Journalof theAmerican Mosquito Control Association, 20(2):204-207,2004 Copyright @ 2OO4by the American Mosquito Control Association, Inc.

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

NEW RECORD, HABITATS, AND UPDATED CHECKLIST OF THE MOSQUITOES OF HONG KONG'

LEOPOLDO M. RUEDA,,3 JAMES E. PECOR,, MING-CHI YUEN4,cNo MING-WAI LEEa

ABSTRACT. Mosquito collections were carried out during Aprll 2OO2in Hong Kong. Twenty-six species of mosquitoes in 9 genera were collected, including I new record, Culex (Culiciomyia) nigropunctatus. Char^cter- istics of larval habitats of these species are described and an updated checklist is included.

KEY WORDS Mosquitoes, Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, Hong Kong, Culicidae

Hong Kong (1,092 km,) is at the northern edge pupal exuviae. Data from each collection site were of the tropics in eastern Asia and borders the South recorded on a standard form (Faran et al. 1985. Pe- China Sea and China. Hong Kong is famous for its cor and Gaffigan 1997). Fourth-stage larvae and urban landscape and high human population den- pupae were individually reared to adult stage and sity, with a total of about 6.8 million people. Out- associated immature exuviae were preserved in side the urban center, Hong Kong includes many 807o ethanol. Fourth-stage larvae also were pre- large and small towns, villages, and rural commu- served from as many species as possible. Most nities. About 28Vo of its land area consists of for- adult specimens were killed in ethyl acetate vapor ests, woodland, pastures, and crop fields with about and mounted on points on pins. Exuviae of larvae 20 km' of irrigated land. Its climate is subtropical; and pupae were subsequently mounted in euparal the mean daily minimum temperature for January on microscope slides. Selected reared adults, par- and February (the coolest months from 1961 to ticularly male specimens, were preserved in l0OVo 1990) was 13.8'C, whereas the mean daily maxi- ethanol to preserve their DNA. Male genitalia were mum temperature for July and August (1961-90) dissected when necessary to assist identification. was 31.4"C. The mean yearly rainfall from 1947 to Specimens were identified to species by using keys 2001 was 2,214.3 mm (Government of Hong Kong and descriptions from pertinent literature (e.g., Special Administrative Region 2002). Bram 1967; Sirivanakarn 1972, 1976, 1977: Chau The mosquitoes of Hong Kong have been doc- 1982; Rattanarithikul and Green 1986). umented by several workers (e.g., Jackson 1938, Twenty-six collections were made in April 2002, 195 1; Mattingly 1949; Sirivanakarn 1972, 1976). resulting in 359 pinned adults and 381 vials with Chau (1982) recorded 68 species in l2 genera, and exuviae of larvae and pupae and whole larvae (Ta- I unidentified species in Topomyia and I in the ble l). The collections represented 26 species from Ochlerotatus (Finlaya) niveus grotp. To better un- 9 genera and l6 subgenera. One species, Culex ni- derstand the mosquito fauna of Hong Kong in re- gropunctatus Edwards, is a new occurrence record lation to the types of habitats available, larval and for Hong Kong. Forty-three species not encoun- adult collections were conducted from April 9 to tered during our surveys are recorded from Hong 23, 2OO2. Adults were collected with a modified Kong, bringing the total number of species known miniature Centers for Disease Control light trap to occur in Hong Kong to 69. We also collected (Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, topotypic specimens of 4 species (originally col- Hong Kong), baited wirh CO, and light, and hung lected and described from Hong Kong), namely, from a tree branch about 1.5 m above the ground Anopheles maculatus Theobald, An. minimus Theo- near larval breeding habitats. Larvae were collected bald, Culex annulus Theobald. and Ochlerotatus from a variety of habitats with the primary inten- macfarlanei Edwards. In this survey, we collected tion of obtaining adults with associated larval and larvae of 2 I species from a variety of open habitats. Aedes lineatopennis (Ludlow), Coquillettidia cras- rThe views of the authors do not purport to reflect the srpes (Van der Wulp), Culex nigropunctatus, Cx. views of the supponing agency. vagans Wiedemann, and Mansonia uniformis 2 Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Insti- (Theobald) were only collected as adults with COr- tute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 2O9IO-75OO. baited light traps. I To whom correspondence should be addressed at Wal- We initially targeted for larval collections those ter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Museum Support Center, habitats where mosquitoes in the genus Anopheles Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, MD 20746. were likely to be found. During our collections, we 4 Department of Food and Hygiene, Hong Kong Gov- also encountered species from genera other than ernment, South Wing, 1llf, Canton Road Government Of- Anopheles from those habitats. Larval Anopheles fices, 393 Canton Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong. sinensis Wiedemann were collected from a flood ScrrNrrRc No'rps 205

Table 1. Mosquito species collected from various habitats in Hong Kong, April 2002.

Species Larval habitatr Locality Coordinates

Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans (Meigen) GP, LT Tai Hong Wei 22"27'N,114"04'E Kam Tin 22"26'N,114'04'E Ae. (N eomelaniconion) Iineatopennis (Ludlow) LT Kam Tin 22'21'N, 114"04'8 Ae. (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) AC, FL Wu Mei 22"21'N,114'15'E Tai Tan 22"26'N, tt4"20'8 Anophe les (Anopheles) bengalensis Prtrii SM Wu Mei 22"21'N,1 14'15'E An. (Ano.) sinensis Wiedemann FR GP Lamma Island 22"12'N,114'08'E Tai Hong Wei 22"27'N, rr4"O4'E Tan Chuk Hang 22"3r'N, 114"1l'E ID, PP Ting Kak 22"28'N, tt4"l3'E Ying Pun 22"28'N,114"07'E Yuen Kong 22"26'N,1t4'O4'8 An. (Cellia\ maculatus Theobald' GB IP Ham Hang Mei 22'31'N,tt4'13'E Ho Chun 22"21'N,114"15'E Lamma Island 22"12'N.114'08'8 RP, SM Pak Mong 22"18'N,113'58'E Tai Tan 22"26'N,r14"20'8 Thi Shu Hang 22"24'N.1t4"13'8 Wu Mei 22'21'N, 114'15'8 An. (Cel.) minimus Theobald' SM Ham Hang Mei 22'31'N,ll4'13'8 Armigeres (Armigeres) subalbatus (Coquillett) SM Ham Hang Mei 22"31'N,114"13'E Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) cras s ipe s (Van der Wulp) LT Kam Tin 22"26'N,114"04'8 Culex (Culex) annulus Theobald' FR ID, SM Ho Chu 22"21'N,rl4"t5'E Lamma Island 22"12'N,I14"08'E Ying Pun 22"28'N,114"07'E Cx. (Cux.) bitaeniorhynchzs Giles SM Tai Shu Hang 22'24'N, 114't3'8 Cx. (Cux.) mimeticus Noe RP Tai Tan 22"26'N,114"20'8 Cx. (Cux.) quinquefasciatus Say AC, FR ID, IP Lamma Island 22"12'N,I 14'08'E Tai Tan 22"26'N,114"20'E Tan Chuk Hang 22"31'N,I l4'11'E Ying Pun 22"28'N, tt4"07'8 Cx. (Cux.) siriezs Wiedemann tJI, PR RD Kam Tin 22"26'N, tt4"O4'E Ting Kak 22"26'N, tt4"O4'E Yuen Kong 22"26'N,114004'E Cx. (Cux.) vagans Wiedernann LT Kam Tin 22"26'N, tt4"O4'E Cx. (Culiciomyia) ni gropunctalzs Edwardss LT Kam Tin 22"26'N, rt4"O4'E Luk Kong 22"20'N, Lt4"O2'E Cx. (Cui.) pallidothorax Theobald AC, ID, SM Tai Tan 22"26'N,114"20'E Tan Chuk Hang 22'31'N.114"11'E Yuen Kong 22'26'N, 114'04'E Cx. (Eumelanomyia) foliatus Brug SM Wu Mei 22"21'N,I 14'15'E Cx. (Eum.) malayi (Leicester) SM Ham Hang Mei 22'31'N,114"13'8 Cx. (Lophoce ramoyia) infantulas Edwards AC, IS, SM Lamma Island 22"12'N,114'08'E Pak Mong 22'18'N,ll3'58'E Tai Shui Hang 22"25'N,I l3'56'E Wu Mei 22"21'N,114"15'E Cx. (Lutzia) fuscanas Wiedemann AC, PP Tai Tan 22'26'N, 114"20'8 Ting Kak 22'26'N,114"O4'8 Cx. (Lut.) halifaxii Theobald FP, RP Tai Tan 22"26'N, 114"20'E Ying Pun 22"28'N,tl4"O7'E M ansonia (M ansonio ide s) uniformis (Theobald) LT Kam Tin 22"26'N, tl4"O4'F. Ochle rotatus (Finlaya) macfarlanei Edwards2 AC, RP Tai Tan 22"26'N, r14"20'E Toxorhynchites (Toxorhynchites) splendens (Wiedemann) AC Fo Tan 22"24'N, 114"12'8 U ranotaenia (Uranotaenia) annandalei Barraud RD Pak Mong 22"18'N,113'58'E

rGIl garden or vegetable paddy; LX adult light trap; AC, atificial container; FL, fallen leaf (palm); SM, strem magin; FR flood pool; ID, irrigation ditch; PR pasture pool; IP, irigation pond; RP, rock pool; RD, road ditch. 'Topotypic material. 3 New record. 206 JounNnl or rns AvgntclN Moseurro CoNrnol Assocrlrrolq Vor-. 20, No. 2

Table 2. Checklist of mosquito species from Hong Thble 2. Continued. Kons. 51. genurostris Leicester Aedes (Aedimorphus) Mansonia (Mansonioide s\ 1. vexans (Meigen) 52. uniformis (Theobald) Aedes ( Neome laniconion) M imomyia (Etorleptiomyia) 2. lineatopennis (Ludlow) 53. luzonensis (Ludlow) Aedes (Stegomyia) Mimomyia (Mimomyia) 3. aegypti (Linnaeus) 54. chamberlaini (Ludlow) 4. albopictus (Skuse) Ochle rotatus (Finlaya) 5. gardnerii imitator (Leicester) 55. japonicus (Theobald) Anopheles (Anopheles) 56. macfarlanei Edwards 6. bengalensis Puri 57. pulchriventer (Giles) 7. lesteri Baisas and Hu 58. togoi (Theobald) 8. sinensis Wiedemann Ochlerotatus ( Muc idus\ Anopheles (Cellia) 59. scatophagoldes (Theobald) 9. fluviatilis lames Toxorhync hite s (Toxo rhy nc h ite s) 10. jeyporiensis James 6O. splendens (Wiedemann) 11. karwari (James) Tripte roide s (Rac h ionotomy ia) 12. maculatus Theobald 61. aranoides (Theobald) 13. minimus Theobald U ranotae nia (P seudofi ca I b ia) 14. splendidus Koidzumi 62. bicolor Leicester 15. tessellatus Theobald 63. jacksoni Edwards 16. vagus Doenitz 64. niv ipleura Leicester Armigeres (Armigeres) 65. novobscura Barraud l'7. subalbatus (Coquillett) U ranotaenia (Uranotaenia) Armi g ere s (Le ice st eria) 66. annandalei Barraud 18. magnus (Theobald) 6'7. edwardsi Barraud Coqui I lettidict (C oqu i I le tt id ia) 68. macfarlanei Edwards 19. crassipes (Van der Wulp) Verral lina (Ve rrallina) Culex (Culex) 69. dux Dyar and Shannon 20. annulus Theobald INew record, 21. barraudi Edwards 22. bitaeniorhync hus Glles 23. fuscocephala Theobald 24. gelidus Theobald pool, a garden and vegetable paddy, a grassy pas- 25. jacksoni Edwards ture pool, and irrigation ditches. Larval An. macu- 26. mimeticus Noe latus were retrieved from a stream margin, a garden 27. mimulus Edwards and vegetable paddy, irrigation ponds, and rock 28. murrelli Lien pools. Larval An. minimus were only collected from 29. orientalis Edwards stream margins. Larval Oc. macfarlanei were col- 3O. pseudovishnzi Colless lected pools 31. quinquefasciatus Say from rock and artificial containers. Ca- 32. sinensis Theobald lex had the greatest number of species (13); larvae 33. sitiens Wiedemann of this genus were found in most habitats including 34. t ritaenio rhyncft as Giles artificial containers, flood pools, rock pools, irri- 35. vagans Wiedemann gation ditches, and stream margins. The specific 36. whitmorei (Giles) habitats of other species are listed in Table l. Chau Culex (Culiciomyia) (1982) briefly noted the habitats of mosquitoes in 37. nigropunctatr.s Edwardsr Hong Kong. 38. pallidotho rax Theobald Table 2 is an updated checklist of the mosquitoes 39. ryukyensis Bohart 4O. shebbearei Barraud of Hong Kong based on our collections, Hong 41. spiculothoraxBram Kong Department of Food and Environmental Hy- Culex (Eumelanomyia) giene reference collections, and available publica- 42. foliatus Brug tions (e.g., Chen 1980, Chau 1982). Changes made 43. malayi (Leicester) to the generic and subgeneric classification of Cu- C u lex (In p hoc erao my ia) licidae since the publication of A catalogue of the 44. infantulus Edwards mosquitoes of the world (Knight and Stone 1977), 45. rubitho raci.s (Leicester) its supplements (Knight 1978; Ward 1984, 1992; 46. sumatranus Brug Gaffigan and Ward 1985), and other sources (Re- Culex (Lutzia\ inert 1999, 20OO;and online systematic catalog of 47. fuscanus Wiedemann 48. halifaxii Theobald Culicidae [Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit 2001]) Ficalbia that apply to the mosquito fauna of Hong Kong are 49. jacksoni Mattingly followed here. This checklist has 69 species in 14 5O. minima (Theobald) genera. Chau (1982) listed unknown species of Zo- Malava pomyia and Ochlerotatus (Finlaya) from Hong 207 JuNe 2004 SCTENTTFICNorEs

extremes of Hong Kong. http:// Kong, which are not included in the present list' ological normals and www.hko. gov.hk/climate/normals/htm. Chen (1980) noted that the distribution of Culex Jackson RB. 1938. A guide to the identification of the Theobald in China was doubtful, but he vishnui anopheline larvae of the Colony of Hong Kong. Chin in the coun- suggested the existence of Cx. annulus Med J 53:259-27Q. our try instead. We collected Cx. annulus during Jackson RB. 195 I . A review of investigations of the habits surveys in Hong Kong and we concur with Chen and pathogenicities of the common anophelines of (1980) that the occurrence of Cx. vishnui in Hong Hong Kong. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 45(l):91-101' Kong is unlikely. Our Hong Kong mosquito species Knight KL. 1978. Supplement to A catalog of the mos- checklist is a useful aid for further studies and a quitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae). Thomas Say revision of this list should be done as new collec- Found 6(Suppl):1-107. KL, Stone A. 1977. A catalog of the mosquitoes tion and taxonomic data become available in the Knight of the world (Diptera: Culicidae) 2nd edition. Thomas near future. Say Found 6: l-61 1. supported in part by a research This study was Mattingly PF. 1949. Ficalbia (Ficalbia) jacksoni sp. n., a project of Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Walter new species of mosquito (Diptera, Culicidae) in Hong Reed Army Institute of Research (MIDRP Kong. Proc R Entomol Soc Lond (B) 18:9-11. U0019-03-WR). We would like to thank the staff Pecor J, Gaffigan T. 1997 . Laboratory and field protocols' of the Hong Kong Department of Food and Envi- http ://wrbu. si.edu/www/labmaMabman.html. ronmental Hygiene for their field and laboratory as- Rattanarithikul R, Green C. 1986. Formal recognition of group (Diptera: sistance, particularly W. H. Lee, K. K. Wan' C. K. the species of the Anopheles maculatus occurring in Thailand, including the descrip- Chong, T. E L. Yau, M. Y. Cheng, C. Y. Tsang' Y' Culicidae) tions of the two new species and a preliminary key to W. Lai, K. E Yeung, and C. W. Leung. Special females. Mosq Syst 18:246-278. for hospitality and technical sup- thanks to Y. Y. Ho Reinert JR 1999. Restoration of Verrallina to generic rank port; to R. C. Wilkerson and D. Strickman for sup- in tribe Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae) and descriptions of port and encouragement; and to R. C. Wilkerson, the genus and three included subgenera. Contrib Am B. P Rueda, and Y. M. Huang for reviewing the Entomol Inst (Ann Arbor) 31:l-83. manuscript. Reinert JF 2000. New classification for the composite ge- nus Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae: Aedini), elevation of subgenus Ochlerotatus to generic rank, reclassification REFERENCES CITED of the other subgenera and notes on certain subgenera Bram RA. 1967. Contributions to the mosquito fauna of and species. J Am Mosq Control Assoc l6:175-188. southeastAsia.-II. The genus Culex in Thailand (Dip- Sirivanakarn S. 1972. Contributions to the mosquito fauna tera: Culicidae). Contrib Am Entomol Inst (Ann Arbor) of Southeast Asia. XIII. The genus Culex, srtbgenus Eu' 2(1):l--296. melnnomyia Theobald in Southeast Asia and adjacent Chau GW. 1982.An illustated guide to the identification areas. Contrih Am Entomol Inst (Ann Arbor) 8(6):l-86- of the mosquitoesof Hong Kong Hong Kong: Urban Sirivanakarn S. 1976. Medical entomology studies-Ill. Council. A revision of the subgenus Culex in the Oriental Region Chen HB. 1980. Study on the Culex visftroalsubgroup in (Diptera: Culicidae). Contrib Am Entomol Inst (Ann Ar- China with discussionson the taxonomic status of C. bor) 12(2):1-272. neovishnui Lien, C. permixtus Hsieh and Liao and C. Sirivanakarn S. 1977. Medical entomology studies-Vl. cheni Ho. Acta Entomol Sin 23:434-44O. A revision of the subgenus I'ophoceraomyia of the ge- Faran ME, BurarettC, Crockett JJ, Lawson WL. (1984) nus Culex in the Oriental Region (Diptera: Culicidae)- 1985. A computerized mosquito information and col- Contrib Am Entomol Inst (Ann Arbor) l3(4):l-245. lection management system for systematicsresearch Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit. 2O02. Systematic cata- and medical entomology (Diptera: Cttlicidae). Mosq log of Culicidae. http://www.mosquitocatalog.orgl 76:289-3O7. main.asp. Syst "A Gafligan TY Ward RA. 1985. Index to the second sup- Ward RA. 1984. Second supplement to catalog of the plement to "A catalog of the mosquitoesof the world", mosquitoes of the world" (Diptera: Ctlictdae). Mosq additions (Diptera: Culicidae). Syst 16:227-27O. with corrections and "A Mosq Syst 77:52-63. Ward RA. 1992. Third supplement to catalog of the Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Re- mosquitoes of the world" (Diptera: Ctlicidae). Mosq gion. 2002. Hong Kong observatory: monthly meteor- Syst24:177-23O.