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Accessibility to Metro of Affordable and Commercial Housing Complexes in Shanghai

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Accessibility to Metro of Affordable and Commercial Housing Complexes in Shanghai Accessibility to Metro of Affordable and Commercial Housing Complexes in Shanghai A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Architecture and Planning COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Urban Planning by Jingjing Zhou May 2019 Abstract This thesis has three research questions. The first one is whether Affordable Housing Planning and Management Regulation (“the regulation”) in 2008 has been followed that affordable housing should be built within a 15-minute walk from metro stations. The second question is whether there are significant differences between affordable and commercial housing complexes in metro accessibility. The third question is whether housing type is an important factor in accessibility. This study is based on a mixed-method research design: statistical, quantitative analysis and combined with qualitative analysis of observations. The results are then used to make policy suggestions towards equitable and adaptive locations of affordable housing and metro stations. The study shows that most affordable housing complexes have not followed the regulation in 2008 because most of them were not built within a 15-minute walk from metro stations. Additionally, commercial housing complexes have better accessibility to metro than affordable ones in two aspects: the level of convenience from a certain residential complex to surrounding metro stations, and the level of convenience from surrounding metro stations to points of interest (POI). Although housing price and distance to city center are also important, housing type is a more significant factor in metro accessibility. The study recommends the planning department to combine transportation and affordable housing planning, create more POI in suburban areas, and connect suburban areas with metro. ii Acknowledgements First and foremost, special thanks to my dedicated advisor, Professor Weiping Wu, for her insight, dedication, and supportive feedback throughout the study process. Another big thank you to my reader, Professor Lance Freeman for his valuable comments, whose Quantitative Method course also inspired many aspects of this thesis. My courses at Columbia were instrumental in helping me to understand the critical concepts and mechanisms of the topics discussed in this paper, and I would like to thank my professors for their guidance. Especially, I would like to thank professor Leah Meisterlin, who gave me insightful suggestions on network analysis and accessibility analysis. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family for their continuous encouragement and warm care. Additional thanks go to my friends, Nengjing Deng, Qinyuan Li and Xinlong Yu, who shared GIS files of Shanghai Metro and cooperated with me in collecting data. I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to all the people who offered me assistance during the process of formulating the thesis. iii Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures ................................................................................................................ vii Chapter 1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2. Background ................................................................................................ 4 2.1 Affordable housing in Shanghai ........................................................................ 4 2.2 Importance of metro to affordable housing residents ...................................... 6 2.3 Current situation of affordable housing in Shanghai ........................................ 7 Chapter 3. Literature Review ....................................................................................... 9 3.1 Location and transportation of affordable housing .......................................... 9 3.2 Public transportation equity and accessibility .................................................. 9 3.2.1 Public transportation equity .................................................................. 9 3.2.2 Public transportation accessibility ....................................................... 10 3.2.3 Measurements of transportation accessibility..................................... 11 3.2.4 Factors affecting transportation accessibility....................................... 13 3.2.5 Limitation of literatures ....................................................................... 14 Chapter 4. Methodology ............................................................................................ 15 4.1 Regression analysis on Accessibility Index ...................................................... 15 4.1.1 Hypothesis ........................................................................................... 15 4.1.2 Sample selection .................................................................................. 16 iv 4.1.3 Variable selection................................................................................. 16 4.1.4 Data collection ..................................................................................... 17 4.2 Observation of accessibility quality ................................................................ 18 Chapter 5. Findings .................................................................................................... 20 5.1 Descriptive statistics of accessibility and other variables ............................... 20 5.1.1 Metro stations and lines ...................................................................... 21 5.1.2 Descriptive Statistics of regression variables ....................................... 22 5.2 Regression and hypothesis testing on Accessibility Index............................... 25 5.2.1 Power analysis ..................................................................................... 25 5.2.2 Hypothesis testing ............................................................................... 26 5.2.3 Regression analysis .............................................................................. 26 5.3 Observation of the quality of accessibility ...................................................... 29 5.3.1 The selection of observations .............................................................. 29 5.3.2 Calculation of accessibility quality ....................................................... 30 5.3.3 Findings ................................................................................................ 32 5.4 Summary of findings ....................................................................................... 33 Chapter 6. Conclusions and recommendations ......................................................... 35 6.1 Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 35 6.2 Recommendations .......................................................................................... 36 6.2.1 Combining transportation and affordable housing planning ............... 36 6.2.2 Creating more POI in the suburban area ............................................. 37 6.2.3 Connecting suburban areas with metro .............................................. 37 v 6.3 Limitations of the study .................................................................................. 38 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 39 vi List of Tables Table 1. Four Types of affordable housing in Shanghai ....................................................... 5 Table 2. Summary of different accessibility measurements.............................................. 12 Table 3. The comparisons of affordable housing and commercial housing ...................... 22 Table 4. Descriptive statistics for each variable ................................................................ 23 Table 5. Mean and standard deviation of Accessibility Index ........................................... 25 Table 6. Summary of sample size and power analysis ...................................................... 26 Table 7. Correlation of variables ....................................................................................... 27 Table 8. Significant levels of regression model ................................................................. 28 Table 9. Significant levels and estimates of variables........................................................ 28 Table 10. Attributes of paired observation complexes ...................................................... 29 Table 11. Comparisons of accessibility quality of complexes ............................................ 33 List of Figures Figure 1. Location of the sixth batch of affordable housing in Shanghai ............................ 7 Figure 2. Location of complex samples and metro lines in Shanghai ................................ 20 Figure 3. Metro comparison between affordable and commercial complexes................. 21 Figure 4. Descriptive statistics of built year ...................................................................... 23 Figure 5. Descriptive statistics of travel time ...................................................................
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