DOCSLIB.ORG

On the Language of Data Protection on the Language of Data Protection Data of Language the on Handbook Handbook

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
On the Language of Data Protection on the Language of Data Protection Data of Language the on Handbook Handbook HANDBOOK ON THE LANGUAGE OF DATA PROTECTION ON THE LANGUAGE OF DATA PROTECTION DATA OF LANGUAGE THE ON HANDBOOK HANDBOOK With fi nancial support from the Justice Programme of the European Union Avec le soutien fi nancier du Programme Justice de l’Union européenne HANDBOOK ON THE LANGUAGE OF DATA PROTECTION With financial support from the Justice Programme of the European Union Avec le soutien financier du Programme Justice de l’Union européenne HANDBOOK ON THE LANGUAGE OF DATA PROTECTION. Copyright Notice This Handbook has been compiled solely for educational purposes. All the texts and materials included in this Handbook, except where otherwise stated, are the exclusive Property of the European Judicial Training Network (EJTN). Absolutely no reproduction of the contents of this Handbook, in whole or in part, may be made without the express written permission of EJTN. Extracts of the Handbook may be reviewed, reproduced or translated for private study only. This excludes sale or any other use in conjunction with a commercial purpose. Any public legal use or reference to the Handbook should be accompanied by an acknowledgment of EJTN as the source and by a mention of the author of the text referred to. The contents and views expressed herein reflect only those of EJTN and the European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of these contents and views. European Judicial Training Network Réseau européen de formation judiciaire With financial support from the Justice Programme of the European Union Avec le soutien financier du Programme Justice de l’Union européenne ISBN-NUMBER: 97894640009179789464000924 FOREWORD OF THE EJTN’S SECRETARY GENERAL Development of language skills is essential to enable exchanges between judicial authorities and individual judges, prosecutors and court staff, paving the way for mutual trust and a better understanding of foreign legal and judicial systems.1 Thus, having a good command of a foreign language and its legal terminology should form an essential part of the training of the judiciary. The European Judicial Training Network (EJTN) has devoted attention to the design and implementation of advanced and technical language trainings, in order to complement and support the basic language training primarily provided by its Members at national level. In 2019, over 600 participants are expected to attend the eleven linguistics trainings and four Summer Schools offered by EJTN’s Linguistics Programme. EJTN’s added value notably lies in the tools provided to all its Members such as linguistic handbooks and glossaries, self-assessment tests and marked tests available as e-learning modules. This Handbook is one of such tools. It is the 1st edition of a linguistic handbook on data protection compiling the most relevant training materials used in EJTN linguistic courses delivered regularly in this area of law since October 2017. The European Union data protection legislative package adopted in May 2016 aims at making Europe fit for the digital age. More than 90% of Europeans say they want the same data protection rights across the EU regardless of where their data is processed2. With this publication we aim to help members of the judiciary to be fit to contribute to achieving this goal by correct understanding and application of relevant EU law instruments. Definitions, exercises and examination of real cases make the Handbook an invaluable, hands-on resource. On behalf of the EJTN, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the authors of the texts and exercises in the Handbook for their dedicated work. I wish also to express appreciation to the EJTN Project Coordinator, Mr. Ondrej Strnad, for his dedication in carrying out the EJTN linguistic activities, as well as members of the EJTN Linguistic Sub-working Group, chaired by Ms. Renata Vystrčilová from the Czech Judicial Academy, which supervises all EJTN linguistic activities. Enjoy using this Handbook. Wojciech Postulski EJTN Secretary General 1 EJTN Strategic plan for 2021-2027 2 https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-topic/data-protection/data-protection-eu_en 3 LIST OF AUTHORS, EDITOR AND COORDINATOR MOȚU, FLAVIUS IANCU Judge at the Specialized Court of Cluj, Trainer for the National Institute of Magistracy, Romania. PETRILÁKOVÁ, DENISA Linguist and methodology consultant with the National Judicial Academy of the Slovak Republic, trainer and content designer with the National Judicial Academy of the Czech Republic. Legal English lecturer at the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court of the Czech Republic. SAMANIEGO FERNÁNDEZ, EVA Lecturer of ESP, Legal English and Legal Translation. Departamento de Filologías Extranjeras, UNED, Spain. Sworn legal translator. Teacher of Legal English for the Spanish Council of the Judiciary, ERA and EJN/Eurojust. SIEROCKA, HALINA Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok in Poland; lawyer-linguist, the head of the Białystok Legal English Centre, a member of EULETA (the European Legal English Teachers’ Association), an expert in legal discourse and translator. WALBAUM ROBINSON, ISABEL ALICE Lecturer of Legal English at the National School of the Judiciary, Naples, Italy. Retired from the University of Rome Three, School of Law (Università degli Studi di Roma Tre, Dipartimento di Giurisprudenza) as lecturer of English for Legal Studies. Editor: ISABEL ALICE WALBAUM ROBINSON Coordinator: STRNAD, ONDREJ Project Manager, Linguistics Portfolio, Programmes Unit, European Judicial Training Network. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS UNIT 1. 6 Introduction to EU Data Protection Law and the Language of Data Protection: Reading, Vocabulary and Language Practice. UNIT 2. 28 Data Protection Regulations and Directives: Vocabulary Building, Language Form and Language Practice. UNIT 3. 40 The Language of Data Protection: Cases and Fundamental Concepts. ANSWER KEYS 52 GLOSSARY 59 SUMMARY OF CASES 62 BIBLIOGRAPHY 120 5 Unit 1 INTRODUCTION TO EU DATA PROTECTION LAW AND THE LANGUAGE OF DATA PROTECTI0N: READING, VOCABULARY AND LANGUAGE PRACTICE. A. On Data Protection Law. Flavius Iancu Motu Why have we chosen to protect personal data in the EU? “In ancient times, land was the most important asset, so politics was a struggle to control land. In the modern era, machines and factories became more important than land, so polit- ical struggles focused on controlling these vital means of production. In the twenty-first cen- tury, however, data will eclipse both land and machinery as the most important assets, and politics will be a struggle to control the flow of data. The race to obtain the data is already on, headed by data-giants such as Google and Facebook and, in China, Baidu and Tencent. So far, many of these giants seem to have adopted the business model of ‘attention merchants’. They capture our attention by providing us with free information, services, and entertain- ment, and then they resell our attention to advertisers. Yet the data-giants probably aim far higher than any previous attention merchant. Their true business isn’t to sell advertisements at all. Rather, by capturing our attention they manage to accumulate immense amounts of data about us, which are worth more than any advertising revenue. We aren’t their custom- ers—we are their product”. 3 What are ‘personal data’? Personal data are any data that allow our identification: name, personal identification number, image, fingerprints, DNA etc. Such data are intimately linked to every individual’s unique personality and, therefore, their processing is protected as a fundamental right by Article 8 (1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and by Article 16 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Protecting the processing of personal data goes beyond merely defending one’s privacy: it prevents natural persons from becoming subjects of profiling and automated decisions, preserving their relevance as individuals in the ever-expanding global environment. The comprehensive scope of this legal notion has generated a vast CJEU case law: from the classic features of a natural person, such as his/her name, to the dynamic IP of that person’s computer, all the data that could lead to the identification of a natural person have been dubbed as ‘personal data’. 3 Yuval Noah Harari, 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, (Jonathan Cape 2018) 77-78. 6 B. The Language of Legal English and EU Data Protection English. Isabel Alice Walbaum Robinson Languages define personal identities, but they are also part of a shared inheritance. They can serve as a bridge to other peoples and cultures by promoting mutual understanding and a shared sense of European identity.4 The Handbook On the Language of Data Protection is another step in the direction of the fulfilment of the objectives laid down by the Roadmap on the European Judicial Training Strategy 2019-20255. One of the points highlighted by the Strategy specifies that “knowledge of foreign legal language is key to participation in cross-border activities and to smooth cross-border judicial proceedings and cooperation.” The European Commission’s multi- lingual policy for the learning of at least two additional languages other than the mother tongue is viewed as key to reaching the “united in diversity” objective. The co-existence of 24 official European languages is a powerful instance of unity in diversity and a cornerstone of the European project.6 Multilingualism is viewed as an added value for "languages unite people, render other countries and their cultures accessible and strengthen intercultural understanding." Moreover, "foreign language skills play a vital role in enhancing employability and mobility."7 Without knowledge of at least one or preferably two additional languages, particularly in the legal profession, mutual trust in cross-border exchanges and enhanced cooperation would perhaps not have taken off as successfully as they have. The context in which the European Judicial Training Network (EJTN) activity is carried out reflects the interests and need of EU judiciaries to develop mutual trust and recognition of judgments in the spirit of fostering communication and the sharing of professional work.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2014 Rule of Law Report | SGI Sustainable Governance Indicators
    Sustainable Governance Indicators SGI 2014 Rule of Law Report Legal Certainty, Judicial Review, Appointment of Justices, Corruption Prevention SGI 2014 | 2 Rule of Law Report Indicator Legal Certainty Question To what extent do government and administration act on the basis of and in accordance with legal provisions to provide legal certainty? 41 OECD and EU countries are sorted according to their performance on a scale from 10 (best) to 1 (lowest). This scale is tied to four qualitative evaluation levels. 10-9 = Government and administration act predictably, on the basis of and in accordance with legal provisions. Legal regulations are consistent and transparent, ensuring legal certainty. 8-6 = Government and administration rarely make unpredictable decisions. Legal regulations are consistent, but leave a large scope of discretion to the government or administration. 5-3 = Government and administration sometimes make unpredictable decisions that go beyond given legal bases or do not conform to existing legal regulations. Some legal regulations are inconsistent and contradictory. 2-1 = Government and administration often make unpredictable decisions that lack a legal basis or ignore existing legal regulations. Legal regulations are inconsistent, full of loopholes and contradict each other. Estonia Score 10 The rule of law is fundamental to Estonian government and administration. In the period of transition from communism to liberal democracy, most of the legal acts and regulations had to be amended or introduced for the first time. Joining the European Union in 2004 caused another major wave of legal reforms. These fast and radical changes, which occurred in a short timespan, caused some inconsistencies and unexpected legal amendments (for example the increase of the VAT in 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • USA -V- Julian Assange Judgment
    JUDICIARY OF ENGLAND AND WALES District Judge (Magistrates’ Court) Vanessa Baraitser In the Westminster Magistrates’ Court Between: THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Requesting State -v- JULIAN PAUL ASSANGE Requested Person INDEX Page A. Introduction 2 a. The Request 2 b. Procedural History (US) 3 c. Procedural History (UK) 4 B. The Conduct 5 a. Second Superseding Indictment 5 b. Alleged Conduct 9 c. The Evidence 15 C. Issues Raised 15 D. The US-UK Treaty 16 E. Initial Stages of the Extradition Hearing 25 a. Section 78(2) 25 b. Section 78(4) 26 I. Section 78(4)(a) 26 II. Section 78(4)(b) 26 i. Section 137(3)(a): The Conduct 27 ii. Section 137(3)(b): Dual Criminality 27 1 The first strand (count 2) 33 The second strand (counts 3-14,1,18) and Article 10 34 The third strand (counts 15-17, 1) and Article 10 43 The right to truth/ Necessity 50 iii. Section 137(3)(c): maximum sentence requirement 53 F. Bars to Extradition 53 a. Section 81 (Extraneous Considerations) 53 I. Section 81(a) 55 II. Section 81(b) 69 b. Section 82 (Passage of Time) 71 G. Human Rights 76 a. Article 6 84 b. Article 7 82 c. Article 10 88 H. Health – Section 91 92 a. Prison Conditions 93 I. Pre-Trial 93 II. Post-Trial 98 b. Psychiatric Evidence 101 I. The defence medical evidence 101 II. The US medical evidence 105 III. Findings on the medical evidence 108 c. The Turner Criteria 111 I.
    [Show full text]
  • Þingvellir National Park
    World Heritage Scanned Nomination File Name: 1152.pdf UNESCO Region: EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA __________________________________________________________________________________________________ SITE NAME: Þingvellir National Park DATE OF INSCRIPTION: 7th July 2004 STATE PARTY: ICELAND CRITERIA: C (iii) (vi) CL DECISION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE: Excerpt from the Report of the 28th Session of the World Heritage Committee Criterion (iii): The Althing and its hinterland, the Þingvellir National Park, represent, through the remains of the assembly ground, the booths for those who attended, and through landscape evidence of settlement extending back possibly to the time the assembly was established, a unique reflection of mediaeval Norse/Germanic culture and one that persisted in essence from its foundation in 980 AD until the 18th century. Criterion (vi): Pride in the strong association of the Althing to mediaeval Germanic/Norse governance, known through the 12th century Icelandic sagas, and reinforced during the fight for independence in the 19th century, have, together with the powerful natural setting of the assembly grounds, given the site iconic status as a shrine for the national. BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS Þingvellir (Thingvellir) is the National Park where the Althing - an open-air assembly, which represented the whole of Iceland - was established in 930 and continued to meet until 1798. Over two weeks a year, the assembly set laws - seen as a covenant between free men - and settled disputes. The Althing has deep historical and symbolic associations for the people of Iceland. Located on an active volcanic site, the property includes the Þingvellir National Park and the remains of the Althing itself: fragments of around 50 booths built of turf and stone.
    [Show full text]
  • Julian Assange Judgment
    JUDICIARY OF ENGLAND AND WALES District Judge (Magistrates’ Court) Vanessa Baraitser In the Westminster Magistrates’ Court Between: THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Requesting State -v- JULIAN PAUL ASSANGE Requested Person INDEX Page A. Introduction 2 a. The Request 2 b. Procedural History (US) 3 c. Procedural History (UK) 4 B. The Conduct 5 a. Second Superseding Indictment 5 b. Alleged Conduct 9 c. The Evidence 15 C. Issues Raised 15 D. The US-UK Treaty 16 E. Initial Stages of the Extradition Hearing 25 a. Section 78(2) 25 b. Section 78(4) 26 I. Section 78(4)(a) 26 II. Section 78(4)(b) 26 i. Section 137(3)(a): The Conduct 27 ii. Section 137(3)(b): Dual Criminality 27 1 The first strand (count 2) 33 The second strand (counts 3-14,1,18) and Article 10 34 The third strand (counts 15-17, 1) and Article 10 43 The right to truth/ Necessity 50 iii. Section 137(3)(c): maximum sentence requirement 53 F. Bars to Extradition 53 a. Section 81 (Extraneous Considerations) 53 I. Section 81(a) 55 II. Section 81(b) 69 b. Section 82 (Passage of Time) 71 G. Human Rights 76 a. Article 6 84 b. Article 7 82 c. Article 10 88 H. Health – Section 91 92 a. Prison Conditions 93 I. Pre-Trial 93 II. Post-Trial 98 b. Psychiatric Evidence 101 I. The defence medical evidence 101 II. The US medical evidence 105 III. Findings on the medical evidence 108 c. The Turner Criteria 111 I.
    [Show full text]
  • EU News: Click & Read
    EU News: Click & Read – 130 – February 2019 1 EU News: Click & Read 130 - February 2019 European Documentation Centre Editor: Alfredo Santos Legal Adviser This newsletter contains a selection of recent official documents of the European Union. It features information of particular interest to Swiss readers and aims to provide universities, cantonal and federal administrations, lawyers, trading enterprises and financial businesses with information about the latest legal developments in the European Union. Written in English or French, the newsletter offers links to documents in one of those languages. We hope you will find this issue both useful and a pleasure to read. Table of contents Highlights 1. EU-Swiss Relations ....................................... 2 REGULATION (EU) 2019/125 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 16 January 2019 concerning 2. External Relations / Foreign Policy .............. 2 trade in certain goods which could be used for capital punishment, torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading 3. Agriculture and Fisheries / Maritime Affairs 4 treatment or punishment (codification) OJ of the EU, L 30/1 of 31 January 2019 4. Audiovisual and Media and Information Society ......................................................... 5 Case C‑149/18: JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Sixth Chamber) of 31 January 2019 - Agostinho da Silva Martins v Dekra 5. Competition ................................................. 6 Claims Services Portugal SA - REQUEST for a preliminary ruling under Article 267 TFEU from the Tribunal da Relação de Lisboa (Court of Appeal, Lisbon, Portugal) - Reference for a preliminary ruling — Judicial cooperation in civil matters 6. Customs ....................................................... 6 — Law applicable to non-contractual obligations — Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 (Rome II) — Articles 16 and 27 — 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Compendium
    Country Compendium A companion to the English Style Guide July 2021 Translation © European Union, 2011, 2021. The reproduction and reuse of this document is authorised, provided the sources and authors are acknowledged and the original meaning or message of the texts are not distorted. The right holders and authors shall not be liable for any consequences stemming from the reuse. CONTENTS Introduction ...............................................................................1 Austria ......................................................................................3 Geography ................................................................................................................... 3 Judicial bodies ............................................................................................................ 4 Legal instruments ........................................................................................................ 5 Government bodies and administrative divisions ....................................................... 6 Law gazettes, official gazettes and official journals ................................................... 6 Belgium .....................................................................................9 Geography ................................................................................................................... 9 Judicial bodies .......................................................................................................... 10 Legal instruments .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • National Climate Change Legal Frameworks in Asia and the Pacific
    CLIMATE CHANGE, COMING SOON TO A COURT NEAR YOU NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE LEGAL FRAMEWORKS IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC DECEMBER 2020 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK CLIMATE CHANGE, COMING SOON TO A COURT NEAR YOU NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE LEGAL FRAMEWORKS IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC DECEMBER 2020 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2020 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2020. ISBN 978-92-9262-547-4 (print); 978-92-9262-548-1 (electronic); 978-92-9262-549-8 (ebook) Publication Stock No. TCS200364-2 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS200364-2 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Iceland Country Report | SGI Sustainable Governance Indicators
    Iceland Report Gretar Þór EyÞórsson, Thorvaldur Gylfason, Detlef Jahn (Coordinator) Sustainable Governance Indicators 2020 © vege - stock.adobe.com Sustainable Governance SGI Indicators SGI 2020 | 2 Iceland Report Executive Summary The cabinet coalition formed after the October 2017 elections between the Left-Green Movement, the Independence Party and the Progressive Party is still in office. The prime minister is Katrín Jakobsdóttir, leader of the Left- Green Movement. Following a period of considerable political turbulence, which included three parliamentary elections in four years (2013, 2016 and 2017), things have stabilized. After limited strikes in early spring 2019, Efling, the Store and Office Workers’ Union (VR), and the Federation of General and Special Workers (SGS) signed a collective agreement with the Confederation of Icelandic Enterprise (SA) in April 2019. The agreement will expire on 1 November 2022. Members of the Efling and VR trade unions, and members of trade unions belonging to SGS approved the collective agreements. The contract applies to more than 100,000 members of 30 different unions. At the time of writing, excluding another agreement signed in mid-October 2019 between five unions and the Icelandic Confederation of University Graduates (BHM), no other unions have signed contracts. In March 2019, one of the two largest Icelandic airlines, WOW air, declared bankruptcy and ceased operations. This led to 1,500 people immediately losing their jobs. Six months later, 300 to 400 of them are still without jobs. Though the overall impact of this bankruptcy has not been as large as initially feared. In response, the other Icelandic airline, Icelandair, has increased its passenger capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • Security Council Distr.: General 26 March 2012
    United Nations S/2012/177 Security Council Distr.: General 26 March 2012 Original: English Letter dated 23 March 2012 from the Secretary-General to the President of the Security Council By paragraph 11 of Security Council resolution 2015 (2011) of 24 October 2011, I was requested to compile and circulate information received from Member States on measures they have taken to criminalize piracy under their domestic law and to prosecute and support the prosecution of individuals suspected of piracy off the coast of Somalia and the imprisonment of convicted pirates. I have the honour to submit to you the attached information, which has been received from 42 Member States (see annex). I should be grateful if you would bring the present letter and its annex to the attention of the members of the Security Council. (Signed) BAN Ki-moon 12-27560 (E) 230412 *1227560* S/2012/177 Annex [Original: Arabic/Chinese/English/ French/Russian/Spanish] Compilation of information received from Member States on measures they have taken to criminalize piracy under their domestic law and to support the prosecution of individuals suspected of piracy off the coast of Somalia and imprisonment of convicted pirates Summary The present compilation has been prepared pursuant to paragraph 11 of Security Council resolution 2015 (2011) of 24 October 2011, by which the Council requested the Secretary-General to circulate information received from Member States on the measures they have taken to criminalize piracy under their domestic law and to prosecute and support the prosecution of individuals suspected of piracy off the coast of Somalia and imprisonment of convicted pirates.
    [Show full text]
  • Flash Reports on Labour Law June 2020 Summary and Country Reports
    Flash Reports on Labour Law June 2020 Summary and country reports Written by The European Centre of Expertise (ECE), based on reports submitted by the Network of Labour Law Experts June 2020 EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion Unit B.2 – Working Conditions Contact: Marie LAGUARRIGUE E-mail: [email protected] European Commission B-1049 Brussels Flash Report 06/2020 Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). LEGAL NOTICE The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the author(s). The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person/organisation acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of any information contained in this publication. This publication has received financial support from the European Union Programme for Employment and Social Innovation "EaSI" (2014-2020). For further information please consult: http://ec.europa.eu/social/easi. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://www.europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020 ISBN ABC 12345678 DOI 987654321 © European Union, 2020 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Flash Report
    [Show full text]
  • Questionnaire and Compilation on the Requirements for Issuing and Executing Judicial Authorities in EAW Proceedings Pursuant to the CJEU’S Case-Law
    Updated Questionnaire and Compilation on the Requirements for Issuing and Executing Judicial Authorities in EAW Proceedings pursuant to the CJEU’s Case-Law Revised on 19 April 2021 Contents 1. Background ....................................................................................................................... 4 2. Summary of the CJEU’s case-law .......................................................................................... 5 2.1. Overview of judgments on public prosecutors as issuing/executing authorities ...................... 5 2.2. Requirements for the purpose of issuing/executing EAWs by public prosecutors .................... 8 2.3. Scope of the CJEU’s case law ............................................................................................. 9 3. Questionnaire ...................................................................................................................11 4. Overview of full responses to the questionnaire ...................................................................13 4.1. Overview of responses by the EU Member States...............................................................13 4.1.1. Austria (AT) ............................................................................................................13 4.1.2. Belgium (BE) ...........................................................................................................15 4.1.3. Bulgaria (BG)...........................................................................................................18 4.1.4.
    [Show full text]
  • Outsourcing Legal Aid in the Nordic Welfare States
    Outsourcing Legal aid in the Nordic Welfare States Edited by Ole Hammerslev And Olaf Halvorsen Rønning Outsourcing Legal Aid in the Nordic Welfare States Olaf Halvorsen Rønning Ole Hammerslev Editors Outsourcing Legal Aid in the Nordic Welfare States Editors Olaf Halvorsen Rønning Ole Hammerslev Department of Criminology and Department of Law Sociology of Law University of Southern Denmark University of Oslo Odense M, Denmark Oslo, Norway ISBN 978-3-319-46683-5 ISBN 978-3-319-46684-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46684-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017955024 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, a link is provided to the Creative Commons license, and any changes made are indicated. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the work's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if such material is not included in the work's Creative Commons license and the respective action is not permitted by statutory regulation, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to duplicate, adapt or reproduce the material. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
    [Show full text]