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Hollanda Süryani Ortodoks Kilisesi T. C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI DİNLER TARİHİ BİLİM DALI HOLLANDA SÜRYANİ ORTODOKS KİLİSESİ (DOKTORA TEZİ) Ramazan TURGUT BURSA - 2017 T. C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI DİNLER TARİHİ BİLİM DALI HOLLANDA SÜRYANİ ORTODOKS KİLİSESİ (DOKTORA TEZİ) Ramazan TURGUT Danışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Süleyman SAYAR BURSA - 2017 ÖZET Yazar Adı ve Soyadı : Ramazan TURGUT Üniversite : Uludağ Üniversitesi Enstitü : Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Anabilim Dalı : Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri Bilim Dalı : Dinler Tarihi Tezin Niteliği : Doktora Tezi Sayfa Sayısı : XII + 240 Mezuniyet Tarihi : 30/01/2017 Tez Danışman(lar)ı : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Süleyman SAYAR Anadolu coğrafyasının kadim topluluklardan biri olan Süryaniler, 20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Avrupa’ya kitlesel bir göç gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Bu göçün ekonomik, sosyo-politik ve dinî olmak üzere muhtelif nedenlerinden söz edilebilir. 1960’larda misafir işçi (gastarbeiter) olarak başlayan bu göç, 1975’ten sonra mülteci olarak devam etmiştir. Göç edilen ülkelerinden birisi de Hollanda olmuş ve Avrupa’daki ilk Süryani Ortodoks Kilisesi piskoposluğu burada kurulmuştur. Hollanda’da günümüz itibariyle sayıları 15 bini bulan Süryaniler, toplumsal hayatta aktif roller almaktadırlar; politikacı, yazar, avukat, futbolcu gibi nitelikli insanlar yetiştirmektedirler. Bu çalışmada, Süryanilerin Hollanda’ya göç nedenleri, göç sonrası karşılaştıkları sorunlar, mevcut kilise ve cemaatleri, sahip oldukları sivil toplum kuruluşları medya kuruluşları, din-kimlik ilişkisi, toplumsal hayatta din adamlarının rolü gibi konular incelenmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Süryani Göçü, Süryani Diasporası, Din-Kimlik, Hollanda iv ABSTRACT Name and Surname : Ramazan TURGUT University : Uludag University Institution : Social Science Institution Field : Philosophy and Religious Sciences Branch : History of Religion Degree Awarded : PhD Page Number : XII - 240 Degree Date : 30/01/2017 Supervisor (s) : Asst. Prof. Süleyman SAYAR The Suryoye/Syriacs, one of the ancient communities of Anatolia, had realized a mass migration to Europe during the second half of 20th century. It might be considered the different reasons such as economic, socio-political and religious. The immigration that started in 1960’s as guest labor (gastarbeiter) had continued as refugees after 1975. The Netherlands was one of immigrated countries and the first bishopric center of Syrian Orthodox Church had established there in Europe. The Suryoye, which is estimated 15 thousands nowadays in the Netherlands, has taken active roles in social life and has raised many qualified persons such as politicians, authors, lawyers, footballers. In this study, it has been examined the reasons of the Suryoye migration to the Netherlands, the problems they have faced after immigration, the churches and parishes, non-governmental organizations and media organizations, which they have, the relationships between religion and identity, the role of clerics in social life. Keywords: Suryoye immigration, Suryoye diaspora, Religion and identity, The Netherlands, v KISALTMALAR Bibliyografik Bilgiler Uluslararası Türkçe Bakınız bkz. Çok yazarlı eserlerde ilk yazardan sonrakiler et. al. v.d. Sayfa/sayfalar p. / pp. s. / ss. Cilt Vol. C. Sayı: Is. S. Editör/yayına hazırlayan ed. by ed. / haz. Çeviren trans. by çev. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi DİA vi ÖNSÖZ Annemin anlattığına göre henüz birkaç yaşındayken ateşli bir hastalık geçirmiş ve ölümün eşiğine gelmişim. Ailem hayatımın son anlarını yaşadığımı düşünüp ağlarken birileri akıl ederek beni Süryani Doktor Edvard Tanrıverdi’ye, halk arasındaki adıyla “Edwarko”ya götürmelerini tavsiye etmiş. Yarı ölü bir şekilde Edwarko’nun masasına bırakılmışım. Bu satırları yazdığıma göre Doktor Edvard’ın tedavisi işe yaramış olmalı. Doğup büyüdüğüm Midyat, Süryanilerin “Turabdin” bölgesinin önemli kentlerinden birisi olması hasebiyle eskiden büyük bir Süryani nüfusu barındırmaktaydı. Doğduğum mahalledeki oyun arkadaşlarımdan eğitim gördüğüm okuldaki sıra arkadaşlarıma kadar etrafımda birçok Süryani arkadaşım vardı. Sonraki yıllarda beraber büyüdüğüm bu arkadaşlarımın birer birer ortadan kaybolduklarını ve geri gelmediklerini fark ettiğimde; onların yurt dışına göç ettiklerini öğrenmiş oldum. Doktora tez konusu belirleme aşamasına geldiğimde, belki de peşimi bırakmayan geçmişimin etkisiyle yurtdışına giden Süryanileri göçe sürükleyen koşulları, göç sürecini, yerleştikleri ülkelerde karşılaştıkları sorunları, kurdukları kilise ve dernekleri, kilise-cemaat ilişkilerini, kimlik algılarını vb. Hollanda örneği üzerinden çalışmak istedim. Hollanda örneğini seçmem, daha önce orada birkaç sene kalmış olmam ve Felemenkçe bilmemden kaynaklanmaktadır. Ayrıca, Avrupa’da kurulan ilk Süryani Abraşiye’nin (metropolitlik merkezi) bu ülkede olması da kararımda etkili olmuştur. Tez hazırlama süresince bana yol gösteren, hatalarımı sabırla düzelten danışman hocam Yrd. Doç. Dr. Süleyman SAYAR’a, bölümdeki diğer hocalarım Prof. Dr. Ahmet GÜÇ’e ve Doç. Dr. Muhammet TARAKÇI’ya; tez konusu belirlenirken benimle bilgi ve tecrübelerini paylaşan Prof. Dr. İbrahim ÖZCOŞAR’a; Hollanda’da alan çalışması için bulunduğum bir yıllık süre zarfında bana rehberlik eden Prof. Herman TEULE’ya ve onun şahsında, bana kapılarını açan Hollanda Radboud Üniversitesi Doğu Hristiyanlığı Enstitüsü’ne ve oranın çalışanlarına; sahada çalışabilmem için bana gerekli kolaylığı sağlayan Hollanda Süryani Ortodoks Kilisesi Metropoliti Mor Polycarpus Augin Aydın’a; oradayken kendisinden Süryanice dersler aldığım Abuna Barsaumo Samoil DOĞAN’a, cemaat içerisinde gerekli bağlantıları kurmamda bana yardımcı olan Yawsef Beth-Turo’ya; isimlerini burada zikredemesem de, benimle röportaj yapmayı vii kabul eden bütün görüşmecilere; yanlarındayken yabancılık çekmediğim, bana evlerini ve sofralarını açan Süryani cemaatine; yüz yüze tanışmasak da, kaynakların temininde bana fazlasıyla yardımcı olan araştırmacı yazar Jan BETH-ŞAWOCE’ye; tez yazım sürecinde beni gayretlendiren Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mehmet ALICI’ya; röportajların tercümesi veya dikte edilmesi konusunda yardımını esirgemeyen Ali EŞLİK ve Delal ŞENOL’a; tezi kısmen veya tamamen okuyup geri bildirimlerde bulunan, isimlerini tek tek sayamadığım meslektaşlarıma teşekkür etmekten memnuniyet duyuyorum. Hollanda’daki alan araştırmasını YÖK bursu sayesinde yapabildim. Ayrıca bu çalışma, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi BAP birimi tarafından 2013-SOB-D014 nolu proje ile desteklenmiştir. Doğal olarak, bu imkânların sağlanmasında katkısı olan tüm yetkililere teşekkür ederim. Tez çalışmalarımı, çoğu zaman başkalarına ayırmam gereken vakitlerden “çalarak” yürütebildim. Bu durumda en büyük teşekkürü de, her zaman başaracağıma inanan ailem, eşim ve çocuklarım hak etmektedir. Onların sürekli desteği olmasa, belki de bu çalışmayı bitiremezdim. Son olarak bu tezi, onun dualarıyla yol aldığıma inandığım muhterem anneme ithaf ediyorum. Ramazan TURGUT Bursa - 2017 viii İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET ___________________________________________________________ iv ABSTRACT _______________________________________________________ v KISALTMALAR _____________________________________________________ vi ÖNSÖZ _______________________________________________________ vii İÇİNDEKİLER _____________________________________________________ ix GİRİŞ _________________________________________________________ 1 I. Araştırmanın Konusu ve Önemi _____________________________________ 1 II. Araştırmanın Kapsamı ____________________________________________ 2 III. Araştırmanın Yöntemi ____________________________________________ 4 IV. Verilerin Toplanması ve Değerlendirilmesi ___________________________ 7 V. Mülakat Örneklem Grubunun Özellikleri ____________________________ 8 VI. Kaynakların Değerlendirilmesi ____________________________________ 11 1. SÜRYANİ GÖÇÜ _____________________________________________ 17 1.1. Tarihi Arka Plan _______________________________________________ 17 1.2. 19. Yüzyılda Süryanilere Yönelik Misyonerlik Faaliyetleri _____________ 24 1.3. Göç Sürecinin İlk Merhalesi: Seyfo (Kılıç Yılı–1915)__________________ 30 1.4. Seyfo Sonrası Süryanilerin Göçünü Tetikleyen Olaylar _______________ 35 1.4.1. Lozan Antlaşması ve Süryanilerin Yok Sayılması ________________________ 36 1.4.2. 6-7 Eylül Olayları (1955) _____________________________________________ 38 1.4.3. Kıbrıs Harekâtı (1974) _______________________________________________ 39 1.4.5. 1980 Askeri Darbesi ve Zorunlu Din Eğitimi ____________________________ 40 1.4.6. Bölgedeki Terör Olayları ____________________________________________ 41 1.5. Göç Süreci _____________________________________________________ 44 1.5.1. İstanbul’a Göç _____________________________________________________ 46 ix 1.5.2. Avrupa’ya Göç _____________________________________________________ 48 1.5.3. Hollanda’ya Göç ____________________________________________________ 53 2. HOLLANDA SÜRYANİ ORTODOKS KİLİSESİ VE DİNİ PRATİKLER 57 2.1. Hollanda Süryani Ortodoks Kilisesi________________________________ 58 2.1.1. Mor Efrem Manastırı _______________________________________________ 60 2.1.1.1. Mezarlık _______________________________________________________ 62 2.1.1.2. Dolabani Kültür Salonu __________________________________________ 63 2.1.1.3. Bar Hebraeus Matbaası ve Yayınevi ________________________________ 63 2.1.1.4. Meryem Ana Katedrali (Yuldath Aloho Kilisesi) ______________________ 65 2.1.2. Mor Yuhanon Kilisesi (Apostel Johannes Kerk) - Hengelo ________________ 66
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