Jacob Y. Shantz: Mennonite businessman by Sam Steiner in 1854 when [This paper was presented at the fall meeting achieved village status . This per- of the Mennonite Historical Society of On- it finally reached 1000 inhabitants a municipal tario, and is based on a forthcoming biography mitted the new village to establish its citizens for of Jacob Y. Shantz to be published by government, and to tax improvements. Survey Hyperion Press, Winnipeg. Shantz (1822-1909) maintenance and civic Railroad through is best known for aiding the Mennonites who work for the Grand Trunk immigrated to Canada from Russia in the the town had already begun, and telegraph Berlin in 1853. The village 1870s. This presentation focused on his lesser- lines had reached known life in the business world.-ed.] was poised for accelerated growth. As the 1850s unfolded, Jacob Y . Shantz ex- Shantz On his 21st birthday in 1843 Jacob Y. panded his land holdings significantly. In three years married Barbara Biehn, who was November, 1850, at a cost of 841 pounds, he older than he . Jacob Y. and Barbara then took purchased nearly 200 acres of prime woodland farm. By then over management of his parents' from Henry Erb.(s1tuated along the road to years of age and pro- Father Jacob was over 60 Bridgeport)6 This pinery was harvested only especially since bably wanted to slow down, as the demand for lumber was required, and had left within the past four of his grown sons furnished timber for the Shantz sawmill over establish their own farms and few years to many years. Some of these pines were very brothers were still at families . Two younger large, with trunks up to six feet in diameter, who was 18, and Amos, soon home -Samuel, The 1851 census provides an interesting pic- standing 150 feet high. The tops of the trees 14th birthday. Often a Penn- to reach his ture of the Shantz family fortunes. At the time could be seen for many miles.' A few years farmer bequeathed the home sylvania German of the census there were two frame houses on later, he purchased 436 acres (German Land farm to his youngest son, but that was not to the home property (the Street area Company Lot 50) from Daniel Snider for 1500 case. be in this south of King Street in Kitchener) .' A two- pounds. He financed the purchase by selling Y. took over management Whether Jacob storey house was occupied by Jacob Y. and portions of the lot to his younger brother, of his father's sawmill the same time as the Barbara along with their four children, Har- Samuel, as well as to George Histand and farm is not clear. The actual title transfer for riet, Veronica, Lucinda and Ephraim. The Heinrich Boehmer. s Between these larger pur- the land did not take place until Jacob Sr. died children's grandparents, Jacob and Mary, liv- chases, Jacob Y. transacted numerous ex- in 1867. A comparison of Jacob Sr.'s will and ed in the same house. An older one-storey changes or smaller purchases of land adjacent 1851 census would imply that the mill the frame home stood vacant. The two older to property he already controlled . changed hands between 1845 and 1851. In any daughters, aged 5 and 6, attended school, as Any self-respecting village like Berlin re- event, Jacob Y. began to rebuild and expand did a sixteen year-old Mennonite youth, the mill soon after he took over its operation. quired sidewalks to protect its citizenry from William Jonson, who lived with the family . tramping through the dust and mud of the dirt As well, he purchased additional timber land The water-power driven sawmill rebuilt by roads. In May of 1854 the new village council to supply it., Jacob Y. a few years earlier was valued at 150 In these years he also entered business ven- took tenders for construction of plank pounds, and was said to produce 200,000 feet sidewalks along some of the main streets. tures with some of his Mennonite friends. of lumber per year. He two employed men in Recently-elected school trustee Jacob Y . Together with Bishop Benjamin Eby's sons, mill the ; they apparently lived on the Shantz Shantz submitted a bid in competition with Christian and Elias, Jacob Y. owned an enter- property at the time of the census By . way of three other men, and his bid was accepted . In prise called the Farmers' Manufactory. We comparison, the census reports that Joseph E. December, the council paid him 300 pounds don't know what this workshop produced, Schneider's and known older better sawmill for his labour, and the village had new whether it was rented to other entrepreneurs, was valued at 200 pounds, but produced only sidewalks for portions of King, Foundry (now or how long it operated. In 1851 the partners 100,000 feet of lumber per year and employed Ontario), Weber and Frederick streets . The sold the property to Gabriel Bowman one workman.' sidewalks were constructed of pine lumber, (1818-1883) and Michael Correll, who used the time, three of the largest manufac- At the and were six feet wide.(seven feet on King building for the manufacture of furniture. In enterprises in Berlin were Charles turing Street)`' Over the next several years, Shantz exchange for this property the three partners foundry valued at 1600 pounds with Ahren's continued to build numerous sidewalks received two properties on King Street in employees, John Hoffman's cabinet eleven throughout the village, each year being paid Berlin. They contained three dwellinghouses, valued at 1000 pounds with 22 employees shop several hundred pounds for the work. three barns, a blacksmith shop and one other said to have produced 3000 chairs, 900 (he was During 1854, Jacob Y. Shantz also served as shop. Jacob Y. was the active partner and thus bedsteads, 200 tables, 50 cupboards, 50 bureaus the village tax collector and was paid 7 pounds, managed the assets . When the Farmers and 40 woolen wheels), and Gabriel Bowman's 10 shillings for his efforts.") Somewhat later, Manufactory was sold, it was valued at 775 newly established sbop that employed 15 Continued on page 2 pounds, no small sum., labourers.5 Page 2 Continued from page 1 and a thirty acre plot from Samuel Trout in in 1858, he was named tax assessor, for which 1863 . 2 ' he was paid 20 pounds." These were the years when Jacob Y. enhanc- ed his farm by purchasing several thousand Tragedy struck the Shantz family when Bar- fruit trees, mostly apple, from a nursery in bara Biehn Shantz died May 16, 1853, less than Rochester, New York. With these young trees, a year after the birth of their second son, he planted three orchards on his own farms Moses B., in August, 1852. Jacob Y. was left and sold the balance to his neighbours.22 with five children under the age of nine, Samuel S . Mover, a teenager during these together with his two elderly parents, under years, recalled that his father Abraham Moyer, the same roof. Quite understandably, he soon Joseph E. Schneider and Jacob Y. Shantz, remarried on December 6, 1853, choosing whose farms were adjacent, used to work Nancy (Anna) Brubacher, the young 21 year- together on many projects . For example, they old daughter of Deacon John Brubacher. She shared a threshing machine at harvest time. In may well have helped care for the Shantz making maple syrup, however, they differed . children during Barbara's illness. The family Like most local farmers, they produced maple continued to grow as Jacob Y. and Nancy add- syrup every spring, Jacob Y. himself tapping ed seven children to their home. In 1856, Jacob up to 400 trees. The Moyer's used kettles to Y. built a fine new brick home immediately Jacob l . .57mtlrz boil the sap down, but the Shantz's used pans, adjacent to the newer frame building, and on Foundry (now Ontario) Streets formed one in- since "Shantz was a great man to buy when the location of the oldest frame building.' 2 tersection on the growing edge of activity . something new came along."" Grandpa and Grandma Shantz remained in the John Hoffman earlier had founded his fur- In the year that Jacob Y. Shantz built the renovated older home, and the growing fami- niture factory on one corner, and Henry Canadian Block, he also erected a windmill for ly lived in the home that still stands at 5 Bowman had established a foundry on South Frederick Rickermann, nearing completion in Maurice Street in Kitchener. Foundry Street." Several men had establish- August, 1861 . The windmill was on land subse- Shantz's lumbering business moved into ed businesses on the north west corner of King quently sold by Shantz to Rickermann in Oc- high gear during the decade of the 1850', . Jacob and Foundry Streets, but by early 1861 the tober - l/2 acre south of Church Street and Y. provided lumber for much more than plank property was available for sale. This became west of Albert Street (now Madison). In sidewalks. During the early railroad years the Jacob Y . Shantz's site for his first move into January, 1862, Shantz, with three other men steam-powered locomotives used wood to fire serious commercial entrepreneurship . He pur- held a mortgage of over $2500 on the new mill. their engines, and Jacob Y. supplied large quan- chased two adjacent pieces of land, one from Shantz's share was about $1800, presumably tities of fuel during that period. His son, the estate ofJacob Colosky and the other from for lumber and construction labour.24 The Moses, spoke of "miles of wood piled along Samuel Trout, a wagon-maker who eventual- windmill was of Dutch design, and stood 62 the railroad tracks ." ' 3 Shantz also provided the ly moved from the village.' , feet high, including the roof which could lumber for homes of many new German im- During that summer, Shantz built the three- rotate . The "wings" were about 80 feet from migrants to Berlin who purchased the storey "Canadian Block," designed with tip to tip. They operated three pairs of grin- materials on short term loans." Perhaps most "broken edges" and an "elegant cornice" by ding stones. It was said to produce good s significantly he began the construction of fellow townsmen and architect, Wilhelm flour.2 business "blocks" in the downtown area of the Ebenau. The block contained space for three Rickermann had operated a similar mill in village, for example the commercial building shops at street level, as well as a warehouse. Germany, so Jacob Y. was very generous in built for Jacob Weavcr.' 5 The building was completed in the fall, and the terms offered, receiving minimal payment During these years, Shantz's interest in a cen- the local paper described its appearance as a before the project was completed. The mill did tralized farmers' market in Berlin was evident . real ornament for the village.' 9 not prosper as hoped, however. In early 1863, Cattle fairs, in which livestock was bought and The Canadian Block symbolized the upbeat Rickermann sold out to August Boehm. Even- sold, were becoming popular civic occasions debut of the "white collar" Jacob Y. Shantz. tually, Boehm failed to keep up the mortgage in Ontario, and gradually evolved into today's The farm and sawmill continued to operate payments and disappeared ,26 leaving Jacob Y. elaborate fall fairs. The 1859 Berlin Municipal profitably, but Shantz was beginning to cast Shantz holding the property . About all Jacob Council was not prepared to proceed with his eye beyond the boundaries of his farm. His Y. salvaged was a $9 rebate on his windmill such a cattle fair, even though neighbouring business block was not the first in town. property taxes in 1865, and a half share of the towns like and Flora were already Several had been constructed in the 1850',, but property when he and Charles Boehmer took sponsoring them. However, a public meeting its care in design made it the most prestigious. over the land, after an auction forced by the of the ratepayers gave approval for an expen- defaulted mortgage in 1874.2' diture to support a cattle fair. At this meeting, In later years there was much nostalgia for Involvement in the village business com- Jacob Y . suggested the fair also include farm the Shantz farm's creek, the dam used to munity was not without its hazards. As a con- produce, and after a subsequent discussion, power the sawmill, and the surrounding tractor, Jacob Y. did a lot of work for the decided to offer prizes for the best samples of pasture land. These were the locations for continued on page 3 grain that were displayed.' 6 neighbourhood swimming and fishing in the In Canada West during the 1860',, the issue summer and "shinnying" on the ice in the Mennogesprach is published semi-annually by of union with Canada East dominated the winter. Fond reminiscenses described Jacob Y. the Mennonite Historical Society of Ontario, political landscape. Fresh urgency on the ques- Shantz as the "kindly, pleasant-voiced owner," Conrad Grebel College, Waterloo, Ontario tion arose with the Civil War in the United who regarded such antics sympathetically. N2L 3G6 Editor: Sam States that occasionally threatened to spill over This 50 year-old memory was at variance with Steiner into Canada . Editorial Committee: Herb Enns the reality of the 1860',, when Jacob Y. plac- Margaret Good Berlin, in its comfortable German culture, ed warning notices in the local paper threaten- Keg Good seemed somewhat aloof from this discussion . ing the law on anyone fishing in his creek or Mennogesprach The Mennonites in Waterloo County is received by all members of still had hunting or trespassing in his fields.2 ° the Society. See membership form for current strong links to . The new Ger- Parcels of land around the Shantz rates. All correspondence should be directed man settlers in the community had no special homestead, particularly to the west of his farm to the editor. loyalty to Britain . Commercial development, in German Company Tract Lot 18, continued Assistance received from the Ontario Ministry not patriotism, remained the watchword. to appear on the market and were purchased of Culture & Citizenship is gratefully In the 1850',, "downtown" Berlin had bustl- by Jacob Y. For example, he purchased six acknowledged. ed with small factories and shops. King and acres from Sheriff George Davidson in 1861 ISSN 0824-5673 Page 3 .,a village and the village council, particularly in sued a diet of fruits, grains and vegetables toward the end of the decade was Berlin's sidewalk construction . Apparent conflicts-of- He believed that a state of health was market building. As early as 1866, the village interest were bound to occur and to attract the mankind's normal condition, and a proper had discussed construction of a permanent notice of the partisan local press which saw observance of nature's laws in the area of public building for the Saturday market. The itself as the guardian of the ratepayer's purses. eating, drinking, sleeping and normal bodily village council had actually taken options on corner of On one occasion, the municipal council paid elimination of poisons would go far to preserve several properties on the north-cast Shantz $120.23 for the lumber to build an open personal health." King and Frederick Streets. However, a public the drain. The drain directed factory discharge During this time, Jacob Y. was influenced vote in December defeated the issuance of of the water away from the Canadian Block building by the health principles of Dr. James C . necessary debentures for the purchase by Shantz. The Canadian Block's ma- Jackson (1811-1895) of the Jackson Sanitarium properties, so the matter was dropped for a owned a2 jor tenant sat on the village council. This rous- in Dansville, New York. ,6Jackson had turn- time. ed the ire of the local English-language paper, ed to the study of medicine after serious per- which wondered why the drain cost so much and if this drain was made for the benefit of Mr. Shantz, why should the town be call- ed upon to pay for it?" "Suspicious transac- tions" were implied." This particular issue died without further fuss. For Jacob Y. Shantz, personal concerns con- tinued to mount. He had a petition for land severance from Berlin pending in the provin- cial legislative assembly (this is a whole other story), and during the continuing financial con- cern for the nonfunctional windmill, disaster struck. Early in the morning of March 22, 1865, the Canadian Block burned to the ground . The fire began in the pharmacy, on the cor- ner of the first floor, and spread to the adjoin- ing stores and upper floors . By the time it was discovered, and fire-fighting equipment Lucinda, brought to the scene, the building was lost. In TheJacob Y. Shantz . rnily ca. 1875: from left to right, back row: Harriet, Veronica, row: Sarah, fact, great effort had to be undertaken to save Ephraim, Moses B.; middle row: Jacob, Susannah, Dilman, Mary, John B.; front the neighbouring buildings, including Jacob Jacob Y.; on ground: Ida and Eunice. Hoffman's factory across Foundry Street, as sonal illness. He recovered after treatment with The discussion arose again in 1869, and an well as a nearby warehouse. Lawyer J. Webster the Priessnitz Water Cure. After obtaining his April public meeting of the ratepayers urged Hancock, whose office was on the Block's se- medical degree, Jackson lectured widely on a the purchase of the same properties earlier cond floor, lost all of his books and variation of "hydrotherapy" which included discussed in 1866. This the council proceeded documents. The Mechanics Institute library of the "laws" of health and "psycho-hygiene" to do, at a lower price than agreed to three 850 volumes on the third floor was also combined with dress, diet and medical reforms. years earlier. Again, Council introduced a destroyed, as was the photography studio of He opened the Dansville Sanitarium in 1858 ." bylaw to issue debentures for $7000 to cover Heinrich Bachmann .29 Jackson believed one must get well from the cost of the property and construction of As a good Mennonite, Jacob Y.'s $6000 within . Strict adherents of the water cure rose a market building. In another vote, the bylaw building was not insured.'° The Mennonite early in the morning, bathed outside in cold authorizing these debentures was again Aid Union had not yet been established, water even in winter, wore a wet linen cap to defeated .a, The village still carried a very high though conversations within the Ontario Men- clear head congestion, wore linen clothing, ate debt load from an abortive Berlin-Preston nonite conference on fire assistance had been very simply, and drank enormous quantities Railway project, and $7000 probably seemed going on at least since the previous fall. ,' of water with sour milk for variety." Jackson's too great an addition. Within a month after the fire, the ministers "Laws of life" stated six principles : 1) That In early June, Shantz's low tender of and deacons in the Waterloo district held their sickness is no more necessary than sin; 2) The $3818.17 for construction of the market house spring meeting, and passed the following Gospel demands living healthfully as well as was accepted by the Council . This was not resolution: "When fire damage occurs among righteously; 3) Physiological laws, within their without an uproar in the local press, since the the brotherhood, it shall be the duty of the sphere, are as sacred as moral laws; 4) Obe- council took the view that the ratepayer's vote deacons in whose charge the damage happens, dience to physiological laws would do away against issuing debentures was only against the to go and inspect the damage, and then, if re- with disease; 5) To cure disease one needs to manner and duration of debenture payments, quired, to take one or more of his fellow come under the laws of his own organism ; and not against construction of the building.°° members along to appraise the damage, and 6) Treating the sick is a combination of The building itself was finally a success, to notify the preachers in our entire hygiene, mental, moral and spiritual although early on, some snide comments were brotherhood, so that each preacher can inform influences.,y made about the inadequacy of its design. One the church under his jurisdiction . After this By July, 1865, Jacob Y. Shantz had begun comment compared it to a Mennonite meeting announcement, it shall be the duty of each rebuilding the Canadian Block as a structure house since it was projected to have two doors church member to bring his liberal contribu- as beautiful as the previous one, and somewhat in the front, while another suggested it was tion, to support the one who suffered damage larger.,y This building still stands on the north- a $4000 sheep fold. This resulted in explana- according to the rule set down in God's west corner of King and Ontario streets. tions in the Berliner journal that the com- Word.. ."" Shantz. continued to be a prominent contrac- ments did not imply Mennonite meeting Jacob Y's health threatened to break under tor in the village, but did not get every job he houses looked like sheep folds.°SThe half- the personal stresses of this period." His wanted - in 1867 he bid on construction of basement contained stalls for butchers and the response typified his refusal to succumb to dif- a drill shed for the local militia (his Mennonite public market, the main-floor contained ficulties - he took positive steps to overcome non-resistance apparently did not exclude some municipal council chambers and post office telegraph facilities, and the second floor a the problem. In this case, he made a radical military contracts) and in 1868bidfor the coun- change in his diet. It seems probable that Jacob ty poorhouse. He lost both S.41 public hall complete with stage and dressing 46 ContinuedY. became a vegetarian at this time, and pur- One construction job Jacob Y. did obtain rooms. on page 4 Page 4 By 1880, Jacob Y. Shantz's But- ton Works was at the forefront of the town's businesses. Shantz had recently purchased the materials and machinery from the Hamilton Button Company.5 Son, Moses B. Shantz, now part of the family business, installed gas lighting at the factory, and it was turned on for the first time on July 20, attracting many bystanders with the bright lights.5°In September of that year, the local did a major survey of all the industries in town. Buttons were big business, and the largest employment source in the Berlin, with 283 workers at four fac- tories. 142 of these were at Jacob Y. Shantz and Son's Dominion Button Works. During that summer, Jacob Y. built a four-storey ad- dition to his factory; now his factory enclos- ed 43,400 square feet, or almost an acre of space. This was considered very large. His weekly payroll was $575 .51 By early 1881, with the new addition in full use, the Dominion Button Works workforce holding TheJacob Y'. Shantz home in the 1870s. Shantz is the tall man in the centre his hat . increased to 250 persons, 120 of whom were young gir]1.56 This expansion created a demand Continued from page 3 for employee facilities as well. In the same Jacob Y. Shantz became an industrialist, as engines and boiler .°v year, Jacob Y. built a large three-storey boar- opposed to a businessman, during the 1870'1 . During the first years, Emil Vogelsang ran ding house across King Street, from the but- Only at that level of successful entrepreneur- the business, with Shantz as a silent partner. ton factory, at a cost of $7000.5' ship could he have achieved the necessary Shantz knew nothing about manufacturing The peak ofJacob Y.'s industrial expansion stature to serve as an intermediary between the buttons, and his children were too young to in Berlin came in 1883 . During the previous Canadian government and Mennonite im- become involved in the business even if they year, in addition to another expansion of the migrants from Russia. had been interested in commerce . (Ephraim, Dominion Button Works, he had built a glove The decade of the 1870'1 were one of tur- the oldest son, was only 20 and never became factory on Foundry (Ontario) St. and, across moil in Canadian political life . Confederation involved in the button business; Moses, who the street from the button factory, a three- had been achieved, but now it became was 18, became its mainstay in later years.) storey building that contained a planing mill necessary to find unity within that confedera- Most accounts say Shantz and Vogelsang for the manufacture of shingles, lath and pine tion. One practical way was through a rail line signed a seven year agreement at this time.1o boards ." extending to the Pacific Ocean, that would If truc,the partnership did not extend the full The latter building was not immediately fill- bind Canada together. term. Samuel S. Mover, the bookkeeper for ed with Shantz Enterprises . Among the first With political turmoil came economic dif- Jacob Y. Shantz in the 1870'1, said the part- tenants were the A & C Boehmer Box Com- ficulties. The decade saw a depression that nership dissolved by early 1875 .5' pany, which needed more room for its opera- seriously hampered Canadian manufacturing The 1871 census provides a full description tions. 19 This building contained a new steam- interests, and prompted increased discussion of the button company's scope in its first year. powered elevator, which was not always about tariff protection . Vogelsang is listed as the only proprietor of treated with respect by the employees. Dur- In the short term, this appeared to have lit- the firm, which was described as having fixed ing one lunch hour, 18 female employees got tle effect on Berlin which continued to ex- capital of $8000 (building and machinery) and on the elevator designed to hold 1000 pounds. perience prosperity and industrial expansion floating capital of $7000 . There were 27 It became stuck around the second floor and during the national hard times. Opportunities employees, 16 of them under the age of 16 . caused a bit of panic among the workers. In came in unlikely forms. Raw material consumed in a year was worth trying to escape, Mary Ann Cole fell 15 feet Emil Vogelsang (1834-1894) immigrated to $3500 for total sales of S8000. 5z and broke her arm .- Canada from Germany in 1866 or 1867, bring- ing with him the skills to manufacture buttons from vegetable ivory nuts which were im- ported from South America. He started a small business in rented quarters, but with the back- ing of financiers, soon decided to erect his own factory.41 His initial partner in the factory was John Jacob Woelfle, a wealthy local plow manufac- turer. In early 1870, Vogelsang and Woelfle ar- ranged for Jacob Y. Shantz to build a button factory for $3100 on the north-west corner of King and Railway (now College) streets. The 70 ft. x 36 ft. building contained work space for 150 workers.°" The structure was completed sometime in the fall of the year. By this time, Woelfle had lost interest in the button business, so in September, he sold the property to Shantz, provid ding the financing to take over the capital 7 he Shantz home in 1986 . This is a different angle, but note the porch on the right has been assets of the business, including the building, removed, and the old house to the left is gone.

Page 5 Another large addition to the button factory 18 Joseph E. Schneider & Elias Snider executors forJacob during 1883 as well as the erection of a 100 Coloskv to Jacob Y. Shantz, January 1C, 1861 . foot high chimney in 1884 marked the end of [Cop\] book A2, 5; Samuel Trout to Jacob Y. Shantz, Feb. 27, 1861 [Cop\] book A2, 17 . UWRB 11394; Ezra Jacob industrial expansion locally.b' It was Y.'s Eby, A biographical history of the early settlers and also the peak in the workforce employed at their descendants in Waterloo Township (Kitchener: the Dominion Button Works, with some 300 F.D . \l'cbcr, 1971), 263 . persons on the payrol1.6' During this expan- 19 "Ncue Bauten in Berlin," Berliner journal (hereafter BJ) 2. Jahrg., No. 34 (22 August 1861), [2]. sion in town, a major personal change for 20 J.P . Jaffray, "Shantz's darn popular outdoor Jacob Y. and his third wife, Sarah (Nancy died rendevous reprinted in Harries Schneider...., 258; in 1870) took place in 1883. They sold the "Warning," BJ 4. Jahrg., No . 20 (14 Mai 1863), [3l. home farm to their son, Jacob B. Shantz, and 21 George Davidson to Jacob Y. Shantz, Dec. 23, 1861 . [Copy] book A2, 120; Samuel Trout to Jacob Y. then moved into a home on Queen Street Shantz, Sept . 13, 1863 . [Copy] book A2, 313. UWRB North in Berlin .b' #394 . 22 Shantz, 16. In a letter to Cornelius Jansen in 1888 Over the previous years, the Dominion But- Shantz commented on the orchard that was young ton Works had established a sizeable export "when you lived with us" in 1873 . Shantz said in 1888 trade to the U.S ., including places like they had dried two tons of apples from 1600 bushels, Rochester, New York, where a large garment "as well as many , pears." See Jacob Y. Shantz. to C. Jansen and family, 25th, 1888 . industry developed after the Civil War.b° The ---- Mennonite Library and Archives, North Newton, Kansas . Cor- early 1880's marked a time when trade nelius Jansen Collection . reciprocity between the United States and 23 Ibid ., 16; "Interview with Samuel S. Mover (1928)," Canada was under much discussion, while in Hannes Schneider.. ... 178D . 24 Jacob Y. Shantz. to Frederick Rickerman, Oct. 1, 1861 ; tariff barriers remained high . An trade 1854 Rickerman to Shantz, et al; August Boehm to Shantz, treaty had been abrogated in 1866 in the ten- et al, [Copy] book A2, 155-158, 258fl. UWRB #394 . sions immediately after the Civil War, and a I he "Canadian block" in 19S6, located on the "Neue Bauten in Berlin," BJ 2. Jahrg., No . 34 (22 protectionist mood as arisen in both countries. August 1861), 121: Joseph Stroh. "Reminiscences of northwest corner of King & Ontario streets Berlin (now Kitclnner)," Nineteenth annual report In 1882-83, the Haves Commission revised the in Kitchener of the Waterloo Historical Society 1931 (Kitchener: U .S. tariff structure. This may have adversely the foundation of his entrance into commer- The Society, 1933), 278 . affected the Dominion Button Work's export cial business, to Louis Breithaupt, another 26 Berlin Municipal Council, April 2, 1865 . KCC. 17 Ibid ., Dec. 6, 1864 ; March 6, 1865 ; April 3, 1865 . KCC; trade.65 Ironically, Jacob Y. Shantz had chaired w°ell-known community leader .72 Jacob Y. Jacob Y. Shantz, et al to Shantz and Charles F. the button manufacturers' committee of the spent years retiring his debts; the final release Boehmer, March 14, 1874 . [Copy] book A6, 5f. UWRB Ontario Manufacturer's and Industrial on the 1884 mortgage came in 1914, five years #98. Association as early as 66 71 1878 . This organiza- after his death . 28 Berlin !Municipal Council, Dec. 27, 1861 . KCC; "Town tion had been council: hose the money goes," The Berlin Telegraph taken strong protectionist Shantz did not die a pauper, but his assets positions. (Feb . 15, 1861). returned to that of the comfortable middle 29 "GrOSSC Feuerbrunst in Berlin : Der Canadian Block Jacob Y.'s financial difficulties began to show class. abgebrannt!" BJ 6. Jahrg., No . 12 (23 Marz 1865), [2]. 30 Ibid . themselves in early 1884, when he took out 31 F.. Reginald Good, "War as a factor in Mennonite Notes: a $30,000 mortgage with the London & On- economic policy," (Unpublished M.A. thesis, Univer- tario Investment Co. against all his major 1 JAV. Conner, "Berlin of yesterday historical sketch," sity to Waterloo, 1984), 34 . Good's thesis is essential reprinted in Hannes business properties in the town of Berlin - Schneider and his wife reading for the history of the Mennonite Aid Union. Catharine Hans Schneider, their descendants and 32 the Button Factory, the planing mill, the Quoted in Good, 37 . times, 1534-1939 (Kitchener : M.H . Snyder 1943?), 218. 33 Shantz, 236. Moses Shantz indicated the health pro- lumber yard behind the mill, the boarding 2 [Legal description of partnership understanding, April blems came "at about forty years of age." Jacob Y. house, and the Canadian Block.6' Moses 19, 1951 (cope)]. Conrad Grebel College Archives Shantz was 42 at the time of the fire . Shantz took out a similar $30,000 mortgage (hereafter CGCA), Mennonites in Canada Collection, 34 Ibid . "Leaders- 1870, Jacob Y. Shantz ." 35 Ibid . at the same time . 3 Census of Canada . County of Waterloo, Fourth Ward 36 Ibid ., 23, 236. At some point during these years, Jacob Y . of Township of Waterloo, 1851 . The reference to two 37 "Opening meeting of historians held in Pulaski," frame buildings is puzzling . Might Shantz and Sons established a branch plant in one actually have Oswego Palladium-Times (October 1, 1940), 8-9. been the log house built in 1813? 38 William I). Conklin, comp ., "The Jackson Health Buffalo, New York .68 At least by Moses 1886, 4 Ibid . Resort : pioneer in its field . . ." (Unpublished paper, B. Shantz, still in his early 30's, was sent to 5 Ibid . The latter building was purchased from Shantz Dansville, N.Y ., 1971), 3C, 31, 45 . Buffalo to run the factory thereby That the and his partners . 39 Ibid . 33 . 6 fienrv Erb to Jacob Y. Shantz, mortgage funds were used in part for expenses November 4, 1850 40 "Der Canadian Block . . .," BJ Jahrg., No. 30 (27 Juli I(:opy]book B2, 123. These copy books contain 1865), [2]. The 1865 date can be seen between top floor incurred in establishing that business might be registry office copies of land transactions in Waterloo windows on the King Street side . presumed . County . The originals are housed in the Karc Book 41 "Tenders fur County Arbeit," BJ 8. Jahrg., No. 16 (18 Room of the By December, 1884, the roof had caved in, Arts Library April 1867), [2J; "County Rath," BJ 9. Jahrg., No . 9 (UWRB) .'I'his transaction is in UWRB #35. (27 Feb. 1868), [2] . and~the Canadian Bank of Commerce demand- 7 Conner, 218; [Moses B. Shantz], "Adventures in col- 42 \X .11. Breithaupt, "Presidential address," Tenth annual ed -additional mortgages against all of Jacob Y. oniza6on," (Unpublished manuscript, ca . 1930), 15-16. report of the Waterloo Historical Society (Kitchener: Shantz's property, as well as assignment of all 8 Daniel Snider to Jacob Y. Shantz, September 1, 1854 . The Society, 1922), 208-209. [Copy] book B3, 49-50, 114ft. UWRB #35. mortgages held by Shantz, as security against 43 Ibid ., 109. 9 "Minutes of the Municipal Council of the Incorporated 44 Berlin Municipal Council, June 4, 1869 ; June IC, 1869 . the debts incurred by the partnership of jacob Village of Berlin in the County of Waterloo and Pro- KCC. Y. Shantz & Sons . The promissory notes held vince of Canada, Minutes Book l, 1854-1869 [hereafter 45 "Schnellgepresste Wahrhcitsverdreherei," BJ, 10 . by the bank amounted to $100,000 . At the Berlin Municipal Council], May 5, 1854 and December Jahrg., No . 24 (l7 June 1869), [2] ; See also "Das 28, 1854 . Located at Kitchener Clerk's same time the company was $20,000 over- City office Markthaus," in the same isue . (hereafter KCC) . 46 Breithaupt, 210. drawn in its bank account .") 10 "Bylaw Book I," bylaw 17 & 'I . KCC:. 47 Uttlev, 169-171. There are difficulties with this account, Bit by bit, Jacob Y. tried to pay off the debt, I1 "Berlin Municipal Council," January 18, 1858 . KCC. and it must be used with caution. 12 first by lifting the mortgage on one portion Shantz, 16 . 48 "Neue Gcbiude," BJ, 11 . Jahrg., No . 5 (3 Feb. 1870), 13 Ibid ., I5 . of his real estate, and then by selling that parcel 121 14 "Reminiscences of Isaac Mover, 1910," in Hannes 49 J .J . u'OCIfIC to Jacob Y. Shantz, Scpt . I, 1870 . [Copy] to raise funds. Sometimes he sold a property, Schneider...., 15013. Mover worked for Shantz in 1857 . book A4, I09-112. U\VRB #321 . and used the funds obtained to clear the mor- 15 Conner, 218. 50 Uttlec, 170. 16 "The Berlin tgage from that property . By March, 1888, the Cattle and Produce Fair Berlin 51 Excerpts from ,autobiography (1938) of Samuel S. Telegraph (Sept. 16, 1819). debt of Jacob Y . Shantz and Son had been Mover 1849-1941," reprinted in Hannes Schneider. ..., 17 W.V . (lien) Uttlr\, A History of Kitchener, Ontario 228. reduced to $71,000 ." Somewhat symbolical- ([Vratcrloo: IXtilh-id Laurie, Uni\ersit\ Press], 1975) ly, that year Jacob Y. sold the Canadian Block, [reprint of 1937 ed .], 66, 69 . continued on page 8 Page 6 - Nineteenth-century Herman Guth, The Amish-Mennonites of Mennonite/Amish newspapers and what years are available and Waldeck and Wittgenstein . (I?Ivcrson, Pa.: where they are located. Indexes for births, mar- Mennonite Family History, 1986), 58 pp. Genealogical riages and deaths have been made for some of Price: $US 7.50 (plus $2.00 mailing) . Available these. from the publishers; a limited number are Resources by Lorraine Roth Tweedsmuir Histories - A list of collections available from Lorraine Roth. of local history kept by branches of the When Hermann Guth began to research his Women's Institute. own family, he discovered that if you work Cemeteries - This is a list of all the cemeteries on one Mennonite family you soon have a in the two counties, giving location and whole congregation on your hands. Her- whether or not it has been transcribed . mann's research took him to the Waldeck- Church Records - There is a brief descrip- Wittgcnstein area just west of Kassel, Ger- tion of denominations present in the counties many, where many American and Canadian in the eighteenth century followed by a list Amish Mennonite ancestors lived for a hun- of churches in each municipality with ad- dred years or more. Since the Mennonites liv- dresses and availability of records or services. ing in Waldeck-Wittgenstein migrated or The book concludes with a miscellaneous list assimilated into the surrounding culture, this of sources not covered above and a map ofeach area as a Mennonite centre had been all but of the townships in the counties of Waterloo forgotten. and Wellington. Lemar and Lois Ann Mast, publishers of Ryan Taylor has done the genealogists and Mennonite Family History, have published other historians a great service by gathering an adapted translation of an article on the Men- together this comprehensive list of resources nonites of Wittgenstein and Waldeck. It had for the counties of Waterloo and Wellington. appeared earlier in the German historical jour- nal, Waldeckische Geschichtsblatter. Hugh F. Gingerich and Rachel W. Kreider, In the first part of the booklet the author brief- Amish and Amish Mennonite Genealogies. ly describes the historical, political and A number of books have been published (Gordonville, Pa.: Pequea Publishers, 1986), religious scene ofthese areas and how the Men- recently which are particularly useful or in- 848 pp., indexes. Price: $US 54.00, available nonites fitted into this picture. Most of the teresting to genealogists . In this issue we will from Levi L . Stoltzfus, 98 S . Groffdale Rd., book is a listing (in alphabetical order) of fami- devote this column to reviewing several of Leola, PA 17540. ly names, giving dates and specific farms them . Hugh Gingerich and Rachel Kreider have (wherever such were available and the source Ryan Taylor, Family Research in Waterloo spent many years collecting Amish and Men- for this information in brackets). The author and Wellington Counties. (Kitchener, On- nonite genealogical data. Here, in one volume, used all the genealogical data he was able to tario: Waterloo-Wellington Branch, Ontario they have pooled all their resources and with find, both in Germany and from American Geneological Society, 1986) 105 pp. Price : an extensive system of letters and numbers to sources, and pieced together the various $7.50 (plus $1.50 for ;mailing). Availablee from refer to persons, time, place and source of in- families . Hence, these are not complete fami- Waterloo-Wellington Branch, Ontario formation, they have made this available to all ly lists but a resource. Genealogical Society, Box 603, Kitchener, Ont. of us. Not only is the information there, but The surnames familiar to Canadian Amish N2G 4A2 . inter-relationships are well cross-referenced . Mennonites are Bender, Brenneman, This handbook was compiled to assist They claim to cover most Amish Mennonite Gingerich, Gurtner (Gardner), Honderich, genealogical researchers working on families families in America to approximately 1850. Jost, Jutzi, Nafziger, Oesch, Roth, Schwart- who resided in Waterloo and Wellington coun- At the beginning of the book there are a zentruber, Sommer and Wagler. Unfortunate- ties. It is most helpful for nineteenth-century number of introductory essays by Hugh F. ly, in only a few cases can one find the con- research . It is an excellent listing of what is Gingerich, Joseph F. Beiler, John A . Hostetler nections between a Canadian family and Her- available, where it is found and in many cases and Amos L . Fisher. manns' research . We have here, however, for how to go about obtaining it . To get the full use of the book, one needs the first time, a glimpse into the history of The contents are as follows: to read the section "How to Use this Book" those ancestors who came from this particular Libraries and Archives - The libraries and as well as check the various code systems. area and we are given a clue as to where we archives are listed with addresses, names of However, in the main body of the book, pages might begin to look for Jacob Bender, John librarians and the types of materials available 1 to 567, the family lists are roughly in Brenneman, George Jutzi, and so on. and services rendered by each one. alphabetical order and can be easily followed The Masts have added a comprehensive in- Organizations - Historical and genealogical by the casual reader without reference to the dex of all persons and places. societies, their addresses, publications and codes. Extensive footnotes add additional in- European history and geography for work they engage in. formation or give variations of the text. Americans and Canadians is very complicated. Census - Lists of available census records in- All persons in the book are found in one of Also some German terms defy translation. The cluding those before 1850 . the several indexes. closest translation of "Conduktoren" is leaser- Wills - Where Wills for particular time Canadian readers will be somewhat disap- manager. In most cases the German term was periods can be found. pointed that only a few families are retained . The English translation of "Lan- Places and Local Histories - All place names represented. There is some material on the dgraf" is Landgrave, but neither word carries (with former names) are given for both coun- following families : Jacob Bender, George much meaning for us. In spite of these dif- ties and a list of local histories. Helmuth, Christian Cascho, George Iutzi, and ficultics, Hermann and Gertrud Atlases, Maps, Directories - This list of several Wagler and Schwartzentruber families. (author/translator) have done us a great ser- available atlases, maps and directories, also in- A few others will find some connections. I vice by bringing to light this segment of Men- cludes which maps have been reproduced and have not been able to figure out why these got nonite history. are available for purchase . in and others did not. Land Registry Offices - The location of the I suppose one should not fault the compilers various Registry offices are given and a brief for what they did not do, because they really continued on page 7 description on how to go about doing land did a fantastic job of what they did do. They research . need to be commended as well as Pequea Assessment Records (and/or collector's rolls) Publishers for undertaking to print it . - A list of records, for which years they ex- ist, and where they are found. Page 7 most important rule or practice of the church. this is not the case in other areas. There may The New Mennonites By locking the New Mennonites out of the soon be a reconciliation in the near future . In by Aaron Eby meeting houses jointly owned by both parties, Waterloo, the ministers of both parties have in Canada [Meyer and his followers] offended them. made peace, and wait for an opportune time [For the next couple Of issues we hope to That they felt guilty of their treatment of to conclude a formal union. They frequently publish historical materials related to the Hoch and his followers is obvious, since serve together at funerals. I have talked with "New Mennonites," a group of Mennonites Preacher Meyer and his followers constantly several ministers of the Old Mennonites who who later joined in the formation of the Men- refused to allow impartial arbitrators to judge eagerly await the time of reconciliation . nonite Brethren in Christ, now known as the their complaints . Repeated attempts were Although divided under different names, they Missionary Church . The item published in this made by various persons to have a new in- are still one in doctrine. issue is by Dr. Aaron Eby (1838-1899) . Eby vestigation of the dispute, but always in vain. The New Mennonites are zealous in was a medical doctor in Sebringville, Ontario Preacher Dilman Meyer refused to be sub- spreading the Gospel. They strongly support from 1865-1885 . He considered himself to be jected to a investigation by those who would prayer and edification meetings . They are a Mennonite, but was listed as an Anglican in take only the Gospel as their guide. Had they prepared to use all means to awaken sinners, the 1871 census. For more information see the been able to bring a well-founded complaint and point them to the Saviour for forgiveness forthcoming article by E. Reginald Good, "A against Hoch, they would doubtless have been of sins in the blood of the Lamb. May they review of Aaron Eby's `Geschichtc der Men- ready to have such an investigation . It could continue to promote the Kingdom, that many noniten in Canada,' published in 1872 ." Eby's have done them no harm . Rather, it convinc- be brought from darkness to the marvellous article was published in Der Mennonitische ed them that the bann of the church against light. Friedensbote (1872), p. 146, 154 . It has been Gross and Hoch was the result of personal The New and Old Mennonites hold their translated by Isaac R. Horst . jealousy and envv . If Hoch and his party had conferences alternately in Waterloo, Lincoln, Eby is writing about a division in the Men- renounced the faith as Gross and his followers and York counties. They [presumably the nonite community in Vineland, Ontario. had, it would have calmed their adversaries' New Mennonites] have a total of ten ministers. Bishop Jacob Gross left the church and join- conscience . Since the meeting houses were They keep a written record of conference ed the Evangelical Association. Minister Daniel built for spreading a certain doctrine, those proceedings. Hoch formed the New Mennonites after ongo- who had renounced that doctrine could lay no The division should never have taken place . ing conflict with other local and conference claim to the buildings intended for that pur- With a little patience and brotherly love, the leaders. Dilinan Meyer (Meyer) was conser- pose . This, however, was not the case . whole matter might have been avoided. Jesus vative, remained with the (Old) Mennonites, Although they were cast out of the church says that not a sparrow falls without the will and was ordained Bishop after Gross left. This on insufficient grounds, they did not forsake Of the heavenly Father . Thus we may unders- conflict had come to a head in 1849. Eby's the accustomed doctrine. They remained tand that the Lord allowed this division to take sympathies are with the New Mennonites. - faithful to the Mennonite confession of faith. place to draw us nearer to Him and His ed .] Thus they had the unquestionable right to the kingdom. use of the buildings which they helped to erect. When Bishop (Jacob] Gross and his followers The majority likely felt this. Consequently found themselves expelled from the church of they hated the presence of a church who con- their youth, they renounced their ancestral stantly reminded them of their unrighteous- continued from page 6 doctrine as well. They Joined a Christian ncss. As long as the New Mennonites were church which was zealous in personal ex- here, they remained a reminder that they had One, not such recent, publication is also of in- perience and piety, while allowing conformi- cast them out of the church - not because of terest and I will draw your attention to it. ty to the world. This was inconsistent with a sinful offense, or immoral conduct, but Letters from our Palatine Ancestors, the doctrine which set the Mennonites apart rather because they desired to serve their God 1644-1689, Pennsylvania 300th Anniversary from other protestants. Some of them return- more faithfully than they formerly had, or Issue, compiled by G. R . Newman and C. L. ed to the parent church, making peace with than their brethren felt was necessary. Groff. Copyright, 1984, by Gary T. Hawbaker Preacher [Dilman] Meyer's followers as well On the other hand, they were also hated by P .O. Box 207, Hershey PA. as they could. They were like seeds fallen on those who had been cast out of the church Scholars have long tapped the fairly large col- stony places . They received it with joy, but with them . [Bishop Gross and his followers] . lection of letters and other documents relating had no roots to endure persecution. These had left the familiar doctrine, joining to our history since the Anabaptist movement When Preacher [Daniel] Hoch and his a church with a doctrine which they con- began in 1525 . Since these documents are in followers, the New Mennonites, were forsaken sidered false, or of too little consequence to Dutch and various dialects of German and, of by the majority of their fellow Mennonites, be recognized as a church. The New Men- course, always in hand writing, they are not only a small portion of the Clinton church re- nonites remained loyal to the Mennonite con- readily accessible to most of us. mained. As is usually the case with weaker fession of faith and doctrine. Consequently This compilation of translated letters bet- churches, they soon became the target of the they were a reproach to those who left the ween the Palatine Mennonites, Swiss refugees stronger party. The parental church hated faith in the hour of persecution. and the Dutch Mennonites, with a few to or them, for the same reason that we by nature Between these two hostile camps, who from officials, lists of Swiss refugees, maps, and hate them whom we have wronged. Their waited for their destruction, the small group a few- writings of William Penn about or to presence reminds us of our sins, so we wish of New Mennonites could hardly expect to ex- the Palatines, begins to open up these primary to get rid of them, rather than be constantly ist . They soon decreased, through death or resources. Footnotes indicate which families reminded that we owe them forgiveness. desertion. One after the other tired of the arrived in America, giving the year of arrival This seemed to be the case with Preacher struggle, joining one of the parties who waited and the name of the place of residence in Meyer and his followers They did not rest un- for their dispersal . Finally some seemed to Germany. til they had crowded those out of the church grow lukewarm or cold on the way, ready to Anvone descended from Swiss refugees to and places of worship who pushed for more lit and die . In this manner the so-called New the Palatinate should dip into this resource . experimental religion . Their consciences told Mennonites decreased, so that fewv are now to Borrow it from the library at Conrad Grebcl them that they did wrong in denying the use be found in the Niagara district. College. of the meeting houses for public worship, by In other parts of Canada, where there was those who had helped to build them. The less bitter sentiment than in Hoch and Me\ cr's presence of the New Mennonites was a cons- vicinity, they prospered and increased. They tant reproach to them. They professed the have three ministers in the Markham church, same doctrine, differing only in their claim tha and as many in Waterloo. Although the en- a personal religious experience should be the n,ity in the Lincoln church is as great as ever,

Page 8 of this cause in the (Old) Mennonite churches break their silence and to argue for the Review while the various "New" Mennonite groups legitimacy of their cause. If so Schlabach has by Rod Sawatsky had their own heroes. Sunday schools, foreign made a major contribution. missions, revival services, English preaching Much more work needs to be done to Isaac R. Horst Close Ups of the Great and conference structures were just some of understand the divisions in the Ontario Men- (Mt. Forest, Ontario : The Awakening. the symbols of the Awakening which the Old nonite churches in the last century. But Horst 1985), 331 pages. Author, Order rejected . has contributed greatly to this task. We thank Horst has produced a very important work! Why reject the Awakening? Horst's "close him for his labors and encourage all readers I say produced because Close Ups of the up" examination suggests many reasons but of this small journal to purchase a copy of Great Awakening is more than authored by among the most important are: the necessity Horst's ~s ork and reap the rewards it has to Horst. It is a compilation of primary of remaining separate from the world, in- otter. documents - primarily letters -arranged cluding worldly churches and their ways and Jacob Y. Shantz, Continued from page 5 topically in twelve chapters, together with the necessity of fostering humility over-against "1871 Province of Ontario, District 32 (Nort chapter introductions and commentary the prideful ways of the world. These themes A it, iloo), Sit h-di,tria No . 13d (Berlin), Schedule f,, , . 7 . throughout provided by Horst. Horst also is are reiterated repeatedly in the documents. Ad- 33 "Hr . Jacob Y . Schantz . . .," BJ, 20 . Jahrg ., No . 31 (7 volume and is the ditionally the respect for tradition over-against August 1879), [21_ the publisher of this 21 ,Jahrg ., N . . . 29 (22 Juli 1880), innovation is notable. Here interestingly Horst 54 "Ga,hclcuchtung, 11J, distributor. 121 The importance of Close Ups is twofold . challenges the usual interpretation of the 55 'Manutakturgc,ch :iitc in Berlin," BJ, 21 . .lahrg ., No . For one, Isaac Horst has gathered together in Anabaptist vision which claims that missions 36 (9 Sept . 1880), [21 . one volume a wide array of materials primarily was an Anabaptist essential with an excerpt 56 'Knopffabrik . . ., BJ, 1 11alug ., No. 7(17 Feb . 1881), 5 . (Dark) Philips, ' of Old Order origin that otherwise would be from Dietrich Menno Simon s 57 "Ncuhautcn, BJ, " . Jahrg., No . 21 (26 Mai 1881), 4; unknown or at least not readily available . associate. Says Horst: "Philip considered the "NCnC GCb :1udC in Berlin," BJ, 22 . .lahrg ., No . 48 (1 Secondly, and more importantly, he has pro- so-called Great Commission to have been Dc7 . 1881), 4 . vided one of the first interpretations from fulfilled by the apostles and disciples, that 58 "Fortschritt yon Berlin," BJ, 23 . Jahrg ., No . 48 (30 Nov . 1882), 4 . within the Old Order community of the divi- teachers today need only preach to the Chris- 59 "Die Herren A . & C: . Bochnter . . ., BJ, 24 . Jahrg ., sions that occurred in the latter half of the tians, and not to the heathen and that that they No . IS (12 April 1883), 4 . nineteenth century in the Mennonite Church . are to take heed to themselves and their flock 60 "Fill getahrlicher Fall," BJ, 24 . Jahrg ., N  . 17(17 Mai The framework for Horst's discussion is the only." (125) Faithfulness to Anabaptism accor- 1883), 4 . 61 "Neubauten and Vcrbc,scrungcn, - BJ, z4 . Jahrg ., No . threefold division in Ontario. On the one side dingly is not in the Awakening but the Old 50 (13 Dez . 1883), 4 : Ncul,auten in Berlin," BJ, 25 . was the division which began with the Daniel Order. JaIng., No . 47 (20 No, . I884), 4 . Hoch separation of 1849 and culminated in the Horst gains considerable interpretive inspira- 62 Waterloo County gazetteer and directory for 1884-85 formation of the Mennonite Brethren in tion from Theron Schlabach's Gospel versus (Guelph : Willi :un \X' . Fvans, 1884), slvn . 63 Jacob Y . Shane. to Jacob 13 . Shantz, Dec . 4, 1883 . Christ Church in the 1870s. In the middle were Gospel. In Schlabach's revision of the earlier [Copy] book A13, 466-468 . UWKB #258 . the (Old) Mennonite churches . On the other "Great Awakening" interpretation, the Men- 64 Paul Grebinger, "The button inclustrv in Rochester, side were the Old Order churches located nonite innovators were deafened by the Ncw York : a chronicle," (Unpublished paper for the primarily north of Waterloo and, hence, refer- drumbeat of the mainline Protestants. Horst Rochester Museum and Science Center, n .d .), 2tf. 65 D.C . Masters, Reciprocity, 1846-1911 (Ottawa : Cana- red to as the upper churches in contrast to the concludes his study with most approving com- dian Historical Association, 1969), 6, 10f, 13ff. lower (Old) Mennonite churches further ments on these lines by Schlabach : 66 "Organisation der Fabrikanten," BJ, 19. Jahrg. (31 Okt . South. Horst's primary focus is on the reasons Had they listened to stiller, smaller 1878), [2] . for this latter Old Order division in 1889-1893. sounds, might have gone forth not quit 67 Jacob Y . Shantz to London & Ontario Investment Co ., Feb . 21, 1884 . [Copy] book A 13, 560-565. UWRB #258 . To this end he also includes parallel material so much to the drumbeats of Anglo- 68 The company letterhead used in 1887 mentions a plant related to the Old Order movements in In- Saxon . Had they listen- at 14 Wells St ., Buffalo, New York . diana in 1872 and Pennsylvania somewhat ed more to Jesus' low-key rhythm, to 69 Grebinger, 11 . earlier. the modest congregations-of Christians 70 Shantz. placed first and second mortgages on 22 different to the Anabaptists, to the properties in Waterloo Township and the town of A generation of Mennonite historians, in- of Paul's time, Berlin . A full list is found in [Copy] book A14 . UWRB cluding Harold Bender and John C. Wenger, best words of their Mennonite #326. labelled the innovations within the Mennonite forefathers - ah, but what was, was. 71 Shantz to Canadian Bank of Comincrcc, March 27, churches in the late nineteenth century as the (327) 1888 . [Copy] book A19, 405-410 . UWKB #287 . 71 Shantz to Louis Breithaupt, Feb . 23, 1888 . t/4Copyl "Great Awakening". BishopJohn F. Funk and Possibly this kind of critical reading of the book A19, 328f . UWRB #287 . his younger associates John S. Coffman and awakening and its implicit support of the Old 73 Canadian Bank of Commerce and Jacob Y . Shantz, Menno S . Steiner were among the champions Order is encouraging Horst and others to Dec. 17, 1914 . [Copy] book A48, Instrument #31313 .

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Memberships: Student - $5.00 Mail to: Secretary, Mennonite Historical Society of Ontario Regular - $ 10 .00 c/o Conrad Grebe] College Additional memberships Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G6 at same address (one mailing) - $5.00 Sustaining - $15 .00