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Holy Roman Emperor Himself Luther’s Later Years A Review of Luther’s earlier life 2 The 95 Theses – October 31, 1517 3 Burning the Papal Bull – December 10, 1520 4 The Diet of Worms (April 1521) 5 Translating the New Testament into German (May 1521-March 1522) 6 Marriage to Catherine von Bora June 13, 1525 7 The Peasants War (1524-1526) 8 The Marburg Colloquy October 1-4, 1529 9 The Holy Roman Empire Orb of the Holy Roman Empire, 12th century; in the Hofburg treasury, Vienna. 10 Erich Lessing/Magnum The Holy Roman Empire Double-headed eagle with coats of arms of individual states, symbol of the Holy Roman Empire (painting from 1510) 11 The Holy Roman Empire The number of territories in the Empire was usually around 300. Many of these Kleinstaaten ("little states") covered no more than a few square miles, and/or included several non-contiguous pieces, so the Empire was often called a Flickenteppich ("patchwork carpet"). An entity was considered a Reichsstand (imperial estate) if, according to feudal law, it had no authority above it except the Holy Roman Emperor himself. The imperial estates comprised: 1. Territories ruled by a hereditary nobleman, such as a prince, archduke, duke, or count. 2. Territories in which secular authority was held by a clerical dignitary, such as an archbishop, bishop, or abbot. Examples are the prince- archbishoprics of Cologne, Trier, and Mainz. 3. Free imperial cities, which were subject only to the jurisdiction of the emperor. 12 The Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Emperor - a prospective Emperor had first to be elected King of the Romans - The main dukes and bishops of the kingdom elected the King of the Romans. In 1356, Emperor Charles IV issued the Golden Bull, which limited the electors to seven: the King of Bohemia the Count Palatine of the Rhine the Duke of Saxony the Margrave of Brandenburg the archbishops of Cologne, Mainz, and Trier. 13 The Holy Roman Empire The Imperial Diet was the legislative body of the Holy Roman Empire and theoretically superior to the emperor himself. It was divided into three classes. 1. The first class, the Council of Electors, consisted of the electors, or the princes who could vote for King of the Romans. 2. The second class, the Council of Princes, consisted of the other princes. The Council of Princes was divided into two "benches," one for secular rulers and one for ecclesiastical ones. Higher-ranking princes had individual votes, while lower-ranking princes were grouped into "colleges" by geography. Each college had one vote. 3. The third class was the Council of Imperial Cities, which was divided into two colleges: Swabia and the Rhine. 14 The Holy Roman Empire The number of territories in the Empire was usually around 300. Many of these Kleinstaaten ("little states") covered no more than a few square miles, and/or included several non-contiguous pieces, so the Empire was often called a Flickenteppich ("patchwork carpet"). An entity was considered a Reichsstand (imperial estate) if, according to feudal law, it had no authority above it except the Holy Roman Emperor himself. The imperial estates comprised: 1. Territories ruled by a hereditary nobleman, such as a prince, archduke, duke, or count. 2. Territories in which secular authority was held by a clerical dignitary, such as an archbishop, bishop, or abbot. Examples are the prince- archbishoprics of Cologne, Trier, and Mainz. 3. Free imperial cities, which were subject only to the jurisdiction of the emperor. 15 Charles V (1500 – 1558) 16 Charles V's European territories Red represents the Crown of Aragon, magenta the Crown of Castile, orange his Burgundian inheritances, mustard yellow his Austrian inheritances, and pale yellow the balance of the Holy Roman Empire 17 The Holy Roman Empire 18 Saxony 19 Frederick III “the Wise” (1463 - 1525) Elector of Saxony 20 Luther’s Later Years 21 The Empire and the Reformation Edict of Worms (1521) Diet of Speyer (1526) Diet of Speyer (1529) Diet of Augsburg (1530) 22 Diet of Augsburg - 1530 23 Philip Melancthon (1497 - 1560) 24 Schmalkaldic League (formed 1531) Philip of Hesse John Frederick of Saxony 25 The Bigamy of Philip of Hesse Christine of Saxony (1521) Margarethe von der Saale (1540) 26 Luther’s complete German Bible published - 1534 27 Luther’s home - Wittenburg 28 Luther’s Family 29 Magdalena 30 Luther’s Table Talk 31 Later in life, Luther… was in constant demand for counsel / advice was afflicted with kidney stones, angina, a punctured eardrum, impotency, other ailments attacked the Swiss Reformed attacked Jews used scatological terms excessively 32 Death in February 1546 33 Buried in the Wittenburg Church, near the door where he nailed the 95 Theses 29 years earlier 34 A Word from C H Spurgeon “Those who set aside the atonement as a satisfaction for sin, also murder the doctrine of justification by faith. They must do so. There is a common element which is the essence of both doctrines; so that, if you deny the one, you destroy the other. Modern thought is nothing but an attempt to bring back the legal system of salvation by works. Our battle is the same as that which Luther fought at the Reformation. If you go to the very ground and root of it, grace is taken away, and human merit is substituted.” 35 .
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