 Gather Information on Village Land Tenure, Land Use and Land Claims
Understand how the customary setting cultivation system works.
Determine what changes have occurred to the system in the last 10 years and why the changes occurred.
Identify factors within the system which will affect the proposed land allocation activity.
Record details of all paddy lands, permanent farming lands (orchards and commercial trees) and upland fields which farmers are presently using i.e., current land use.
Record details of all upland fields previously used i.e., land ownership situation.
Record details of agricultural land parcels each family wishes to claim so date is available to facilitate land measurement activity.
3.2 Gather Information on Socio-Economic Conditions and Villagers Perceived Problems/Needs
Conduct a socioeconomic survey of all families in each unit in the village. Conduct a problem/needs survey of all families when socio-economic data is being collected. Conduct a women's meeting; arrange discussion groups to record their views and problems on the agricultural production and forest manage systems. Collect economic crop/commodity data to assist with land allocation. Collect data on births and deaths and migration details for estimating crude population growth rates.
3.3 Summarise and Analyse the Village Information from 3.1 and 3.2 and Determine Agricultural Land Allocation Criteria
Socio-economic survey data summary and analysis. Problem/needs survey data and women's data analysis (using a problem solving meeting to consider causes and solutions with representatives from all families). Population growth rate data analysis. Identify and study the types of data which are critical for land distribution including gross margins for economic crops. Page 5 of 7
Agree on land allocation strategies and criteria for the village based on the results of the data analysis. Summarise the family agricultural land claims and socioeconomic data from the socioeconomic and land use /ownership data forms in readiness for the agricultural land allocation meeting.
STAGE 4. VILLAGE LAND USE PLANNING AND LAND ALLOCATION MEETING
4.1 Use the Land Use Zoning Map to Discuss Land Use Management with Villagers before Allocating Agricultural Land
Using the land zoning map, verify with villagers the land which ties within the agricultural land use zone. Using the map verify forest categories/zones with villagers. Reach agreement on appropriate land uses for each of the land use zones. Negotiate with the LUP and LA committee and cultivators to relinquish farming plots in "critical" forest land areas. Explain that reserve land may be set aside within the agricultural zone to cater for future family divisions and population growth.
4.2 Conduct a Village Meeting to Verify Land Ownership, Review Land Claims and Allocate Land
Use the agreed land allocation criteria for the village to allocate permanent and fallow fields for each family. Read out the land claims and pertinent data for each family for consideration by the villagers. Invite each family to verify their plots of permanent crop land used and fallow fields claimed, Consider families claims for temporary land use rights for permanent crop land and fallow fields. If there are disputes and counterclaims over plots of land claimed, use villager consensus to mediate and resolve the problems. Ensure that agricultural plots are allocated only within the agricultural land use zone.
STAGE 5. FIELD MEASUREMENT
5.1 Conduct Field Measurement of Agricultural Fields and Record Information Concerning Land Use.
Prepare 1: 10,000 or 1: 5,000 scale field maps for each survey team to facilitate finding the plots and locating agricultural fields accurately on the map. Prepare a list of the plots to be measured for each measuring team. Provide each measuring team with a set of instruments and field survey forms for each measuring group before going to measure fields. Measure all sides and the boundary angles of all fields (fallow and in use) and record data on the field survey forms. Measure land slope in % and record soil condition for each field on the field survey forms. Agree on proposed land use for each of the plots measured and record the land use Page 6 of 7
on the field survey forms. Locate each field based on proximity to the established reference points and record details to identify the field. Draw a sketch map of each plot on the field survey form. Mark and identify on the field map the location of each agricultural plot measured.
STAGE 6. PREPARING AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY AGREEMENTS AND TRANSFERING RIGHTS TO VILLAGERS
6.1 Prepare Temporary Agricultural Land Transfer Form and Contracts for Each Family
Use data from 6.1 to calculate allocated plot areas and prepare the land transfer and contract forms.
Discuss the detail with each family and verify correctness, i.e., number of plots, areas of plots, proposed land use, appropriate conservation practices.
Sign the Land Transfer and Contract forms.
6.2 Confirm Forest and Agricultural Land Use Zones with Villagers Using the Completed 1: 10,000 Village Map
Confirm locations, areas and uses of forest zones Confirm locations, areas and ownership of agricultural land parcels Confirm that spare land in the any cultural zone will be available for family division and population growth rates in the future.
6.3 Prepare Village Forest and Agricultural Land Management Agreement
Use the land use zoning map to discuss appropriate forest and agricultural land management rules for each of the land use zones. Examine the existing village rules and agreements (if available). Discuss existing rules with LUP and LA Committee, propose improvements and provide opportunities for the committee to include articles relevant to the village. Conduct follow-up meeting with the LUP and LA Committee to discuss review, and update the agreement. Present draft agreement to the. villagers and give them an opportunity to discuss, comment, change and agree with the agreement. Endorse and have the agreement signed by the village head, the LUP and LA committee and the District Governor.
6.4 Final Summary with Villagers
District staff advise villagers of the purpose of the meeting. District staff present a report on the activities, achievements and problems of the LUP exercise. Using the village map, finally confirm the location of the village boundaries, agricultural production areas and forest category areas to ensure the villagers and neighbouring villages agree. Final presentation of the village forest and agricultural land management agreement and give recommendations for appropriate land use. Page 7 of 7
Hand -over of the temporary land transfer documents and contracts to the families. District provides further suggestions and recommendations for village consideration. Village Head presents comments on the activities completed and agreements reached with the District. Official closing of the LUP exercise.
STAGE 7. LAND USE MANAGEMENT EXTENSION
7.1 Extension Work Plan Proposals and Preparation
Develop agricultural cropping system recommendations Use data derived from data analysis activities in Stage 4 to recommend extension activities for the village work plans. Make seasonal work plans for agricultural extension activities Incorporate appropriate land use management activities in extension work plans. Reach agreement on appropriate land use and conservation farming, demonstration/s for the village and implement as part of the village extension work plan. Co-operate with credit institutions and sources to arrange credit for farmers if they need it. Encourage private companies to involve in assisting in marketing agricultural products. Assign 1 or 2 DAFO staff members to undertake agricultural extension activities.
7.2. Farmer and Site Selection for Land Use and Conservation Farming Demonstrations
Decide on 2 or 3 farmers who are willing to participate. Inspect site/s for suitability and select. Explain the recommended practices and develop a demonstration plan with each co- operator. Demonstrate appropriate land use, soil erosion control and conservation cropping practices through activities in the annual work plan.
STAGE 8. MONITORING, CONTROL AND EVALUATION
8.1 Prepare Monitoring and Evaluation Procedures and Field Test
Prepare monitoring criteria for both ecological and socioeconomic impacts. Prepare monitoring forms and field test their appropriateness.
8.2 Conduct Field Monitoring and Report on Results
Conduct field monitoring of the LUP and LA activity in villages in which land allocation has been conducted. Analyse the data collected, prepare assessment reports and forward to the District, Provincial and Central offices. Improve LUP and LA procedures, methods and practices in future programs based on the monitoring and assessment results. Page 1 of 5
LAND USE PLANNING SUB -PROJECT PARTICIPATORY LAND USE PLANNING AND LAND ALLOCATION MANUAL
TOPIC 4: VILLAGE BOUNDARY AGREEMENT AND SURVEY
Introduction
The following method for agreeing, confirming and surveying village boundaries was developed while working in six villages in 1995/96. It is very important to clearly determine, survey and record village boundaries for the following reasons:
The village area for which the village development committee and the community is responsible is clearly defined. Each of the neighbouring villages understands and agrees on the location of the boundary. Unresolved boundary disputes are discussed and resolved by representatives from neighbouring villages concerned. Establishing, the boundary helps to locate all the farming lands of the community and any farming lands of neighbouring villages which are inside the agreed village area. Agreements can be made between families from neighbouring villages on the future management of such farming lands. After boundary delineation, identification of categories of forest within the village area is facilitated. These can be mapped and agreements made for their management. The village is able to plan areas for future commercial tree planting within the village boundary. Agreements can be made with neighbouring villages on the protection of common micro-watersheds. The community can prepare a village agreement or rules for the management of resources within the boundary. The village community is in a stronger position to protect the resources within the village area because there is an official understanding made with the District administration.
Procedures for Delineating and Recording the Village Boundary
Village elders from all neighbouring villages are invited to meet at the target village to decide on the village boundary. Sketches of the boundary are made on the ground by village representatives with help from representatives of neighbouring villages until agreement is reached. The sketches are transcribed by villages and staff on to paper and confirmed. The paper sketches are then checked against the topographic map to verify identifiable features such as streams, mountain ridges, roads etc. The boundary is pencilled in on the topographic map.
If there are disputed sections of the boundary, details are noted and arrangements made for representatives of the concerned village or villages to meet at the disputed location when the boundary is being surveyed.
In flat areas the boundary is walked and surveyed using compass and chain. A description of each section is compiled as the survey continues. A field record form is used to record the details of each section and reference features such as large trees, walking tracks, roads, ponds, buffalo wallows etc are included. In mountainous areas where topographic features such as mountain peaks and ridges make it easy to define Page 2 of 5
the boundary from vantage points, it may be possible to define sections of the boundary without a survey using topographic maps. At locations where there are disputes they are discussed and resolved by the concerned villages with assistance from the staff. If disputes can not be resolved by negotiations among the villagers, arrangements are made for senior District staff or the District Governor to meet with villages and adjudicate. The resolutions of negotiations and/or adjudication on disputed sections of the boundary are documented by villagers and District staff and copies prepared for all parties for signing and counter-signing. Copies are kept for future reference. When final agreement is reached and adjustments made the boundary is then drawn onto the 1: 10000 scale village base map and once again verified by villagers. An Inter-Village Boundary Agreement is written and signed by representatives from all villages and the District administration. A sketch map is attached to each copy of the agreement. A photo-copy of the village area and boundary is taken from the topographic map and attached to the District administration's copy of the agreement. A Village Boundary Survey Form is completed and copies prepared for the target village and the District Administration.
Examples of a Village Boundary Survey Form and a Village Boundary an Management Zone Agreement are shown below.
The Village Boundary Survey Form form was produced following work in Inpaeng village in Laongam District of Salavane Province. It has been modelled to some extent on the survey record form produced by the FORMACOP Project, however the methods to establish the border, and the equipment used to measure the border are less sophisticated. In the LSFP case a measuring tape and compass method was used and natural features used to mark the various border section points. This method can be used more easily in flat terrain and will be rather time consuming and difficult in mountainous terrain.
VILLAGE BOUNDARY SURVEY RECORD
Province………….. District……………. Village……………. Date…………….
Map References: Topographic Map: Scale 1:100,000 E ...... Edition 1987 Co-ordinates: ( ...... ) (...... )
Point Between the Survey Point Details Border Section Details No. Villages of… Land Description Bearing Land Horizontal Direction Surface of (Degrees) slope Distance Distance Landmarks
1 Pong Dong & 250 NW 15 110 106 Bok Tree to Parnip Stream 2 3 4 5 etc Page 3 of 5
Lao People's Democratic Republic Peace Independence Democracy Unity Prosperity
Province ...... District ...... Target Village ...... No ...... /
Village Boundary and Management Area Agreement
between
Village ...... Village ...... Village ...... Village ......
Village ...... Village ...... Village ...... Village ......
Based on the Prime Minister's Decree No. 169/PM dated 12.10.93 regarding the management and use of forest land. Based on special conditions regarding the environment, the inter-village boundaries and management areas and the past inter-village management arrangements.
In order that the Government and Party policies are understood and that land management of forest categories within each village is clear and management and conservation between the villages is consistent and convenient , the village authorities concerned have delineated the village boundary between the villages as described below:
……………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………….
Therefore, the village authorities concerned have written this document to certify that the agreement document may be shown as evidence of the boundary agreement in future as required.
Village Name ...... Village Name ...... Village Name ...... Witness 1 ...... Witness 1 ...... Witness 1...... Witness 2 ...... Witness 2 ...... Witness 2 ...... Witness 3 ...... Witness 3 ...... Witness 3 ...... Page 4 of 5
Signature of Signature of Signature of Village Head Village Head Village Head ......
Village Name ...... Village Name ...... Village Name ...... Witness 1 ...... Witness 1 ...... Witness 1...... Witness 2 ...... Witness 2 ...... Witness 2 ...... Witness 3 ...... Witness 3 ...... Witness 3 ...... Signature of Signature of Signature of Village Head Village Head Village Head ......
Certified by District Representatives
1......
2......
3......
Sighted and Stamped Sighted and Stamped Target Village Head District Governor
EXAMPLE
VILLAGE BOUNDARY DISPUTE RESOLUTION AGREEMENT KOUT KENE AND NEIGHBOURING VILLAGES, ATSAPHANGTHONG DISTRICT SAVANNAKHET PROVINCE
According to the land allocation policy of the Government
Based on an agreement reached during joint discussions at the forest area called Dong Gau Sa between villagers and village elders of all the villages adjoining Kout Kene, it is agreed on 27 th April 1996 that:
1. The boundary of Kout Kene and Nong Dern villages should follow the boundary line as was determined and existed between the villages in 1987. The boundary line would be reinstated and the responsibilities (for forest management) as understood between the villages in 1987 would be reinstated. This means that the villagers of Nong Dern will not have access to the forest area to cut trees.
2. The boundary between Kout Kene and Kout Soong would follow the timber road which passes between the two villages.
3. When the village boundary line of Kout Kene is drawn on a map it will follow the boundary lines as agreed in 1 and 2 above.
4. With respect to the forest area of Dong Gau Sa of Kout Kene village, the Page 5 of 5
Atsaphangthong District Agriculture and Forestry Office (DAFO) has determined and announced separately that land claims or land use in the Dong Gau Sa forest area would follow the agreement and rules established by the land use planning and land allocation exercise undertaken today.
The people concerned in this dispute and the negotiations, wrote this agreement so that it is available for reference and can be consulted if required in the future.
Written at Dong Gau Sa forest area, Atsaphangthong District on 27 th April, 1996.
Certified by the DAFO Village Witnesses From Representative of Villages Atsaphangthong Near Villages Disputing the Dong Gau Sa Forest Area. 1. Ban Na Hang Noi (Sign) 1. Ban Kout Kene (Sign) 2. Ban Song Hong (Sign) 2. Nong Dern (Sign) 3. Ban Nong Bua (Sign) 3. Kout Soong (Sign) Page 1 of 12
LAND USE PLANNING SUB -PROJECT PARTICIPATORY LAND USE PLANNING AND LAND ALLOCATION MANUAL
TOPIC 5: DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS METHODS
Introduction
The Decision Making Process for Land Use Planning and Land Allocation.
Village data collection and analysis are essential parts of the process of land use planning and land allocation. The collection and analysis of village data with villagers enables appropriate land allocation criteria to be agreed on and helps staff and villagers to make decisions on allocating agricultural land and delineating forest types and areas.
There are eight steps in the process:
1. Conduct village participatory rural appraisal surveys (PRA). 2. Analyse village PRA data. 3. Decide on land allocation criteria for the village. 4. Summarise essential family data coming from the analysis. 5. Allocate agricultural land using family data summary. 6. Delineate forest types/categories using survey information. 7. Prepare forest and agricultural land management agreement. 8. Prepare village forest and agricultural management plans
During land use planning, five types of essential data are collected to facilitate the allocation of agricultural land including; family land ownership and land use information, family socioeconomic information, problems/needs as perceived by each family, women's perceived problems/needs and births and deaths information (for the last three years if available).
Information is also gathered on the village forest types and areas and the use of forests by villagers which is used by staff and villagers to make an agreement on forest management.
These activities comprise a participatory rural appraisal of the village. This is the core of the land use planning exercise, because it is on this information that decisions are taken on family agricultural land allocation and the forest categories in the village.
The steps decision making process for land allocation are indicated in the figure below. Descriptions and examples of each of the forms used for data collection are also presented below: Page 2 of 12
Village Profile Form
Prior to starting the LUP and LA exercise it is necessary to have background data on the target village. The village profile form is used to record general information about the target village during the target village selection and annual planning stage. A visit is made to the village and a meeting is held with the village committee at which three types of information useful for LUP and LA is collected: Page 3 of 12
General information
Agricultural information
Forest information
The general information provides a picture of the village Organisation, population and infrastructure.
The agricultural information helps to understand the farming systems, the land use systems and agricultural productivity status of the village.
The forest information provides an understanding of the forest situation in and around the village; eg, are there any declared forest protection areas. Existing village forest management systems and rules are recorded, and information sought on the utilisation of the forest, village maps and commercial forest activities.
During this visit the opportunity is taken to explain to the village about LUP and LA and the activities which the LUP and LA team would conduct in the village.
An example of the village profile form for Kout Kene village in Atsaphone District is shown below.
LAND USE PLANNING - TARGET VILLAGE PROFILE
Village: Kout Khene District: Atsaphone Date: 5/2/1996
General Information
Years at present site: 200+ Altitude: 200 m.a.s.l. Religion: Buddist Ethnic group: Phouthay Village Head: Mr. Boonsup Deputy. Mr. Boonsuan Senior Elder: Mr. Boonteung Deputy: Mr. Wanta Women's Leader Madam Bio Deputy: Madam Chan Youth Leader. Village Militia. Village Forest Volunteer Population: 516 Males: 238 Females: 278 Families. 91 Houses: 84 Labour available. Full units. Half units: Total: Health facilities (describe): None Village water (describe): Stream, 2 shallow wells; deep bore(30m)- hand pump
Agricultural Information:
Paddy: Area (ha): Yield (kg/Ha): 1,800 Families with paddy: 91 Average area/family (ha): Paddy undeveloped (ha) 10 No. of families: 20-30 Page 4 of 12
Hillrice: Area (ha) Yield (Kg/Ha): Families with hill rice: 5% of families Average area/family(ha): Rice production: Paddy (t): Hillrice (t): Total (t) ...... Sufficiency Rice: 41 families Insufficient Rice: 50 families Irrigate Area: a) Village weir yes/no ...... Area irrigated (ha) ...... b) Irrigation System yes/no ...... Area irrigated (ha) ...... c) Crops irrigated (explain) none-rain fed rice only ...... Field crops (types/areas). No data Fruit trees (types/areas). No data Livestock (types/numbers) No data Soil conservation area (ha) none No. of families: none
Income Earning Activities: Sale of livestock (buffalo, pigs, Poultry), some field crops, loom parts (2000 3000 Kip), forest products, hunted animals ………………………………………
Income per family: Highest (Kip) 200,00/year Lowest (Kip) 50,000/year
Forest Information:
State Conservation Area (NBCA) Within ...... yes/no village area: Adjacent to Phou Xang He yes/no village: Declared Provincial Forest: Within ...... yes/no village area: Adjacent to ...... yes/no village: Declared Production Forest: Within ...... yes/no village area: Adjacent to ...... yes/no village: Watershed Protection Area Within ...... yes/no village area: Adjacent to ...... yes/no village: Village boundary delineated and/or mapped: ...... yes/no If yes, Village Area (ha): ...... By whom: ...... Village forest categories delineated and documented yes/no If yes, By whom: ...... Forest areas mapped yes/no If yes, By whom: ...... Areas of forest categories (ha) 1) 2) Page 5 of 12
3) 4) 5) 6) Village forest management agreement prepared Yes/no Description of agreement Forest and stream management, verbal, 1986 Forest area conflicts within village yes/no With adjacent village/s: ...... yes/no If yes, explain: With Kut Soong village
Indicate the types of conflicts: 1) ...... Boundary 2) ...... Forest areas 3) ...... Farm land 4) ...... Forest products 5) ...... Live/s land 6) ...... Watershed area
Indicate forest products gathered:…………………………......
Income from forest products (Kip): ......
Village forest planting ...... yes/no If yes, area (ha)
Indicate species being planted ...... ……………......
Commercial forest wood activity: ...... yes/no If yes, area (ha)
Describe activity taking place ...... ……………….
Family Land Ownership and Land Use Form
The detail of all the plots of land owned and used by each family is essential data for understanding the system of land use in the village. Without this information it is impossible to conduct an analysis of the land used and the land which each family wishes to claim for allocation.
Information is collected on two types of land, paddy rice fields and upland fields. In the case of upland the detail of all fields which the families have been using is collected. This includes upland which is currently In a fallowed state. The information collected for every plot for the two types of land is as follows:
Paddy Land: Area; Location-, Used in Wet season-, Used in Dry Season.
Upland: Area; Location; Land Use.
The information on paddy land is usually easy to collect because farmers are sure of the details. However very good care is needed when questioning the farmers about the upland fields. Often the do not divulge information on all plots particularly those plots which have not been used for four or five years. It is also necessary to explain to farmers that they need to give details of plots which they use outside the village boundary in neighbouring village areas. If they do not mention this land the LUP and LA team will have false information with which to plan.
Care has to be taken when asking about land use and the location of the plots. For land use it is necessary to know if the crops are annual or permanent and what the crops are for each plot. This information is essential to help identify the various plots when field measurement is done. Plots which are not being cropped in the current year are recorded as fallow plots,
Recording the location of each plot carefully is important because plot identification is made Page 6 of 12
easier when field measurement is done later. Normally farmers refer to the location of the land very simply, eg, "near the paddy", it is necessary to know which paddy field and next to which stream to prevent confusion later in the land allocation process. The interviewer must get specific details of the locations of all plots.
The last essential piece of information is to identify and indicate which plots of land the family wishes to claim. This information is used later when discussions are held with the community to allocate land. It is essential that staff consider various points with each family:
Are any of the plots in micro-watershed areas which should be protected? Are the plots reasonably accessible? Are the plots scattered making it difficult for the family to manage? Is the family in competition with other another family for plots of land? Is the family claiming enough land to provide for rice security and for economic cropping. How steep the land? is it too steel) for agricultural production?
An example of the Land Ownership and land use Form is shown below.
LAND USE PLANNING SUB-PROJECT
LAND OWNERSHIP AND LAND USE DATA FORM (to indicate all parcels of land previously used and in use)
Permanent Fields Non - Permanent Fields
Name of No. of Plots: 6 No. of Plots: 7 No Family Wet Dry Total head Plot Area Crop or Plot Area Crop or Location sea Sea Location Area No (ha) Land Use No (ha) Land Use Plots (ha) (ha) (ha) 14 Tong 1 1,5 Road to 1 0,5 Rice 4 1,5 Road to Fallow Nalay Nalay 2 1,5 Next to 1,5 New 5 0,5 Next to Peanuts house paddy paddy 3 1,5 Road to Teak 5 6 Nalay 15 Khamnoy 1 0,5 Near 0,2 Rice 3 1,5 Road to Hill Rice village Nalay 2 1 Near 1 New 4 2 Next to Fallow 4 5 village paddy Tong 16 Feuang 1 1 Road to 1 New 2 1 Next to Hill Rice Dong paddy paddy 3 1.5 Road to Fruit trees Dong 4 1 Road to Fallow 4 4.5 Dong 13 15.5
1. When indicating non-permanent crop for each plot, specify annual crops, biennial crops, fruit trees, commercial trees or fallow land.
2. Ensure that every plot for each family is given a plot No. and record the details for every plot.
3. Do not ask families which plots they wish to claim during the family interview. The claims will be dealt with at a later meeting.
Please Note : Land Use means : Crop planted or fallow field or other land use.
Socio-Economic Data Collection Form
Socio-economic data is collected from every fancily in the village using a prepared questionnaire. The purpose of the socioeconomic data is to provide sufficient information to enable the community and the LUP and LA team to make valid decisions about the area of land Page 7 of 12
which should be allocated to each family. Therefore the questionnaire seeks to find out only that information which is useful to make land allocation decisions. Information for other purposes is not collected because it would not be used, it would waste valuable time and it would inconvenience the villagers unnecessarily.
The following information is collected:
Occupations, size of family, family labour availability, a e distribution of family members, literacy, annual family rice needs, rice production, annual family rice deficit, main field crops planted and production, fruit trees and production, commercial trees and production, large livestock, small livestock, fish ponds, and income from livestock sales, forest products and other sources.
It has been found when working under village conditions, that data is difficult to collect, analyse and utilise in the time available to the LUP and LA team. It is necessary to summarise the information down to a number of critical indicators which villagers can easily understand during public meetings, and which will not confuse the staff working with the villagers.
Before an analysis of the socioeconomic information for each fancily is undertaken with villagers, it is summarised onto a single sheet with the land ownership and land use data. This enables the staff facilitating the analysis of the data with the villagers to read and assimilate the critical data very quickly and discuss it with each family. It is also for these practical reasons that the amount of data collected is reduced to the essentials.
At the time the socioeconomic data is being collected families are asked to report on the problems they are experiencing within their agricultural and forest systems. The problems which all families report are later aggregated and summarised to produce a list of problems in order of importance. This problem census data is later used at a general problem solving meeting to enable the villagers to examine the problems and propose solutions, Such information will be used in future:
to develop extension workplans
for village self-help development activities
An example of the Socio -Economic Data Collection Form is shown below.
LAND USE PLANNING SUB-PROJECT FAMILY SOCIOECONOMIC DATA COLLECTION FORM 1: PAGE 1 OF 5
Unit.. Name of Occupation Fam. Mem Labour Family Family Main Secondary Total Female Total Female Head No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 14 Tong Paddy Rice Upland Rice 5 3 4 2
LAND USE PLANNING SUB-PROJECT FAMILY SOCIOECONOMIC DATA COLLECTION FORM 1: PAGE 2 OF 5
Age Distribution 0- 5 yrs 6-15 yrs 16-50 yrs 51 yrs+ Total Female Total Fem. Total Fem. Total Fem. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Page 8 of 12
1 1 4 2
LAND USE PLANNING SUB-PROJECT FAMILY SOCIOECONOMIC DATA COLLECTION FORM 1: PAGE 3 OF 5
People Literate Annual Rice Rice production Annual No. Needs Fam. Paddy Upland Rice Lack Area Prod. (kg) Area Prod. (kg) (kg) 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1750 0.5 1120 0.5 180 450
LAND USE PLANNING SUB-PROJECT FAMILY SOCIOECONOMIC DATA COLLECTION FORM 1: PAGE 4 OF 5
Main Crops Planted Last Year Fruit Trees Commercial Trees 1st Crop 2nd Crop 3rd Crop No. of Yield No. of No. Pro- trees trees Trees ceeds Crop Produc- Crop Produc- Crop Produc- Sold (Kip) tion Name tion Name tion (kg) (kg) (kg) 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Rice 1300 Corn 120 Cucumber 300 15
LAND USE PLANNING SUB-PROJECT FAMILY SOCIOECONOMIC DATA COLLECTION FORM 1: PAGE 5 OF 5
Main Crops Planted Last Year Poultry Fish Income Pond Elephant Buffalo Cow Horse Goat Pig Ducks Chic- Lives- Forest Other Total (No.) (No.) (No.) (No.) (No.) (No.) (No.) (No.) kens tock Pro- Sources (Kip) (No.) Sales ducts (Kip) (Kip) (Kip) 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 3 3 16 50.000 50.000 Timber 140000
Village Problem Census
The village problem census meeting helps to identify problems and opportunities which can be addressed by extension programs. Representatives from each family or household in the village participate in small discussion groups to identify perceived problems. The lists of problems from each of the small groups are summarised after which all of the participants come together to rank the problems in order of importance.
Each of the problems is discussed during a problem solving session by a general meeting to identify the causes of the each problem, and suggested ways to solve the problems. This information is used to identify appropriate extension activities which can be included in village work plans.
A range of problems and opportunities arise from the process, agricultural, social, economic, infrastructural, organisation etc. Opportunities are presented to refer problems and needs to various agencies for consideration in their respective work plans.
The method has a number of advantages: Page 9 of 12
Members of all families have an opportunity to participate and present their problems. Women attend and may form small groups of their own to raise their particular problems. The small group method permits all participants, weak or strong, to express their views which are recorded; it also prevents the stronger or more talkative persons from dominating the meeting. The process of raking problems and analysing causes and solutions by the community with assistance from extension workers gives the people the feeling that they are playing a part in reaching decisions on activities which will affect them. They are therefore included in the planning process. Extension workers play a facilitating role; the method prevents them from "running" the meeting and pushing their views on the people. It alleviates the difficulty which extension workers always face of "having to provide an answer" for all of the problems raised. Instead the villagers are encouraged to find solutions. When solutions are proposed by the community and the extension workers react to these solutions with supportive extension activities the community senses that their perceived problems are being addressed. A more comfortable relationship develops between village and extension staff. Extension success rates are usually higher as the community is committed to activities. The process is a start for community organisation strengthening, group formation and village based management activities.
An example of a problem census and problem solving meeting at Ban Nam Thap in Hong Sa District is shown below.
Problem census and problem solving meeting results in ban Nam Thap village
N. of Proposed N. Problem Causes Proposed solution Families extension Activity
1 Upland crop pests; wild pigs, 44 - Too many swidden - Regenerate the - No practical rats, birds fields forest so that rats have activity could be a larger natural habitat decided (the problem remained - The bamboo dies unsolved) and rat plagues occur - Trap the pigs like we periodically used to (poisoning was not considered an option)
2 Paddy rice seeds do not fill out 27 - Rice is transplanted - Cannot control the - Seek help to get ("Bua") too late weather, so change Khao Dor varieties rice varieties. - Farmers do not change seed often - Where possible plant enough the crop at the right time (earlier) - Too much rain about 40 days after planting Note: By planting at Note: The different times the farmers thought varieties will mature at that a set of rules different times & to manage buffalo buffalo control will better was become a problem necessary.
3 Irrigation water is insufficient 21 - The watershed areas - Change the varieties - Seek help to get have been cultivated & to early maturing one Khao Dor varieties forest reduced to match the Page 10 of 12
- Amount of water in availability of water - Discuss the streams is small (Khao Dor) formation of a set of rules for irrigation water - Too many weirs on - Conserve the forests management. the streams
- Improve co-operation - Build improved - The paddy soil does in water management irrigation system. not hold water well
- Rocky soil
- Inter-family co- operation in management is inadequate
4 Harvesting forest products is 12 - Rats eat the fruit of - Plant these trees in - Plant Mak Nang difficult Mak Nang before the areas of land which in the upland plots people have time to are easier to manage. transferred to harvest them in forest farmers. areas
Women's Problem Census
A special meeting is organised for women to enable them to express their perceived agricultural, forestry and social problems. This is done separately so they do not feel constrained by the presence of mates in the audience and raise issues which they think are important. This generally is quite successful as women provide some information which would otherwise not be mentioned. Often some of the issues raised are similar to those arising from the family problem census, e.g., declining hill rice yields or insufficient time to raise families and work in the fields,
The data is also summarised in order of importance so that it can be raised at a general meeting along with the problems arising from the family interviews. By doing this the full range of problems of the community are raised and discussed in a public meeting.
As stated above the information can be use by villagers to plan village improvement activities or by staff to plan their future extension programs.
An example of a summary of data from a women's meeting is shown below.
Summary of Problems From Women's Meeting: Ber 10 Village- Xieng Ngeun
1. Poor health; unable to work the fields as much as husband expects.
2. All children attend school so have insufficient family labour for agriculture.
3. Husbands drink, are lazy, unfaithful, and do not help much with field work.
4. Husbands will only go to work the fields when the women go.
5. Large families do not have money to care for children; health care is costly; and families have to sell rice to pay for child care.
6. Lack of family money management; husbands are free -spending. Page 11 of 12
7. Husbands spend fancily money to engage labour rather than work themselves,
8. Lack of joint-decision making on farm management; the wives lack ability to have an impact on land use decisions.
It can be seen from the above that women perceive they have a major role in agricultural land management and land use. Often their situations are not considered closely in LUP and LA. It is essential that they be given opportunities to participate in the LUP and LA process.
Population Data
Population increase can have a marked impact on land use. In rotational shifting cultivation systems the demand for land is very high because a family may require 10 or more plots to maintain a sustainable system or about 10 hectares of land per family. Increases in population translate directly into the use of more farming land particularly in subsistence farming systems. In cases where there is limited land available within the village area, the pressure on the land increases as population rises. The pressure will depend on how quickly the population rises and if farmers can find alternatives to relieve pressure on the available land.
Reasons Population Analysis is Important in LUP and LA
1. In villages where LUP and LA is being done the crude annual population growth rate ranges from 2.5% to as high as 4%. These are high rates and in the north are already applying considerable pressure on the land.
2. The land allocation program is generally reducing the area of land available to families in some villages as much as 50%, as agricultural lands are returned to forest. So there is a decreasing amount of agricultural land available for the rising population.
3. New families requiring agricultural land are normally given some land by the parent family, usually small areas which are not sustainable under present farming practices. So the average area of land per family within a village is decreasing. Productivity per unit area of the land will therefore decline unless farming methods improve quite rapidly. This is not likely to happen.
4. There are few effective birth control programs to reduce the rate of population increase.
5. As health programs improve, infant mortality rates will decrease which could cause populations to grow.
It is likely that land allocation programs will run into trouble if population growth rates are not reduced. Therefore it is very important as part of the land use planning procedure to start raising awareness among ethnic communities about the impacts of population on land use and land productivity. The starting point is to calculate crude population growth rates and project what the population might be if the present rates of increase continue. The example below comes from Inpaeng village in Laongam District of Salavane.
The example shows that there could be a gross population increase from 361 people to 493 by the year 2005, or an increase of about 36%. In crude terms the demand for land could rise by 36% if there are no alternatives found and farming efficiency does not improve.
Crude Population Projection - Inpaeng Village
Year Births Deaths Net Increase Page 12 of 12
1994 11 6 +5 1995 17 7 +10 1996 (5 months) 17 3 +14 Total 45 16 +29
Average per year: +12
Percentage Increase per year: 3.32% based on current population of 361.
Future Crude Projections
1995 361 1996 361 + 3.32% or 12 = 373 1997 373 + 3.32% or 12 = 385 1998 385 + 3.32% or 13 = 398 1999 398 + 3.32% or 13 = 414 2000 414 + 3.32% or 13 = 425 2001 425 + 3.32% or 14 = 439 2002 439 + 3.32% or 14 = 454 2003 454 + 3.32% or 15 = 469 2004 469 + 3.32% or 15 = 484 2005 484 + 3.32% or 16 = 500
The village committee can usually supply the data on which to base the calculations. Often it is difficult to -et data for years in the past because records were not kept. However it is reasonable to work with two or three years data to derive approximations.
When the calculations have been done they are displayed on. a sheet of poster paper and discussed at a convenient time during a general meeting. This exercise opens an opportunity for the staff to get villagers to recognise the problems associated with rapid population growth. If villagers recognise this problem then the staff have an opportunity to promote birth control with the community.
A formula which could be used for calculating population growth is:
P ( 1 + r) n eg 361(1 + 0.032) 10
Where:
P Is the present Population
r is the annual rate of increase in
n is the number of years Page 1 of 7
LAND USE PLANNING SUB -PROJECT PARTICIPATORY LAND USE PLANNING AND LAND ALLOCATION MANUAL
TOPIC 6: LAND ALLOCATION CRITERIA AND METHODS
Introduction
Land allocation in some areas has been undertaken using pre-determined criteria and methods. This approach limits the degree of participation of the villagers in the process of land use planning and allocation. The LSFP core team has made a serious attempt to develop methods which engage the people and utilise the information of each particular village, in the process of determining land allocation criteria. The analysis of the village data prior to making any decisions on how agricultural land should be allocated is therefore very important. This section includes examples of how family data is summarised and examined to facilitate land allocation decisions.
Preferred Procedures for Deciding on Land Allocation Criteria
The following Guidelines indicate how implementing staff should proceed when deciding land allocation criteria in a village.
1. GATHER ALL THE RELEVANT TARGET VILLAGE INFORMATION(DATA)
<<<
2 ANALYSE OR ASSESS THE DATA WITH FARMERS TO PROVIDE FACTS FOR DECIDING CRITERIA FOR THE TARGET VILLAGE
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3. DECIDE ON THE CRITERIA FOR THE VILLAGE WITH FARMERS PRIOR TO CONDUCTING FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND LAND CAPABILITY ASSESSMENTS
<<<
4 APPLY THE CRITERIA AT A GENERAL VILLAGE MEETING TO ALLOCATE LAND TO FAMILIES MAKING CLAIMS FOR LAND
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5. AT THE TIME OF FIELD MEASUREMENT AND LAND CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT, CONFIRM THAT LAND ALLOCATED IS APPROPRIATE FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES. IF NOT, MAKE APPROPRIATE ADJUSTMENTS*
* Adjustments may have to be made if fields claimed are in critical watershed protection areas, the land is too steep or for other reasons which sometimes arise.
PROCESS FOR CONSIDERATION FAMILY LAND USE CLAIMS
The following depicts a process for considering how to allocate land taking into account the objectives of the allocation exercise, the "family Types" who are likely to be claiming land and the important land allocation considerations. Page 2 of 7
"Family types" is a term used to differentiate between families with different resource bases, using such indicators as rice sufficiency, land owned/used, land types, access to wet and dry season irrigation, relative dependence on irrigated or rain-fed rice etc,
The logical procedure helps staff assess how available agricultural land within the village area might be fairly and equitably distributed among families based on the "family types" present in the village.
Strategy/Objectives Family Type Considerations
1. Provide Land to Improve 1. Padsuff - Reserve Land Family size Rice sufficiency. Labour availability 2. Padinsuff - Res Land Average rice production Family work capability 3. Padinsuff -No Res Land Family income(buy rice) Average rice lack 4. Pad 1 + Pad 2 - Insuff
5. Padinsuff - Hillrice
6. Hillrice Only Insuff
2. Provide Land for Cash 1. Padsuff + DS Irrig Family size Cropping. Labour availability 2. Padsuff - No DS irrig Average rice production Family work capability 3. Padinsuff- No DS Irrig Family income (inputs) Average Rice Lack 4. Padinsuff + Hillrice
5. Hillrice Only Insuff
3. Provide serve Land for 1. Families Living In Village Land From Family Family Division and Use reserve village land Population Increase 2. Families In-Migrate OK Use reserve village land Allocate? Yes or No 3. Families In-Migrate Illegal District decision
Notes:
1. The family types under Objective 1 are arranged in relative order of security, i.e., Family Type 1; rice sufficient from paddy rice and having more land available for paddy development, is in a much more favourable position than Family Type 6; insufficient from hillrice and no access to paddy land. Therefore in considering claims for land a family in Family Type 6 should receive some land preference before a family in Family Type 1 so that the family can continue to grow hillrice and have access to cash cropping land.
2. The family types under Objective 2 are also arranged in relative order of security based on their dependence on upland to produce economic crops. A family in Family Type 7 which has rice sufficiency from paddy rice and access to dry season irrigation should be encouraged to start growing dry season irrigated cash crops, so that the family demand for upland fields might be reduced. A family in Family Type 11 on the other hand, will require considerable areas of upland on which to produce Page 3 of 7
cash crops to provide cash to buy rice and other necessities.
3. After the "Family Type" factors have been taken into account, the other considerations in column 3 may then be applied to determine the area of land it is reasonable to allocate to families.
4. Families with secure businesses not reliant on agricultural land would receive little consideration in the allocation of additional land.
SUMMARY OF FAMILY SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND LAND DATA
Before the meeting is held to allocate land to families it is necessary to summarise the family socioeconomic information and the family customary land ownership, land use and land claims information on one form. If the information is on one form it is easier to refer to when the land allocation meeting is in progress and the family land claims are under discussion.
The following is an example of the summarised data for three families. It shows the following:
essential socio-economic information required
the data for permanent cropped lands farmed by the family
the data of the non-permanent upland fields farmed by the family
the field data for all fields measured is included on the form after field measurement is completed
the "allocated" column shows the land actually allocated to each family after consideration of the other information on the form. This data is recorded in the "allocated" column after the community agrees to the family land allocations at the land allocation meeting.
LAND USE PLANNING SUB-PROJECT
SUMMARY OF DATA: SOCIO-ECONOMIC, LAND USE, LAND CLAIMS, LAND MEASURED AND LAND ALLOCATED
Province : Salavan, District : Laongam, Village : Inpaeng
Unit No. 1 Name of No. in Family Labour Total Ann. Ann. Rice Ann. Rice Family Head Income (kip) Prod. (kg) Lack (kg) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Suay 6 2 50.000 17000 0
2 Titann 4 3 250.000 2000 0
3 Siengtan 9 5 102.000 3000 0
Continued Page 4 of 7
Paddy Land and Permanent Upland Fields Owned Crop/ Claimed Measured Allocated Plot Area Land Location No. (ha) Plot Area Plot Area Plot Area Use No. (ha) No. (ha) No. (ha) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 1 Coffee 1 1 1 0.88 1 0.88 Tree "Sor" 1 1 1 0.88 1 0.88 1 1 Coffee 1 1 Not Found 0 0 Near Huay Lanuay
4 0.5 Banana 4 0.5 4 0.35 4 0.35 Near village 0.35 0.35
Continued
Non - premanent Upland Fields Total Alloc In use Claimed Measured Allocated No. of Area Location Plot Area Plot Area Plot Area Plot Area plots (ha) No. (ha) No. (ha) No. (ha) No. (ha) 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
2 f 2 2 2 2 2.8 2 2.8 Bamboo area
3 f 0.5 3 0.5 3 0.5 3 0.5 Tree "Sor" 3.3 3.3 3 4.22 1 c 0.8 2 0.8 2 0.4 2 0.4 Trees "Deua"
1 f 0.6 3 0.6 3 0.5 3 0.5 Border-lleumg
3 r 0.8 4 0.8 4 0.5 4 0.5 Border-Mouante 1.4 1.4 4 1,73 1 c 0,5 1 0.5 1 1.3 1 1.3 Next to Xeset River
2 0.5 2 0.5 2 0.5 Next to Xeset River 1.8 1.8 2 1.78
1. If Families have land for developing new paddy fields show the details in the "Paddy and Permanent Fields" column indicate the land use as "new paddy".
2. Give each plot of land for each family a consecutive "Plot no" and continue to use the same allotted numbers on all documents and forms.
3. Permanent land uses are : Paddy fields, new paddy fields,, fruit trees, tree crops, commercial trees, bi- ennial crops (such as pineapples and bananas), pasture land and fish ponds. Page 5 of 7
4. Non - permanent land uses are fallow fields and annual crops.
AVERAGING FAMILY AGRICULTURAL AREA DATA TO ASSIST LAND ALLOCATION DECISIONS
Introduction
One aim in the allocation of agricultural land within a village is to attempt to ensure that each family is fairly treated. This means that the each family has access to a reasonable area of land, in accordance with family characteristics and resources, and in relation to the other families of the community. This is a very complex and sensitive issue as there are many factors which can be considered in making land allocation decisions.
An approach which helps to simplify decision making and which is easy for the families to understand has been tested by the LUP core team at Inpaeng village in Laongam District. The method is to calculate from the total measured village farmed area an average farmed area per family which becomes a "bench mark" from which to compare the land area claimed by each family.
Some families have large areas of land and others very little land. The purpose in using the "bench mark" is to graphically illustrate to villagers the extent to which the land claims vary from the average. The claims are either below or above the average. The community can then assess the situation of the particular family against the average situation and determine if the family is obviously advantaged or obviously disadvantaged in terms of available land.
With their knowledge of the family's situation, and with the aid of the other family data which is summarised and publicised at a general meeting, the community can then discuss and reach agreement on an appropriate area of land to be allocated to the family,
The method relies on the goodwill of the more privileged families in the village to assist the less well-off families acquire more land. The experience at Inpaeng village was that the well -off families would only consider transferring land to relations, The village LUP and LA Committee while acknowledging the inequities, were not too keen to take a lead role in reaching decisions for fear of getting involved in uncomfortable social situations.
Never-the-less the accompanying data on land transfers and receipts at Inpaeng village indicates that substantial progress was made in encouraging the community to address the imbalance in land ownership.
An Example of the Method
1. Measure all agricultural lands being used by all families; (Ha) Permanently Farmed Land (PFL)* 40 Non-permanently Farmed Land (NPFL)** 150 2. Verify the number of village families: 70 3. Divide PFL by the total number of village families: 40 70=0.57 ha 4. Divide NPFL by the total number of village families: 150 70= Page 6 of 7
2.14 ha 5. Record the average family area of farmed land: 2.71 ha 6. Display prominently on a white board or poster the "bench mark" areas: a) 0.57 ha PFL b) 2.14 ha NPFL c) 2.71 ha Total 7. At the general meeting read out: the relevant family socioeconomic data details of land areas currently used by the family 6.14 ha details of land areas claimed by the family 6.14 ha 8. Invite the family to verify the NPFL claim and justify it 9. Invite the meeting participants and the PLUMP committee to discuss the NPFL claim 10. Reach agreement through discussion, negotiation, mediation etc eg, the 4.14 ha meeting might agree that the family could relinquish 2 ha of land and transfer it to another family, i.e. the land area is reduced to 11. Allocate the 4.14 ha to the family and record the transfer of 2 ha to the other family
Note: Situations arise where families claim very little land, i.e., considerably less than the average "bench mark" area. If it is considered that they need more land, a similar procedure can be followed with the aim of negotiating the transfer of an area from a family in a much more favourable situation.
* Permanent land uses are: paddy land, new paddy land, fruit trees, commercial trees, biennial crops (such as pineapples and bananas), pasture land and fish ponds.
** Non- permanently farmed land is land used for annual crops.
LAND USE PLANNING SUB-PROGRAM Land Transfers and Receipts Inpaeng Village Laongam District
No. Land Transferred to..... No. Land Received from.... 1. Nang Sarnom (No. 16, Unit 2) 1.12 ha 1 . Mr. Leur (No. 5, Unit 1) 1.12 ha 2. Mr. Sieng Thai (No. 3, Unit 2) ?? ha 2. Mr. Gee (No 7, Unit 1) ?? ha 3 . Mr. Sieng Thong (No. 4, Unit 2) 0.7 ha 3. Mr. Niew (No. 18, Unit 1) 0.7 ha 4. Mr. Sieng Tai (No.3 Unit 2)?? ha 4 Mr. Poo Wong (No. 21, Unit 1) ?? ha 5. Mr. Jan Thai (No. 1, Unit 2) ?? ha 5. Mr. Mee (No. 8, Unit 2) ?? ha 6. Mr. Titboon (No. 2, Unit 2) 0.64 ha 6. Mr. Lai (No. 11, Unit 4 ) 0.64 ha 7. Mr. Teung (No. 6, Unit 2) ?? ha 7. Mr. Thong (No. 6, Unit 3 ??) ?? ha 8. Mr. Teung (No. 6, Unit 2) ?" ha 8. Mr. Jan See (not registered) ?? ha 9. Mr. Noo (No. 7, Unit 2) ?" ha 9. Mr. Mee (No. 8, Unit 2) ?? ha Page 7 of 7
10. Mr. Thong (No. 9, Unit 2) 1.00 ha 10. Mr. Feuang (No. 7, Unit 4) 1.00 ha 11, Mr. Tiang (No. 12, Unit 2) ?? ha 11. Mr. Lub (No. 11, Unit 2) ?? ha 12. Mr. Tiang (No. 12, Unit 2) ?? ha 12. Mr. Ha (No. 15, Unit 2) ?? ha 13. Mr. Khoon (No. 9, Unit 3) 1.05 ha 13. Mr. Feuang (No. 7, Unit 4) 1.05 ha 14. Mr. Mim (No. 13, Unit 3) 1.00 ha 14. Mr. Sit (No. 10, Unit 4) 1.00 ha 15. Mr. Sieng On (No. 14, Unit 4) 2.16 ha 15. Mr. Tam (No. 17, Unit 4) 2.16 ha 16, Mr. Sieng Uan (No. 15, Unit 4) 1.80 ha 16. Nang Noo Korn (No. 16, Unit 4) 1.80 ha
Note: There are cases in the-above table where the areas of land are not indicated, This arises because farmers are still discussing which plots to transfer. When this is accomplished the land ownership data will be up-dated. The new ownership data will be extracted from the land use records and entered on Temporary Land Transfer Documents. Page 1 of 9
LAND USE PLANNING SUB -PROJECT PARTICIPATORY LAND USE PLANNING AND LAND ALLOCATION MANUAL
TOPIC 7: LAND SURVEY METHODS
INTRODUCTION
In the land allocation program a variety of methods for measuring agricultural plots are used. Most are inaccurate which means that land areas are not calculated property. This is a matter for concern because land tax discrepancies will occur, farmers could become dissatisfied and land records will be incorrect.
It is very difficult for field staff to under-take accurate field measurement because in most cases they do not have the skills or the instruments necessary. The LUP sub- program has started to address this constraint by providing on-the-job training for provincial and district staff who participate in LUP and LA field exercises, by supplying basic sets of instruments to district staff and testing practical field measurement methods 'Which field staff are able to adopt.
In January 1997 the sub-program engaged the services of a land survey specialist to review and recommend appropriate and practical survey methods which would be adequate for the purposes of issuing permanent land use certificates. Training material was produced for a short training course and the methods were applied in the field by the LUP and LA core team and district staff. The methods have since been adopted in LUP and LA model building exercises in target villages. The intention is to introduce the methods into the curriculum for the Training Centres.
Much of the training material, with modifications and adaptations, has been reproduced for this section of the LUP and LA procedures and methods manual.
CHAIN SURVEY
Field work
By chain survey (also called closed traverse), the land parcel is measured in the field and drawn on the map sheet which is attached to the Land Transfer and Contract forms. By measuring nearby features which can be located on the village map, the location of the land parcel is determined. The followina instruments are needed.
compass
clinometer
measuring tape
ranging poles
pegs
copy of the village map Page 2 of 9
A compass is needed to record the bearings of the land parcel sides.
A clinometer is used for measuring the angle of the slope. The angle is expressed either in degrees ( o) or in percentages (%)
A measuring tape, made of metal or plastic, is needed to measure the length of the land parcel sides.
A ranging pole is a thin pole, usually 2 meters long, with a pointed end that is easily forced into the soil. The ranging pole can be painted with bands of bright colours to facilitate sighting.
Pegs are metal or wooden sticks which are needed to mark the 50 meter intervals when measuring over long distances.
The first task in the field is to walk around the land parcel and identify the corner points, which are marked by ranging poles or flagging tape. They should be clearly visible at the measurement stage. The measurements of the actual chain survey are done with a crew of at least two surveyors, the frontman and the rearman. The chain survey is started by choosing one of the comer points as the starting point, station A.
Figure. The idea of chain surveying
In the beginning the rearman stands at station A, whereas the frontman has moved to a location between station A and B. For each tape length the rearman measures the compass bearing and the slope, and notes it in the field form. After arriving at station B, the team proceeds to station C and D and onwards until the starting point, station A, is reached again. The land parcels are drawn on the field form during the measurement. If some sides of the land parcels are already measured and drawn onto the village map, it is not necessary to measure the bearings of these sides.
The best check of the accuracy of the chain survey is to close it, i.e. returning to the starting point when the land parcel is drawn on the final map sheet.
If the compass bearings, slope corrections and distances are measured accurately, the traverse will be closed also on the map. To increase the accuracy in the field measurements, the following points should be kept in mind:
The compass bearings must be read accurately
The tape measure is to be kept tight
Pegs should be used when measuring sides longer than the tape Page 3 of 9
The slope angle should be measured for each tape reading
Reduction of slope distances to the plane
As the distances on the map are on the plane, the measured slope distance must be reduced to the horizontal. This is done by use of the cosine function in a pocket calculator.
The principal of slope correction is depicted in the figure below. Instead of using the cosine of the slope angle, the slope percentage (%) might be used if the slope is measured and the cosine-value is not available.
A = Horizontal distance
C = Ground surface distance a = Slope angle (degrees, ' )
Slope % - 100 x (B/A) = 100 x tan a
A = C x cos a
A = C x (1/
Figure: Slope Correction Method
Slope reduction
Reduction of the slope distance to the plane map is simply done by use the cosine-value of the slope angle multiplied by the slope distance as illustrated below. The slope percentage might be used instead, see above under reduction of slope distances to the plane. Page 4 of 9
The slope distance measures 153.7 m and the reduced horizontal distance 127.4 m, a difference of 26.3 m. The importance of slope reduction in the steep hills of Laos can therefore be easily appreciated.
Land Parcel Survey Data Form
A Land Parcel Survey Data Form is used to record all the necessary data when each field is being measured. The data includes:
1. All measurement details
2. Geographic, soil and land use details
3. A sketch map of each field
An example of the form is provided below.
Land Parcel Survey Data Form
Field Measurement Data Draft Sketch Map of Land Parcel Owner…Age…Spouse…….Age...Unit………. Plot No...Location…Soil condition… Slope…… Village.…District.….Plot No…Location……… Slope Direction….Present L/U/Crop …Next L/U/Crop Soil Condition…Slope %...Slope Direction… N Next to ….Meters……W Next to …..Meters Land Use or Crop … Next Year Land Use or Crop... S Next to ….Meters……E Next to …..Meters Plot Side Survey Bea- Slope Slope Horizontal no Point ring (deg) Length Distance Page 5 of 9
Date of Survey …………………………
Surveyor …………………………………
Field Measurement Data Draft Sketch Map of Land Parcel Owner…Age…Spouse…….Age...Unit………. Plot No...Location…Soil condition… Slope…… Village.…District.….Plot No…Location……… Slope Direction….Present L/U/Crop …Next L/U/Crop Soil Condition…Slope %...Slope Direction… N Next to ….Meters……W Next to …..Meters Land Use or Crop … Next Year Land Use or Crop... S Next to ….Meters……E Next to …..Meters Plot Side Survey Bea- Slope Slope Horizontal no Point ring (deg) Length Distance
Date of Survey …………………………
Surveyor …………………………………
CONVERTING SLOPE DISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL DISTANCE
The following table may be used when calculating slope reductions.
Conversion Table for Converting Slope Distance to Horizontal Distance
Slope in Slope in Cos Sin Cos Sin Degrees Degrees 5 0,996 0,087 25 0,906 0,422 6 0,994 0,104 26 0,898 0,438 7 0,992 0,121 27 0,891 0,453 8 0,990 0,156 28 0,882 0,469 9 0,987 0,156 29 0,874 0,484 10 0,984 0,173 30 0,866 0,500 11 0,981 0,190 31 0,857 0,515 12 0,978 0,207 32 0,848 0,529 13 0,974 0,224 33 0,838 0,544 Page 6 of 9
14 0,970 0,241 34 0,829 0,559 15 0,965 0,258 35 0,819 0,573 16 0,991 0,275 36 0,809 0,587 17 0,946 0,247 37 0,798 0,601 18 0,951 0,309 38 0,780 0,615 19 0,945 0,325 39 0,777 0,629 20 0,939 0,342 40 0,766 0,642 21 0,933 0,359 41 0,754 0,656 22 0,927 0,374 42 0,743 0,656 23 0,920 0,390 43 0,731 0,681 24 0,913 0,406 44 0,719 0,694 45 0,707 0,707
Method of Calculation:
Cos value for the slope (in degrees) x Distance of Sloping Surface Horizontal Distance eg, for a slope of 10 degrees and a slope distance of 40 meters the horizontal distance is:
40 m (slope distance) x 0.984 = 39.36 m (horizontal distance)
Drawing the family parcel map
Before the field measurements are drawn on the map, the slope corrections of the measured distances must be calculated. Slope corrections are needed due to the fact that maps always show the horizontal distances, whereas the distances in the field are measured on the surface. The steeper the slope is, the bigger is the slope correction, as shown above.
The corrected field measurements are drawn on the map in the same order as they were done in the field. First a line is drawn towards station B, using compass and the measured bearing. Then the corrected map distance is measured along this line to obtain the location of station B. The same is repeated with the line B - C, C - D, D - E and E - A.
Graphical method for closing a gap
When transferring the chain survey results onto the map, it often happens that there is a Page 7 of 9
gap, the point does not join the starting point. Provided all the possible drawing errors have been checked and corrected, this error can be eliminated with a method called closing a gap, see figure below. It should be applied whenever the closing error is large.
Rough estimation indicates that readings by compass results in a measurement inaccuracy of a few metres in a distance of 100 metres. In addition there will be the drawing errors, also amounting to a few metres, depending on the map scale. It is evident that the method is not very accurate, but it is a simple method that can be used in situations where high accuracy is not required.
Cumulative map distances
A to B 37 mm
A to C 60 mm
A to D 100 mm
A to E 131 mm
A to F 192 mm
GAP 15 mm
The first station is A, the last F. The gap is the line from F to A.
1. Draw a small line from each station, parallel to line F-A (the gap) and in the direction of the gap (upwards in the example).
2. Make a table of cumulative map distance from station A up to F.
3. Mark cumulative distances on a straight line using the map scale. Page 8 of 9
4. At endpoint F draw a line with a length equal to gap F -A.
5. Connect the end of this line (F 1) to station A. From each station B, C, D, etc. Draw lines parallel to F-F' to the new line. Mark the intersections with B', C', D' and so on.
6. The short lines B-B', C-C', etc. represent the distances that each station has to be shifted in the original drawing. Mark these distances on the short lines made in step 1.
7. Connect the new stations B 1, C 1, D 1, etc. to the starting station A. The gap is closed. Erase the original lines.
Closing the gap is based on the assumption that the closing error can not be caused by any particular error in the survey. It is instead an accumulation of small, unavoidable errors arising during the work. The total error should therefore be distributed to each measured side in relation to it's length. Closing the gap is most conveniently done graphically.
Units of measure
Length
Basic unit: 1 metre Derived units: 1 kilometre (km) = 1 000 m 1 decimetre (dm) = 0,1 m 1 centimetre (cm) = 0,01 m 1 millimetre (mm) = 0.001 m
Area
Basic units: 1 square metre 1m 2 1m x 1m 1 hectare = 1 ha = 100 m x 100 m = 10 000 m 2
Angles
Basic unit: The sexagesimal system: the ful circle = 360 degrees 360 o 1o = 60 minutes = 60' 1' = 60 seconds = 60"
In the centestimal system the full circle =400 grades = 400g
1' grade = 100 minutes =100 C 1C = 100 seconds = 100 CC
Radian: The circle = 2 radians
Scale
The scale may be expressed numerically, as a ratio I: s, where s indicates how many times larger the distance is on the ground compared to the map distance. On a map the scale is usually also drawn as a bar, which indicates the ground distance. Page 9 of 9
Examples: The scale of a map is 1:20 000. The distance between two points on the map is measured as 6,8 cm. The distance on the ground will be:
20 000 x 6,8 cm = 20 000 x 0,068 m = 1 360 m
The scale of a map is 1: 5 000. What is the distance on the map of the ground distance 100 m?
The solution is given by dividing the ground distance by the scale 5 000 ;
100 m/5000 = 0,02 m = 2 cm.
Examples on useful scale conversions are given below.
Scale 1 cm on map equals 1 km on ground equals 1:1 1cm 1 km 1:2 2 cm 0,5 km 1:250 2,5 m 4 m 1:400 4m 2,5 m 1:500 5 m 2 m 1:1000 10m 1m 1:2 000 20 m 50 cm 1:2 500 25 m 40 cm 1:5 000 50 m 20 cm 1:10 000 100 m 10 cm 1:20 000 200 m 5 cm 1:25 000 250 m 4 cm 1:50 000 500 m 2 cm 1:100 000 1 km 1 cm 1:250 000 2,5 km 4 mm 1:500 000 5 km 2mm 1:1 000 000 10 km 1mm
Scale bar
The scale of the map is, as mentioned above, often illustrated by a scale bar.
SCALE 1:...... Page 1 of 12
LAND USE PLANNING SUB -PROJECT PARTICIPATORY LAND USE PLANNING AND LAND ALLOCATION MANUAL
TOPIC 8: VILLAGE MAPPING
Introduction
Village maps are important tools for graphically recording essential information which both staff and villagers can use. The village map is used to display four sets of information: the village boundary, the locations and areas of forest categories, the locations of agricultural plots and the location and areas of other land use classes within the village.
In the past District staff have used various methods to map the village, depending on their skills and available equipment. The LUP sub-project has been testing and introducing improved methods of mapping which field staff are capable of adopting if given practical training. Maps are usually drawn at a scale of 1: 10000 as this is the most workable size at village level. In the case of smaller village areas of about 1,000 hectares or less maps at a scale of 1: 5,000 are probably more appropriate. Improvements have been made progressively as the work has proceeded in target villages.
The procedures in preparing the village map are as follows:
1. Preparation of materials
Materials required are: pencils (0.5 mm), rulers, knives, tracing paper, millimetre paper, mapping pens, coloured inks, scale rulers, topographic maps (1: 100,000), pantograph, paint, marker pens and fine paint brushes.
2. Map Compilation
2.1 Consultations regarding the village boundary
The procedures described in Topic 4, Village Boundary Agreement and Survey, are followed to agree on and delineate the village boundary. Staff should refer to that chapter for guidance.
2.2 Surveys to establish village reference points
After the boundary survey is completed, it is necessary to establish village reference points. Reference points are necessary to assist with detailed forest and land surveys and the location of agricultural, fields.
for roads which are indicated on the topographic map or on aerial photographs, distance measurements are taken along the roads. in cases where features such as walking tracks and others are not indicated on the topographic map or photographs, the distances and bearings are measured with a compass, tape and clinometer. The 100 meter reference points are painted onto permanent hardwood markers staked out along the walking track or adjacent to other features. Page 2 of 12
2.3 Consultations regarding the forest types and land use areas
consultations are held with villagers to start to identify forest and other land use areas. a legend is prepared to indicate forest categories and land uses
2.4 Drawing the village boundary and reference points on the map
the agreed boundaries are marked on the 1: 100,000 topographic map.
the village boundary on the topographic map is enlarged using the scale rule or pantograph to a desired scale of 1: 10,000 or 1: 5,000 and a base map is produced.
the surveyed road lines, track lines and the 100 meter reference points are then drawn onto the prepared base map.
2.5 Forest and agricultural if land surveys
Forest and agricultural land surveys are conducted by two teams, a forest survey team and a agricultural land measurement team. The forest category and land. use survey and zonation has to be completed before the meeting to allocate land is held so that agricultural land is not allocated in inappropriate locations. When the agricultural production zone is delineated the family claims for agricultural fields can be considered, after which plot measurement can be undertaken.
Forest category and land use zoning
Based on the information previously gathered from villagers, and a study of aerial photographs if they are available, the approximate locations and boundaries of the various forest categories and the land use zones are delineated. A ground survey then follows to verify the locations and areas.
The survey of the boundaries of forest and other land use areas will verify a number of categories or zones which, depending on geographic location, topographic characteristics and present land use may include:
Conservation forest areas
Protection forest areas
Production forest areas
Regeneration forest areas
Degraded land areas suitable for forest planting
Agricultural production areas
Sacred forest areas
Other areas
When delineating agricultural production areas the following guidelines should be considered: Page 3 of 12
In mountainous terrain, land which is steeper than 45% to 50% generally should not be used for agriculture. In cases where land pressure is very severe it may be necessary to include slightly steeper land in the agricultural zone. Water resources and stream watershed areas should not be delineated for agricultural purposes. River banks which lie within the agricultural zone should be protected by natural vegetation except in locations where stable land uses such as paddy land exist along the stream banks. If some agricultural fields are located in conservation or protection areas, ways should be investigated to find alternate (replacement) fields in the agricultural zone. In flat terrain the identification of agricultural land and other land uses can be assisted by aerial photographs if they are available.
Agricultural land measurement:
Before agricultural plots are measured a land allocation meeting is held to verify the plots allocated and which will be measured. Survey groups are organised to undertake plot measurement in different sections of the agricultural production zone. Each group is equipped with:
a list of plots and locations which need to be measured a 1: 10,000 base map on which to located measured plots the field survey forms for recording all relevant survey data a set of measuring instruments and equipment
The procedures and methods for measuring agricultural fields are described in Topic 7; Land Survey Methods. Staff should refer to this chapter for guidance.
2.6 Entering the survey information on the village land use map
the various forest categories and land use zones which have been delineated are illustrated on the map using different colours. These categories and zones may include:
Conservation forest
Protection forest
Production forest
Regeneration forest
Degraded forest
Permanent agricultural lands( paddy rice, orchards etc)
The village area
the agricultural land parcels which have been measured are drawn on the map within the agricultural production zone.
Area measurement Page 4 of 12
The area of a land parcel can be measured in several ways, the measurements resulting in various levels of accuracy.
The planimeter
Planimeters are used by moving a small circle or cross in the end of the device around the mapped parcel, keeping the circle or cross all the time exactly on the boundary line. Depending on the type of planimeter, the area can either be read directly on the instrument scale, or it can be computed from the difference of the starting and ending readings. The instructions for the instrument must be consulted for conversion of the readings into area.
Figure. The planimeter consists of two arms, the tracer arm and the pole arm, and a measuring unit with a reading device.
Figure. The reading device
Instrument Setting and Reading
The measuring unit has to be adjusted to the appropriate settings or positions prior to area readings being taken. The settings are fixed on the measuring unit by sliding the tracer arm to the required position and securing the tracer arm with a locking nut. The correct settings for the various map scales are indicated in the instrument setting, table below.
For example:
If an area on a map of scale 1: 100,000 is to be measured the position of the measuring unit is adjusted and fixed at 178.40. See below. Page 5 of 12
Scale Position of Measuring Multiplier Unit
1:100,000 178.40 10
1:200,000 178.40 0.4
1: 25,000 145.35 2
1: 50,000 145.35 0.5
The boundary of the parcel to be measured is traced with the tracer point, starting and ending at the same point on the boundary line. After this is completed the reading on the measuring wheel is taken and converted to actual area by using a multiplier. The multiplier in this case is 10 (see above). If the reading on the measuring wheel is 150, the area of the parcel will be 150 x 10 = 1,500 ha.
Note: To obtain a proper result by the planimeter, the surface used should be level and the paper clean. Dust, eraser cuttings and crease effect the movement of the measuring wheel, which must also be kept clean.
Start and end at the same point on the outline of the area that is measured.
The area should be measured until at least three consistent readings are obtained.
The planimeter should always be checked before use against an area of known size.
Area calculation using the planimeter should be done in a clock-wise direction
Millimetre-paper or area overlay
A very simple way of making a rough check of the measured or calculated area is to use millimetre-paper or an area overlay.
The overlay is a transparent dot-template, where each dot represents a specific area due to the scale, the value of one dot differing from scale to scale.
In measuring the area by an overlay, it should be placed randomly on the area and the dots counted at least twice with a rotation in between the countings. The readings should be repeated until at least two consistent results are obtained. The mean of the readings is the measured area.
Two types of overlay sheets can be used:
a sheet for calculating areas of large parcels, eg, 1:50,000 or 1: 100,000 scales. a sheet for calculating areas of small parcels, eg, 1: 500, 1: 1,000 or 1:2,000 scales.
If calculating areas of large parcels conversion values for scales of 1:5,000 to 1:1,000,000 can be applied as indicated in the conversion table below. Page 6 of 12
Useful Scale Conversions for large Areas
Scale 1 cm on Map 1 cm 2 on Map 1 km on Map 1:5,000 50m 0.0025 km 2 = 0.25 ha 20 cm
1:10,000 100m 0.010 km 2 = 1.00 ha 10 cm
1:25,000 250m 0.0625 km 2 = 6.25 ha 4 cm
1:50,000 500m 0.25 km 2 = 25.00 ha 2 cm
1:100,000 1 km 1 km 2 = 100 ha 1cm
1:200,000 2 km 4 km 2 = 400 ha 5 mm
1:500,000 5 km 25 km 2 = 2500 ha 2 mm
1:1,000,000 10 km 100 km 2 = 10,000 ha 1 mm
If calculating areas of small parcels, for example, family agricultural plots, an overlay sheet with conversion Values for scales from 1:5,000 to 1: 500 can be used as indicated in the conversion table below.
Useful Scale Conversions for Small Areas
Scale 1 Square 1 Dot 1:500 16m 2 4m 2
1:1,000 64m 2 16m. 2
1:1,250 100m 2 25m 2
1:1,500 144m 2 36m 2 1:2,000 256m 2 64m 2
1:2,500 400m 2 100m 2
11:5,000 1600m 2 400 m 2
Examples of overlay sheets suitable for calculating areas of large and small land parcels are shown below.
Subdivision
By subdividing the parcel on the map into smaller units, for instance triangles and squares, the smaller figures can be measured by ruler and the area calculated. This method should be used as a check only.
Examples of area calculating methods for triangles, rectangles and squares are presented below. Page 7 of 12
Triangles
4. Methods for Reduction and Enlargement of Maps
The need to enlarge or reduce the scale of a map occurs both as a separate operation and as a step in transferring old data to a new map. It can be done by reproduction methods, by use of a pantograph or by a pair of dividers and a ruler.
Generally it is easier and more accurate to reduce the scale than to enlarge it, as in the enlarging process errors are enlarged too. Therefore, the cartographic rule is to start working at the largest scale that is to believed to be of interest -the concept-scale. At a later stage the drawing may be reproduced to suitable smaller scales.
Changing scale manually
If a figure consists of a few points only which are to be reduced or enlarged, the operation can be done manually in a geometric way. First of all a suitably situated central point has to be selected. It can-be' either on the outline of the figure (fig. a), or inside (fig. B) or outside (fig. C) the figure. Page 8 of 12
Projection lines are drawn from the central point to all the other points. The distances are measured and reduced to the smaller scale or enlarged to the larger scale. Then the reduced or enlarged distances are set off along the projection lines from the central point. The new points are connected in order to obtain the reduced or enlarged figure. Check that corresponding lines are parallel on the original figure and the new one.
The pantograph
The manual method is not very efficient for curved lines or irregular figures or for a great number of points. In such cases the pantograph is preferred both in the office and in the field.
The principle of the pantograph is based on the parallelogram.
Figure. The pantograph
Enlargement by pantograph
There are two methods depending on the type of instrument available.
1. To enlarge from a scale of 1: 100,000 to 1: 50,000 using the percent method apply the following formula to establish the pantograph arm position:
K =
M1 = 100,000 M2 = 50,000 Page 9 of 12
where K - Constant coefficient M1 - Base map scale M2 - Desired map scale
Example 1: Enlarge to 1:50,000 - (using % method)
; 2 x 100% = 200% = 12 (position 12 on pantograph arm)
2. To enlarge from a scale of 1:100,000 to 1:25,000 using the ratio method the pantograph arm position is established as follows
Example 2: Enlarge to 1: 25,000 - (using the ratio method)
(position 4 on pantograph arm)
The instructions and ratios for the C-THRU pantograph are shown on the page below.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF THE PANTOGRAPH
ENLARGING AND REDUCING RATIOS
POSITION ENLARGING RATIO (1) REDUCING RATIO (2) Fractional Decimal Fractional Decimal 1 1 1.125 8 0,889 1 /8 1 /8 /9 1 1 1.167 6 0,857 1 /6 1 /6 /7 1 1 1.200 5 0,833 1 /5 1 /5 /6 1 1 1.250 4 0,800 1 /4 1 /4 /5 1 1 1.333 3 0,750 1 /3 1 /3 /4 2 2 1.400 5 0,714 1 /5 1 /5 /7 1 1 1.500 2 0,667 1 /2 1 /2 /3 3 3 1.600 5 0,625 1 /5 1 /5 /8 2 2 1.667 3 0,600 1 /3 1 /3 /5 3 3 1.750 4 0,571 1 /4 1 /4 /7 7 7 1.875 8 0,533 1 /8 1 /8 /15 2 2 2000 0,500 Page 10 of 12
1 /2 1 1 2.125 8 0,471 2 /8 2 /8 /17 1 1 2.250 4 0,444 2 /4 2 /4 /9 1 1 2.500 2 0,400 2 /2 2 /2 /5 3 3 2.750 4 0,364 2 /4 2 /4 /11 3 3 3000 1 0,333 /3 1 1 3.250 4 0,308 3 /4 3 /4 /13 1 1 3500 2 0,286 3 /2 3 /2 /7 4 4 4000 1 0,250 /4 1 1 4500 2 0,222 4 /2 4 /2 /9 5 5 5000 1 0,200 /5 6 6 6000 1 0,167 /6 7 7 7000 1 0,143 /7 8 8 8000 1 0,125 /8
(1) Original to be enlarged is Placed in center position – Picture drawn in right-hand position.
(2) Original 10 be reduced is Placed in right -hand Position – Picture drawn in center position. Page 11 of 12
C-THRU The C-THRU Ruler company 6 Britton Drive.Box 356. Bloomheld. CT 06002. (203) 243-0303. FAX: 203-243-1856
Pantographs are designed for convenient enlarging or reducing of drawings, pictures, or 1 photographs. The Pantograph. offers 25 fixed enlarging ratios of 1 /8 to 8 times and fixed 8 1 reducing ratios of /9 to /8
FIGURE 1. Page 12 of 12
Figure 1 shows Pantograph as supplied ready to enlarge original which is placed under tracing point. NOTE: For reduction it the Is necessary to reverse the positions of the tracing point (B) and lead holder (C).
PARTS
(A) Pivot Shoo – To mount Pantograph on working surface
(B) Tracing Point – To trace original.
(C) Land Holder – To draw picture (Lead must be inserted in lead holder and must be held in contact with blank drawing paper).
(D) Balancing Pin – Must be on working surface.
(E) Ratio Screws (2 supplied) – Used to set desired ratio of enlarging or reduction.
(F) Pantograph Bars (4)- Assemble as shown in Figure 1.
(G) Tacks (2) – Used to attach pivot shoe to working surface.
(H) Lead – Inserted into lead holder to draw picture.
NOTE: Both original and blank drawing paper must be securely attached to drawing surface to prevent any movement.
It may be necessary to reposition the Pantograph to complete the copying of large originals.
HOW TO ENLARGE
Make sure that the Pantograph is correctly assembled as supplied and is as shown in the Figure 1. Place original to be enlarged in the center position under tracing point (B) and blank drawing paper in right-hand position under lead holder (C). Select desired ratio of 1 enlargement (1 /8 - 8) from table. Make sure that both of the ratio screws (E) are se[ at the same point on each of the two bars being joined by each ratio screw (E).
1 1 EXAMPLE: To enlarge an original 2 /4 times, place ratio screws (E) in the "2 /4" position. Trace original with tracing point (B) while lead holder (C), with lead inserted, is held in contact with blank drawing paper.
HOW TO REDUCE
Reverse the positions of the tracing point (B) and lead holder (C). Place original to be reduced in the right-hand position under the tracing point and the blank drawing paper in 8 1 the center position under lead holder. Select desired ratio of reduction ( /9- /8) from Table. See ratio screws (E) as in the case for enlarging. Page 1 of 5
LAND USE PLANNING SUB -PROJECT PARTICIPATORY LAND USE PLANNING AND LAND ALLOCATION MANUAL
TOPIC 9: LAND USE TRANSFER FORMS
Introduction
The land use transfer form and contract form presented in this booklet relate to the allocation of agricultural land to farm families. The documents have been adapted from the forms developed by staff implementing land allocation programs in Sayabouly Province.
When the processes in LUP and LA have been completed, the right to use agricultural land is transferred to the family being allocated the land. This is effected by the issue of a Temporary Transfer of Land Use Form which entities the family to use the land for a period of three years.
The Temporary Transfer of Land Use form is accompanied by a Land Use Contract which outlines the conditions for land management. It is debatable if a contract will ensure appropriate land management by the families allocated land, and therefore the forms indicate that families may nominate land use options (instead of contracted targets) based on land slope. Options for various slope classes are indicated on the contract form.
A Land Parcel Map Form is prepared after the parcel has been measured. The parcel is drawn onto the form using the field survey data. Depending on the size of the parcel, the map will be drawn at a scale of 1:500, 1: 1,000 or 1:2,000 in order that it fits neatly onto the A4 size form. Noted on the Land Parcel Map Form are the following details:
Plot number Location and particulars of adjoining land for identification purposes The name of the land user and spouse Approximate land slope Direction of slope Soil Condition Current crop planted or land use Next year's crop or land use
The Land Parcel Map is attached to the Transfer and Contract documents when the land is transferred to families.
Examples of a Temporary Land Use Transfer Form, a Contract Form and a Land Parcel Map Form are provided below.
Lao People's Democratic Republic Peace Independence Democracy Unity Prosperity
------
……………..Province No...... / Page 2 of 5
……………..District
Forest and Agricultural Land Allocation Committee
TEMPORARY LAND USE TRANSFER FORM
Based on the policy of the Party and the Government on the allocation of land and forest for use by families, Based on the directives on the procedures for the allocation of land and forest ...... ……………………
The Forest and Agricultural Land Allocation Committee of ...... District ...... Province
Agrees to grant the night to manage and use land ...... ………......
To the family of Mr ...... Age ...... Years
Name of spouse ...... Age ...... years, occupation ...... …………......
Presently domiciled at Unit ...... Village ...... District
As proposed by the said person for the use of land from the District Forest and Agricultural Land Allocation Committee on the date of ...... as follows:
Area North South East West Land Use or No. Location Next to Distance Next to Distance Next to Distance Next to Distance Crop Option 1
2
3
4
5
Total
Therefore, this temporary transfer of land use right is issued as evidence.
Remarks:
Detailed sketch maps of each portion of land transferred is included on the back of this document. The Temporary Transfer of Land Use Right document is produced in 3 copies:
1 copy is retained by the person granted the land use right.
1 copy is retained by the village head.
1 copy is retained by the District Agriculture and Forestry Office.
The Temporary Transfer of Land Use Right document is effective for a period of 3 years from the day it is signed.
Signed and Acknowledged Transferee District Forest and Page 3 of 5
Agricultural by the Village Chief Land Allocation Committee. 1...... 2...... 3......
Lao People's Democratic Republic Peace Independence Democracy Unity Prosperity
------
……………..Province No...... / ……………..District ……………..Office
LAND USE CONTRACT
Based on the policy guidelines of the Party and the State on the allocation of land for production, management and sustainable use by families. Based on the work directives in the allocation of village, district and provincial land and forest to families for management and sustainable use. Pursuant to the proposal for the right to manage and use land by Mr ………...... domiciled at Unit ...... No ...... of ...... Village ………… ...... District, ...... Province, whose family includes ....……. members and ...... labour units.
The District Agriculture and Forestry Office representing the State has surveyed and measured the production areas of the proposer on the date of ...... The said land has an area of ...... hectares, meeting the standards and conditions for production the details of which are included in the Temporary Transfer of Land Use Form No ...... DAF, dated ......
Both parties have agreed to enter this Contract on the Management and Use of Land as follows:
The ...... District Agriculture and Forestry Office, hereinafter called the State. The farming family hereinafter called the person receiving the right to manage and use land.
Both parties have agreed to manage and use the land as follows
Article 1 : The State acknowledges the proposer's right to manage and use the said land in accordance with the laws and regulations on the management and use of forest and agricultural land.
Article 2 : The State (District ) shall monitor the use of each piece of land every year, and the person receiving the right to use the land shall use the land in accordance with the following land use management conditions described in Articles 3 and 4.
Article 3 : The person receiving the right for the contracted management and use of land shall every year undertake production in at least one piece of land, using sustainable conservation practices. Page 4 of 5
Article 4 : Land which has been allocated can not be sold, If a person sells allocated land, the person will be fined, the amount depending on relevant land use rules,
Article 5 : The land managing and using party shall clear and use the land only within the allocated and measured areas.
Article 6 : If the land managing and using party falls to perform as provided for in Articles 3 and 4, the District Agriculture and Forestry Office shall fine the party as follows :
1st offence: a fine of 5,000 Kip. 2nd offence a fine of 10,000 Kip. 3rd offence a fine of 15,000 Kip and the forfeiture of the temporary land management and use right.
Article 7 : In addition to the above conditions in Article 3, 4 and 5, the District recommends that the person receiving the right to use and manage the land should apply sustainable land use options appropriate to slope zones as follows :
0 - 12% Paddy, terraced paddy, pasture (for livestock), fish ponds, short and long term fruit trees and tree crops, and commercial field crops with conservation measures and practices. 13 - 36% Terraced paddy, short and long term fruit trees, commercial value trees, tree crops, and field crops with conservation measures and practices. 37 -45% Commercial value trees, tree crops and field crops if necessary with conservation measures and practices. > 45% Commercial trees and conservation of natural forest.
Article 8: This contract is effective from the day it is signed until further modification
At ...... Date ...... 199..
...... District Agriculture and Forestry Receiver of the right to use Office land Family of Mr ...... (Representing the State) Signature Signed and Stamped
Acknowledged and certified by the Village Head Signed and Stamped
Land Parcel Map Form
Plot No ...... ……………. Village ...... ……...... Unit ...... District ...... Location ...... ……………. Family Head ...... Age ...... Page 5 of 5
Slope (%) ...... ……………. Spouse ...... …. Age ...... Slope Direction ...... ………….. North-Next to .....…….. Boundary length Soil Type ...... ………….. South-Next to ...... Boundary length Land Use or Crop Planted ...... West-Next to .....…...... Boundary length ……….. Land Use or Crop Next Year ...... East-Next to ...... …...... Boundary length ...... ………..
Scale: (Tick) Date of 1: 500 Area (ha) Measurement ...... 1: 1,000 Area (ha) Name of Surveyor ...... 1: 2,000 Area (ha) Page 1 of 12
LAND USE PLANNING SUB -PROJECT PARTICIPATORY LAND USE PLANNING AND LAND ALLOCATION MANUAL
TOPIC 10: VILLAGE FOREST AND AGRICULTURAL LAND MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT
Introduction
The preparation of village agreements was first attempted at Ban Nam Thap in July 1995. The method for preparing agreements has been improved and modified during LUP and LA exercises in each of the twelve target villages completed in 1996 and 1997. The agreement is prepared in consultation with the village Forest and Agricultural Land Allocation Committee and the community. Four discussion sessions are usually required to draft the document and have it endorsed by a general meeting of representatives from all families in the village. The aim is to develop awareness about the rights and responsibilities of the villagers regarding forest and agricultural land transferred or allocated to the community and families. The agreement is acknowledged by the District.
The example below is for Vang Kanan village in Laongam District of Salavane Province.
VANG KHANAN VILLAGE AGREEMENT FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF FOREST AND AGRICULTURAL LAND
Lao People's Democratic Republic Peace Independence Democracy Unity Prosperity
Province: Salavane District: Laongam Village: Vang Khanan
In view of the aim to properly manage and use forest and agricultural land in compliance with the provisions on the management and use of forest and agricultural land at the district, provincial and central levels, and for the purpose of preserving the forests and the people's living conditions, a forest and agricultural land use planning and land allocation committee was formed in Vang Khanan village.
1. Relevant Decrees and Provisions for Committee Work.
1. The Forestry Law, November 1996
2. Decree 169/PM dated 3/11/1993 on the management and use of forests and forest land.
3. Decree 186/PM dated 12/10/1994 on the allocation of land and forests for forest plantations and preservation.
4. Decree 22/CCM on the management and use of agricultural land in the Lao PDR Page 2 of 12
5. Decree 99/PM dated 16/12/1993 on land.
6. Provision No. 0429/AF dated 18/6/1992 on the tasks and rights in the management of forest resources at the village level.
7. Decree 50 ...... regarding land taxation.
8. Vang Khanan village rules and agreements relating to forest and agricultural land use and management.
9. (a future management plan for the conservation forest in Vang Khanan?)
2. The Committee is Composed of the Following Members:
1. Mr Bounmee, Village Head: Chairman 2. Mr Lap, Deputy Village Head: Member 3 . Mr Samlee, Village Soldier: Member 4. Mr Pfong, Deputy Village Head: Member 5. Mr Kham-on, Village Elder: Member 6. Mrs. Jantar, Women's Union Rep./Forest Volunteer: Member 7. Mr Xay, Village Policeman[Forest Volunteer: Member 8. Mr Poovee, Village Youth Representative: Member
3. Roles and Responsibilities of the Committee
1. Disseminate regulations and principles on the management and use of forest and agricultural land to farmers in the village.
2. Study, consult and solve villagers concerns on the use of forest and agricultural land within the boundaries of the village.
3. Jointly with farmers establish sustainable participatory forest and agricultural land management and use regulations.
4. Direct and control the implementation of village regulations and decrees and regulations from higher authorities regarding forest and agricultural land.
4. Location of Ban Vang Khanan
Ban Vang Khanan is located in the northwest of Laongam District, about 26 Km from Laongam town. It is adjacent to the District borders of Ba Chiang District of Champasak Province and Khongxedon District of Salavane Province. The northern part of the village area extends into the declared Provincial Reserve Forest of Ban Nase. Vang Khanan is bordered by 3 villages:
Ban Nase to the north and east
Ban Song Hong Noy to tile South
Ban Na-om to the west
5. Particulars of Village Forest Categories and Agricultural Land Page 3 of 12
Total Village Area: 606.8 ha
1. a)Conservation Forest Within the Village Boundary: 80.5 ha b) Conservation Forest Buffer Zone: Protection Forest: 7.80 ha
2. Kham Ga Ho Water Source Forest: 3.00 ha (within Con. Forest)
3. Village Reserve Forest and Sacred Forest: Conservation Forest: 23.4 ha
4. Old Village Area: Conservation and Production Forest: 7 ha
5. Phun Stream Buffer Forest: Protection Forest: 25.70 ha
6. Village Utilisation Forest: Production Forest: 50.20 ha
7. Village Agricultural Zone: paddy land, upland fields, reserve land: 394.6 ha
8. Other Land including the village, streams, roads and tracks: 67.75 ha
6. Forest and Agricultural Land Management
Forests and forest lands constitute live natural resources and include crops, various tree species growing naturally, the existence of which is necessary for the preservation of the environment including, water resources, land, animals and forest, and for the livelihood of the village people. For the effective and sustainable management of the forest areas and the agricultural lands within the village boundary the following agreements and rules have been prepared by the village land use planing and land allocation committee and the community. These agreements and rules shall be respected and implemented by the community.
6.1 Management and Use of Forest Land
6.1.1 The Conservation Forest Area Within the Village Boundary - 80.50 ha
The reserve forest area has two management areas; the reserve forest and the protection buffer zone which separates the reserve forest from the agricultural zone. a) The Reserve or Conservation Forest
Farming of annual crops by any persons in the forest area is not permitted. It is forbidden for people to cut trees for any purpose in this forest. It is forbidden to hunt any animals in this forest. Fishing is allowed using natural fishing methods. The use of chemicals and bombs for fishing is forbidden. Lighting fires in the forest is forbidden. The collection of various forest products for household use is permitted. These include: mushrooms, native fruits, "yort bun", cardamom, herbs, greens, climbers, rattan and others. The sale of forest products is not permitted. b) The Buffer Strip for the Reserve or Conservation Forest - 7.80 ha
A buffer strip ( khet ponkarn scum tor) has been delineated between the boundary of the conservation forest and the agricultural zone. The buffer strip is 50 meters wide and is to protect the forest area from further encroachment. Page 4 of 12
The cultivation of annual crops is not permitted, except areas which have already been prepared for planting this year. These areas can be farmed this year only. The land in the buffer area will be used to plant permanent crops from which villagers can derive benefit, eg, cardamom, bananas and non-wood trees, which can be grown among the regenerating vegetation. The area is community managed land but individuals who plant economic crops in the buffer strip area are entitled to harvest the products. To delineate the buffer area marker posts will be placed along the buffer zone line every 100 meters and red painted sign boards will be placed at intervals of 300 meters.
6.1.2 The Kham Go Ho Water Source Protection Forest - 3 ha
(this area lies within the Conservation Forest Zone)
It is forbidden to cut trees and light fires within 50 meters of the remaining forest surrounding the water "spring". Families who have farming land in the buffer area surrounding the protection forest Will have to stop farming in the area and the LUP and LA committee will have the responsibility of allocating other land elsewhere in the agricultural zone. The collection of forest products for household use is permitted.
6.1.3 The Village Conservation Forest and Sacred Forest (23.40 ha)
The felling of trees is not allowed. Lighting fires is prohibited. Wild animals can not be hunted. Forest product collection is permitted, including: mushrooms, cardamom, forest vegetables, bamboo shoots etc. Bamboo can be cut for household purposes, but at a respectable distance from the sacred forest portion of the forest. Fishing is permitted using natural methods; the use of chemicals and bombs is not permitted. It is forbidden to shout or make other loud noises in this forest particularly in close proximity to the sacred forest portion.
6.1.4 The Old Village Site - 7 ha
It is forbidden to cultivate gardens or upland fields in this area. The products of fruit trees previously planted by individuals in the old village site remain the property of the person who planted the trees. Within the old Buddist precinct (religious area) all people in the village have the right to gather fruits, but they are forbidden to deface the area in any way. Slashing around trees to maintain them is permitted but burning fires to control grass and other vegetation is not permitted. The site is preserved as a location for leisure, recreation and other community events (a village park), except for the religious area and the family fruit tree locations.
6.1.5 The Phun Stream Protection Forest -25.70 ha
In sections along the stream where the natural forest is still undisturbed, the forest will be maintained to a distance of 50 meters from the stream banks. No new cultivated areas are permitted within the 50 meter protection zone. In cases where families have cultivated fields down to the banks of the stream, the owner is permitted to maintain the farming land but it is recommended that the farmer Page 5 of 12
should plant crops which are environmentally friendly such as bananas, bamboo, trees, fruit trees etc. to limit the amount of soil erosion into the stream. The construction of fish ponds near the banks of the stream is permitted (provided they do not interfere with the stream flow). Fishing from the stream using natural methods is permitted. The use of chemicals of bombs for fishing is forbidden. Villagers are not permitted to stop the flow of the stream with man-made dams, or block off branches of the stream to catch fish. The collection of forest products (as described for other forest areas) is permitted in the protection zone.
6.1.6 Village Utilisation or Production Forest- 52.20 ha
It is forbidden to light fires in sections of undisturbed forest in the village utilisation forest area. Farmers who have upland farming fields within the area are permitted to maintain them and to continue cultivating crops provided they contain burning within the areas of farmed land. The development of paddy fields is permitted in the utilisation forest. It is permitted to cut trees for house construction, but permission must be sought from the LUP and LA Committee, Village Committee and District if the quantity of wood requested is a "larger" quantity. Fuel wood and forest products can be gathered from the utilisation forest. It is not permissible to cut and sell trees from the utilisation forest.
6.2 The Management and Use of Agricultural Land
Agricultural land refers to the agro -forestry production land which has been surveyed, measured and allocated to families for management and use in agricultural and industrial tree production such as: rice paddy field development, upland field crop cultivation, fruit tree orchards, (both short term and long term), fish ponds, livestock and other commercial crop cultivation. It also refers to other land within the delineated agricultural zone which has not been claimed or measured. This other land is referred to as spare or reserve agricultural land .
The Vang Khanan village agricultural land is all the land within the village boundary which has not been delineated as forest category land of one type or another, or land of other classes such as roads or streams etc. Details may be found on the village forest and agricultural land category map.
The total village agricultural production land area is approximately 394.60 ha, comprising:
Existing rice paddy fields: 9.5 ha
Potential paddy field areas : ??? ha
Measured and allocated upland fields : 392. ha and 140 plots
Reserve agricultural land for future allocation : ??? ha
6.2.1 Allocated Land
With regard to the use of agricultural land allocated, all persons managing and using land shall abide by the regulations on the management and use of land as agreed on 18/5/1997 Page 6 of 12
as follows
a. It is strictly forbidden to clear or develop further areas outside the measured fields allocated to each family.
b. It is strictly forbidden to cultivate other upland fields and orchards outside the measured and allocated areas for each family.
c. Each family shall ensure during annual field burning, that fires are controlled strictly so that they do not spread to adjoining fields and the forests.
d. Before slashing the fields each year, each family shall report to the village PLUMP committee 15 days in advance to facilitate control and monitoring.
e. Allocated land can not be sold. If land is developed as paddy fields and not used for more than two years, it can be withdrawn and re-allocated to another person.
f. If a person from another village wishes to settle in the village and use agricultural land within the village area the person has to get approval from the village land live planning and land allocation committee and the district administration.
g. Persons or settlements of people who have been allocated agricultural land within the village boundary, must follow the conditions and rules for land use as contained in the Vang Khanan village agreement for the management of forest and agricultural land.
6.2.2 Reserve Agricultural Land
The reserve agricultural land which has not been allocated to families is to be preserved to provide land specifically for new families and those wishing to cultivate crops for income generation in the future.
Persons or families wishing to be allocated land from the reserved agricultural land area of ??? ha, must make requests to the village LUP and LA Committee and the Village Head for consideration. If the request is approved at village level, it will then be referred to the District LUP and LA Committee (or representatives) for consideration. The District representatives will then inspect the land requested and if there are no objections, will approve the allocation of the land. Such land will then be measured, allocated and registered following normal procedures.
6.2.3 Recommendations on The Use Of Agricultural Land
With the aim of ensuring the sustainable and efficient use of allocated land to secure the future living conditions of the families, to preserve the environment, protect the various types of forest within the boundaries of the village from encroachment by slash and bum practices by the villagers, (and other villages), appropriate agricultural land use methods and conservation measures are required. The following land use options based on slope zones are therefore recommended
0 - 12% (Flat or gently sloping land -din pieng le din mee la sun noy niung)
Paddy, terraced paddy, pasture (for livestock), fish ponds, short and long term fruit trees and tree crops, and commercial field crops with conservation measures and practices.
Note: Most of the land in Vang Khanan is within this slope zone Page 7 of 12
13 - 36 % (Land with moderate to fairly steep slopes - din men nern le mee la sun)
Terraced paddy, short and long term fruit trees, commercial value trees, tree crops, and field crops with conservation measures and practices.
37 - 45% (Land with steep slopes - din mee la sun lai)
Commercial value trees, tree crops and field crops if necessary with conservation measures and practices.
7. Management of Paddy Fields, Natural Ponds and Small Streams
The obstruction or blocking of small waterways and the use of fish traps in small drains and waterways is not allowed during the period of the first few rain storms when fish are migrating to ponds and paddy fields to breed. Villagers are not allowed to catch and consume infant frogs (frogs which can not jump).
8. Management and Use of Water
8.1 Well Water
Bathing is not allowed near the village drinking water wells. Rubbish and dead animals can not be deposited in the village drinking water wells.
8.2 Stream Water
It is forbidden to slaughter or clean domestic animals in the main streams, ie, Huay Pune). It is forbidden to disturb or make dirty or muddy stream water to catch fish. The water flow in the main streams can not be interrupted to catch fish.
9. Management of Domestic Livestock
All large animals such as elephants, horses, cattle and buffaloes can free range during the day and night during the dry season only. Small goats can free range but big animals must be tethered or penned at all times. In the wet seas on pigs should be penned and hand fed. In the dry season they can free range. If a person wishes to sell a large animal he or she has to pay a selling fee of K2,000 per animal to the village committee.,
10. Manage of Crops
The owners of vegetable gardens have the responsibility to fence the gardens. If an animal destroys or damages crops in the wet season the owner of the animal has to take responsibility. Persons who wish to harvest products of another person have to get permission from the owner before harvesting the products.
11. Sanctions Against Transgressors of the Above Agreements and Rules
In case the above and other rules are transgressed for which these agreements do not provide any sanction, the matter will be handed over to the Forest and Agricultural Land Management and Use Committee in co-ordination with the Village Head for examination, Page 8 of 12
consideration, proceedings and punishment of the offender in accordance with the gravity of the offence. If necessary, and if no solution or agreement can be reached, the matter shall be submitted to the District Office for examination and decision.
Any offence committed within the village shall be subject to these regulations, or if not provided for herein, shall be reported by the Committee and the Village Head to the appropriate and relevant Organisation for information and consideration.
The following sanctions will apply to people who transgress the village agreement and rules.
11.1 The Conservation Forest Area and Buffer Strip a) The Conservation Forest Area
If any Vang Khanan person clears land, fells trees, lights fires or hunts wild animals in this area, the person will be fined as follows:
First Offence K 50,000 Second Offence K 100,000 Third Offence K 150,000 and then the committee has to report the offence and send the offender to the District Administration for a decision on any other action which is considered necessary,
If a person from outside Vang Khanan clears land, falls trees, lights fires or hunts wild animals in the reserve forest area he/she will be fined as follows-.
First Offence K 100,000 Second Offence K150,000 and then the committee has to report the offence and send the offender to the District Administration for a decision on any other action which is considered necessary, b) The Buffer Zone Area
If a Vang Khanan person or a person from outside the village clears land or lights fires in the buffer zone along the boundary of the reserve forest the person will be fined as follows:
First Offence K10,000 Second Offence K20,000 Third Offence K30,000 and then the committee has to report the offence and send the offender to the District Administration for a decision on any other action which is considered necessary.
If a Vang Khanan person or a person from outside the village clears land or lights fires in both the buffer zone and the reserve forest the person will be fined for both offences at the rates indicated above.
11.2 The Kham Go Ho Water Source Protection Area.
If a person from Vang Khanan village cuts trees, lights fires or cultivates upland fields in the protection area or the 50 meter buffer zone surrounding the protected area the person will be fined as follows: Page 9 of 12
In the Protection Area.
First Offence K 50,000 Second Offence K100,000 Third Offence K150,000 and then the committee has to report the offence and send the offender to the District Administration for a decision on any other action which is considered necessary.
In the Buffer Area Surrounding the Protection Area.
First Offence K10,000 Second Offence K20,000 Third Offence K30,000 and then the committee has to report the offence and send the offender to the District Administration for a decision on any other action which is considered necessary.
11.3 The Village Conservation Forest and The Sacred Forest Area
If any Vang Khanan or outside person fells trees, lights fires, hunts wild animals or shouts or makes loud noises in or near the sacred area or cuts bamboo in the sacred area the person shall be fined as follows:
The Sacred Forest Area
For Each and Every K50,000 Offence
The Reserve Forest Area
First Offence K 50,000 Second Offence K 100,000 Third Offence K 150,000 and then report the offence to the District Administration and also banish the person from the village.
11.4 The Old Village Area
The villagers do not think that penalties are necessary except for offences concerning fruit trees. (Refer to penalties under the agricultural zone)
11.5 The Phun Stream Protection Forest
If any person cuts trees, lights fires, or cultivates annual crops in the areas where the forest is undisturbed the person will be fined as follows:
First Offence K 50,000 Second Offence K 100,000 Third Offence K150,000
11.6 The Village Utilisation Forest Page 10 of 12
If any person fells trees and saws them for house construction before they have permission, the Committee will confiscate the wood and fine the person K30,000 for each tree felled.'
If any person gets permission to cut and saw a tree for house construction but the person cuts, saws and disposes of the tree for profit without good reason, the person will be fined the full value of the wood sold.
If a person clears land for farming without permission the person will be fined as follows:
First Offence K 50,000
Second K100,000 Offence Third Offence K150,000
If a person lights fires in areas within the use forest without permission, except for areas which are being farmed on allocated land, the person will be fined as follows:
First Offence K30,000
Second K60,000 Offence Third Offence K90,000
11.7 The Agricultural Zone.
If a person either expands cultivation beyond the measured borders of allocated land, or cultivates a plot which the person has not been allocated the person will be fined as follows:
First Offence K30,000 Second K60,000 Offence Third Offence K90,000
If a person is responsible for lighting a fire which spreads to adjoining agricultural fields or to reserved agricultural land, the person will be fines as follows:
First offence K10,000 Second Offence K20,000 Third Offence K30,000
If any person steals agricultural produce or small animals they will be fined twice the value of the product or animal stolen. Page 11 of 12
11.8 Water Use and Management
11.8.1 Water wells
If a person bathes in or dirties drinking wells or pollutes the well with rubbish or dead animals the person will be penalised as follows:
First and Second Offences Warning Third Offence A fine of K5,000
11.8.2 Streams.
If a person pollutes stream water with dead animals, disturbs and dirties the water or obstructs the water flow the person will be fined as follows:
First Offence Warning and educating
Second Offence K10,000
Third Offence K20,000
11.8.3 Paddy Fields, Natural Ponds and Small Streams.
If a person obstructs the flow of rainwater to the fish breeding grounds at the beginning of the wet season, or if they catch small frogs which are not able to jump, the person will be fined as follows:
First Offence Warning and educating Second Offence K10,000 Third offence K 20,000
11.9 Domestic Livestock Management.
If an owner allows large domestic animals to free range (does not pen or tether the animals) during the wet season and an animal causes damage or destruction to farm products, the person will pay to the produce owner twice the value of the produce which was damaged or destroyed.
If an owner of large goats does not pen or tether the animals and an animal causes damage or destruction to farm products in any season, the owner will pay the produce owner twice the value of the product damaged or destroyed.
12. Changes to This Agreement and Rules.
The agreements and rules contained in this Village Forest and Agricultural Land Management Agreement can be changed by the Village Committee and the community should it be necessary due to changed circumstances or conditions.
Acknowledged by the Ban Vang Khanan Village Forest and Page 12 of 12
District Land and Village Head Agricultural Land Forest Allocation Management and Use Committee. Committee. ------
Signature Signature ------Signatures Page 1 of 4
LAND USE PLANNING SUB -PROJECT PARTICIPATORY LAND USE PLANNING AND LAND ALLOCATION MANUAL
TOPIC 11: LAND USE OPTIONS AND APPROACHES TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE LAND USE
Introduction
Sustainable land management is an important issue involved in LUP and LA. It is receiving insufficient attention during the implementation of LA programs. It has been observed that the upland rain-fed area of land being allocated to families is usually considerably less than the area which they have been accustomed to using in their shifting cultivation system. Problems with declining soil fertility and crop yields will soon start to emerge. It is therefore necessary to incorporate land and soil conservation measures in the LUP and LA activity.
Similarly it is necessary to, focus extension activity on these activities following land allocation. (These comments relate to the more mountainous terrain; and may not necessarily apply in areas which are paddy land dependent). The sub-program has started to draw attention to sustainable land use during field exercises, both with staff and villagers. This manual contains comments on approaches for sustainable land use of forest and agricultural lands and examples of proposed land use options for farmers on agricultural land.
AGRICULTURAL LAND USE OPTIONS
Introduction
The appropriate use of agricultural land can be addressed by introducing farmers to land use options for land of different slope characteristics. Conservation of the soil can be addressed by introducing farmers to improved farming practices including, a) soil conservation measures and, b) conservation crop husbandry practices.
A) Land Use Options
Land use options are a range of cropping or livestock activities which are appropriate to various land slope classes or zones. The principle followed is that the less steep the land slope the greater the range of options. As the slope increases the number of options decreases because some cause excessive degradation of the land. This is due to the methods which have to be used to grow crops, eg, growing field crops on steep land is not appropriate because it is necessary to cultivate (or disturb) the soil substantially which results in severe soil erosion. Crops which do not require the soil to be cultivated excessively, eg, fruit trees, are a more appropriate option because the planting method causes less soil erosion.
The following set of land use options is proposed:
Slope Range Land Use Options Page 2 of 4
0 -12% Paddy, terraced paddy, pasture (for livestock), fish ponds, short and long term fruit trees and tree crops and commercial, field crops with conservation measures and practices. 13 - 36 % Terraced paddy, short and long term fruit trees, commercial value trees, tree crops, commercial field crops with conservation measures and practices. 37 -45% Commercial value trees, tree crops and field crops if necessary with conservation measures and practices. > 45 % Commercial trees and conservation of natural forest.
B) Conservation Measures and Conservation Cropping Practices
1. Conservation measures are modifications or structures made on the land to impede the flow of rain water from the land surface. This reduces the amount of water which runs off the land and at the same time reduces the amount of top soil which is transported down the slope. This means that water permeation into the soil increases and the rate of soil erosion is reduced.
Examples of conservation measures are contour bunds, shallow contour ditches, bench terraces, vegetative contour strips and contour ploughing or cultivation. Contour bunds and bench terraces require large labour inputs to construct and maintain and are more expensive; shallow contour ditches and vegetative strips can be constructed or established with smaller amounts of labour and are less expensive. They therefore are the more appropriate measures for villagers with very limited resources and finance.
Conservation measures should be applied on any land which is to be planted to field crops because the soil is most vunerable to erosion when such crops are planted. Field crops include com, legumes, hill rice, chillies etc. It is also desirable to apply these measures in combination with short term and permanent tree crops because soil erosion is reduced in the tree crop establishment period and soil moisture availability is increased to the trees,
The recommended conservation measures for target villages are:
1. Shallow contoured ditches (hand constructed) 2. Shallow contoured ditches planted to short term cash crops (eg, pineapples) 3. Shallow contour ditches in combination with leguminous hedge rows (eg, pidgeon pea and leucaena). 4. Shallow contour ditches and vetiver grass strips.
The recommended conservation cropping practices for target villages -ire:
1. Contour row planting of field crops between contour strips and shallow ditches.
2. Contour planting of short term and long term fruit trees between contour strips and shallow ditches.
3. The introduction of legume crops to the cropping system and the planting of legume crops in rotation with hill rice and other non-leguminous field crops,
4. Discontinuation of burning of crop residues and maintaining soil cover with crop residues to increase the quantity of organic matter in the soil.
5. Limiting the amount of soil disturbance when preparing land for planting crops. Page 3 of 4
6. Applying animal manure or fertilizer (if affordable) to increase plant growth, plant dry matter and organic matter.
Note: It is not suggested that all of these measures and practices be attempted at any one farm site. Measures and practices have to be selected depending on the characteristics of the land and the resources and capability of each farmer.
C) Approaches and Methods to Address Sustainable Land Use
1. FOR FOREST LANDS
1.1 Form a village participatory land use planning and management committee which can take the responsibility for management of forest lands.
1.2 Define the village boundary and the village management area so that villagers are clear about their land use rights and responsibilities.
1.3 Define forest categories and land use zones so that the community can manage the forest lands according to the land and forest regulations, eg, protection, conservation, production, village use, reserve etc.
1.4 Map the village boundary and forest categories so that the villagers increase awareness about the locations of the forest categories and land uses.
1.5 Prepare with the villagers a village forest and agricultural land management agreement which outlines how the various land use zones will be managed. Have the. agreement acknowledged by the District.
1.6 Develop management plans for the village forest categories with the LUP and LA committee and the community.
1.7 Implement, monitor and improve the village forest management plans annually.
2. FOR AGRICULTURAL LANDS
2.1 Survey village land ownership and land use to understand the land use system and patterns.
2.2 Prepare criteria for allocating the land based on an assessment of the village socioeconomic and land use data of the village.
2.3 Allocate the land to village families according to the criteria developed.
2.4 Assess land capability based on the degree of slope of the land and the condition of the soil
2.5 Identify land use options (based mainly on land slope) and recommend appropriate options for the particular village to farming families.
2.6 Prepare technical recommendations for the various land use options concerning
land and soil conservation measures.
conservation cropping practices. Page 4 of 4
2.7 Advise farmers on land use options, conservation measures and cropping practices which are appropriate to the land capability of the village.
2.8 Demonstrate the land use options, conservation measures and conservation cropping recommendations using demonstration plots in farmers fields. Page 1 of 5
LAND USE PLANNING SUB -PROJECT PARTICIPATORY LAND USE PLANNING AND LAND ALLOCATION MANUAL
TOPIC 12: METHODS FOR CONDUCTING CONSERVATION FARMING DEMONSTRATIONS
Introduction
In the steep terrain of the north it is essential that farmers start to adopt conservation farming practices in their agricultural fields to reduce the amount of soil erosion and soil nutrient and organic matter loss. The capacity of the soil to retain moisture will also improve if farmers adopt conservation measures and practices.
The conservation measures and practices which farmers might adopt have been covered in Topic 11 - Land Use Options and Approaches Towards Sustainable Land Use.
The question is how to jet farmers to recognise the importance of conservation farming and how can extension staff encourage farmers to adopt appropriate measures and practices.
Demonstrations
Demonstrations in farmers fields is one of the most effective ways to show farmers:
The differences between their present non-sustainable practices and conservation practices. The potential benefits on productivity which can be gained from retaining top soil and slowing down soil fertility decline. How they can network between themselves to improve their farming practices.
Considerations
Before establishing, a demonstration the farmers need to recognise the need for the demonstration. This means that they must have been taken through some steps which make them conclude that the new practices they will try on their land will address a problem they are encountering. For example, they must know that rain water running down the slope and taking away the ash and organic matter is negating the benefits of slashing and burning their fields. This can be done through discussions and by simply pouring water from a bucket onto some steep land to show how the soil is washed away. Recognition of the need for the demonstration will determine what the demonstration should focus on. The demonstration may be very simple with the intention of allowing the farmer to observe a new crop variety or it may incorporate a number of practices such as contour planting or plant spacing. The We of demonstration should not be decided upon by extension staff before discussing and agreeing with the farmer. "Standard" demonstrations thought out by staff and given to the farmer to implement have a high chance of failure.
The Preferred Demonstration Approach
With the above considerations in mind, the approach should be simple meaning that:
Appropriate conservation practices should be integrated within the farmers existing Page 2 of 5
cropping plan, ie, if the farmer is planting a crop of com this year demonstrate the appropriate practice in his/her com plot. Relatively minor changes to those currently used by the farmer should be introduced so that he/she can understand them easily. Introduce the changes to very small areas first so the farmer can manage the changes within his/her available labour resources. Allow the farmer to plant most of the cropping area using his/her own methods and practices so that he/she has the opportunity to compare these with the introduced practices. As much as possible use farmer inputs on the demonstration to reduce costs and to show that a farmer with small amounts of cash can introduce the changes without too much external financial help. If the farmer sees the inputs are very expensive he/she may decide that it will not be possible to introduce the changes.
The Demonstration Plan
The demonstration plan should contain the following information:
Demonstration Owner's Name- Production Unit Number Village name; District; Province ; Date or Period Type of Demonstration, Objectives Location in Village; Plot Area, Present Land Use, Land Slope, Farmer Cropping Plans Description of the Measures and Practices to be Demonstrated Sketch Map of the Demonstration Site Showing Details of Demonstration Activities Sketches of Recommendations on Measures and Practices
An example is shown below
EXAMPLE OF A DEMONSTRATION PLAN
Name of Farmer: Mr. Porn, Unit 4
Village: Ber 10 District : Xieng Ngeun Province : Luang Prabang
Period: 5th April 1 6
Type of Demonstration: Land Use and Soil Conservation Demonstration.
Objectives: 1. To demonstrate shallow contour ditches on sloping lands 2. To demonstrate contour line planting of corn 3. To demonstrate double line contour planting of pineapples 4. To demonstrate line planting and correct spacing of Por Sa Location: Next to the Nam Khan; 500 meters west of the village; the site can be viewed from the main road; next to paddy fields. Plot Area: Total area 0.35 ha, divided into two parts by a drainage gully Present Land Por Sa, bananas, cassava; annual crops are also Use: interplanted; Adjoining paddy fields of 1.25 ha and 2 fish ponds. Land Slope: There are roughly four slope classes on the plot progressing from the stream to the top of the plot: 2-5%, 30- Page 3 of 5
35%; 25-30%-, and 15-18%
Farmer Cropping Plans:
1. The farmer plans to inter-plant the existing Por Sa planted 2 years ago with more Por Sa cutings to improve the density of the stand. Corn will be planted in most of the plot this year. 2. In the second part of the plot he intends to plant Por Sa on the steepest land at the bottom and pineapples further up the plot. He has requested pineapple planting suckers from the extension centre at Ber 10.
Description of Measures and Practices:
Plot A: Conservation Measure: Shallow Contour Ditches. Improved Practices: Contour planted Por Sa Contour planted com 1 meter x 0.75 meter spacing of Por Sa Plot B: Conservation Measure: Double-line contour planted pineapple strips Improved Practices: Contour planted pineapples Contour interplanted corn
EXAMPLE OF A SKETCH OF A DEMONSTRATION SITE (Mr. Mun Laomay and his wife - Na Poong village) Page 4 of 5 Page 5 of 5
EXAMPLE OF DEMONSTRATION RECOMMENDATIONS
Plot A: 1. Shallow Contour Ditches: 6-9 inches deep 2. Por Sa Plant Spacings: Between rows - 1 meter Between plants - 0.75 meter 3. Corn: One line planted row between Por Sa Plant spacings - 0.75 meters Plot B. 1. Double -row planted pineapples 2. Pineapple plant spacings
3. Staggered planting in the double row
4. Double lines of pineapples
5. Com spacing; 0.75 m between plants Page 1 of 3
LAND USE PLANNING SUB -PROJECT PARTICIPATORY LAND USE PLANNING AND LAND ALLOCATION MANUAL
TOPIC 13: CO-OPERATION BETWEEN LAND USE PLANNING AND EXTENSION PROGRAMS
Introduction
The Land Use Planning Sub-Program has the main task of developing models for participatory land use planning and land allocation. This entails improving procedures, methods and practices by working with District staff who are implementing programs in the field. Target villages are selected for the field work. Lessons from the field and evaluation of the results enable the models to be adjusted, documented and distributed to implementing staff.
The Extension Sub-Program also has the task of developing methods of extension through a similar process. By working in tar-et villages to test methods during, the course of planning and implementing extension work plans, improvements can be made to existing methods and these can be documented and used by District staff in their ongoing extension programs.
In both cases there is an emphasis on training the field staff in the improved procedures, methods and practices during the course of model building so they have the capability to expand the use of the methods to other villages.
Co-ordination
To succeed, the activities of both work plans have to be coordinated well so that there is continuity of input to the selected target villages by both programs. The aim is that when land use planning and land allocation has been completed in a village the extension activities will continue on. It is envisaged that the development of a village plan for all activities will be central to the integration of such activities. The aim of this topic is to discuss how this can be done and draft some guidelines or procedures to follow in future programs.
Guidelines
The following is suggested:
The LUP and LA target villages should be the same villages selected for the extension method development activities. There are 6 target villages from the 1995/ 96 program and there are 7 in the 1996/97 program.
The LUP and LA program undertakes two broad activities in each village:
Land use planning
Land allocation
During the land use planning phase a number of participatory activities are undertaken Page 2 of 3
which together amount to a participatory rural appraisal (PRA). These include; socio - economic survey, land use and land ownership survey, general problem census, women's problem census, and a population growth projection.
These participatory activities could form the basis for a) developing village extension workplans and b) developing methodologies for village development planning.
During the land allocation phase agricultural land is allocated to each family and forest areas delineated for future village management. Activities undertaken during this phase include; agreeing on criteria for agricultural land allocation, summarising data on which to base land allocation, land measurement, land transfer and contracts, village mapping, development of village forest and land management agreements. Work is also done to raise awareness about improving land use and initiating land use or conservation farming demonstrations.
On the completion of these activities the "infrastructure" is in place to develop follow - up extension programs on, a) village forest management and village agricultural land management and b) developing methods for their implementation.
Information is also available on which to a) develop community development, village Organisation and group strengthening programs and b) developing methods for their implementation.
Extension work on conservation farming methods and practices is a very important activity on which extension could concentrate once the land use planning and land allocation activity is completed.
Developing village forest management plans is an area which has received very little attention by District staff as they are pre-occupied with land allocation. Extension has a role to play in assisting with the development of methodologies in this area.
Land allocation alone will not provide sustainable remedies for problems such as shifting cultivation, forest encroachment, soil and land degradation and loss of productivity. A serious and effective extension effort will have to accompany the LUP and LA program to assist the village communities to make the transition from various forms of shifting cultivation to sustainable sedentary agriculture and forest utilisation and management.
Participatory village planning and participatory land use planning are central to engaging communities in this process. The output from the planning activities, (based on an analysis of village data), would be a "village plan", the activities of which would receive support from the various sections of the extension service through long term and annual work plans.
The figure presented on the following page, Village Planning Procedure, indicates how LUP, LA and management relates to village planning and extension.
VILLAGE PLANNING PROCEDURE Page 3 of 3 Page 1 of 6
LAND USE PLANNING SUB -PROJECT PARTICIPATORY LAND USE PLANNING AND LAND ALLOCATION MANUAL
TOPIC 14: MONITORING AND EVALUATION METHODS FOR LAND ALLOCATION PROGRAMS
Introduction
The following monitoring criteria are proposed for evaluating the performance of the LUP and LA program in sub-project target villages. It is also proposed to use these criteria to monitor the progress of past programs of the DoF land allocation program. These criteria were proposed in the Interim Report on Participatory Land Use Management Planning in July 1995 following a short term input in Hongsa District of Sayabouly Province.
The criteria for assessing LUP and LA program performance focus on socio- economic and ecological objectives. In the initial stages of the LUP and LA program the monitoring and evaluation activity will be concise and simple so that field staff can be trained to undertake the work as part of their LUP and LA activity. This will enable them to assess and report on the results of their work which will help them improve future programs. For the purpose of determining appropriate monitoring indicators, ecological and socioeconomic objectives have been defined.
Ecological objectives are defined as:
1. Those which are concerned with the protection and conservation of forest areas, and
2. Those which are concerned with the protection and conservation of agricultural areas
Socio-economic objectives are defined is:
1. Those which are concerned with improving the villagers rights to manage and utilise forest areas and forest land, and
2. Those which afford villagers financial benefits from both forest and agricultural lands
Criteria have been defined for gathering information from two groups in the village:
1. The village forest and agricultural management committee.
2. A sample of families who have been allocated land.
The committee information will enable an assessment of the impact of LUP and LA on the community and village resources while the family data will enable an assessment of the impacts on families.
LAND USE PLANNING SUB-PROJECT
MONITORING AND EVALUATION QUESTIONAIRE Page 2 of 6
Section 1: Village Committee Questions: Ecological Impacts
1.1. Were there any village rules or agreements concerning forest and land management before land use planning and allocation was Yes No done? 1.2 Were village rules or forest and land management agreements prepared when LUP and LA was done in the village? Yes No If Yes, Did government staff assist the committee to make the agreement? Yes No Who signed the agreement ? 2.1 What forest categories had the village agreed on before LUP and LA? (Yes or No) Conservation forest? Area ha Protection forest? Area ha Village Use forest" Area ha Regeneration forest? Area ha Production forest (agriculture)? Area ha Reserve agricultural land? Area ha Water source protection? Area ha Special village areas? Area ha Other?(explain) Area ha 2.2 What forest categories were agreed on during LUP and LA? Conservation forest? Area ha Protection forest? Area ha Village Use forest" Area ha Regeneration forest? Area ha Production forest (agriculture)? Area ha Reserve agricultural land? Area ha Water source protection? Area ha Special village areas? Area ha Other?(explain) Area ha 3.1 How many upland fields were being used for crop production in the village before LUP and LA was done? ...... Total area of fields ...... ha 3.2 How many upland fields were allocated for crop production in the village when LUP and LA was done?...... Total area of fields ...... ha 4.1 How many families used only the plots allocated in the temporary transfer document?...... How many families used plots which were not allocated? …......
If families used plots not allocated, what are the reasons ...... ……...... …….. 5.1 Land Use: In the land use contract, recommendations were given on which crops are suitable for flat land, slightly sloping land, quite steep land and very steep land. (Interviewer explains the options) Do you think farmers followed those recommendations? Yes ...... No ...... Page 3 of 6
If No, about how many farmers? ...... What were the reasons ...... …………………….. 6.1 Soil Conservation Measures: When farmers plant crops on upland fields do they practice any soil erosion control measures: Yes or No ...... If Yes, which ones?
contour ditches ...... … If Yes, How many farmers ...... vegetative strips ...... If Yes, How many farmers ......
LAND USE PLANNING SUB-PROJECT MONITORING AND EVALUATION QUESTIONAIRE
Section 2 Village Committee Questions: Social Impacts
7.1 Number of families in village: ...... 7.2 Number of families before LUP and LA who had traditional rights to use forest land for agriculture ...... 7.3 Number of families allocated land temporarily (3 years) for agriculture 7.4 Number of families allocated land permanently for agriculture ...... 7.5 Were there any land disputes with other villages before LUP and LA? Yes. No..... If Yes, How many? ...... With which villages …………………… 7.6 Are there any land disputes with other villages since L and LA? UP Yes ...... No..... If Yes, How many? ...... With which villages...... 7.7 Were there any land disputes within the village before LUP and LA? Yes ...... No ..... If Yes, How many? ...... 7.8 Are any of these disputes still continuing since LUP and LA ? Yes ...... No ..... If Yes, How many? ...... 7.9. Number of families with traditional rights to use forest areas for purposes other than agriculture: Before LUP and LA………After LUP and LA…….
LAND USE PLANNING SUB-PROJECT MONITORING AND EVALUATION QUESTIONAIRE
Section 3: Village Committee Questions: Economic impacts.
8.1 From which forest lands did villagers collect non timber forest products: Before LUP and LA was done? Specify the forest areas ……...... Area of forest from which NTFP were collected ...... ha 8.2 After LUP and LA was done? Specify the forest areas ...... Area of forest from which NTFP is now collected ...... ha 8.3 Estimate the total income which the village derived from NTFP: Before LUP and LA K ...... After LUP and LA K ...... 8.4 Has there been an Agreement or contract made between the village and Page 4 of 6
the District or a company for the harvesting of timber from village forests Yes ...... No ...... 8.5 If Yes, What benefits do the villagers get from the agreement ...... 8.6 Was this agreement or contract made: Before LUP and LA was done ...... After LUP and LA was done ......
LAND USE PLANNING SUB-PROJECT MONITORING AND EVALUATION QUESTIONAIRE
Section 4: Questions for Families: Social Impacts
9.1 Which of the following production forest land categories did you have access to: Before LUP and LA: Village use forest, Yes ...... No………. …….. Agricultural land, Yes ...... No ...... Reserve land, Yes ...... No ...... 9.2 After LUP and LA: Village use forest, Yes ...... No ......
Agricultural land, Yes ...... No ...... Reserve land, Yes ...... No ...... 10.1 Rice Sufficiency: What was your annual rice production?: 3 Years Ago: 2 Years Ago : 1 Year Ago: This Year Paddy Rice (Kg) …………………………………………………………… Hill Rice (Kg)...... …………………………………………………………… Total (Kg) …………………………………………………………… 10.2 Rice Surplus: Have you had a rice surplus in the past? If Yes, please indicate 3 Years Ago: 2 Years Ago : 1 Year Ago: This Year Paddy Rice (Kg) …………………………………………………………… Hill Rice (Kg)...... …………………………………………………………… Total (Kg) …………………………………………………………… 10.2 Rice Deficit: Have you had a rice deficit in the past? If Yes, please indicate 3 Years 3 Years Ago: 2 Years Ago : 1 Year Ago: This Year Paddy Rice (Kg) …………………………………………………………… Hill Rice (Kg)...... …………………………………………………………… Total (Kg) …………………………………………………………… 11. How much upland did you farm before LUP and LA? No. of plots ..... Area ...... ha How much upland do you have since LUP and LA? No. of plots.....Area ...... ha
How much paddy did you farm before LUP and LA? No. of plots ..... Area ...... ha
How much paddy did you have since LUP and LA? Page 5 of 6
No. of plots ..... Area ...... ha 12. Has any of the land allocated to you temporarily (3 years) been converted to permanent land use status by the GoL" If yes, How many plots .... Area .... ha
In which year did you acquire permanent land use status for your land? ………. (year) 13. Does the village have reserved agricultural land which families can request if they require more land? Yes ...... No ...... If yes,
Have you requested any more land since the LUP and LA was done? Yes.....No...., If yes, How much land? ...... ha. Was your request approved? Yes ...... No .... 14. Did you collect non timber forest products since LUP and LA? Yes ... No ....
Specify the forest areas ...... Area of forest from which NTFP were collected ...... ha 15. Do you collect non timber forest products since LUP and LA? Yes ...... No ...... Specify the forest areas ...... Area of forest from which NTFP were collected ...... ha
LAND USE PLANNING SUB-PROJECT MONITORING AND EVALUATION QUESTIONAIRE
Section 5: Questions for Families Economic Impacts
16. What is your annual family income (Kip) from the following activities?
Before LUP and LA After LUP and LA
Livestock Forest Products Agriculture Home occupations Outside work 17. How much paddy land did you own and develop?
Before LUP/LA ...... ha, After LUP/LA ...... ha
How much paddy land did you own and not develop?
Before LUP/LA ...... ha After LUP/LA ...... ha 18. Number of permanent tree crops planted?
Fruit trees Before LUP/LA ...... No. After LUP/LA ...... Page 6 of 6
Commercial trees (teak etc) Before LUP/LA ...... No. After LUP/LA ...... 19. Number of animals owned? Before LUP/LA After LUP/LA
Buffalo Cattle Pigs Small animals