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Abstract Historic Native American Village Sites In ABSTRACT HISTORIC NATIVE AMERICAN VILLAGE SITES IN THE MIDDLE ROCK RIVER Amanda Douglas, M.A. Department of Anthropology Northern Illinois University, 2016 Dr. Kurt Rademaker, Director The focus of this thesis is on Historic Period Native American villages within the Middle Rock River. For the purpose of this thesis, the Middle Rock River is the portion of the Rock River Valley in north central Illinois. There are very few sites in the Middle Rock River dating to the time when both Native Americans and Europeans/Euro-Americans occupied it. This is con- trary to the several Native American villages recorded in historical documents. Why have these villages not been found archaeologically? Using historical documents, previous archaeological research and my own original research, I explore three explanations 1.) The sites: to ephemeral, 2.) reoccupation destroyed the sites, and 3.) the area has not been researched enough. Addition- ally, I use historical documents to answer questions of ethnicity, behavioral patterns and culture contact, all of which could be used in future research to create a predictive model to locate His- toric Period Native American sites. NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY DEKALB, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2016 HISTORIC NATIVE AMERICAN VILLAGE SITES IN THE MIDDLE ROCK RIVER BY AMANDA DOUGLAS © 2016 Amanda Douglas A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Thesis Director: Kurt Radmaker TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………. iii LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………... iv LIST OF APPENDICIES.............................................................................................. v Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………. 1 2. ENVIRONMENT OF THE MIDDLE ROCK RIVER……………………...…...... 4 3. REGIONAL HISTORY…………………………………………………………... 8 4. TRIBAL HISTORIES.............................................................................................. 26 5. THEORY………………………………………………………….......................... 31 6. METHODS....................................................................………………….……..... 46 7. HISTORY OF INVESTIGATIONS…………………………………………...….. 50 8. DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………...………... 73 9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS………………………………...………….... 75 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………….... 78 APPENDICES……………………………………………………….......................... 89 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. 11WO527 Lithic Assemblage……………………………………………………. 62 2. 11WO526 Artifact Assemblage…………………………………………….....…. 68 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Map of the Middle Rock River Valley…………………………..........…………… 5 2. Map of archaeological surveys compleated as of January 2015…… 51 3. Early historic artifacts courtesy of the Burpee Museum of Natural History…….. 54 4. Map of recorded Middle Rock River Valley sites as of January 2015……..…… 57 5. Tanner's map of Indian villages c.1830 Illinois..................................................... 59 LIST OF APPENDICES Figure Page APPENDIX A: Lithic Glossary…………………………........................................ 85 APPENDIX B: Survey Maps...................................................................................... 87 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The focus of this thesis is on Historic Period Native American villages within the Middle Rock River. The Rock River flows from northeastern Wisconsin to west central Illinois and is the main waterway in south central Wisconsin and north central Illinois. For the purpose of this thesis, the portion of the Rock River Valley in north central Illinois will be called the Middle Rock River. Throughout this thesis, general terms are used to describe broad ranges in time. Although their definitions are generally known, I list them here for clarification. The time frames for these periods differ geographically but, generally speaking, Prehistoric refers to the time periods prior to Native Americans having any indirect or direct contact with Europeans (pre-sixteenth cen- tury). The Proto-Historic Period (Post-early sixteenth century) refers to the time when Native Americans and Europeans had indirect contact with each other. The Historic Period (post-early sixteenth century) refers to the time after Native Americans and Europeans began to have direct contact with each other. Archaeological study shows that Native Americans had been living in the Middle Rock River for thousands of years before the Europeans arrived. There are hundreds of Native American sites dating prior to the arrival of Europeans and many Euro-American (Americans of European descent) sites dating after the removal of the Native Americans. However, there are very few sites in the Middle Rock River dating to the time when the area was occupied by both 2 Native Americans and Europeans/Euro-Americans (DNR 2015). Originally, my goal had been to locate Historic Period Native American sites in the Middle Rock River. Using historical documents to identify areas with a high probability of containing Historic Period sites, I surveyed these areas but found no evidence of Historic Period Native Americans. My focus then changed to why I didn't find these sites. Why have so few Historic Period Native American sites been found in the Middle Rock River, and what use are historical documents to an archaeologist in the absence of archaeological evidence? Using a combination of middle-range theory and the historical archaeology approach, I explore three probable explanations of why these sites have not been found: 1.) they are too ephemeral, 2.) The sites were destroyed through reoccupation, and 3.) not enough research has been completed. Additionally, I used historical documents to answer questions of ethnicity, be- havioral patterns and culture contact, all of which could be used in future research to create a predictive model to locate Historic Period Native American sites. Chapter 2 describes the study area, including the landscape, flora and fauna, and why these resources would have been important to the Native Americans. Chapter 3 presents a brief overview of the Prehistoric time periods, followed by a much more detailed overview of the Historic Period in the Middle Rock River, from 10,000 BC to AD 1832. I then summarize a brief history of the two main tribes who lived in the area, the Winnebago and the Pottawatomie. The historical information provides a context for understanding changes in Native American culture and the causes and effects of those changes. Chapter 4 presents the historical information of the major tribes in the Middle Rock River during the Historic Period. Chapter 5 presents the 3 theoretical background for this study. Chapter 6 includes descriptions of the methods used in this study, including archival research, fieldwork and data analysis. Chapter 7 details the history of investigations, focusing on six areas in the Middle Rock River. This information includes the historical references, collector activity, previous archaeological investigations, and my own archaeological research. Chapter 8 discusses the research and Chapter 9 summarizes my research and details my conclusions. CHAPTER 2 ENVIRONMENT OF THE MIDDLE ROCK RIVER The Rock River is the main tributary to the Mississippi River between the Wisconsin and Illinois Rivers. It is a slow-moving river flowing out of Fond du Lac County in northeastern Wisconsin; the Rock River continues southwest to the Mississippi River in Rock Island County in northwestern Illinois. The northern border of the focus area begins at the confluence of the Pecatonica and Rock Rivers, near the town of Rockton in northern Winnebago County, Illinois. The area extends south to the town of Grand Detour in Ogle County, Illinois, and east from the confluence of the Kishwaukee and Rock Rivers to the east side of the town of Belvidere in Boone County, Illinois, the western border being the Rock River itself. For simplicity this area will be referred to here as the “Middle Rock River” (Figure 1). Beginning in 1804, each township within Illinois was surveyed and recorded by the General Land Office (GLO). The plats created by the GLO were the first created through systematic survey; as such, they were the most accurate maps of Illinois for their time. Prior to the signing of the Prairie du Chien Treaty of 1829, in which the Winnebago, Pottawatomie and other groups ceded lands to the United States government, the Middle Rock River was in the “In- dian Lands,” and so this area was not surveyed until 1839 (USGLO 1839). These plats give an indication of what the natural landscape was like before it was heavily settled by Euro-Ameri- cans in the nineteenth century. 5 Figure 1: Map of the Middle Rock River Valley 6 West of the Rock River is rolling hills of prairie and groves of woodlands over bedrock, which is limestone and dolomite in the north, sandstone farther south. Caves are also present, having been carved out of the limestone by the river. The east bank of the Rock River has prairie-covered hills formed of glacial and limestone gravels, with woodlands confined to the stream edges. Farther east, along the Kishwaukee River, the land becomes less undulating and the prairie is dotted with wetlands (Department of Natural Resources 2014). Soils in the uplands of the Middle Rock River belong to the Jay-Tama-Muscatine-Ipava- Sable and the Sidell-Catlin-Flanagan-Drummer soil associations (Fehrenbacher et al. 1967). These soils are dark-colored, thick loess soils developed under the prairie landscape. These are well-drained soils that lend themselves
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