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Human Trafficking 101: The Basics of Human Trafficking
Campus Safety and Violence Prevention Forum March 10‐11, 2020
Human trafficking can affect all socioeconomic statuses, genders, races, and ethnicities.
What Is Human Trafficking?
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What is Human Trafficking?
There are 6 main types of human trafficking worldwide: • Sex Trafficking • Labor Trafficking • Organ Harvesting • Forced Marriage • Debt Bondage • Child Soldier
Legal Definition of Sex and Labor Trafficking
Sex trafficking: The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act where such an act is induced by force, fraud, coercion or in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age. (22 USC 7102)
Labor trafficking: The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage or slavery. (22 USC § 7102(9))
Types of Control
Sex Trafficking: • Gang Controlled (MS‐13 most prevalent in Virginia) • Family Controlled • Pimp Controlled Labor Trafficking: • Debt Bondage
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How Does Sex Trafficking Happen in the United States?
The Grooming Process • Trafficker(s) identify an individual to connect with Identify
• Trafficker connects with identified individual and Connect begins to build rapport and a relationship with them
• Trafficker fills a void, need, or desire to make a “better Manipulate life” for the individual
• Trafficker increases personal time with individual and Isolate begins separating individual from family and friends
• Physical abuse begins to maintain control and assert Abuse power
The Grooming Process
• Introduced by friend or family • Social Media Apps • Stranger • Texts • Family Member • Gaming Platforms • Any technology that connects to others
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The Grooming Process
Need Housing?
Money? Family? Drugs?
The Grooming Process
• Family support • Illusion of “adulthood” • Financial need • Homelessness • Desire for romantic relationship • Substance abuse • Family neglect/abuse • Something else…… • Foster care
The Grooming Process
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The Grooming Process
Survivor Survey Thorn: Released January 2018 260 survivors were surveyed. Of those with a trafficker: ‒ 42% stated that they trusted their trafficker within 1 month. ‒ 28% stated that they trusted their trafficker within 4 months.
The Grooming Process Can Happen Quickly!!
Source: Thorn. 2018. Survivor Insights: The Role of Technology in Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking. Pg. 27. Retrieved from https://www.thorn.org/wp‐content/uploads/2019/12/Thorn_Survivor_Insights_090519.pdf.
Trauma • "a strong emotional attachment between an abused person and his or her abuser, formed as a Bonding result of the cycle of violence." ‐ Austin & Boyd
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Conditions of Trauma Bonding
Source: Trauma & Hope, LLC. Sexual Exploitation Treatment Training Services (2017).
Intermittent Imbalance of power Reinforcement of Victim denies abuse Victim hides the abuse Abuse
Quality of Life and Health
Mental Health Basic needs Lack of proper Issues not met housing
Drug Addiction Disease / Illness
Malnutrition Physical Mental Abuse Abuse
Indicators of Sex Trafficking
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High‐Risk Populations *Not an exhaustive list • Runaways • Homeless Youth • Foster Care / System Involved Youth • Refugee Population • LGBTQ Population • Familial Issues (Divorce, estranged parents, broken relationships, etc.) • Abused (sexual, physical, and/or emotional) • Financial Desperation • Intergenerational Trafficking Families • Gang Affiliated Families • Substance Abuse
At‐Risk Behaviors *Not an exhaustive list • History of abuse • Indicators of Physical Abuse • Branding or Tattoos • Behavioral Changes • Older significant other • Unexplained change in school attendance (truancy) • Display of expensive items, bragging about money • Sexualized clothing, explicit on‐line profile, downloading pornography • Parties • Hanging out in unfamiliar neighborhoods • New cell phone or overly attached to phone • Gang affiliation • Runaway behavior, leaving home without telling their whereabouts • Isolating from family and other support systems
Medical Indicators *Not an exhaustive list
• Untreated injuries from beatings and rape • Unexplained bruises, scarring‐signs of physical abuse • Reproductive health problems (i.e. ‐ exposure to HIV and STD’s, fertility issues) • Urinary Tract Infections • Somatic complaints (headaches, chronic pain) • Malnutrition • Severe dental problems • TB • Addictions to drugs/alcohol • Unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions • Fatigue • Significant weight loss
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Mental Health Related Effects of Trafficking *Not an exhaustive list
• Extreme fear and anxiety • Depression • Inability to trust others • Self‐destructive behaviors (such as suicide attempts) • Profound shame and guilt • Difficulty sleeping • Difficulty concentrating • Stress related disorders • Panic attacks • PTSD
Available Services
What Services are Available * Varies by Locality Juveniles: • School Staff (Teacher, School Social Worker, Attendance Officer, School Security Officer, School Resource Officer, Administration, etc.) • Law Enforcement • Local Law Enforcement • FBI • Homeland Security Investigations • Department of Social Services / Child Protective Services • Juvenile Court Services (if involved) • Hospitals • National Center for Missing and Exploited Children • National Human Trafficking Hotline • Private Mental Health Professionals • Private Human Trafficking Programs
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What Services are Available * Varies by Locality Adults: • Law Enforcement • Local Law Enforcement • FBI • Homeland Security Investigations • Court Services • Hospitals • Domestic Violence Programs (many can serve trafficking) • National Human Trafficking Hotline • RAINN (Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network) • Private Mental Health Professionals • Private Human Trafficking Programs
Intersecting Issues
Please note: The following situations do not automatically indicate a human trafficking situation; however, these situations could potentially escalate into a human trafficking situation.
Sextortion
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Source: FBI. (2019). Sextortion Targets Youth Online. Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/video‐ repository/sextortion‐053019.mp4/view
Source: National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. (2016). Retrieved from https://youtu.be/a440H146l14
Arrangement Dating
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What is Arrangement Dating?
A negotiated relationship between two parties about what will be expected and/or provided in the relationship. The terms are often negotiated prior to meeting through online arrangement dating sites.
Arrangement Dating Terminology Sugar Daddy or Sugar Mommy: Person paying for the relationship Splenda Daddy or Splenda Mommy: Person who wants to be a Sugar Daddy or Sugar Mommy; however, does not have adequate funding to do so. Salt Daddy or Salt Mommy: Person who fraudulently poses as a Sugar Daddy or Sugar Mommy, but cannot fund the lifestyle. Experience Daddy or Experience Mommy: Pays for trips and experiences rather than giving money. Sugar Baby: Female receiving money for the relationship. Sugar Pup: Male receiving money for the relationship. Sugar Relationship: The arrangement dating situation. Arrangement: The negotiated business style relationship. Allowance: The money that the Sugar Daddy or Sugar Mommy gives to the Sugar Baby or Sugar Pup on a regular basis. Typically weekly or monthly. Meet & Greet: Term for a first date.
Types of Relationships: No Strings Attached (NSA) Pay Per Meet (PPM) Long‐Term Arrangement (LTA) Short‐Term Arrangement (STA)
“When these sugar‐daddy relationships go the way I think they should go, the lines are pretty blurry between that and a typical boyfriend‐ girlfriend relationship,” she said. “And when they go the way I don’t think they should go, the lines are blurry between that and sex work.” – A.B.
Source: Padawer, Ruth (April 12, 2009). "Keeping Up With Being Kept". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
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Questions?
Angella Alvernaz State Trafficking Response Coordinator Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS) [email protected] 804.517.8695
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