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A Century of Biological Research

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A Century of Biological Research i: ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY Bulletin Printed by Authority of the State of Illinois A Century of Biological Research HARLOW B. MILLS GEORGE W. BENNETT GEORGE C. DECKER THOMAS G. SCOTT HERBERT H. ROSS JAMES S. AVARS J. CEDRIC CARTER RUTH R. WARRICK BESSIE B. EAST STATE OF ILLINOIS* Willum G. Stratton, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION • Vbra M. Binm, Director NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION • Harlow B. Mills, Chief ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY Bulletin Volume 27, Article 2 Printed by Authority of December, 1958 the State of Illinois A Century of Biological Research HARLOW B. MILLS GEORGE W. BENNETT GEORGE C. DECKER THOMAS G. SCOTT HERBERT H. ROSS JAMES S. AYARS J. CEDRIC CARTER RUTH R. WARRICK BESSIE B. EAST STATE OF ILLINOIS* William G. Stratton, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION • Vera M. Binks, Director NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION • Harlow B. Mills, Chief Urbana Illinois STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION William G. Strathin, Cot'/rnor \'era M. Bisks, Director BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION Vera M. Binks, Chairmtin; A. E. Emerson, Ph.D., Biology; L. H. Tiffany, Ph.D., Forestry; Walter H. Newhouse, Ph.D., GeoloRy; Roger Adams, Ph.D., D.Sc, Chemistry: Robert H. Anderson, B.S.C.E., Engineering; W. L. EvERiTT, E.E., Ph.D., Representing the President of the University oj Illinois; Delyte W. Morris, Ph.D., President oj Southern Illinois University NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION, Urbona, Illinois .SCIENTIFIC AND TIXHNICAL STAFF Harlow B. Mills, Ph.D., Chiej Bissii: H. East, M.S., .Vvji.Vani to Ih,- Chi,-! Section of Economic Entomology Section of Aquatic Biology—continued George- C. Decker, Ph.D., Principal Scientist and Head .Mai'Rici: ,\. U'liii MRi, M..^., Assistant Aquatic J. H. Bigger, M.S.. Entomologist Biologist* L. L. ITnglish, I'll D., Entumologisl Arnold W. Fkii/., B.S., Field Assistant* Willis N. Bruce, Ph.D., Associate Entomologist Damp J. .\'1(;;ini\. Field Assistant* Norman Gannon, Ph.D., Associate Entomologist W. H. LuCK.MANN. Ph.D., Associate Entomologist Section of Applied Botany and Plant Pathology John D. Briccs, Ph.D., Associate Entomologist I. Cedric Carter, Ph.D.. Plant Pathologist and Head Ronald H. Meyer, M.S., Assistant Entomologist J. L. FoRSBERG, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist John D. Paschke. Ph.D., Assistant Entomologist G. H. Boewe. M.S.. Associate Botanist Robert Snetsinger, M.S., Field Assistant Robert A. Evers. Ph.D., Associate Botanist Carol Morgan. B.S.. Laboratory Assistant E. B. Hi.MELiCK, M.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist Eugene M. Bravi, M.S., Research Assistant Robert Dan Neely, Ph.D., Assistant Plant Pathologist Richard B. Dysart, B.S., Technical Assistant Walter Hartstirn, Ph.D., Assistant Plant Pathologist Reginald Roberts, A.B., Technical Assistant Donald F. Schoeneweiss, Ph.D., Assistant Plant James W. Sanford, B.S., Technical Assistant Pathologist Earl Stadelbacher, B.S., Technical Assistant Rovenia F. Fit?.-Gerali), B..A.. Technical Assistant Sue E. Watkixs, Technical Assistant H. B. Petty-, Ph.D., Extension Specialist in Entomology* Section of Wildlife Research Steve.nson Moore, III, Ph.D., Extension Specialist in Thomas G. Scott. Ph.D.. Came Specialist and Head Entomology* Ralph F.. Yeatter. Ph.D., Game Specialist John W. Matteson, M.S., Research Associate* Carl O. Mohr. Ph.D., Game Specialist Zen AS B. Noon, Jr., M.S., Research Assistant* I'. C Bellrosk, B.S., Game Specialist L'LARtNtt F.. White. B.S.. Research Assistant* H. C. Hanson, Ph.D., Associate Game Specialist John Arthur Lowe, M.S., Research Assistant* \\ . R. Hanson, Ph.D., Associate Game Specialist J. David Hoffman, B.S., Research Assistant* Richard R. Graber, Pli.D.. Associate Wildlije Specialist Assistant* Carlos A. W'hite, B.S.. Research Fr'.nces D. RoBBiNs, B..A.. Technical Assistant Roy E. McLaughlin, B.S., Research Assistant* Virginia A. Langdon. Technical Assistant Kouskolekas, M.S., Research Assistant* Costas Howard Crum, Jr., Field Assistant Louise Zingrone, B.S.. Research Assistant* Rexford D. Lord, D.Sc Project Leader* Mary' E. Mann, R.N., Research Assistant* Frederick Greeley, Ph.D.. Project Leader* Glen C. Sanderson, M.A., Project Leader* Section of Faunistic Surveys and Insect Identification Paul A. Vohs, Jr., M.S., Project Leader* H. H. Ross, Ph.D., Systematic Entomologist and Head Ronald F. Labisky, M.S., Project Leader* Milton W. Sanderson, Ph.D., Taxonomist Iack A. Ellis, M.S., Assistant Project Leader* Lewis J. Stannard, Jr., Ph.D., Associate Taxonomist Thomas R. B. Barr, M.V.Sc, M.R.C.V.S.. Research Philip W. Smith, Ph.D.. Associate Taxonomist Assistant* Leonora K. Gloyd, M.S.. Assistant Taxonomist Bobbie Joe Verts. M.S.. Field Mammalogist* H. B. Cunningham. M.S.. Assistant Taxonomist Erwtn W. Pearson, M.S.. Field Mammalogist* Edward L. Mockford, M.S., Technical Assistant Kenneth L. Johnson. A.B., Field Assistant* Thei.ma H. Overstreet, Technical Assistant Keith P. Dauphin, Assistant Laboratory Attendant* Section of Aquatic Biology Section of Publications and Public Relations George W. Bennett, Ph.D., Aquatic Biologist and Head Iames S. Avars, B.S., Technical Editor and Head William C. Starrett. Ph.D., Aquatic Biologist Bi.ANciii 1' Yuvsi.. B.A.. Assistant Technical Editor R. W. Larimore, Ph.D., Aquatic Biologist Diana R. Braverman, B.A., Assistant Technical Editor David H. Buck, Ph.D., Associate Aquatic Biologist William F.. Clark, Assistant Technical Photographer Robert C. Hiltibran. Ph.D., Associate Biochemist Mar(.uerite Veri.ey, Technical Assistant Donald F. Hansen, Ph.D., Assistant Aquatic Biologist William F. Childers. M.S., Assistant Aquatic Biologist Technical Library John C. Cralley. B.S., Field Assistant Ri IH R. Warrick. B.S.. B.S.L.S.. Technical Librarian Richard E. Bass, Field Assistant Nell Miles, M.S.. B.S.L.S.. Assistant Technical Robert D. Crompton, Field Assistant Librarian CONSULTANTS: Herpetology, Hobart M. Smith, Ph.D., Professor of Zoology, University of Illinois; Parasitology, Norman D. Levine, Ph.D., Professor of Veterinary Parasitology and of Veterinary Research, University of Hlinois; Wildlife Research, Willard D. Klimstra. Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Zoology and Director of Co-operative Wildlife Research, Southern Hlinois University. 'Employed on co-operative projects with one of several agencies: University of Illinois, Illinois Agricultural Extension Service, Illinois Department of Conservation. United States Army Surgeon General's Office. United States Department of Agriculture, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Public Health Service, and others. (8.^0.'{2— r.M— 0-.')8) FOREWORD THE record of one hundred years of women will meet the increasing demands the scientific progress of the Illinois for assistance in the problems of the pro- State Natural History Survey inspires us to duction of the necessities of life, that they reflect on its origin and brilliant achieve- will continue their research on the devel- ments. We pay the highest tribute to those opment and protection of our natural re- early educators and scientists who had vision sources. In the future we may be depend- beyond the exigencies of the moment. ent for our very existence on scientists And we express the highest commenda- such as these. We know they will meet the tion to the present Chief, Dr. Harlow B. challenge. Mills, and all of his staf¥ for their contri- Illinois Is justly proud of the century of butions to the well-being and pleasure of progress of one of its own agencies. our citizens. The important results of their Congratulations! research extend well beyond the borders of Vera Binks, Director Illinois. M. In contemplating the future, we are con- Department of Registration fident that this group of dedicated men and and Education The original building of the Illinois State Normal University, Normal, Illinois, spring, 1880. In this building the Illinois Natural History Society was founded and its museum was housed. Here the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History had its headquarters from its founding in 1877 until late in 1884, and here the fourth State Entomologist was located for approxi- mately 2 years. CON TENTS ¥kom 1858 TO 1958 85 Recent Activities 149 Natural History Society 86 Plant Disease Survey 149 State Laboratory of Natural History. 87 Botanical Collections 152 State Entomologist 88 Shade and Forest Benjamin Dann Walsh 91 Tree Pathology 154 AV^illiam Le Baron 91 Floricultural Pathology 158 Cyrus Thomas 93 Identification and E.xtension 159 Stephen Alfred P'orbes 94 Past and Present 160 Reorganization 97 Unsolved Problems 160 Natural History Survey 98 Future Possibilities 161 The Future 101 Aquatic Biology 163 Economic Entomology 104 Beginning of Aquatic Ecology 163 Early History 104 First Field Laboratory 165 Practical Problems and Progress 106 Fishes and Plankton 166 Fruit Insects 106 The Fishes of Illinois 167 Truck Crop Pests Ill Illinois River Plankton 167 Cereal and Forage Crop Pests 113 Bottom Fauna 168 Pests of Forest and Shade Trees New Lines of Research 169 and Ornamental Plants 118 Early Management Attempts 170 Insects Attacking Man Modern Management 170 and Animals 119 The Last Twenty Years 172 Biological Control 120 Direction of Future Studies 177 Value of Insect Control 123 Wildlife Research 1 79 Emphasis for the Future 124 Development 179 ^"aunistic Surveys 127 Organization 181 Early Background 127 Research Contributions 183 Changing Habitats 128 Birds 183 Periods of Faunistic Activities 128 Mammals 195 Initial Period, 1858-1869 129 Wildlife Management 198 Expansion
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