“TWO BODIES“ of KING RICHARD II a Study on the Idea of Kingship

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TWO A Studyon the Idea ofKingship, Transference Power of and

FUNERALS A ND “TWO BODIES“ OF KING RICHARD II RICHARD KING OF BODIES“ “TWO ND MA Thesis in Medieval Studies Central European University Political Theology Kosana JovanovićKosana May 2009 May Budapest

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TWO Central European BudapeCentral University, A Studyon the Idea ofKingship, Transference Power of and

FUNERALS AND Thesis submitted tothe Department of Medieval Studies, Accepted in in of the conformance with standards theAccepted CEU ______of theMaster of Arts degree Medieval in Studies Chair, Examination CommitteeChair, Political Theology “TWO BODIES“ OF KING RICHARD II RICHARD KING OF BODIES“ “TWO Kosana JovanovićKosana Thesis Supervisor Thesis May 2009 May Examiner Examiner Budapest (Croatia st, in partial fulfillment of the requirements by

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TWO Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements A Studyon the Idea ofKingship, Transferenc

FUNERALS AND Thesis submitted tothe Department of Medieval Studies, Accepted in in of the conformance with standards theAccepted CEU ______of theMaster of Arts degree Medieval in Studies Political Theology “TWO BODIES“ OF KING RICHARD II RICHARD KING OF BODIES“ “TWO External ExaminerExternal Kosana JovanovićKosana May 200 May Budapest ( Croatia by

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e Power of and

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TWO Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements A Studyon the Idea ofKingship, Transference Power of and

FUNERALS AND Accepted in conformance with the stan Thesis submitted tothe Department of Medieval Studies, ______of theMaster of Arts degree Medieval in Studies Political Theology “TWO BODIES“ OF KING RICHARD II RICHARD KING OF BODIES“ “TWO External Supervisor External Kosana JovanovićKosana Supervisor May 200 May Budapest ( Croatia by

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dards of thedards CEU

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Budapest of for aninstitution education academic degree. higher declarealso thatnopart of thehas thesis been submitted in this form other any to of declarebibliography. I that nounidentified illegitimateand use wasmade ofwork the and notes credited in informationproperly as external such only and my research on mywork, based isown thesis exclusively present the herewith declare that Studies Jovanović undersigned, the KosanaI,

others, and no part of the thesis infringes on any person’s copyright. institution’s or I person’s infringesonany thesis the of nopart and others, , 14 June 2009 , candidate for the MA degree in Medieval __

______Signature

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A thesis. the correcting for Rasson Judith to grateful very endless efforts placed into this work have nothing but my utmost gratitude. valuable advic The two people who greatly contributed to this work and for whose patience, support and goes as well my to friends from home encouragedwho me to apply to CEU in the first place. once we partand to whomI will always look back with love. In addition to that, special thanks friends new the all colleagues, my to goes thanks Special Pal. Annabella as well as Department this academic year. In addition I would like to thank all the other profes of all encouragementmade it possible. mostand mother,unconditional Jovanović,whoseZoricasupport my dedicatedto thesisis This

lso, I would like to express es I am more than grateful are Aziz Al Aziz are grateful than more ames I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

gratitude to all those professors whose courses I attended in in attended I courses whose professors those all to gratitude i

Alzmeh and Gabor Klaniczay. Their Their Klaniczay. Gabor and -Alzmeh I met this year, who I will surely miss miss surely will I who year, met this I

sors at the Medieval Medieval the at sors

In addition, IIn addition, am

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Introduction I. AbdicationRichard of II (1399) II. The First Funera First The II. Bibliography Conclusions IV. ond Funeralond of King Richard Sec The IIIII. (1413) The Political C The Inauguration and Coronation of Henry of Bolingbroke and the Fate of Richard II Deposition as ground for the “rupture” between the King The actThe of deposition of Richard II Richard II and Henry of Bolingbroke, preparation for the deposition Reburial of King Richard II (December,1413) Henry V Henry Events following the first funeral of King Richard II The Funeral Ceremony of Richard II (March, 1400) Rebellions

...... against the New King and Dynasty and the Death of Richard II Richard of Death the and Dynasty and King New the against ......

...... onflict in the Last Years of Reign of Richard II Richard of Reign of Years theLast in onflict l of King Richard II (1400) TABLE OF CONTENTS OF TABLE

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CEU eTD Collection King University Press, 1997 Kingship,The Medieval Variants. to Kantorowicz“. A Footnote Political ErikonTheology: Peterson the of ProblemScmitt and Introduction 2 1 encrypted in the work entitled “TheKing ’ e and Kantorowicz H. Ernst be will It aswell. issue another address will reburial. English king, Richardthe II; second third and chapters willspeak about his first funeral and later constructed in the way that the firstchapter will speak about the resignation and deposition of the address this questions and problems surrounding the two funerals of Richard II. The following textis will thesis This symbolism. asin aswell meaning in other each from different deeply so funerals, this th in roles leading other The scene. main the in characters other including without II Richard of life the determining what would be the curse of his life. This is the reason why one cannot write a history of reign of Richard II abruptly and made himself the next ruler, King Henry IV. of the discontented subjects wasHenry of Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster,man the ended who the s for the realm. consequence great with The itself leading figure manifested and arose discontent The approaching the end of his reign, grewincreasingly distant fromthe norms expected of a just ruler. with histrium tempestuous. The image of a child prodigy, King Richard II, once regarded as the saviour of the nation

Carl Schmitt. by Kantorowicz before atermconstructed theology, political of milieu the from arose itself theory The E. H.Kantorowicz. For further reading about the development of the term political theology and its usage see G. Gereby.“Carl see G. andGereby.“Carl itsusage the term about of theology development political reading For further ’ s Two Bodies esis are King Henry IV and his son and heir, King Henry V, the two men who gave Richard two two Richard gave men V,who thetwo Henry King heir, and son his and IV Henry King are esis r, althoughHoweve Richard II will be menti The fate of Richard others II never always were fully resided there for hands inown his The period of transition from the 14to the 15centurymedieval in England wasturbulent and

2 ph over the Peasant Revolt, was gradually fading in the eyes of his subjects. Richard II, II, Richard subjects. his of eyes inthe fading wasgradually Revolt, Peasant the over ph

) .

The King ) . (first publ ’ sTwo Bodies, aStudyin Medieval PoliticalTheology

ed Aziz Al

ished by Princeton University Press in 1957 - Azmeh M. Janos and Bak. (Budapest: CEU s Two Bodies, a Study in th in s TwoBodies, a Study 1

oned quite this in oned often thesis, thefollowing text e Medieval Politicale Theology” Medieval ).(hereafter: Kantorowicz, The specially his famous theory

. Press ( Princeton: Princeton Princeton: - , 2004):31 Monotheisitic Monotheisitic 63 .

. 1

CEU eTD Collection re the whe is theory of the “King’ Il re nell Occidente Medievale also Le J. Occidente re Goff. Il nell Speculum Strategy“. Symbolic Ceremonial Funeral Ceremonial in Renaissance France 35 1990): Press, California University (Berkeley: Royal Coronations:French Ceremonials“. Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual 3 gemina persona asa defined is a king theory tothis is According not. one political the course of while visible is body natural The subjects). his and king (the society whole the represent which parts the of comprised politic the so etc.) head, arms, (legs, parts physical various the of consists body natural the body is characterised universal by and eternal repetition through the natural bodies of future kings. As through the process of enthronement, by t misfortunes and most of all decay and vanish. The other is the political body which the king acquires earthly asother well as diseases time, of course the to must submit carnal things all like which thatmedieval a king possessed two bodies. Thefirst was the natural body given to hi states it simple; is idea basic The dignity. and title royal the personify both they as person same as the regarded are successor and predecessor royal The power. of sion transmis of aspect legal medieval the and aide asan used merely pro a is not thatthis stressed must be It use. in be will which sources primary the from came that accounts add “King the of elements the description of the event (abdication, funeral and reburial) and finishing with introducing the environmen asthe situation political the present The Death ofKings Death of Kings, Royal Deaths in Medieval England. (London: Hambledonand London, 2003).(hereafter ceremonials.

For how the theory can be used in connection to various ceremo to various inconnection used be can theory the how For Kantorowicz work -Kantorowicz ed at the end of the text of each chapter asa chapter each of thetext of theend at ed According to Kantorowicz the concept of the “King the of concept the toKantorowicz According The case of King Richard II is interesting to test t test to interesting is II Richard King of case The ) See also P. Strohm.“The Trouble with Richard: The Reburial of Richard II and Lancastrian IIand Richard Reburialof Richard:The with Trouble Strohm.“The P. also See ) 3

The methodology applied to the text is the following: the chapters are structured to first is explained by the statement that the consecrated king is a is king consecrated the that statement the by explained is duality ashis much as in ).

’ ,

s Two Bodies” theory as an aid to explaining the event. eory is true or false. The theory will be be will nor one which theory will The decidefalse. or if true theis theory

a - 87 (1996): no.1 71, .

guide for the accounts of the events coming from sources.

s Two Bodies” could prove itselfhelpful in . (Rome:. Laterza,Edizioni 2006), 3 he ceremonialanointing of and consecration. This other .(Geneva:Droz, 1961).(hereafter: Giesey, - 45.(hereafter: Giesey,45.(hereafter: aspects“).“Inaugural idemAnd Royal t in which the event in question took place followed by 111. (here 2

gloss and will be confronted with after: Strohm, “The Trouble with Richard“). See See Richard“). with Trouble Strohm,after: “The he theoryhe of Kantorowicz or, ’s Two Bodies” developed to account for nials see R. E. E. R. see nials Giesey. of Aspects “Inaugural - discerning themeaning of 51. See also M. Evans.

This theory willThis theory be . ed. J. M. Bak.

m birth by and conversely this this conversely Royal Funeral the relevant relevant the al body isal body : Evans, The The

CEU eTD Collection represent Christ on Earth. on Christ represent God, consequently his rule and personmust resemble the imageof God and once anointed he could divine). The simplified explanation of the process was that the had king to be chosen the by grace of anointing and consecration, resembling even more the two natures of Christ (the human and the king the that stated also is it concept Christocentric ascension to the throne resembles and represents the one Anointed in Eternity. In relation to the practice coming from the Old Testament). The earthly ruler bybeing anointed onthe of day his concept of the king imitating Christ relates in the first instance to the procedure of anointing Ingerflom. (Paris: Editions Editions (Paris: Ingerflom. hautes étu Royauté Sacrée le dans Monde Chretien (hereafter: Boureau, françaisemonarchie X du au siècle“.XIII en sciencesl'Ecole hautes études sociales, 1992):des 7 un débat“. 7 6 5 4 is the key concept of the work of Kantorowicz, for it represents the immortality of the royal office. royal the of immortality the represents it for Kantorowicz, of work the of concept key the is ’ Kantorowicz Boureau, Alain corruption and consequently disappear or die for i earth. on representative chosen ashis God of thegrace by divine is he time same the at but nature his by being human This is the reason for the emergence of this body division, for it was developed as a legal term with the temporal powers, a certain spiritual capacity which made them resemble the Divinity on Earth. on Divinity the resemble them made which capacity spiritual certain a powers, temporal theocentric concept to a more define Earth. This concept developed over the course of the Middle Ages transforming itself from the initial the imageGod, of formulated Dei as imago rex A. Boureau. For further on the issue see Kantorowicz, For the the andFor discussion examples the of sacral aspect kings J.of see Revel.“La Royautééléments Sacrée: pour For the issue of duality see A. Guéry. “La dualité de toutes “La chrétienne“. themonarchiesmonarchie de et issue A. dualité duality see Guéry. leslaof For The crucial point for Kantorowicz aChr of that was king medieval a of characteristic significant most The des en sciencesdes sociales, 1992): 39 La Royauté Sacrée dans le Monde Chretien. ed. A. Boureau and C.S. Ingerflom. (Paris: Editions de Kantorowicz, Stories of a Historian a of Stories Kantorowicz, Kantorowicz 4

de l'Ecole des hautes études en sociales, sciences 1992): 19

s biographer, rightly points out that the ideaentitled dignitas non moritur ).

. ed. A. Boureau and C.S. Ingerflom. (Paris: Editions de l'Ecole des des del'Ecole (Paris: Editions C.S. . Ingerflom. and ed. Boureau A.

King La Royauté Sacrée dans le Monde Chretien d Christocentric concept. Kings possessed, apart from their their from apart possessed, Kings concept. Christocentric d - 53. ’ ’ s theory is that the political body could never be liable to to liable be never could body political the that is s theory s Two Bodies s Two

. (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2001), 97. 97. 2001), Press, University Hopkins John (Baltimore: .

- with the king acting as God ’ 19. Le 19. J. laalso “AspectsSee Goff. da et religieux sacrés 3 t possessed an immortal, almost divine character. character. divine almost immortal, an t possessed

becomes a twin personality in the process of of process inthe personality twin a becomes , 42- , 86.

- . ed. A. Boureau and C.S. 29. 29. s vicar and servant on on servant and s vicar is

tian king, imitatingking, tian kings (a 5

The The

La La 7

CEU eTD Collection Works, and Ideas of the Great Medievalists of the Twentieth Century cannot be be tocannot referred as the asNazi Twins, does. Cantor See of art history as source material. Both had Both material. as source art history of trained. Both were interested in the liturgy and court ideology of kingship. Both wanted to make innovative use Schramm behind the ideas”. However, there is a significa Cantor p Cantor program, and made a comparison of the historian to that of another Germanmedievalist, Percy E. Schramm. As symbolicmeaning for the transmission of power). interregnumperiod), the funeral ceremony (particularly (it the reburial use and of funeffigies) eral the (and abdication the thesis: the of periods chronological main three the to respect with discussed royal review of Kantorowicz Two Bodies”. Two themostroyal Dignity. Symbolically inter of immortality the and Crown the of aspect corporate the Dynasty, the of perpetuity the are factors Bertelli, Bertelli, amd Early Modern Europe the Bodies “Two French also Kingof See S.King“). Bertelli. The . ed. R.L. BensonDoppeltagung and J. Fried, (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1997): 224 Ernstuse funeral King“. of French seethe Bodieseffigies) R. of E. sey.“TheTwo Gie Kantorowicz: Ertrage der 10 9 8 predecessor is seen in three main factors which facil which factors main three in seen is predecessor the throne. rnal ete the reign and immortality of the body politic that is forever embodied through various heirs to of idea the thus signifies Roi” le Vive Mort, est Roi “Le exclamation century 16 early The successors. When a king died only his natural body perished while the reign continued through his heirs and personificatio the way this In rulers. two between threshold the at was state a when reign of continuation the for basis alegitimate ensuring aim of

Kantorowicz, By far theBy far fiercest that attacks Kantorowicz camereceived from Norman F. For the For

Dignity. Through the course of this work the concept of the immortality of royal Dignity will be The King oints out “It is in this dominant school of Geistesgeschichte It has to be said that it is somewhat di is somewhat it saidthat be to has It The transmission of power or the “taking over” the body politic by the new ruler from his

’ reference about one of the aboutreference one way of s views, estranged to the Nazi reg estranged Nazi the to views, s 8

10 King

’ However it must be stated that some scholars give give some scholars that stated be must it However s Body s ’ s Two Bodies ’ s works, and basically stated that the historian was a strong supporter of the Nazi party ). ).

. (UniversityPark , 411, 412. See also Giesey, “Inaugural aspects“, 35 “Inaugural Giesey,also See 412. 411, ,

in which this transmission was symbolically represented (through the

an interest in historical personality, trying to find the dynamicperson to find trying personality, in historical an interest ime and was a strong opponent to : Pennsylvania: State University Press, 2001), 7,223. (hereafter: esting is the last factor in factor last the is esting nt differencent between fficult to criticise to fficult 4 n of the reign with themortal ruler was avoided.

ate the succession to succession the itate N. F .

’ Cantor. s Body s

that both Schramm and Kantorowicz were them, Kantorowicz for was, as opposite to . (New York: W York: (New .

’ Kantorowicz : SacredRituals ofPower inMedieval

. ideas his of criticism extensive an Inventing the Middle Ages. The Lives,

transmission, the immortality of of transmission, theimmortality

Cantor.

Hitler

the throne.

- He 45. . Morrow, 1991), 83. For For 83. 1991), . Morrow, s work onthe “King ’ -

240.(hereafter: Giesey, Giesey, 240.(hereafter: s rule and they surely surely they and rule s wrote the most critical the most critical wrote 9

These three three These ’ s s CEU eTD Collection Benson and J. Fried, (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 265 Verlag, 1997): Steiner and J.(Stuttgart: Franz Fried, Benson and the King Central the Past“. of Sacralisation European History arti . 75, no. 295, (1960): 295 (1960): 295, no. 75, Review. Historical Present is not criticised as often as one might expect. might as one often as criticised not is “two bodied king” concept to the “reign” of the current French president Nicolas Sarkozy. compar tried which an article certainly is goes practice this far how of One example theology. used in the context of topics which tend to be somewhat distant from theconcepts of political asvali taken are they for research critical through filtered are they nor questioned, not are concepts key those precisely that stated be can it addition, In topic. similar a to related work other some in reproduced merely are Bodies” Two the“King z in Kantorowic by presented theology political on terms which casesin such of examples several are There research. own their of concepts the explain and with coincide can it because granted further discussion about its validity; or, on the other hand, that scholars use this work taking it for ’ Kantorowicz 13 12 11 Review Booksof New York The Bartlett. Robert by Reply Kantorowicz“ “Defending Sevcenko. B. M. E. R. Giesey, Benson, Account“, controversial and most criticised chapter in the whole Cantor book. J.B. Freed. “Ernst Kantorowicz: An mo difficulties in grasping and determining the true subject matter, etc. matter, subject true the determining and grasping in difficulties t effigy in the royal fune theory to a certain event (as forexample the use understanding and of the symbolicmeaning of the Such is the example of Elisabeth A. Brown R. pointedwho to some difficulties when applying the http://bernard - 437 (1999), primary sources which describe the abdication and the two two the and abdication the describe which sources primary its example, for as, such heory, For the critique of the E. A. R. Brown Brown R. A. E. Sarkozy: qual è il problema? re cle), cle),

on Cantors . no.20, (1961): 30 (1961): no.20, . . 64,. Review no.1, Historical (1958):American 81 One Central European History European Central 509.(hereafter Brown ’ - extual History“. History“. extual Cont non A Bodies: s Two aim thisthe of - henri s work is so well structured, presented and flawless that it can be used without any any without used be can it that flawless and presented structured, well so is s work . 32, no. 14, (1992). 14, no. 32, . ’ ″Royal Bodies, Effigies, Funeral Meals and Office in the Sixteenth Century″.

views see John see views B. Freed levy.blogspot.com/2008/03/sarkozy “ King ral ceremony). ral - 35. See also H. S. Offler. “The King ’ sis willtry beto to s Two Bodies Two s ″Royal Bodies, Effigies, Funeral Meals and Ofice″).

d facts and not open to question. However, sometimes the theory is is theory the sometimes However, question. to open not and facts d . 32, no. 2, (1999) 2, no. 32, .

eclectic character, non character, eclectic Bernard

” Other -

see see B. Smalley. “The 298. See also N. F. Cantor. “The King , who , - Henri Lévy,Point, Le 2008.March, Daniele trans. Sensi.

scholars tend to emphasize the evident problems in the the in problems evident the emphasize to tend scholars test the theory by relying on the accounts found in the

.27, no. 1, (1994): 1- 12 correctly states that this could be considered the most

5 - This fact can explained be stating by that either - qual Ernst Kantorowicz: Ertrage der Doppeltagung - : 221

- 83. See also C. Landauer. “Ernst Kantorowicz and the il 227. 227. - problema.html - 274. -contextuality, contempt for chronology, King

’ For the defense of Kantorowicz see see Kantorowicz of defense the For

English article), English (review s TwoBodies“ funeral ceremonies of Richard II. II. Richard of ceremonies funeral ’

s Two Bodies“(review article), article), s Bodies“(review Two 25. Seealso P.Genet.“Kantorowicz J. However,

the theory in its essence its essence in theory the

’ s Two Bodies“ (review Micrologus 13

. ed. R.L. ing the Past & , 7 R. L. L. R. ’ s

CEU eTD Collection Maiora W. R. Childs and L. Watkiss, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003). (hereafter: Wal one is applicab is one IIonly Richard Steiner Verlag, Steiner Narrative“. Bodies became sourcefor the his central the work symbolicon abdication. of aspect See ntorowicz,Ka applicable to applicable thisto category. For more the on matter see Knighton English Historical Literature in the Fourteenth Century. Fourteenth the in Literature Historical English Taylor. J. See 1975). Mouton, (Paris: Clarendon Press, 1999): - 15 1999): Press, Clarendon Chronicles“). Chronicles’, Walsingham’s Walsingham. place betweenplace 1 Chronica entitled work Maiora 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 Ricardian, pro Lancastrian and ambivalent. and Lancastrian pro Ricardian, speculative. the Chronica Maiora Shakespeare. not and sources primary the are of research interest primary my often, emerges II” Richard Although, when writing about Richard II the work of William Shakespeare “The Life and Death of He underwent a gradual transformation from a favourable view to an extremely hostile one. The one. hostile extremely an to view a favourable from transformation agradual He underwent Anglie Chronica the is Maiora , Chronicle Westminster the are II Richard of years early the Taylor. “Richard II in the Chronicles” Richard II, the Art of Kingship. Given S 1987). Press, Clarendon 1272 discussion of Walsingham’s chroniclessee V. H.Galbraith, ‘Thomas Wa It must be pointed out that Kantorowicz dedicated much attention to Shakespeare’s work on Richard II and this

The Westminster Chronicle 1381 The St. Albans Chronicle: The Chronica Maiora The chronicles which aimed to justify the seizure of power by the Lancastrian familyand king Henry IV are Thomas Walsingham,monk a of St. Albans wrote a number of chronicles and other texts. This section of his Richard II in the Early Chronicles Early the evaluation the II of dealing Richard For sources in L.D. with II see Richard Dules. – 1337 Chronicle Knighton's - 1422’, 1422’, - , 24- , Wilson. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, Wilson. UniversityManchester (hereafter: (Manchester: 1993). Press, . ). 19 The sources which are used can be assessed by grouping them in three general categories, pro pro categories, general three them in grouping by assessed be can used are which sources The

’

s Chronicle Thomas Walsingham is considered to be the leading chronicler of the pro Lancastrian sid Lancastrian pro the of chronicler leading the be to considered is Walsingham Thomas 42. see42. further For reference C. Landauer.“The King Ernst Kantorowicz: Ertrage der Doppeltagung. ed. R. L. Benson and J. Fried, (Stuttgart: Franz

Review Historical English Annales Ricardi Secundi et Henrici Quarti regum Anglie 14

- 1997):211

In the empirical approachapplied to the research onthe sources therewas noroom for 397 and 1400. 1400. and 397 of Thomas Walsingham. ).

ee 224 Annales Ricardi Secundi et Henrici Quarti regum regum Quarti Henrici et Secundi Ricardi laterprinted the title under Annales 37. Speculum Chronicles of the Revolution, 1397-

. e 1396 represents the most extensive contemporary account on the events which took le to research to le Annales Ricardi Secundi -

, ed.1394 L. C. Hector and B. F. Harvey 59 59 d. G. H. Martin. ( (1984): 68 (1984): (1932): 12- 47(1932): 18 15

he deposition, death and burial of this English king. That

From these threecontemporary chronicles on the reign The chronicles which substantially cover the period substantially which of chronicles The of Thomas Walsingham: - 1376 Walsingham: Thomas of - 102. (hereafter: Stow, “Richard II II “Richard in Stow, (hereafter: 102. Chronicles of the Revolution of Chronicles 6

30. See also G. B. Stow, ‘Richard II in Thomas Oxford: Ox Oxford:

were printed in the 19th century. See Thomas ’ s Two Bodies and Kantorowicz 1400: The Reign of Richard II 16

ed A. Goodman and J. Gillespie.(Oxford: ) 1995 Press, University ford

Chronicon Henrici Knighton . ed. H. T. Riley (London, lsingham and the St Albans Chronicle . (Oxford: Clarendon Press, Chronicles of the Revolution the of Chronicles ,1394 ed. and trans. J. Taylor, , 5. , 5.

Thomas Walsingham singham, . ed. and trans. C. ’ The King s Constitutional Constitutional s . 1866). For For 1866). (hereafter: (hereafter:

Chronica Chronica 1982). (Oxford: (Oxford: ) See J.See ) 17 ’ s Two Two s

and e.

’ 20 s .

CEU eTD Collection Lancastrian Narratives” Lancastrian Franciscan friar entitled Continuatio Eulogii. entitled friar Franciscan 158 Vol. III. protagonists Archbishop Thomas Arundel, brother of the executed earl of Arundel. 1400. It is believed that the friar acquired the information about the events from onemain of the 24 23 22 21 Richard's Renunciation, A 'Lancastrian Narrative'? A 'Lancastrian Renunciation, Richard's 365 (1993): 427, no. .108. Review Historical English Given C. matter see the instrument of resignation and a list of witnesses, together with a copy of his so called ‘protestatio’. For more on Starting Starting II Richard in interest an developed gradually chronicles these how point to interesting is It IV. Henry armsagainst up take what time. itis However, emphasized often thatwhen II’ Richard emphasising the negative features of his reign. The main reason for such oscillation in the portrait of tyrant, feckless and degenerate, asyouthful, such rule his and Richard describe to adjectives did not wish to fall into disfavour with the new dynasty Chronicles these compiled who him, like monks, the that fact the in lie might changes such for reason Lancastrian propaganda as was Walsingham. aswas propaganda Lancastrian his accounts on officia based he and II Richard toward was discreditable that much wrote and believed Evesham of monk the which coversthe period from 1390to 1402, Review Historical English chronicles see G.B. Stow “The Continuation of the Eulogium Historiarum, SomeRevisionist Perspectives“ Historical ResearchPapers 1977). See G. B. Stow. forRichard aSource as the “TheReign of Secundi VitaRicardi

Eulogium (Historiarum Sive Temporis): Chronicon ab Orbe Condito Usque ad Annum Domini MCCCLXVI. Themonk of Eveshambased hisaccount ofRichard’s ‘ Historia Vitae et Regni Ricardi Secundi Ricardi VitaeetRegni Historia Forfurther reference seeA. Gransden, .(hereafter: Gransden, was written in it. Another pro Lancastrian work is is work Lancastrian pro Another it. in was written

(London: BookSurge Publishing, 2001). (hereafter: Eulogii Continuatio On the other side the French chronicles were writte were chronicles French the side other the On with the depiction of Richard II as primarily a lethargic ruler they ended up portraying the s ru s le is theresult theshifts of public in opinion and the politicalprevailing that of situation , ’ s reign, and what caused their sudden concern in this particular English king. B l documents, it is still questionable whether he was as highly influenced by the the by influenced was ashighly he whether questionable still is it documents, l - Historical WritingEngland in Historical Wilson. ” u CXIX. no. 482. (2004), - 667 (2004), 482. no. CXIX. , 4 (1973): (1973): 4 , lletin of the of lletin

The Manner of King Richard's Renunciation, A 'Lancastrian Narrative'? 63- I nstitute of of nstitute 75 . StowB.. ed. G.

Historical Writing in England II (Lond II England in Writing Historical

written a monk by Evesham of Abbey. However, although ” 23 H 22 ). Seealso G. O.Sayles, “

istorical istorical

This chronicle covers the period from period the the covers 1390 until chronicle This

Thethird pro Lancastrian writing is the work of a the source was written bears more significance than than significance more bears written was source the 681. 681. 7 ) - 370. (hereafter: Given Wilson, .

abdication’ is really no more than a copy of his See Chronicles also of the Revolution, 6.

Research (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, Pennsylvania of University (Philadelphia: . Walsingham Hist n mainlyn to inspire the French nobility to oria

(1981): 257 (1981):

Vitae et Ricardi Regni Secundi, The deposition ofRichard I ’ s later work uses very harsh harsh very uses work s later - ). For the ass 270.

” The Manner of King of Manner The

on: Routledge,1996), Routledge,1996), on: 24 II”

Vale Vale essment of the

of Evesham of Evesham

I: Three 21 ”

CEU eTD Collection Metrical History of the Deposition of King Richard the Second King Richard of the Deposition of History Metrical 1997). (hereafter: Historical Society, 1846) Society, (hereafteHistorical University Library University and historical valueofthe Frenchchronicle attributed to Jean Creton, toJean attributed true king andMort crown. et The Traison and as themain culprit he points toward the kings Creton see Creton 27 26 25 r, AdamUsk of howeve seems concentrate to otherwise); access notmuch so onthe evaluation of Lancastrian propaganda pamphlets (which he used to gather facts about Richard II to which he had no independent account of Richard II of aligning himself with one of the opposing views. Certainly A author does not seem to have a strong position on the fate of Richard II, and somehow avoids the trap Usk Angleterre Roy Deux literature). Thean of his demise (namely themystical almostand divine reputation with which he is granted in the consequence the as well as death, aviolent state asthey and, deposition his by he suffered tragedy the and peace maintain to effort his y, prophec political destiny: his and II Richard define commentaries the French which in ways several are There martyrs. royal English the of last asthe king demised events of the last years of the reign of Richard II. This was the case for example of example for case wasthe This II. of Richard reign the of years last the of events strong influence of politics. Some of the later chronicles used the work of Jean Creton to assess the sole the narrationon rely all of political They eventscircumstances. and their analysis, but under the to have been favourable to Richard II). Chronicle

This chronicle was writ was chronicle This Adam Usk: of Chronicque de la Traison et MortRichart de Deux Roy 27

cannot be qualified as pro Lancastrian or pro Ricardian but is rather ambivalent because the In the third category one can place the writings of Adam of Usk. The Chronicle

Chronicles of the Revolution of Chronicles compiled in a Cistercian abbey in Staffordshire in the north of England (usually considered

The Chronicle of Adam of Usk

Chronicle ofAdam of Usk - (1978 onymous author of the chronicle entitled Chronique de 25

- 145 79): also emphasizes the reasons why Richard II met such a cruel and dreadful end, end, dreadful and acruel met such II Richard why reasons the emphasizes also ten in verse and it is commonly known under the name History Metrical 26

were of course, written under the influence of the daily political political daily the of theinfluence under written course, of were r: r: 81, 398 81,

Chronique de Traison et mort ’ s reign, formost he probably was writing under the influence of the ,7, 8. - 421. ). See See ). s on the Lancastrian revolution the Lancastrian on s

Histroire du Roy d Angleterre Richard Angleterre d Roy du Histroire asthe well as , , ed. and trans. C. Given Chronicles of the Revolution Chronicles of ’

8 as traitors and scabs of the of scabs and astraitors viewed are who subjects

. ed.. J. Webb (London, Angleterre ). See J. J. N.Palme . ed. B.Williams. ( B.Williams. ed. . - Wilson. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, damUsk of did not wrote an , 6. ”,

Bulletin of the John Rylands

Traison et Mort 1824). For more on Jean r, “ The authorship, date

London: English the the

. Jean. Creton. of Adam of

Dieulacres Dieulacres de Richart de Richart , CEU eTD Collection Froissart, Jean 2646) FR (BNF, England. of II Richard of Funeral and 197v. fol. 4380, Harley MS Library, British 29 28 t acomparison for freely used be can and standards) Lancastrian by only some course, (of rule righteous However, not I consider do this to be a disadvantage, for they point out the aspects which define sourceswhich donot provide a deeper analysis II’ Richard of narrative pure are They reign. ajust be to whatwasconsidered and kingship theof of idea account from the fact that they provide an outstanding portrait of Richard II, is precisely that they are an II Richard of days and last years the of picture one create thus and sources from the information relevant the tofilter possible still is it created, king. opposition to the crown, and frequently provide background information on decisions taken by the Parliamentorum Parliamentorum Rotuli the are sources ‘official’ thus givesgood example a of the contemporary critique about the role of kings. Themost extensive his belief in a strong ruler and a soci of the king and his fate. On the other hand Adam Usk of emphasized the issue of kingship, and stated monk while imprisoned in the Tower, this author constrained himself from giving a subjective account apparently a strong connection between AdamUsk of and Richard II, and the king eve II’ Richard - %20rolls%20of%20Medieval%20England,%201275 http://find.library.duke.edu/results.php?type=databases&searchtype=details&resourceid=DUK01731|Parliament will not use this material in the thesi the in material this use not will I sources from textual the coming accounts the are primeinterest my as however, ceremony, funeral o Richard II’sreign. Richard o

The two pictorial representation of the funeral ceremonial of Richard II in 1400 can be found in Lon don, The full text of the Parliamentary Rolls for the 1272 Rolls for years the Parliamentary of text full The 28

Although it is clear that one cannot separate t separate cannot one isthat clear it Although

In addition, I must point that there are several portraits of Richard II and depictions of the Chronicles s personality but rather onthe issue of kingship. It is interesting that although there was rarely deviates too far from the official line, they do not suppress every hint of

fol. 339 Flandres,Bruges

s. ety governed by a strong monarch who respects his position, and 29 , apart apart , sources these of part valuable most The life. and ’s reign

15th Century. Century. 15th 1504 Rotuli , theformalminutes parliament. of Rotuli Although 9

he source from the influence under which it was was it which under influence the from source he

s reign, than it is strictly necessary. necessary. strictly is it than reign, s - 1509 are available1509 at n received the the received n

CEU eTD Collection L. Gillespie. L. 52, more trustworthy people such as his half brother John Hol the main reason why the king, by trying to escape this influence, wanted to surround himself with reig I. 31 30 ThePolitical Conflict in theLast Years of Reign ofRichard II

examined in the end of this theking on Kantorowicz H. Ernst by presented idea known well the test to of power to the usurper new rulerHenry IV. This could present itselfan as excellent opportunity to put the society as a whole. The abdication of Richard II great had consequence for the further transmis on impact managreat made one of destiny tragic the how demonstrates and is complex rights royal influenced they how it.The politicalatm inheritance, but moreover relate they to the king the personal and emotional state of the king to the political dec nobles certain by events took place and thus determined sealed and Richard II lead eventually 1367-February 14, 1400) mustone seek an insight into events of the crucial years of his reign that Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester. of Thomas and Lancaster, of Duke Gaunt, of John uncles, his were advisors main the reign

C. Given Wilson. “Richard II and the Higher Nobility” II the “Richard Higher and Given C. Wilson. N. N.

The (hereafter: Saul, Three Rich n but, their impact on the later years of Richard’s reign was also significant. This might have been been have might This significant. wasalso reign Richard’s of years thelater on impact their but, n Saul. The purpose of this chapter will be to sketch the events which preceded the abdication and and abdication the preceded which events the sketch to be will chapter this of purpose The The reign of Richard II was mostly characterized by the fact that he was strongly influenced influenced strongly was he that thefact by characterized mostly was II Richard of reign The To understand the reasons that led to the deposition of the English King Richard II (January 6,

Abdication of Richard II (1399) II Richard of Abdication

The Three Richards: Richard I, Richard II, Richard III.

(Oxford: Claredon Press, 1999),110, Press, Claredon (Oxford:

to the end of his rule. This period covers the years from 1389until 1399 when several who had a great impact onthe path of the king

chapter in relati in chapter ards )

31 .

They were influential not only during the earlier years of the king’s osphere in which Richard II was eventually deprived of his on to the various points connected to the abdication.

(hereafter: Given ’ s with relationship nobility.the high 10

Richard II, the Art of Kingshi

land and others in whom Richard II was ’ -

s fate. These historical facts extend from from extend facts historical These s fate. (London: Ha (London: Wilson, Wilson, ’ s

isions concerning the question of politics “ Richard II Richard mbledon Continuum, 2006), 51 ’ 30 s two bodie . For the first years of his of years first the For . p ” . ed. A. Goodman and J. ) .

s which will be be will s which

sion sion - CEU eTD Collection Routledg Communit Political Century the Fourteenth Middle Ages, the Late in Nobility Bolingbroke, Thomas Mowbray, Richard Fitzlan and Thomas Beauchamp. C. Given eco and political current 155, Crown Tuck. A. the nobility. andwith Nobility, England 1272 very substantial grants and than in 1386 granted him the title of Duke of Ireland, a gesture which did n great impactand influenced him, which was seen as disturbing by the public, mostly the nobility. 35 34 33 32 confident. rememberedunder the name of the Lords Appellant. is that alliance an formed Nottingham of theEarl and Derby of Earl the Warwick, of Earl the most prominent members of the English high figures who were not respected the by nobility, provoked a serious break in the king relations.-nobility II’ Richard which Richard II avoided and delayed, thus causing more tensions with the nobility and the commons. dem which commons, the by easily taken not was grant the increase to Pole la de Chancellor of request the but expenses, more demanded hand, had plans for a massive invasion of England in 1386. The preparations to meet such an invasion e, which Franc with onthe peace of other atmosphere an maintain to attempts by constant politically reproved Richard severaltimes onthequestion of how hemanaging was his finances the king’s choice of friends and advisors, but also becausequestion of the of finances. Thecommons their pro their his expenses, and through an investigation of his finances try to diminish his outcomes. Ibid, 160. much the king’s household should burden and impoverish the crown. Given In the year 1385 Richard II was forced to accept the appointment of a committee which had For instance, one such example is Robert de Vere, to whomRichard II extended property in lands with several Chris Given Wilson points that there were strong reasons for the formation of this opposition to the king’s

(hereafter: Tuck, - Wilson, Wilson, The year 1388 can be regarded crucial forthe worsening of this rupture. In this year five of the On the issues of current politics, these early years of Richard II Richard of years early these politics, current of issues the On betw The relationship e and Kegan Paul, 1987), 49, 50, test theformin thirty of 32 s foreign politics, his domestic finance issues, and his overall submission to the counsel to the of submission overall his and issues, finance domestic his politics, s foreign Consequently the king was now surrounded by favourites, disputable figures who had a “ Richard II Richard Crown and Nobility Crown and nomical decisions which joined together the Appellants Thomasof Woodstock, Henry of ”, ”, 107. een the king and the nobility deteriorated over time not just because of

- nine charges, all appealing against the king’s favourites whose anded that theking discharged him from his duties, demand a

). (hereafter: Given

nobility, the Duke of Gloucester, the Earl of Arundel, 11

35 -

Wilson, Wilson, In the same year the Lords Appellant presented presented LordsAppellant the same year the In - 1461. English Nobility English

(Oxford: Black (Oxford: 34

’ s reign were characterised characterised were s reign y . (Londonand NewYork: ) well Publishers Ltd. 1999), .

- Wilson. Wilson. a task to safeguard safeguard to a task

and just how The English English The ot go wellgo ot 33

CEU eTD Collection Fourteenth Century Fourteenth favourites. not did surely issues finance ever asthe well as France towards politics submissive hissomewhat addition, In him. on had favourites his that influence the accept could never however, which, the public by scrutinised was still not to have understood the situation, which he considered ideal,but in fact was Richard not. to the growing threat coming again from France, but this time from Scotlandaswell. Richard seems Appell Lords the that fact the to regain the influence he had lost during the struggle with the Appellants,mostly taking advantage of committee was formed to watch o watch to formed was committee addition the commons demanded the execution of the four chamber knights of Richard II. Another in confiscated; were lands their and death to absence in sentenced were Pole and Vere de counsellors, (Exeter), ThomasHolland (Surrey), and Edward of Rutland (Aumale). allies closest a fact dukes, situation from 1388ofsupervisory a committee. In addition, Richard this by time gave the titles of II from Richard emerged which circumstances of set of alarger beginning such maintaining of the expenses concerning Parliament Fourteenth Century: 1307 expl of Gaunt. Tuck, Huntingdon and Kent, earl of Rutland and Edwar 37 36 had greater they circumstances, influenceon Richard ’ This new circle around the king was formed by his half brothers John and Thomas Holland, earls of For the matter of the later creation of the calledduketti the so laterof creation the matter the of For anation of meaningthe the term of Given see In the following years Richard again burdened his household with several newly appointed In the following year, however, the situation changed in favour of Richard II, for he was able 36

which will be remembered in the chronicles as the making of the of making the as chronicles the in remembered be will which As a result, in 1397 the commons made another complaint directed towards the the towards directed complaint another made thecommons 1397 in a result, As such as such Crown and Nobility and Crown ) .

s politics became unbearable. Although these appeals were a mere result of the the of mere result a were these appeals Although unbearable. became s politics Henry Bolingbroke (Hereford), ThomasMowbray (Norfolk), John Holland - 1399 help hispopularity.help ant had lost their popularity for not being ablemake to a proper response . (Oxford: Oxford U

, 180. See Given See 180. ,

ver the king consequences. According to Anthon d, son of the duke of York, and John Beaufort the son of John ’ s decisions. s decisions. - Wilson, Wilson,

12 - - 483 1991), Press, niversity Wilson,

English NobilityEnglish

see Walsingham, Chronica Walsingham, see Maiora

English Nobility English

a household. This conflict marked the 37 , 48.

y Tuck the despised king ’ , 52, 53, 52, , s intention not to repeat the

484, duketti,

(hereafter: Mckisack,

and and to some of his M. Mckisack. M. Mckisack. . For further present -present ’ s reign s reign ’ s CEU eTD Collection was inevitable that his father, John of Gaunt will soon die. Tuck, Crown andN seeJ.L. Kirby. an court Gloucester did not survive to hear his sentence. his hear to survive not did Gloucester of Duke the while exile, to wassentenced Warwick of Earl the executed; and death to sentenced The treason. with charged were who Arundel and Warwick of Earls the and as result a brought to trial his former opponents, the three LordsAppellant, the DukeGloucester, of time with unimaginable consequences. unimaginable with time Review Rule Ricardian of Crisis the and Tale Clerk's The SholdeTakeHeritage: Youre Succesour 41 40 39 arresting and imprisonment. 1399” 38

ban of Norfolk by charging both the Duke of Norfolk as well as Henry of Bolingbroke with treason and for he also wanted to expand the crown with the confiscations of lands of the Appellants. swift removal from the scene of the king he did not experience any signs of open the six the that the English king should marry the daughter of his French counterpart. In 1395 Richard married agreement the in resulted peace, maintain to counsellors their and VI Charles and II Richard of desire in addition to from France, the coming mutual threat main The bride. anew for search the in essential Bohemiadied in 1394without giving birth to an heir. in of issue the is that Given

Henry of Bolingbroke was exiled by the king in 1398 for a period of ten years because M. M. For the view onthe sources which speak about the king ishing themishing exile. to . Giancarlo. “ Giancarlo.

. 35, . - Speculum -

year old Isabella of Isabella old year Wilson, Wilson, conspiracy. He He conspiracy. was Richardhowever granted by II right tothe claim inheritance Lancastrian the it since Moreove In additiontoIn Richard went on he position and power acquired newly his exercise to was determined king As the

no. 4, (2001): 335 Henry IV of England “ . 77, No. 1, (2002): 76 (2002): 1, No. 77, . Richard II Richard Murder, Lies, S Murder, and r Richard took advantage and of hisParliament, dominance Revenge in the so -called heritance of the throne. Richard II remained childless as his first wife Ann of of Ann wife first his as childless remained II Richard throne. the of heritance 39

”, ”,

Laterconfiscated he those landsand thus provoked another rupture, but this

- 123. 350. France wh France ’ s constant issues with the nobility, another crucial problem arose, and and arose, problem crucial another nobility, the with issues s constant

. (London: Constable, 1971) Constable, . (London: torytelling: The Manipulation of Justice(s) in the Parliaments of 1397 and - 112. 40 o ’

s possession at the expense of the House of Lancaster and that that and Lancaster of House the of expense the at s possession ’ upon his capture in 1399 was sent back to France. However, However, toFrance. back was sent in 1399 hiscapture upon s opponents.

hostility from the nobility, still under the impression of the the the impressionof still under fromhostility thenobility, See Fourteenth Mckisack, Century, 38

This act ensured Richard some moments of peace for for peace of moments some Richard ensured act This 13 However, Richard did not stop himself at this point,

41 ’

A Straunge “AStraunge M.Hanrahan see childlessness s . The political situation of that time became of thattime The politicalsituation

obility

478 , 189. For further reading reading For further 189. , - 482 on the matter of the Earl of Arundel was was Arundel of Earl

of his involvement in in involvement his of ” The Chaucer CEU eTD Collection Richard II” Richard Historia Anglicana ThomasWalsingham, Historia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999): 37 45 44 43 42 Richard II andHenry ofBolingbroke, preparation for the deposition legitimatemale heir who would take his place onthe throne. due to the bride roll and then imprisoned them and deprived theman of honest trial inheritance and driven them into exile, condemnedhis enemiesby meddling with the parliamentary and the loss of self control. The proofs of his tyranny was that he deprived people of their rightful Norfolk Richard altered his behaviour and presented another side of his rule characterised bysuspicion gained somepower he exercised it bytaking revenge on whoever wronged him in the past. Richard once wasthat action such of consequence The commoners. the and nobility the with conflicts the result of the humiliations which he suffered in the first part of his dealt with this topic that Richards’ so called tyranny in the period from the 1397 till 1399 was in fact mig Richard, by conceived Richard f easy made it conduct personal his that argued easily position and prerogatives and consequently he regarded such things as acts treason. of his on attack asan manifested eyes his in which criticism, type of every to sensitive be to was reported Historiographical Myth“ cases where perhaps a more subtle approach would have been better and more efficient. more and better been have would approach subtle amore perhaps where cases t II Richard of emotionally unstable, and impulsi character ve N. Saul.“The Kingship of Richard II“ Richard II, the Art of Kingship Tuck, For a full list of accusation of how Richard II deprived his subjects and the novelties he i novelties he the and subjects his deprived II Richard how of accusation list of full a For G.

B. Stow.“Stubbs, Steel and Richard II as Insane, the Origin and the Evolution of and English Crown and Nobility, and Crown ’ It can be argued that after the time of the of conflict time the with Henry of after Bolingbroke that argued and the be Duke can It of At this point it is crucial to describe how the concept of kingship and sovereignty, as Another point which is oft s absolute rule. rule. s absolute Historical Research, the Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research the Institute of theof Bulletin Historical Research, Historical ’ s youth the marriage was never consummated and thus Richard was left without a without left was Richard thus and consummated never was marriage the s youth Proceedings ofthe

ht have lead to his downfall. It is often underlined by the scholars who have 162, 181. 181. 162,

- of the tyranny see C. M. Barron. “The Tyranny of of Tyranny “The Barron. M. C. see tyranny the the matter59. On of

en emphasized in the literature is the over the is literature the in emphasized en . II,in 203. American Philosophical Society Philosophical American 14 English Historical Documents Historical English

or the nobles’ to claim the right to overthrow

ha t

sometimes made him overreact in in overreact him made sometimes 45 . ed A. Goodman. and J. Gillespie. . His main goal was to punish all punish wasto goal main His . .143, no. 4, (1999): 601 4, (1999): no. .143, . 41,

government and the first ,

no.103, (1968): 1 (1968): no.103, Vol. 4 impressionable, -impressionable, - (1327

44 43 - 42 638 638 mposed see see mposed

1485). It can be can It The king king The

- 18.

ed. ed. CEU eTD Collection the king sought appropriate for him life which extravagant and the lavish finance to went earnings extra these All large fines. with favour individual pardon with large fees, which also extended to the counties that were recovering the royal seek to had Appellants the with other the or way one in was associated or participated who person every example for like finances, his enhance to which in ways different of sorts all applied Richard (London: Allen Lane, Penguin Group. 2005),160. in. Rub M. See 1998). Miller, Harvey (London: The See 877. Regal Image of Richard II and the Wilton Diptych Review.54, Historical readin Mckisack, See presents. 48 47 46 Century Fourteenth A.R. those who acted against him beforeby doingand so he of Derby, Earl of Northampton, Duke of Hereford the and second Duke of Lancaster, upon his father (April 4, 1366-March 20, 1413), the son of John of Gaunt, whose full titles comprised thatof the Earl disregarded the fact thatsomebody could challenge his right to hold th e crown. Henry of Bolingbroke position that he decided to invade Ireland. He feltsecure enough to leavethrone the unattended and the company of the Divinity and the one set apart from theworld of his mortal subjects. addition, a change in representing the king occurred; he wasportrayed now as the only one worthy of t between distance more the even emphasizing thus Lord”, “my phrase outdated the replaced highness” “Your or majesty” “Your expression the This image building included the obligation of a newly fashioned vocabulary of addressing the king; eventually led to his deposition. sovereignty of thematters and kingship to regards in to impose tried he which novelties asthe well Fletcher. “Manhood and Politics in the Reign of Richard II” the II” Reignin Richard of and Politics “Manhood Fletcher. Tyrant” and Proceedings of the American Philosophical Soci N. Saul.“ Richard II and the Vocabulary of Kingship“.110,Review Historical English N. Saul.“RichardII,the Authorof His Own Downfall?” The examplesThe - 1912 Myers, English English IV“ AccessionHenry of the and II Richard of Wilkinson.“Thematter this Deposition B. see g on In 1399R It is pointed that even the way in which the king ought to be addressed altered. or represented Great Leaders, Tyrants Leaders, Great Great

were the investments inbuildings, tournaments, and moreover furniture, dress and lavish - 1898 Douglas, D.C. 1980, , 495. ichard felt himself strong and enough sufficiently confident in the security of his - (1939):215 no.214. Fourteenth Century

46 . Nigel Saul argues th argues Saul Nigel . 239. See G. O. Sayles. “King Richard II of England, a fresh look” , 490. , , ed. A. Blumberg. (Greenwood Press, 1995): 276 The Hollow Crown, a History of Britain in the Late Middle Ages (London: (London: ety

.115, he unreachable ruler who reigns above his subjects. In In subjects. his above reigns who ruler unreachable he 15

no.1, (1971): 28- (1971): no.1,

Eyre & Spottiswoode,1969),172. Spottiswoode,1969),172. & Eyre History Today Past and PresentPast and

even managed extensively to profit financially. financially. profit to extensively managed even at because of the behaviour of Richard as ofRichard behaviour the of because at . ed. D. Gordon, L. Monnas. and C. Elam. .49, 31. See G.B. Stow. “Richard II, Leader Leader II, “Richard G.B. Stow. See 31.

no. 9, (1999): 36 (1999): 9, no. 5, .18 (2005): (2005):

3 no. 438, (1995): 854 (1995): 438, no. - 39. 39. See also Mckisack, See - 41. For the further

48 -

282.See C. D.

- .

CEU eTD Collection Lancaster wrote a letter asking for their support: support: their for asking aletter wrote Lancaster sid that or duchy town every King Richard II. Henry of Bolingbroke went on to spread his influence and gain more power with which he needed to proceed and submit to his wi at from Richard. this point crown to the heseize did not openlyintention his declare though even of England, throne the claim: greater even an make to however, He wanted was entitled. with the intention to claim his inheritance of the possessions the of House of Lancaster, which to he (Cambridge: Camden soc 52 51 50 49 Richard defying death landed in England. more to willing than follow himsupport his cause.and Hemet with first stated: as inheritance superiority and power acquired newly of his advantage took Richard 1399 InMarch justified. was Lancaster and the Earl of Arundel; An English Chronicle Rotuli Parliamentorum Chronicque de la Traison et mort An English Chronicleofthe Reigns of Richard II, Henry IV, Upon It can argued be that theclaim of Henryof Bolingbroke for repealed, and their enrolment in chancery cancelled. cancelled. chancery in enrolment their and repealed, ad broken, annulled, revoked, entirely be should dependencies, and circumstances their withall and....knights parliament....that comingfromtheletters patent king the adjudged was it by our lord therefore the deliberation...And proper or advice, suitable without and inadvertence by duke the to granted were letters these But thereon. made patent letters the by appears fully successions...,as or heritage such of livery have and sue attorneys his theparliament,....thatby of might authority he by Coventry him in Be it remembered...how that Henry Duke of Hereford, after the judgement given to

two b two and landed toward the north coast of England and had with him eight small ships and in the Parliament to accomplish therevocation of Henry of Bolingbroke oats of passage..., of oats his return to England Henry of Bolingbroke met with several English nobles who were ’ s decision to ban him from the kingdom ona longer period. The Duke arrived:

15. See Mckisack, Mckisack, See15. , III, 372, III, , ietyoriginal series, 1856), 15 52 Theremisunderstandings were no concerning the Duke’s arrival in England

joining him latermany other nobles brought wi ed with him. That was the case of London, to whose citizens the Duke of of Duke the citizens whose to London, of case the was That him. with ed 49

English Historical documents. Historical English

179. 179.

See Mckisack, Fourteenth Centur

16 ll those parts of th of parts ll those (hereafter: Fourteenth Century,

y , 492. 178. 178. An English Chronicle 51

Henry and V VI Henry

e land that e land

492. 492. the inheritanceof the House of

the Duke of Northumberland th them supportmilitary the

) still remained to loyal .

. ed. J. S. Davis. Davis. S. J. . ed. ’ s rights of

CEU eTD Collection 829. - 785 for exampleby Si like counsellors, hisclosest by abandoned was he that realized he arrival his after soon for grief more de (Oxford: C (Oxford: abandoned himwere followed bytheir military forces. around King Richard II,lead inevitably to the disintegration of his armies, for the lords which 58 57 56 55 54 53

learn just on how much support he could rely. Richard refused this proposal and instead sent his half andhe could reassembled again once were forces his there wait until and Bordeaux in safety find and Henry of Bolingbroke. thatmost the nobles of crossed had over to Henryof Bolingbroke. expedition to Ireland and return to save his crown. He returned pr country: the around sent letters the in stressed he which II Richard of practically controlled most part of the kingdom. Bolingbroke theBy beginning of summer Henryof Bolingbroke had also the duchies under his command and

Chronicque de la Traison et mort Chronicle An English Chronicque de la Traison Chronicle An English D. Johnston. “Richard II s Departure from Ireland, July 98, Review. 1399” Historical English C. M. Barron. “Richard II and London“ Richard London“ and II “Richard II, M. Barron. C. the Art of Kingship. ed. A. Goodman and J. Gillespie. teriorated over time it isno wonder that the city sided with Bolingbroke in his quest for the throne.

805. See G.O. Sayles. “Richard II in 1381 and 1399” CarolineBarron M. points out that since the relationship between Richardthe and Londoners In such an environment, R At this point, left with noother choice, King Richard was forced to abandon his military artful fabrications, against King Richard and his government. lords, and the commonshundred a and fifty pairs of le the prelates, the to castles, different and towns different to Lancaster...sent of Duke kyngis castellis were delyuerid to the duke. the to delyuerid were castellis kyngis and amende that was amys; and anon Londoun him fauerid and supportid, and alle the and said that Englond, heof wolde refourme stiward ans Lancaster of duke himself Thanne wroot the said duke of Hereforde to the citizeyns of Londoun, and callied larendon Press, 1999): 129 1999): Press, larendon r Thomas Percy, the Steward of the Household. the of theSteward Percy, Thomas r

15,16. 15.

The fewadvisors who remained at his side proposed that Richard should flee

et mort

190, 191. 190, 180. - ichard had no alternative to but follow the rules of the game set by 155, 155, For the content of theFor theof letter content (hereafter: Barron,

17 53

English Histor 58

“ Richard II and London II and Richard s s see same source, achieved that by pointing to themisrule tters falsely railing, by different different by railing, falsely tters obably in July 1399 only to find out ical Review 57 55

This desertation of the people In addition, he received some received he addition, In . 94, ” 181, 182, 183. 182, 181, ) .

no. 373,(1979): 820 373,(1979): no.

no.389, (1983): (1983): no.389,

54 -

CEU eTD Collection uersus castrum de Flent statim transtu Chronicque de la Traison et m promises of safety for the king. Upon that fact the king decided to follow Northumberland to Flint castle. chronicle, earl of Northumberland gave an oath to the king swearing about the truthfulness of Bolingbroke same that to according As well, inheritance. Lancastrian the for claim make a only to is and that intentions, Northumberland brought with himto show themto Richard and thus reassure him about Bolingbroke lette two wrote the earl Huntingdon of Bolingbroke, with a after discussion is where, There at Chester. See Mckisack, See 63 62 61 60 59 were. demands his brother John Holland, the Earl of Huntingdon to meet Henry of Bolingbroke and find out what exactly followed would be well taken careof during his meeting with Bolingbroke and, thus upon these promises he mort went willingly to the castle and they do Chronique not The mentio details. de Traisonother et any n English asthe Chronicle as well Usk of Adam of chronicles the to According Flint. of castle his fate there for he was captured and placed under tight surveillance as stated: asstated: surveillance tight under placed and wascaptured he for there fate his Henry of Bolingbroke, and, according to the sources began to negotiate hissurrender to of advisor an Northumberland, Earl of the with ameeting accepted he There Conway. of castle the scheduled to take place in the castle of castle the in takeplace to scheduled other treasuresBolingbroke to as well as crowns two his gave II Richard that detail curious a mentions source one only Interestingly,

Chronique de “...and you shall go yourself tomorrow to Henry of Lancaster, to learn his wishes“.Ibid,192. According to the ... Usk of Adam of Chronicle et sic traditis eius duabus coronis suis, ualoris centum millarum mercarum, cum aliis thesauris infinits, se se infinits, thesauris cum aliis mercarum, centum millarum suis, ualoris coronis duabus eius traditis et sic , however, extensively portrays that Richard II was in fact tricked and falsely reassured that he that reassured falsely and tricked fact wasin II Richard that portrays extensively however, , Whatever At this point the sources tend to disagree onthe matter of how exactly the king reached the drastic the of Because

set a strong guard over them. lodged...they ng and theki his companions in the castle; and theearl and Erpingham

the Earl of Northumberland ’ Fourteenth Century Fourteenth

Traison et mort

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201.

- 195 dissolution of his army continued Richard was forced to find refuge in , 493. ’

s representative, presumably, as a token for their future meeting meeting future their for atoken as presumably, s representative,

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63 s tosuggestion Flint. ride to

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CEU eTD Collection Political Strategies at the Deposition of Richard II” II” Richard of at the Deposition Strategies Political Hen of thehands in undoubtedly wasnow which power of expression aclear same time the at but Richard, Duke of Lancaster was staying. was Lancaster of Duke rulership and “kindly” offered his help in governing England as could be seen from this passag e: recomendando et regi Ricardo diffidenciam mittendo Ricardo et regi diffidenciam recomendando ciuitatis, cum aliis quinquaginat ciuibus eiusdem, ad ducem ueniebant sub sigillo communi ipsius, ciuitate their obedience to him. Dum dux tunc Cestrie erat, tres da uiginti quattuor senioribus London ex parte eiusdem Froissart Froissart 68 67 66 65 64 later emphasized in the formal charges of the Parliament presented to Richard upon his deposition. makeaccusations against the king and his government by mentioning some of the points which were Thomas Arundel (the brother of the executed Earl of Arundel). Thomas

for the inheritance of the House of Lancaster, of House the of inheritance the for 85, (hereafter expect the decisions of the Parliament: Parliament: the of decisions the expect . Reprint of the ed. London, 1827. 1827. ed. London, the of Reprint . to 1483 1089 From London of Chronicle

Chronicque de la Traison et mort Chronicle An English Adam of Usk mentions also the fact that at this point the representat Jean Froissart: Jean ry ofry Bolingbroke. Thus, the Chroniques de Traison et mort According to some chronicles, the procession to the Tower was a humiliating experience for for experience humiliating a was Tower the to procession the chronicles, some to According On the second day after his capture the king was moved to the castle of Chester where the the where Chester castle of the to moved was king the capture his after day second the On The The After Ri Flint his in capture chard was visited Henry by of Bolingbroke, who made his claims parlement, whiche bega in the morwe suynge kyng Richard was put into the tour of London tyl tyme that the Londonward: and in the first of day Septembre they comen to London everych on: and And thanne the kyng and the duke and the othere seid lordes reden in fere to kingdom of England, which you have not ruled well these twenty My lord, I amcome before yousent for me; and I amcome to help you to govern the you governit . been in your government;and therefore, with the consent of the commons, I will help Chronicle Chronicles of London of Chronicles English Chronicle Chronicles (1337 Chronicles ). For the insight on how Bolingbroke

16. 66

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mention 209. 1410)

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. ed. G. Brereton. (Londo s

that whileRichard stillFlint received in visitfrom a the Journal of Medieval History 65 .

Chronicle of Adam of Usk but also made a speech onthe nature of Richard II 19

’ s claimss changed n: Penguin Classics, 1978), 463, 1978), Classics, n: Penguin

mentions that the king was humiliated ives of London came to him and pledged (Wales: Enterprises,1995), Llanerch

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CEU eTD Collection crowd t to was brought king the because were dissatisfied London popularity among their subjects, which in the case of Edward II can be seen from a curious fact fact from acurious seen be II can Edward of thecase in which subjects, their among popularity E404(Warrants under the Privy Seal). Privy the under E404(Warrants P.R.O. king. a to related usually powers of usurpation the to testifies text the following the of rest Ireland“, of b “Henry entitled is Bolingbroke which in way the The act ofdeposition ofRichard II 73 72 71 70 69 mockedand in front of the peopleLondon. of strange relationship with lord Gaveston and lord Despenser. lord and Gaveston lord with relationship strange somewhat his to refer certainly would that II Edward the caseof In favourites. their by influenced seem to coincidemore in than one aspect. For instance, both of them were accused for being highly Edward II to find out how to depose a king. It is most striking how the two fates of the deposed kings the Middle Ages. Henry of Bolingbroke could rely on the case of one of Richa Richard disclaimed same the time at and crown the towards claim his be king by all means. But what exactly were the foundations upon which Henry of Bolingbroke made from the heat of themoment, and werenot a carefully prepared plan of actionman awho of wanted to which in the end burdened the courtsfinances. kings were reproved because of the household expenses. Edward II was known for his generosity 1980), 80 (hereafter: Prestwich, of the king. For further on the issue see M. Prestwich. The Three Edwards sometimes did not even make an effort to effort an make even not did sometimes finally clear and evident to all. Through the course of time, after he landed in England, Bolingbroke cl Their See Prestwich,See Froissart Chronicque de la Tr Well before the capture of Richard II, Henry of Bolingbroke usurped the regal powers. And if one overlooks ’ s expression of feeling towards Richard stating that: stating Richard towards feeling of s expression The case of the deposition of Richard II was not without precedents in the English history of With Richard safeguardedin the Tower of London, Henry of Bolingbroke have done him honour, but shame, they hated his so sore. ...they were angry that the duke had not brought him through London openly, not to ose relationship has become fruitful ground for the emergence of the rumours of alleged homosexuality Chronicles Three Edwards

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hide his true agenda. .

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179. 179. Another point in common was that both 71 70

His actions, nevertheless, stemmed stemmed nevertheless, actions, His . (London:. Weidenfeldand Nicolson, ’ s right to rule? - 129 , rd’s predecessor King King predecessor rd’s 155.

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CEU eTD Collection 196 80 Valente.“The Deposition and Abdication of Edward II“ II“ Edward Abdication of and Deposition Valente.“The andthat he wasfollowing bad found to be insufficient, a destroyer of the Church , that he infracted the promises he gave in his coronation oath Three Edwards Inghilterra in e Francia in particolarment re consent of the magnates, clergy and the people. people. the and clergy magnates, the of consent son. Afterwards the archbishop of Canterbury proclaimed that Edward IIwas nolonger king by the ratedespe attemptmade plea a formercy and afterwards decided resign to the crown in favour of his selected to appear before the king in Kenilworth. Kenilworth. in king the before appear to selected was a delegation articles these Upon be evident. would king the against accusations the all which 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 I. Edward father his to tocome were they as (scrofula) (among many others) that the people were not so reluctant t public’s opinion by stating that Richard offered hisresignation well beforeeven reaching the Tower not under type any of persuasion. In this regard the later Lancastr the procedure for the abdication valid. The first one is that the king must abdicate byhis own will and dangers he was to face. was to he dangers Edward II and Richard II were facing the threat coming from the same house, that of the Lancaster. the of that same house, from the coming threat the facing were II Richard and II Edward summoned for January 1327. Parliament the in participate to refused he wasthat deposition the for reason formal The him. of into captivityinto at Kenilworth. captured along with one of his favourites Lord Despenser Henry by of Lancaster, who sent the king

For the list of members present in this delegation see Fryde, this thein list of present delegation For members Prestwich, On the matter of the events preceding the capture and deposition of Edward II see Prestwich, See Prestwich, ThreeSee Edwards Lord Despenser was tried, tortured in the most horrible way and finally executed at Hereford. Se Ibid, 82. See also M. Bloch. I re taumathurghi, Studi sul carattere sovrannaturale attribuito alla potenza dei - N. Fryde. 83.

(hereafter: Fryde

In the caseo the In This king, who w The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II 1321- Three Edwards , 97, 98. 97, , , Edward, II f Richard II there were threemain points that had to be fulfilled in order to make

76 as considered to be a weak and futile ruler, was by no means unaware of the the of unaware means no by was ruler, futile a and be weak to as considered , 85. ,

After making a making After 77 ).

78 , 98. The articles included reasons for the deposition such as that the king was counsel. For further on matterthe Fryde, see Left with no other choice but to resign Edward II acted as was expected expected aswas acted II Edward resign to but choice other no with Left

as made with the task to draw up the articles from from articles the up draw to task the with made was assembly An . (Turin desperate attempt to escape his fate King Edward II was II Edward King fate his escape to attempt desperate : 80

Einaudi, 1989), 76

79 .113, Review Historical English 1326

There the articles were read to the king who in a in who king the to read were articles the There . (Cambridge:Cambridge UniversityPress, Edward II 74 The final point of reference is that both o come to him for curing the king’s evil , 199. (hereafter: Bloch, Bloch, (hereafter: ian propaganda tried to model the

Edward II

- 852 (1998): no.453, I re tauma re I , 198. See also C. Three Edwards e Prestwich, turhgi

1979), 1979), ) 881 .

, CEU eTD Collection August, 2005. August, Akron. of University the of Faculty Graduate the to presented MA Thesis England”. Century Fifteenth Early Usk redactio uecordia, et ad regendum inutilitas, quibus rex Ricardus notorie fuit infectus... his subjects, personal or moral deficiencies, and the questioning of his ment Richard for evidence canonical tradition c 83 82 81 to expressing the w and oncewas he imprisoned he repeated by his own will of course his offer resignation of in addition most of the towns which, one way or the other, gave him support. One thing which cannot be overlooked is that Bolingbroke established himself and his authority in support of the majority of nobles in his claim to the throne, in addition to the support of the commons. Bolingbroke would have been futile. Thus, it can be concluded that Bolingbroke could rely on the of Henry to resistance every that backup military their and few supporters so with was II left Richard especially among the nobility, with whom the king had numerousdisputes. the By time of his capture decree decree giving him enough reasons to depose the king legally. doing By so Bolingbroke managedapply the to II Richard that fact undisputable was the there upon which Henry of Bolingbroke relied assufficient enough to earn himright the to the throne. First, evidence sufficient goal was to collect the proof of Richards mai The thecommoners. of support the with realm the of estates the of assembly the representatives, between the estates and the people that the facts collected were notorious, it was finalized in the form form the in finalized was it notorious, were collected facts the that people the and estates the between

This decree wasissued byPope Inn Mckisack, Per quos determinatum fuit quod periuria, sacrilegia, sodomica, subditorum exinnantio, populi in seruitutem ..62. On the view on kingship by Adamof Usk see J. McCullagh. “Critics of Kingship in Late Fourteen and Ad Apostolice, Ad Once all the evidence against Richard against evidence the all Once Another strong fact which worked in Bolingbroke The other point is that theact of deposition ought to be fortified the by acceptance of body a of Fourteenth Century

ish that he should be succeeded by Henry of Bolingbroke. which would prove just how unrighteous ’ harge the king with grave crimes, a sufficient reason for his deposition. This s misrule were related by Adam of Usk, speaking of Richard of speaking Usk, Adam of by related were s misrule 82

and thus provide legal foundations for the deposition and according to the , 494.

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81 and criminalRichard II

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Adam of n

CEU eTD Collection 1961), 1307 History Constitutional ” his crown or not. The alternatives, no with left voluntarily and case renounced afinished with presented wasbasically who o mental his of because inheritance, the for hierarchy the in Edward brother his younger by “replaced” throne decided to arguethat Edmund of Lancaster was the eldest son of King Henry, but was King Henry III. The council which dis inheritance rights. Henry of Bolingbroke was descended from line of Edmund of Lancaster, the son of predominantargument in Bolingbroke on the termsupon which Henry of Bolingbroke could accedethe to throne as a Century Gow crouchback. For recent scholar views on the reasons for claiming the throne see F. Grady. “ reason the thefor „switching“ places Edmundbetween Edward and was the that fact Edmund was as born a geniture ordine propter ipsius fatuitatem excluso... esse, ipsius set primogenitum tercii regis Henrici ipsum Edmundum because hisof imbecility. ...asserentes 87 86 85 84 Parliament, after a day the deposition of the king. the in afterwards presented and II fore Richard be read to be were which articles three thirty of inevitable, but then afterwards decided to renounce the crown of his own will, stating that: committed against the crown during his reign. coming temporal lords with the chief justice of the common bench visited Richard in his prison in the Tower, The Manner The of King Richard's 'Lancastrian A Renunciation, Narrative'? r physical incapacity. physical r Charges again “The

Adam of Usk presents this st “TheCommission of Deposition”in An English Chronicle er and the Exemplarity er and Limits of

187, 188,189, , 495. , 495. The third and final point to be achievedin order make to theabdication legitimate is agree to eny condicioun.... eny th and Nay, said he First with the intention to ask, and moreover demand, his abdication onaccount of the crimes he

(hereafter Rotuli Parliamentorum Rotuli II” Richard st

87 17. 17. English Chronicle

- . ed. 1485 S.B. Chrimes. 1907

ory and mentions that the council declared that Edmund was cast aside so to say :

Rotuli Parliamentorum, Rotuli anne they saide unto him that he moste nedis resigne withoute withoute resigne moste nedis he him that saideunto they anne

” Rotuli Parliamentorum cussed what claims Henry of Bolingbroke should present for the Speculum ’s claimwasthat he had the right to the throne based on his

mentions that at first the king was reluctant to accept the the accept to was reluctant king the first at that mentions . Chronicle of AdChronicle of 85 . 70, . At this point the sources disagree whether the king, 23

84 Selected d

- 552 (1995): 3, no. On September 29 a delegation of spiritual and - , III,, 415 , A.L. Brown. (London: A.Black and C. Black, , Selected Selected , See documents, 190. Given ocuments) am of Usk of am - 424, ”: 365 ”:

Selected documents of the English English the of documents Selected .

64. Another sources mention that 370 575. See Mckisack, Mckisack, See 575. .

legitimate heir. The legitimate The Lancastrian The Lancastrian

Fourteenth - Wilson. Wilson. CEU eTD Collection and Political and Practice: The Theory andPolitical Record Process the of Deposition II“Richard of statements thefirst of Parliament Bolingbroke. of the same Renunciation together with the Deposition of the SameKing” inserted in the official t of Process respect the l the respect asth seen was conqueror the because as well as thecrown, to way this take to claimants future the for encouragement as serve perhaps and reign, future his in discrepancies ad was Bolingbroke Crown”. 90 89 88 moreover the right blood) was a

Annales during his reign. The best example of this fact can be found in the part of the Thomas Walsingham Richard voluntarily renounced his royal powers. It is interesting to point out that the charges were prefaced by was with the accusation made about his reign and his misconduct towards his subjects. After that, the king portrayed form these various sources. The delegation that came to the Tower confronted Richard II the in played was that scene the describe

Rotuli Parliamentorum Stow.”Rich Rotuli Parliamentorum , Selected documents, presented with a paper containing the text prepared for his abdication which stated that he ’ This claimof blood right to the throne was alsoconsideredmore desirable. Henry of Henry of Bolingbroke played the inheritance cardmade and claim that his right of blood (and But how was this act of abdication performed? There are several different versions which which versions different several are There performed? abdication of act this was how But

governance and undoyng of the gode lawes. frendes to recover it, the whiche rewme was in poynt to be undone for defut of thorgh that ryght that God of his grace hath sentmewit disendit be right Lyne of the blode comyng fro the gude lorde Kyng Henry therde, and am that I als appurtenances the and membres the all with corone the and Yngland In the of name Fadir, rewme of this Son, and Holy Gost,chlange I HenryofLancastre

History of the reign of Richard II which quotes directly from the Lancastrian text entitled ”Record and s coronation oath, as a comparison of what he had promised to do and what he actually did he Renunciation of the King Richard the Second after the Conquest and the Acceptance of Acceptance the and Conquest the after the Second Richard theKing of Renunciation he aws or customs of the ones whom ones the of customs or aws ard II in the Thomas in Thomas the Walsingham ard II . 91, .

no. 303,(2006): 3 20- vised against claiming the throne the by right of conquest, for that might lead to , Selected documents, 192. MckisackSee

reason strong enough to appeal for the throne

336. (hereafter: Mortimer, ’ s Chronicle”, 68 Chronicle”, s 191. See Mortimer. See 191. I. IIand “Richard Succession the to Tower.More or less unique pictures however can be

he now rules, and Bolingbroke followed this advice. 24

88 90

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91 History of of History

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’ s CEU eTD Collection Bolingbroke and thus completed the deposition act stating that: According to that chronicles Richard II willingly placed thecrown in the hands of Henry of History documents 215. in pleno parliemento, eodem die incepto tardito. 95 94 93 92 91 Thought Political 169, 170, 171, 172. 171, 170, 169, removed, which according to Usk is a sign of deposition. king the that relates Usk of Adam instance, For abdication. and throne the complete.this At point the sources differ onwhat Richard di II on this resignation paper, he also had to be stripped of his royal insignia to make the procedure him descending from Henry III. and at this point Henry of Bolingbroke could challenge the Crown basing his claim onthe grounds of wasfinalized abdication the of part legal the commons the and estates the by wasaccepted resignation leaving his kingdom in God’s hands. king placed his crown onthe floor and actually made a symbolicgesture of renouncing his throne and Bolingbroke taken as a sign of the transmission of sovereignty. consideration this account a of Bolingbroke acceptedHenry of Bolingbroke presented this signet seen as symbol a that the deposed king

...ipsius anulo cum eis in signum deposicionis et priuacionis adempto, et cum eis ad ducem Lanc delato, et sibi An Introduction to the Administrative History MedievalEngland of History to the Administrative Introduction An Chrimes. S.B. „...et manu propria se subscripsit Froissart ...et corona regni super humo posita Deo ius suum resignavit

. 11, (1985): 333 (1985): . 11, H On the other hand, the Chronicle Dieulacres out of the duke's hands. depending.' The duke of Lanc thereto right the all therewith and of England, king wascrowned I wherewith crown, him, and said: 'Fair cousin, Henry duke of Lancaster, I give and deliver you this Then king Richard took the crown from his head with both his hands and set before it , owever, the symbolic part was yet to follow. In addition to the official signature of Richard ,

182. C hronicles

’ s ascension. s ascension. . 25,

no.4,(2004): 599 no.4,(2004): , -

345. 469. See G.B. Stow. “Richard II in Jean Froissart’s Chroniques”

nd connects it with the transference of the signet from Richard II to 95

...

Thomas Walsingham Walsingham Thomas - 619. For the full text of the Record 94 aster took it, and the archbishop of Canterbury took it

Froissart also mentions the crown but in a different context. context. adifferent in but thecrown mentions also Froissart

Chronicle of Adam of Us 25

mentions a unique situation in which the deposed Chronicon Angliae Chronicon d exactly to symbolize his renunciation of .

Chronicle of Abbey, Dieulacres 92 93 k

. 68. .

Stanley B. Chrimes takes into takes B. Chrimes Stanley Once Richard’s resignation was resignation Richard’s Once

see see

Selected documents Chronicles of the Revolution the of Chronicles . (Oxford: Blackwell, 1966), ’ s coronation ring was ring s coronation

Journal of Medieval , 180. approves

Selected

CEU eTD Collection but a son of a monk which was in his mother company while she remained in Bordeaux. was used as a kind o Deposition asground for the “rupture” between the King’ 96 remained empty until Bolingbroke throne The wasempty. throne the because it claim to wasfree he hiscrown renounced had Richard fact that the and right inheritance his to according that stated he where theParliament, to appeal to make his claim to the throne. The day following Richard’

inte new bearer of both bodies. If the theory of the King who never dies is true, the issue of the king new the is which head, its missing was it for wasincomplete politic body the that signified renunciation demonstrates that momea power. of transfer the for aproblem presented fact this and wasbeheaded body natural body of Richard of Bordeaux king and consequently the political body given to him was supposed to be transferred to his heir, the as exist to ceased legally II Richard as however, time, thesame At king. new the become to wanted separated. The body politic remained “hanging in the air” between the deposed king and the one who wi which occupying the throne. The king in this casewas considered as the head, the bearer of the political body political body, representedthe immortality of the dignity that the royal power brought to whoever was andconsequently diseases to submissive mortal, the wascorruptible, second, body natural the first, the

The name Richard of Bordeaux was given by the chronicles because of the place of his birth; also, this title rregnumcould only be solved if three factorswere to be accepted. The first is the perpetuity of the After overcoming the final obstacle, the deposition itself, Henry of Bolingbroke was at liberty liberty at was of Bolingbroke Henry itself, deposition the obstacle, final the overcoming After At this timethe situation occurred that the two bodies of the former king, Richard II, were By thisBy actthe political body did not disappear,but the rupture that occurred with the allu metaphors thissituation in The ll, after the death of the ruler, be transferred to his successor. successor. his to be transferred ruler, the of death the after ll, f reference storyf the to IIthat Richard alegitimate Black the was not Prince, Edward of son

’ s cor 96 onation in October 1399.

live. With the deposition of Richard thedeposition hispolitical alive.With still was nt of interregnum took place. This state of interregnum de to the idea of the king who 26

s deposition Bolin s deposition

possessed two bodies. While While bodies. two possessed s “two bodies”

gbroke presented his the -the CEU eTD Collection source ofroyal power is God. Ibid,.330, 336. approval or consecration on the part of the Church and independent also of election by the people“ The only of the predecessor and on the premisethat “..the king’ of Usk of began to count his re continuity is the practiceof dating regal years. According to the Chroniclesof London established byEdward I in 1272. 105 104 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 royal dignity. the of immortality the is one final the and Crown the of character corporate the is second the Dynasty, claim to the throne was based on his royal lineage. royal his on wasbased throne the to claim inheritance birth by -right. As wasshown themain argumentwhich Henry of Bolingbroke used in his very substance of inheritance and extensively the whole kingdom. Ibid, 338. which he challenged the Crown and that is September 30, crowned.“ was be duke Herry milites... creauit duos subjectsall and the people of the kingdom. the against crimes his of speak which and ed, fac he which charges the through II Richard of case demonstrate Richard demonstrate requirement forperpetuity. ne two knights which took placeearly in October 1399. of

Kantorowicz, See footnote no. 36. no. footnote See

The concept of the dynastic continuity

Ibid, 383. ed the consecration act to make his decisions legitimate, and thus he fulfilled the second thesecond he fulfilled thus and legitimate, decisions his make to act consecration the ed Kantorowicz, Or better said the symbolic representation of the Crown which by being invisible and perpetual, represents the Et sic, uacante regno, consensu totius parliementi dictus dux Lancastr in regem erectus... royal powers. One such example is transmitted by Adam of Usk of Adam by transmitted is example such One powers. royal In uigilia coronacionis rex “...wiche day, in the tour of London, Kyng Richard resigned his dignyte in this yere of his regne xxii; abd

68. The other point of Kantorowicz, the corporate aspect of the Crown, it conceives z Kantorowic as continuity, Dynastic

Chronicle of London

King's Two Bodies, Two King's

King

generall accorded in parlement chosyn kyng, his regne thanne begynnynge and sithen ’ ChronicleofAdam of Usk

’ s Two Bodies s grave crimes against the Crown, as can be seen through various examples in the the in examples various through seen be ascan Crown, the against crimes s grave gal year from the date on which Richard II abdicated, II Richard which on date the from year gal 100 Henricus, presente domino Ricardo olim rege, apud turrim London quadraginta

n Bolingbroke acted as if he were in full possession full in were Before he asif his acted coronatio n Bolingbroke 85. The beginning of the reign of Henry IV was considered from the day on 316.

, 329. , 103

is based on the legal claim that the king legal the the that claim on based is

70. 105

These charges were summarised in a way that they they that way a in summarised were charges These 27 99

1399. Mckisa 1399. 101 Bolingbroke also relied onthe fact thathe did not s true legitimisation was dynastical, independent of independent dynastical, was legitimisation true s

Another fact that speaks on behalf of Dynastic Dynastic of behalf on speaks that fact Another 98

relies primarily on the concept of concept the on primarily relies ck ck Fourteenth Century , concerning the creation of forty

’ s reign began withthe demise 102 104

following the practice practice the following can be viewed in the in viewed be can

Chronicle of Adam Adam of Chronicle , 496. Bolingbroke

- CEU eTD Collection body politic, of which the king is the head...“ Kantorowicz, King members members Thus, when Henry of Bolingbroke was made a candidate for the crown with the support of the fi accep performed against the Crown and dignity. were that crimes the for asaccusations conceived were king the against made accusations the All 114 113 112 111 110 109 108 107 106 unworthy persons. articles. In th the Crown w royal dignity. omninoregere curaret statutain ultimo parliamento suoordinataconfirmaret eisdem, tamen prefatus rex ad roboracionem statutorum suorum erroneorum supplicavit domin retroacto adeo libera quod dominus summus pontifex nec aliquis extra regnum ipsum se intromittere debeat de spectancia eciam personis indignis donando... Kantorowicz, Kantorowicz, inspires. cooperation speak, to , so transferred who themselves rst one refers to the: the: to refers one rst

See footnote no. 30. no. footnote See no.5 footnote See Ibid, 384. Que omnia contra coronam et dignitatem... In primis obicitur regi, quod propter malum regimen suum, videlicet bona et possessiones ad coronam suam suam coronam ad possessiones et bona videlicet suum, regimen malum propter quod regi, obicitur primis In Dignitasnon moritur Regem ante recepcionem corone domino Cant iurare audiui quod populum suum in misericordia et ueritate Item, quamvis corona regni Anglie et jur According to the formula presented by John of Paris which states populo faciente et Deo inspirante ted thecrown, took an oath to make his reign righteous ’ Kantorowicz resting individually in the king alone. singularity of the royal office, to the sovereignty vested in the king by the people, and 114 of the Parliament, of

King 110 e first article Richard II is accused of distributing the possessions of the Crown to to the of Crown possessions the distributing of accused is II Richard article e first

He states that there is a difference between the Dignity and the Crown, because the because theCrown, and Dignity the between difference a is there that He states ’ as also independent and free of s Two Bodies 106 2.

Ch s third and final aspectdealing of with the interregnum is the immortality of the Another examplestates not only Richard II

is an exclamation directed towards “the perpetuity of the sovereign rights of the whole ronicle of Adam Usk of Adam of ronicle

between men and God and men between

the dignity to him, which 112 , 296. ,

the commons and towns,

Rotuli Parliamentorum Ibid. a eiusdem corone, ipsumque regnum, fuerint ab omni tempore 108 . 72. 111

Bolingbroke in his coronation ceremony, before he

.Ibid, 188.

28 presented in the saying that that thesaying in presented

’ 113 s Two Bodies

109 over

he was in fact invested by the people the by invested fact in was he the king or any otherman. . ,

Selected documents

’ could be s crimes against the Crown, but that , 383.

connected with the idea of of idea the with connected

the people act and God God and act people the , 187 .

o pape quod quod pape o 107 .

CEU eTD Collection of the public which will side with one in his quest for the Crown. th to pertinence to be quite convenient), to be a direct descendant of a bloodline mere fact ofof the a nor king-father,

This clearly shows that for acquiring for that shows clearly This e family in possession of royal blood, but that the crucial fact was to have thesupport

the royal title it was not crucial, (although it proved itself itproved (although was crucial, the royaltitle itnot 29

CEU eTD Collection II. The First Funeral of King Richard II (1400) Richard II The Inauguration and Coronation ofHenry ofBolingbroke andthe Fate of

make his next moves fastand with an astute attitude and thus strengthen his position and path towards (or absence) of the effigy in the funeral ceremony. ceremony. funeral inthe effigy the of absence) (or choice. best the was funeral the which for power of transmission the depict symbolically to waspossible it how of description the to a guide as well as time, the of funerals as here serve will Bodies” funeral ceremony accompanied by descriptions of some elementsof it. The theory of the “King an account of the various descriptions of how the king died, and to conclude with the display of the and culminated in an unusual funeral ceremony. addition, the peculiaritiesconcerning Richard did not die with the king’s demise, but instead continued wassom life ashis just event, mysterious wasa II Richard former king was still alive while the new one held the crown and power in his hands. The death of with this problem assoon as possible and thus avoid the issues which might arise from the fact that the governm new to the threat aconstant posed he that meant This alive. wasstill Bordeaux, of Richard called st obstacle only The plan. the stageof next the the throne. Richard renouncing the crown meant that Henry of Bolingbroke was free to proceed with to toaclaim introduction asan serving just were actions these that clear was it everyone; to evident nature of hislanding in England and claiming the inheritance the of House of Lancaster wasby deposed, the situation with the quest for the crown of Henry of Bolingbroke was finished. The true be

confronted with Once Henry of Bolingbroke had ensured the deposition of King Richard II he was forced to thetimethatEn By Themain goal of this chapter is to show the eventswhich led to the death of Richard, to give ent of the Lancastrian dynasty. dynasty. Lancastrian the of ent accounts of the primary sources and will address the issue of regicide and the use use the and regicide of issue the address will and sources primary the of accounts

an aid to defining what was so different in this funeral from other royal royal other from funeral this in different was so what defining to aid an glish King Richard II resigned hisoffice and wassubsequently After his coronation Henry of Bolingbroke decided to deal ill to overcome was that Richard II, now conveniently conveniently now II, Richard that was overcome to ill

ewhat surrounded by uncertainties. In In uncertainties. by surrounded ewhat

The th

eory willthiscaseeory in only ’ s Two s Two

then

CEU eTD Collection began the speech in which he laid out the reasons why he should takeRichard should he why thereasons out laid he which in speech the began mention, Henry of Bolingbroke stood upfrom his seatmade and the signand cross of onhimself 118 117 116 115 Richard in done were summ the all because session parliamentary aregular considered not was this that lords temporal and spiritual, brought into an assembly on September 30 1399. It is important to point clai Bolingbroke office, his ruler, the throne stood legally vacant, waiting for Henry of Bolingbroke to makehis claim. his ultimate goal, the crown of England. When the for not present in his seat, nevertheless the royal dignity still residedupon the throne. golden cloth, probably symboli point when Bolingbroke stood up and made his speech for the crown the throne was covered with a Keen, Keen, Cronique de Traison et be heard, but this protest ended badly for the bishop who was remove mentions the supposed protest of Bishop Carlise who spoke on behalf of the deposed king stating that he should (hereafter: Jacob, most efficient solution. the be to proved aParliament of status legal true the lacking was time same the at but aking proclaim future reign and contesthis superiority. Therefore, an assembly that formally had the authority to acknowledging that a Parliament had grante advantage of this apparent lack of legitimacy. In fact, the only thing he wished to avoid was hereditary succession. Bolingbroke achieved the unanimous consent losthisrighstating thatas Richard had introduced the reason of inheritance byblood, noting his kinship with King Henry III

See McKisack,See For further discussion see F. E, Jacob. E, see F. discussion further For M, Keen. One remark must be stressed h remark must stressed One be ). England Having now in his hand the formal document which proves that in fact Richard had resigned Another interesting and symbolically fascinating fact concerning this meeting is that upto the England in the Later Middle Ages, a Political History a Political Ages, the Later Middle in England

Fifteenth Century Fifteenth Fourteenth Century

’ m s nameand now with his renunciation they nolonger valid. 116 ort

221, 222. See also Jacob, med the throne in the presence of the members of the Parliament, and the and Parliament, the of the members of thepresence in throne med the sing that although the bearer of the political body was atmoment the ere, and that is that just one of the sources, Chronique sources, the of one thatisere, thatjust and m et de Traison ).

, 496. The FifteenthCentury, 1399 -

t to wear the crown, he was now in fact the next in line for for line in next the fact in was now he crown, the wear to t d him title to the throne, and would lever over him in his

Fifteenth Century, Century, Fifteenth 31

mer King Richard II renounced his position as . (London: Routledge, 2003) 1485 d from the parliament and imprisoned. 14. 14. . 118 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961),17 Press, Clarendon (Oxford:

of the lords who were present were who thelords of ’ s place. The future king king future The s place. ons ofons the Parliament 115 117

Bolingbroke took

As the sources sources the As ’ , 239 (hereafter: s lineage, and and s lineage,

ort,

CEU eTD Collection from Richard and that now stood as a token of the deposed king claim,Henry of Bolingbroke showed the signetwhich he had received (willingly or not that is unclear) over the others. Keen, Jacob, Henry IV. For further see Chronicle of Adam of Usk 121 120 119 Bolingbroke the fact that the king had left the throne without an heir, and finished by naming Henry of sermon delivered byArchbishop Arundel who justified the deposition of Richard II, comm accepted, the archbishop present at that time enthroned Henry of Bolingbroke. Following was the Lancaster. of Duke the by of legitimacy the of sign Asaclear ruling. Henry to favourable themselves declared who day, that the Earl of March should be considered heir presumptive to the thro ne. that therechance was a for him to remain childless 1385Richard in II had declared in Parliament that proclamatio apparent to the throne for it related an to event coming fromthe early period of his rule, the Mortimer episode concluded with the death of from 1390he nolonger supported his own proposition concerning Roger Mortimer, far from it. The known for the constant mood swings and changing opinions and this case was noexception. Starting and the wisdom of the age to compare the ending reign of Richard II to the one Bolingbroke as opposite to the flaws of Richard II. In the sermon he uses the metaphor of the folly of the youth dominabitur populo (1 Samuel ix, 17) where he praises the vigour, good sense and strength of Henry of recognition. conquest, the support of the people, parliamentary more finally precisely and the Londoners,

Mortimer, Keen s Keen These virtues were mentioned as a part of the sermon delivered by Archbishop Arundel on the text Vir Fifteenth Century Fifteenth As the formal part of part formal As the It is interesting to point out that there was a reason for mentioning that Richard had left no heir tates rightly that among all the among that tates rightly ’ s still son, a minor at thetime Richardof II n of the young Earl of March, Roger Mortimer as his legitimate successor. Being aware aware Being successor. legitimate his as Mortimer Roger March, of Earl young the of n “ s virtues. ’s virtues. 120 Richard II Richard

England, ” , 13. , 320 , 119

- Bolingbroke 336. See alsoSee 336. Saul,

240. the assembly was reaching its end and all the proofs were displayed and displayed were proofs the all and end its reaching was assembly the

se claims it is not particularly clear which on which clear particularly claimsse not is it

the Earl and no one wanted to support the causeof Roger ’ s title thus relayed on the claim of descent, the right right by the descent, of theclaim on relayed thus s title Richard II

32 Chronicles of the the Revolution of Chronicles 69. also See

’s deposition. , 397. and idem idem and , 397. ’ s wishes that he should be succeeded succeeded be should he that s wishes

Three Richards Three

which was about to began with 121

However, Richard was Richard However, e should have precedence , 153 , - , 186. See also See , 186. 156. 156. ented on

his his CEU eTD Collection made all the necessary arrangements to legitimize his reign. He was in a hurry to do so, for so, todo ahurry was in He reign. his legitimize to arrangements necessary the all made (which was accepted) and about the cause and procedure in his deposition. It is clear that Bolingbroke citizens and representingburgesses eighty five cities and boroughs. Jacob, and ensure the loyalt the ensure and content, but that his government would be seensuccessful as if only he was able to bring to his side that Henry not only had the obligation to put out fires before they happened and keep the nobility their appointments once again, and that was Richard. An important point raised Anthony by Tuck is of dissatisfied nobles who would challenge his reign and rise in favour of someone who could assure nce of a appeara normalthe transition of government, could be that he wished to avoid creating a group 124 123 122 sheriffs. re the meant Richard with terminated service whose officials the of positions the renewing and placemust he make provisions to ensure the continuity of the government. He did so by appointing Oct for scheduled Parliament, actual the of meeting coming from the French king. Bolingbroke made sure that provisions were place in before the first action could prevent the rising of an unwanted political situation and anticipate a possiblemove Richard where theTower to 1399, 1,

The lords who gathered at this Parliament this at gathered who lords The place. take to wasscheduled coronation his before time week of a Bolingbroke, 6, October on held loyalty of many by providing them with annuities and pensions. Press, 1905), 46 1905), Press, adjournment, of Parliament until a day after the coronation of the new king. A Jacob, Jacob,

Tuck, There isto areference There Henry of Bolingbroke understood that even before themeeting of the actual Parliament took A commission of the temporal and spiritual lords went the day after the assembly, on October October on assembly, after the day the went lords spiritual and temporal the of A commission All of these actions were an introductionmeeting theformal to thefirst were of an actions ParliamentAll these of Henry of 122 Crown and Nobility and Crown Fifteenth Century Fifteenth

The reason for such behaviour, apart from the fact that Bolingbroke surely wanted toretain wanted surely Bolingbroke that fact the from apart behaviour, such for reason The appointment of judges, lieutenants of counties, escheators, collectors of customs and and customs of collectors escheators, counties, of lieutenants judges, of -appointment .

y of all those who had supported Richard.

Great Chronicles ofLondon Chronicles Great also ,17. See seventy , 197. ,

four knights which were representing thirty seven counties along with 173

was imprisonedmake to known it to him about his abdication 124

agreed unanimously to a continuation, or better said 33 ober 6.

123

.ed C.L. Kingsford, (Oxford

In addition Bolingbroke secured the Fifteent h Century h ’ , 19. s This abdication.

day before the

: Clarendon : Clarendon

a rapid a rapid CEU eTD Collection ceremony took place. He states: Hestates: place. took ceremony Henry of legitimacy the representing at aimed also ceremony coronation The period. the of chronicles the in marked carefully the eldest, the future Henry V, had already had V, Henry future the eldest, the 126 125 forty creating coronation, on October 11 Bolingbroke expressed his full possession of royal power by the act of received the title ear received four of Henrys sons being knight Boydell & Brewer, 1987), 138 1987), & Brewer, Boydell

Adam of Usk mentions this number of forty four knights but the exact number is not sure; also he mentions See P. McNiven. Heresy McNiven. P. See and Politics in the Reign of Henry IV, the Burning of John Badby Bolingbroke’s coronation took place on October 13, St. Edward’s Day, an event which was was which an event Day, Edward’s 13, St. October on place took coronation Bolingbroke’s Then Saint Edward's crown was brought forth, which is close abo close is which forth, was brought crown Edward's Saint Then again into the sheath; then the archbishop of Canterbury did gird the sword about him. drawn out of the sheath hallowed, and and then it was taken to the king, who did put it silk and a pair of spurs with a point without a rowel: then was the justice swo of rd the font. Then the king was apparelled like a prelate of the Church, with a cope of red anointing, the clergy sang the litany and such serviceas they sing at the hallowing of behind, and on the hands. Then a bonnet was set onhis head; was he and while was anointed in six places, on the head, onthe breast, and onthe two shoulders he there and estate, of vestures his all of out despoiled was he there altar the before accord shoulders the lords with him in their robes of scarlet furred withminever, barred of their to fetch the king with procession. And so he went to the church a procession, and all be sacred, at which consecra which at sacred, be faith and obeisance. Then the king rose and went down the scaffold to the high altar to king. And they all with one voice said,'Yea,' and held uptheir hands promising him and demanded if they were content that he should be consecrat Canterbury shewed unto the people how God had sent themman a to be their king, bare sat but crown, the r estate in sat so and chair, inthat down sat king the Then of gold. cloth with covered royal was achair there thereof midst the in and red, with nine of the clock; and in themidst of the church therewas an high scaffold all covered Church and the other the sword of justice;...Thus they entered in and other; and on every side of him he had a sword borne, the one the sword of the blue with four bells of gold, and it wasborne by four burgessesthe of ports, asDover do: and then all the pre to accustomed the was nexthe as morning masses, three heheard was conand fessed and dukewasbained, the night toWestminster....That wasconveyed he leg...Thus left a courser awhite on mounted was he and Almaine, of manner the squires, a nine hundred horse: then the king had on a short coat of cloth of gold after the prince his son, and sixdukes, six earls and eighteen barons, and in all, knights and with accompanied Hewas of France. thelivery his neck about and bareheaded, way And after dinner the duke departed from the Tower to Westminster, and rode all the -two knights, including his sons. lier. See lier. See ’ s p ing to their degrees: and over the king was borne a Chronicle of Adam of Usk of Adam of Chronicle osition. Froissart gives an extensive account in the in account extensive an Froissart gives osition.

(hereafter: McNiven, ed onthis occasion while Henry eldest omi the fact that the tting

lates and clergy came from Westminster ch Westminster from came clergy and lates headed. Then at four corners of the scaffold the archbishop of

archbishops two were there tion

been knighted by Richard in Ireland. 125 Heresy and Politics and Heresy

Threeof them were knighted on this occasionwhile

34 71.

) . oyal, saving he had not on

ed and crowned as their astheir crowned and ed and ten bishops, and ve, and blessed, and and blessed, ve, and to the church about nd the garter onhis urch to the palace, the palace, to urch

cloth of estate of of estate of cloth Chronicles 126

. (Manchester.

of how the had

already : CEU eTD Collection 79 78, 1979), Books, Winston, 1966), 126. See also Barker, Barker, also See 126. 1966), Winston, managed to break the top of the sward leaving it its present day shape. day its present it leaving sward of the top the break to managed he Renowde enemy fierce his wasfighting Ogier While legend. this by explained be also can that gift given to the Saxon ruler O a been have to considered was Curtana the instance, For Ages. Middle the of period earliest from the 130 129 128 127

saint, Archbishop Thomas Becket. While he was in exile he apparently received a golden eagle shaped eagle shaped agolden received apparently he exile wasin he While Becket. Thomas Archbishop saint, rulers with the oil brought by the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove, the English practice relied ontheir t response As a scene. political English the on appearance miraculous archbishop of Canterbury, ThomasArundel. The oil used for the consecration had a somewhat visiting the Holy Land and back into the ki believed that it travelled from Edward King ceremony was the sapphire ring of St.Edward. This ring also a had legendary background for it was members of the nobility. r the and sceptre asthe such insignia, Other ofjustice. sword the hands Curtana, was carried unsheathed by the Prince of Wales, Henry Wales, of thePrince by unsheathed carried was Curtana, symbolizi had delivered Richard to him. Thesecond two swords, wrappedin red and boundin golden straps, king new the ofall most loyal the by carried Boling which sword Lancastrian the fact was in depicts their symbolic significance. states He thatthefirst, athatsymbolised scabbard, military virtue, and ceremonial the in used were that swords four the of carriers the names He ceremonial. coronation Chron

Froissart, Froissart, For further reference legend further the see on For reference Th A. Lloyd. For further on the destiny of the Curtana see B. Barker. The Symbolsof Sovereignty icle of Adam of Usk of Adam of icle The coronation ceremonial continued with the act of consecration performed bythe Adam of Usk gives plenty of space in his chronicle to describe the various segments of the of segments various the describe to chronicle his in space of plenty gives Usk of Adam the church in the same estate and went to his palace... his to went and estate same the in church the then the archbishop did set it onthe king's head. Aftermass the king departed out of ng twofold mercy were carried by the Earls of Somerset and Warwick. The fourth one, one, fourth The Warwick. and Somerset of theEarls by carried were mercy twofold ng Chronicle

(hereafter: Barker, , 470, 471. 470, , 128

72, 73. 73. 72,

Some of theseinsignia bear legendary symbolicmeanings which date back

gier the Dane by Charlemagne himself. This sword has a particularity aparticularity has sword This himself. Charlemagne by Dane the gier

Symbolsof Sovereignty Symbols of Sovereignty ng’s hands. ’ ’ s companions, Earl of Northumberland, the very one who s finger to that of a beggar to the hands of two pilgrims broke wore onhis landing in England, and was now 35 e Making of the King, 1066 (New. York: Holt,R

130 , 79,80. 79,80. ,

127

’ s eldest son,who was holding in his o the French custom of anointing 129

Another insignia used in this od, were carried by other by od, carried were . (Oxford: (Oxford: . Westbridge Westbridge in e hart,

CEU eTD Collection Symbols ofSovereignty 134 133 132 131 scene. the entered it before passed years hundred containerof hol chronicle states: states: chronicle liquid, had it taken in 1399 from theTower where it was kept along with the crown jewels. The that Richard relates it II, probably sensing the danger that somebody might reach for this precious used. issue: that on following the writes Walsingham IV. Henry the archbishop kept this oil for the anointing of the one who wasworthy of receiving it and that was the infidels in the Holy Land, Archbishop Ar defeat moreover and Aquitaine and Normandy recover could oil this with consecrated was whoever Although apparently even Richard II wanted to be re story of the anointing being performed by Archbishop Arundel who wasusing

Annales RicardiSecundi Continuatio Eulogii Continuatio Chronicle An English For theFor complete the on legend account see I Bloch, re taumaturghi, 133

The The coronation of the presentking [Henry IV], who the until custody reverend his in treasures these kept therefore, archbishop, The that by an act of such presumption he wouldin fact lay himself open to God’s wrath... Metropolitan at his first coronation,and he should not doso again, for it might happen king, that he had already received hisanointing holy once at the handsof the asked, aswas indeed almighty God’s intention. It wasenough, he explained to the wis of man a however, archbishop, The Cantuariensi archiepiscopo... quadam scriptura dicente quodBeata Virgo tradidit illam Sancto Thomae tulit secum, et ubi invenitaquilam auream et ampullam lapidaem in ea clausam, cum reposita ibidem suis decessoribus prae a pretiosa jocalia omnia et Turrim, intravit Rex had come before him … miraculously provided, and that greater things were promised to him than to who any was so oil whom this for God, by chosen king, that wasindeed he that believe people anointed with this precious liquid sent from heaven. And as a result of this many The chronicle known as the Eulogium asthe known chronicle HistoriarumThe also relates that this was the first time that this sacred oil has been been has oil sacred this that time first the was English this Chronicle that relates also y y oil from the hands of the Virgin. The oil was not used right away, but instead two

, 380. 380.

80, 81, 82. 81, 80,

19. , Chronicles of the Revolution of Chronicles

132

134

undel had no desire to indulge the kings’ wishes. Instead, e counsel, absolutely refused to doas the king 36 131 202 201, ,

Thomas Walsingham in his Annales anointed -anointed with thisoil, as itwas that believed

reveals a somewhat contradictory story for story contradictory asomewhat reveals thus became the first king to be

183, 184,185, 186.Seealso Barker, this sacred oil. oil. sacred this

relates therelates CEU eTD Collection Parliament of Richard II was declared invalid, making way for the main i main the for way making invalid, wasdeclared II Richard of Parliament the speaker of the commons and the liege homageof all the temporal and spiritual lords. The last Lancaster. of the property of the Crown and considered to be the personal property of the descendants of the House from excluded was which inheritance house his Lancaster, of Duchy the of privileges the all with as well as Aquitaine of Duchy the with endowed also was Wales of Prince new The leverage. economic the country which wasconsidered to be themost economically stable, thus giving the new king that counties the over lord administrative and military asthe son his establish to moreover but Lancaster, of House the of future dynastic the to ensure firstly goals, two meet to wanted way he this In 136 135 means. all around it at the moment when Henry IV had to defend his actions and the legitimacy to the throne by points to the unusual and somewhatconvenient timing for the appearance of the oil and t when he captured the king. Brian Barker raisesan interesting point in relation to the use of this oil. He Black Prince, Richard II Richard Prince, Black the Edward of thetitles reviving fact wasin Chester of Earl and Cornwall of Duke Wales, of Prince the heir apparent to the throne. It is interesting to point out that Henry IV, by giving of Arundel informed the Parliament on behalf of the new king that he wished to declare his eldest son his first Parliament, en firstto wanted creacionis litteras creacionis It can be concluded that the oil most probably came into the possession of Henry of Bolingbroke

Barker, ...

were considered to be more supportive of the former king than of him. It was precisely this part of per quinqe insignia, scilicet per uirge auree tradicinem, per osculum, per sue circu et per anulum, lum, per The d The On October 15 Henry, newly enthroned king of England, before starting the official rule with his letters of creation. creation. of letters his

with five insignia namely the bestowalof a rod of gold, a kiss, Symbolsof Sovereignty 135

ay after the coronation the first Parliament of Henry IV began. The new king received received king new The IV began. of Henry Parliament thefirst coronation the after ay ... Chronicle of Adam Of Adam Of of Usk Chronicle ’ s father. The Prince of Wales was invested: wasinvested: Wales of Prince The s father. 136 , 82. ,

sure the dynastic future of his house. On that day the archbishop thearchbishop day that On of his house. future dynastic sure the

77.

a coronet,a a ring, and ssues that were to be be to were that ssues his son thehis son title of he legend he legend CEU eTD Collection also Tuck, also 137 wasgranted. which of 1388, Parliament Merciless called applied door for the restoration of those who werewrongfully deprived and exiled, which would surely have during the last three years of his reign. The acts of Parliament of 1397/8 were revoked opening the present in the company of the new Henr king, were now whom most of opponents, king’s former the towards directed acts other and measures penal acts, thelegislation all of revocation the were issues These Parliament. this in discussed all that followed regarding the destiny of Richard IIwas made within the sole intention of making the opinions on what is to be done with Richard. meeting. Fiftythis out of the most loyal allies of Henry IV. The archbishop rounded up all the temporal and spiritual lords in spiritual lords had gathered. On October23 Archbishop Arundel once again proved himself be to one and temporal the of all until waited IV, however, Henry wascharged. he which with doings wrong commons petitioned that the former king should be brought to themmade and answer for all of the properties. duketti asthe known were who persons had caused much so harm in the past should be formally arrested. This becamea witch of hunt the who Richard of counsellors the that suggestion madethe a second lords day of the several Parliament ’ Richards against measures taking granted the same royal liberty as his predecessors, denouncing Richard II royal prerogative, the of reaffirmation charters, blank Richard’s

Rotuli Parliamentorum most secrecy and demanded their allegiance and moreover their silence on what was pronounced at pronounced was what on silence their moreover and allegiance their demanded and most secrecy

When readi When The most item that this Parliamentinteresting with was dealt the fate Richard of II. The to the remnants the of Appellants. The commons petitioned for enforcing the acts of the so Crown and Nobility Crown and

-eight lords were all individually called by the Earl of Northumberland to give their ng the officialrolls of this Parliamentmeeting, one could have the impression that , III, 425, Selected documents, 184, Century 185. Fifteenth Jacob, also See , 197. ,

friends and supporters. The last act had serious consequences. On On consequences. serious had act last The supporters. and friends

whom Richard had invested and endowed with

y IV. These acts analysed the measures of Richard Richard of measures the analysed acts IV. These y 38

137

Other acts thenullification included of precisely, that Henry IV should be be should IV Henry that precisely, ’ s use of the signet, and and signet, the of use s numerous , 20. See CEU eTD Collection also Jacob, also condemn the former king to perpetual prison. T to made adecision Parliament the occasion On this 27. October on Parliament the before appeared IV Henry meeting, this of asresult the why, is This household. his of members the and staff former at preventing an attempt to freeing the king by any of his remaining supporters and with the of disillusioned people who wanted to take revenge upon the despised king, most of it certainly aimed attempts future all stopping at aimed it Although mustwas probably thatpart bestated of s decision thi 140 139 138 Rotuli Parliamentorum The life. his preserve and save to former king secure. All of the questioned lords consented to imprison the former king with the intent trailed the path that the former king had to take to reach his final destination, the castle of Pontefr chronicles some for secret so was not apparently which location asecret to London of Tower from the there s there of the lords spiritual and temporal Richard lately king of England was adjudged to perpetual prison, to remain former jailer from the time he spent in the castle of castle the in spent he time from the jailer former then finally to Pontefract. He was placed in the custody of Robert Waterton and Thomas Swynford, his might arise.might that problems potential any thus avoiding aspossible, secrecy much as in dealt be to supposed was such a way that they should not bear any sort of resemblancea totrial. The former king of England construct were actions the All of present. him being without arranged and wasdiscussed future Richard concerned and it preceded that others asin case, this is that thing most striking The 140

Rotuli Parliamentorum 426 III , Chronique de Traison et mort On Monday, 27 October the king came into parliament in the great hall of Westminster, and there by assent Richard II was first moved from the Tower to Gravesend, from there to Leeds Castle in Kent and Kent in Castle Leeds to from there Gravesend, to Tower from the moved was II first Richard ecretly insafe guard as stated above The sources tend to state that by eit by that state to tend sources The possible. should wait upon him, and that all this should be carried out in the most secretmanner and trustworthy persons, and that no one who has been a servant of the former king he that should and be guarded gathered by sure people few where a place in custody ...that it seemed to them [the summoned lords] that he should be put in safe and secret

Fifteenth Century Fifteenth 138

, , See23. also Keen,

288 - 427, Selected documents, 185.

. Rotuli Parliamentorum England her Octoberor 29 28 Richard had already been moved he place of his incarceration should remain a secret. secret. remaina should incarceration his placeof he 3 9

, 240.

Calais. The first Parliament of Henry IV was was IV Henry of Parliament first The Calais.

states the following: statesfollowing: the

, III426 - 427,

Selected documents,Selected

help of his s life and and ’s life

185. See ed in act. act. 139

CEU eTD Collection Rebellions against theKing New andDynasty andthe Death ofRichard II councillors II. Richard and dukes by created former the of matter wasthe second the and king deposed the with dealing of matter was the dissolved on November 19 because it had achieved the goals for which it was summoned. The first disruptions, difficultiesproblems, or the in lastmonth of 1399, the first y seemingly did not possess the overwhelming and undisputable support of the whole pu Richard against of seizing the crown, now the public. The apparently unanimous consent that Henry IV managed to achieve with his swift action to waspresented as it asstable not was new reign the that toeverybody demonstrating arose, rebellion arrangedmeeting a in the house Merke, ex bishop of Carlisle, Thomas Blount, Benedict Cely and Thomas Lord Despenser. They Thomas and Salisbury of Earl the with 1399 December in meet council kings’ the of members These estates but as those who had the confidence of the new king the the former king. In this respect they profited from the situation, because not only did they keep their among thosewho Henry IV chose to keep closeeven though they were known be to the supporters of were They power. of thetransmission by affected somehow were lords these that stated be cannot when reign custody and away from the sight of the people, and saw the opportunity to rebel in the period of the him into taking by status and persona his towards respect any without king former the treated IV him the by merestatus, position and office once he h king was treated as he was, humiliated deprived and of the comfort that should have been provided to Although onemight think that the transmission of government proceeded without any Some of Richard of Some Themain protagonists of the conspiracy were the EarlsKent, of Rutland and Huntingdon. It

the new king had not yet completely secured his government. ’ s misrule,although they had the approval of many dissatisfiedand disinherited men, ’ s former close friends and allies could not cope with the fact that the former former that fact the the with cope not could allies and friends s formerclose

gradually faded in the minds of some. The lastactions of the new king

of an abbot of Westminster in order to formulate a plan which would

eld and embodied. The lords resented that Henry y found their way into his new court.

’ IV Henry of ear blic.

s reign, a a s reign,

CEU eTD Collection the the involvement in this unfortunate event could have provoked disastrous consequences. daughter the was of the Isabelle King that of fact FranceThe was not to be disregarded and her writes: the Revolution the the king until the real one joined the conspirators. Chronicle The army. them withalarge Queen Isabelle and deceived her that her husband hadmanaged to escapefrom prison and was joining to kill Henry IV and his sons and restore Richard to the throne. As the Chronicle for such an action was Epiphany, just before a tournament that was arranged at Windsor. 147 146 145 144 143 142 141 eventually lead to the restoration of Richard II. a desperate move. move. a desperate certainly (hereafter: Chronique de Traison etmort th with had they for necessary than dramatic more . Chestyschire” and “Walys in gathered followers of army an with conspirators the joining was and prison from escaped had II Richard that news the spread They

See See Chronicles of London Jacob,See Capgrave Annales Ricardi Secundi Keen rightly points rightly Keen previous, previous, John Capgrave John Chronique de Traison et m

The conspirators, supposedly trying to gain asmuch support as possible from the public, made fytyng men. and oure very Kyng Richard hath brokyn prison, and hath gadered hundred a thousand ...Therfor frendis this, know thatHerri Lancastir of take hath the at Toure London, King and his progenie, and restore Richard ageyn onto crowne. the Thesemen...came to Wyndesore with IIII hundred armedmen, purposing to kill the

lacked the charisma of those Capgrave ’ much despised king Richard II. Keen, s Chronicle s Fifteenth Century Fifteenth , 225. ’ s

’ s 145 Chronicle of England of Chronicle 147

Chronicle out

86. 86. According to Capgrave

275.

that these men were not the most popular nobles in the land at that time and they mention

, 25., alsoSee Keen, )

. ort

states, closely resembled the deposed king and planed to impersonate impersonate to planed and king deposed the resembled closely states,

229. and 229.

who even the time exact conspirators the arrivedthat when day.of Chronicles

m states that: states

. the people

Jacob, Jacob, ( ), 275 ), 1972 Reprint, Kraus 1858. ed.London, the of Reprint , 240.England ’ , 241. and 241. , England 141 s Fifteenth Century Fifteenth 144 Chronicle

The time which thought they would be appropriate would ema priest named Richard Maudelyn, who as the

follow blindly in their quest for the for re inquest their follow blindly

they went on January 6 January on went they

143

Tuck, , 25.

They even made the uprising a bit

Crown and Nobility Crown and 142

of Johnof Capgrave 146

, 199. ,

to the former The plan was plan The storation of storation

CEU eTD Collection conspirators where he supposedly stated that if he was to encounter Richard there he would deal with with deal would he there Richard encounter to was he if that stated supposedly he where conspirators mentioning is onthe day of his coronation and the second is on the day of the final battle with the ’ IV Henry (twice) mentions that source only the instance states that this was not an accident and that the former king was murdered. The Chronique The murdered. was theformerking that and accident an wasnot this that states instance disagr a is There dead. asbeing II Richard mention sources French coup), attempted the call sources creating an overwhelming confusion w IV Henry of end the at later, arose event this aspectof third The government. his to threat a present would he alive remained asRichard aslong that learned IV Henry event this by is that point cro and office his regain again once and prison his leave ever to chance any lost had To Richard II this was undisputable proof that by the death of the nobles involved in the conspiracy he behaviour leading to the restoration of the previous government Richard of II could ever be possible. such no that statement mob was a clear the angry by in the street judged and down run them were of of the most prominentmembers of the nobility joined the conspirators and the fact that at the end most obvious one is connected to the failure of the conspiracy and the attempted coup. The people who were involved in them and to those who just remained bystanders. The first and most royal household. them the for used and executed, and death to sentenced were who rebels the of estates the confiscated IV Henry streets. the in them of some executed and conspirators the of guardians the overpowered An agreement of surrender was arranged, but was difficult maintai to captured. were conspirators the All men. 000 20, over raised had IV Henry side, his on Isabelle Queen London, whose c

eement among the sources onhow exactly Richard died. The Chronique de Traison et mort The first two aspects are connected. Less than twenty days from the Epiphany rising (as the the (as rising Epiphany the from days twenty than Less connected. are aspects two first The

To defeat these conspirators Henry IV once again relied on the help of the towns, especially especially towns, the of help the on relied again once IV Henry conspirators these defeat To three are There

itizens gave him the utmost support. By the time that the Earl of Kentmanaged to get important aspects of this unfortunate event which said a great deal to the hether the former king Richard had escaped from prison or not. 42 s wish to put the former king to death. The first

n because the local mob mob local the because n

wn. The second second The wn. fact that noone s reign, ’s reign,

for for

is is

CEU eTD Collection examples. The version coming from the English Chronicle situation a in variety of this explain sources Various questionable. is throne, the to him restore into depression once he heard of the failure of his friends who had attempted to set himfree and wasvoluntar this the present formally was event the way the at doubt expressed and version this adopted Another account by Thomas Walsingham states: states: Walsingham Thomas by account Another 150 149 148 theChronique:in ’ IV Henry of him.mentions These 1998), (hereafter: Strohm, ’ England Richard II was in factmurdered in prison. For further see Saul, Three Richards

An English Chronicle An English History Metrical Chronique deTraison et mort History Metrical The most wide spread version of how Richard died is that he perished by starvation. Whether Whether starvation. by perished he that is died Richard how of version spread wide most The This is source the only which explicitly mentioned the former king beingmurdered, but others in their prison.in It is terrible commit. thatthey wrong up believeshut do not alivewell, forcertainheis and still it;forsomedeclare in that neither ate nor drunk: and thus, so they say, it came pass to thatdied. he But, in truth I The king was so vexedat heart this by evil newsthat from that time onwards he and hunger he deide in the castle of Pountfret. for and counsel, his be do was this that confessid and despeire, in was utterli Whanne kyng Richard herde alle this [referring to the defeat of the conspirators] he

contracted, so that later, on the advices of friends, he tried to satisfy his natural natural his satisfy to tried he friends, of advices the on later, that so contracted, abstained from food to such a degree that the orifice leading to his stomach have to said Heis death. to himself starve to determined he that depressed so became When Richard, former king of England,... heared of this disasters...he apparently hi which is described by the Chronique in great length]...Sir Peter Exton was who gave where he found King Richard confined [at this point supposedly a struggle arose sentence of the parliament should be accomplished. The knight...rode to the castle straightaway from this world John of London, calledRichard, for behoved it the that ...King Henry...commanded a knight calledPeter Sir Exton, to goand deliver s EmptyThrone: Usurpation and theLanguage ofLegitimisation, 1399- m the death blow on his head that King Richard felt backwards onthe ground. y starvation as a protest, or a state of mind of the former king who apparently went

Chronicles of the Revolution the of Chronicles attributed to Jean Creton who states: states: who Jean Creton to attributed

21. ’ England

248,

s Empty Throne s intentions to kill Richard serve as an introduction to what follows

249, 250. Some 250. of 249, the recent scholarships also adopted this view that , 244. ) .

150

states: states: 149

2 142 , 200. See also P. Strohm. ,

(Yale University Press, (YalePress, University ed. One of these is is these of One ed.

148 sorou

CEU eTD Collection Historia Anglicana Historia Anglicana vol.II. 1381 without c without openly out carried be never could act an such that clear is it usurpation and treason with connected That perhaps the former king was starved to death is the account of Adam of Usk who writes: writes: who Usk of ofAdam theaccount is death to wasstarved king former the perhaps That The chronicle VitaRicardi Secundi chronicle The 155 154 153 152 151

defining regicide a sin that could not be justified by any type of situation. anointed theLords iscrime kill atimes to grave thatit of medieval idea the inspired Amalekite the and David of story Testament Old The itself. body the wou body of the ruler died. If the bearer of the political body was the subject of regicide, the consequence mortal body with the immortal one, namely, the body politic which survived even though the natural here is where one could relate to the king of so why much trouble went into disguising the real facts behind the way in which Richard died. And deduced that the former was king probably killed by Henry IV. starved himself to deathvoluntarily, “the date of his deathseems too convenient” from is which

See See Evans. Keen, VitaRicardi Secundi AnnalesRicardi Secundi ld be that wound any inflicted onthe bearer of the body politic could be considered asattack an on Chronicle of Adam of Usk As MauriceKeen rightly points out, even though most of the sourcesmention that the king with chains and starved of food by Sir N. Swynford. bound tormented, February, of day last the on castle, Pontefract in circumstances of ...he

of hunger the thatin end he about so itcame himself died, childless and friendless, the by sword had in the past so thoughtlessly condemnedmany people to die the by earthly sword, he since For the sword.’ by die shall the by sword lives ‘He who king: this to respect fateful wasthe Thus was wasted away through natural debility, and finally died...on St. Valentines’ Day. Valentines’ St. died...on finally and debility, natural through away was wasted longings for eating, he found himself unable to eat anything...with the resul England, Th onsequences. Most of these consequences were certainly the problems that regicide would would regicide that theproblems certainly were consequences these of Most onsequences. e Death of Kings, Kings, of e Death [ Richard]

) 241. 153 .

, 1422

Chronicles of the Revolution 241. , pined away even unto death, which came to him most wretched in the . ed. H. T. Riely. (London: , 120, 121 120, Chronicles of the Revolution of the Chronicles

91 91 judgement spoken by the Lord in the gospels fulfilled with

states that the King deserved this fate: fate: this deserved King the that states .

’ s two bo s two 44

dies theory. The theory links the concept of the

Longman, 1864), 245,246 1864), Longman, , 229. See also Thomas Walsinghm. Hist . St. Paul developed the matter. St.Pauldeveloped by the further 152

154

One can pose a question, however,

155

As regicide was closely was As regicide

(hereafter: Walsingham, (hereafter: Walsingham, t that he t that 151

oria oria CEU eTD Collection a sign that was taken as a mark that he will fail the crown and for that die. that for and crown the fail will he that mark asa wastaken that a sign coronation the before fasting exhausting the of as aresult probably fainted he because out abbey of the Brian Barkerpoints to an event that isalsomentioned in the sources, that KingRichard IIwas carried 159 158 157 156 TheFuneral Ceremony ofRichard II (March, 1400) as: remorse Chronique the of part last which the former king was supposedly put to death emphasized the unna the why is This throne. the to succession the in create military leader and fount of honour and chivalry. See Barker, which predicted the rest of the reign: the of rest the predicted which Th come. to was that reign bad relate the events that apparently happened during Richard’s coronation and view themas omens of his that encircled him. surrounded his death and those arising from his funeral ceremony were not so far from themystery events the even Therefore died. he after even continued life his described that writings the in depicted was Richard which with peculiarity The king. medieval atypical to ascribed that from

Chroniqe Traisonde et Mort Barker, Chronicle ofAdam of Usk S purs were considered to be the symbols of chivalry and were presented to the new ruler as him being the The life of Richard II can II Richard of life The Another powerful analogy of body symbolism is that coming from AdamUsk, of who tries to and replaced by King Henry. Henry. King by replaced and the crown from his head, that so thirdly and finally he was deposed from his kingdom

lord the space of twenty two two year twenty of space the lord sovereign our been has him who murdered have We done? wehave that is what Alas! up and rebelled against him his life hated him; secondly, one his golden spurs fell off, so that next the knights rose shoes, so that to begin with the common people rose up against him, and for the rest of which would befall him: firstly, during the procession he lost one of the coronation At this lords coronation, three symbols or royalty had foretold threemisfortunes Symbolsof Sovereignty

91.

states the regret of the knight who killed the former king expresses his

250.

, 84. , e chronicler states that there were three misfortunes at the coronation coronation the at misfortunes three were there that states chronicler e

be considered as a somewhat unusual and peculiar one, different different one, peculiar and unusual asasomewhat considered be 157

158 ; thirdly, during the banquet a sudden gust of wind blew

s. Now I have lost my honour... 45

Symbolsof Sovereignty Chronique

by by presenting the violent way in

156 159 tural nature of regicide. The

, 92, 93. 92,

which which CEU eTD Collection “Exequies of English Historical Review 124no.507 Historical English England“ Medieval 17), 82. See also C. Given 161 160 seculo migrare contigerit migrare seculo

The first is the account given by Froissart by given account the is first The m the deliver which accounts the repeat to best is it this illustrate To predecessors. his of that from respects many so in differed king, English Estudios Eclesiasticos Estudios Anglicanae wa in different churches, except the burial. absolution is not given. What ismost important, th fulle ceremonial could be repeatedmore than once even occasions certain on and abbreviated be can dead the for office the be omitted, may mass of them could even be omitted from the ceremonial. For example the funeraloration is optional, the requiemmass, funeral oration, absolution and burial. But not all are considered mandator a thedead, for office church, the to intheprocession body the bringing asvalid: acceptable be funeral Richard II. The purpose of this ordo was to give guidance timeKing of Edward III buti pe were followed in the caseof Richards’ burial, this can neverthelessconsidered be a unusually highly

rformed ceremonial. rformed s published numeroustimes, first Thisordo probablydates from Giesey, Giesey, According to the prescriptions hoc ex cum ipsos shown in work Regalibus entitled DeExequiis This is best demonstrated in the way in which the funeral ceremony of Richard II, once an an once II, Richard of ceremony funeral the inwhich way the in demonstrated best is This followed the chare afoot were without London, they leapt then on their horses, which Cheapside, then they drove the chare forward: and when the four knights that long deserved death.... Thus when king Richard had lain two hours in the in chare cushion and his visage open. Some onhim had and pity some none, but said he had on a black head his lay, he whereas see him to women, and men persons thousand an in came Thither hours. two of space the rested chare the there and was, London of assembly chief the whereas Cheapside, came into they from the Tower of London and was brought along through London fair and softly, till leading the chare, and four knights all in black following. Thus the chare departed with black baudkin, and four horses all black in the chare, and two men in black covered achare in set and alitter in waslaid dead Richard king this But chronicle. was dead; but how he died and by whatme It was not long after that true tidings ran through London, how Richard of Bordeaux Royal FuneralCeremonial

(London, 1882) (London, Edward III”) , VII (1928), 78

- 160

Wilson.“The Exequi and had several other publications since

s usuallys found boundin manuscripts w there are several are there steps which ought to be followed in order to make the

late f

Monumenta Ritualia Ecclesiae Ecclesiae Ritualia the Monumenta name under Maskell by Willaim in1882 , 159. - ourteenth century England. I 82 . For further further Giesey. see For reference Royal. Funeral Ceremony, 161

’

ost information concerning this unusual funeral ceremony. s Although some of the segments prescribed by this document this by prescribed segments the some of Although Chronicle e s of Edward III and the Royal Funeral Ceremony in Late 46

on ans, I could not tell this whenI wrote ans, I could stated: is where how to conduc (2009): 257 (2009): t is presumed

ith the coronation ordo of the time of the last one by Romualdo Galdos in d out more than twenty

t funeralroyal ceremony - 282. (hereafter: Given to have been written around the y and somey and . The text . The (footnote (footnote - Wilson, Wilson, CEU eTD Collection English ChronicleEnglish cerem funeral the describing account last The Chronique de Traison et mort Another account on the funeral is given by ThomasWalsingham: 165 164 163 162

Froissart Froissart An English Chronicle An English Chronique de Traison et mort Annales Ricardi Secundi people of London, that they might believe for certain that he was dead. mother church of London. There was he two days above ground, to show him to the meetto thecorpse of noble King Richard; and he was brought to Saint Paul, the the Londoners had thirty torches and men, thirty were who all cladin white, who went And atorch. bore each and black, in clad all men hundred were there and Or: martlets five between Or, across all over Azure, to wit, twotheother arms Edward; Saint of having four banners thereupon; whereof two were the arms of Saint George and the cloth, ablack with covered quite was car the that is it true And Richard. King noble of brought to the church of Saint In the year thirteen hundred fourscore nineteenth, and the twelfth ofday March, was importa His was body taken from there[Pontefract] to London, and it wasexhibited in all the

Langley. at was buried he thane and Westmynstre, at wise same the and masse; and Dirige his had he there knowe his pers seand myghte men that openne left was that and visage, the saue alle cloth lynne him in sere and close leet he ded, was he that verili wiste Harri king that whanne And grave. the to committed corpse royal this funeral rites.This duly he did and thus, without ceremony and almost unattended was with the bishop of Chester and the abbot of Waltham, present be at the kings last king’s behalf, to make his way there by the following morning so that he could, along from t arrived messengers Langley, to be buried among the friars, arriving there at dead of night. Soon after this to back wastaken body the wasover, mass asthe assoon Then day. following withalong th London where the king attended his obsequies both in the first and then day again, morning theabbot celebrated themass; then he was taken onto St Pauls church in th spent from the base of his forehead to his throat. When came they to St.Albans, where they namely wasexhibited, recognized be he could which by his body of part that least on his soul! a thirty mile from London, and there this king Richard was buried. God have mercy y, Langle called avillage to came they till rode they so and them, for ready there were Chronicle nt places on the way the placeson nt e night, the community held a solemn requiem service forhis soul, and in the :

162 473 472,

e various nobles of the realm and the citizens of London, on the

21. one from alle othir, and so he was broughte to Londoun to Poulis, and ,

Chronicles of the Revolution of Chronicles

states that: that: states 261. 165

he king to the abbot of St. Albans ordering him, on the that is, at those places where they spent the night; or at or night; the spent they where places at those is, -that

Paul in London, in the state of the gentleman, the body ony of Richard II which will be presented here is the the is here presented be will which II ofRichard ony 163 47

, 229

164

CEU eTD Collection 169 168 167 166 Black Friarsand in the presence of the bishop Lichfield and abbots of Waltham St.and Albans. burial was held in Hertfordshire, approximately 30 kilometres outside of London, in the charge of the the obsequies the After Hertfordshire. Langley, in place resting his approached asit king dead the of IV paid 13pounds, 6s and 8dfor the 1000masseswhich ought to be held along the procession route London the new king Henry IV paid homage to the one who was dead not and somebody who resembled the deposed king. In the church of St. Paul in Richard was it fact in that demonstrating of intent sole the had it and places several at stopped London

to jointo her in theafterlife. interesting Another forwhy possibility Richard des wanted he and there buried already was Bohemia, of Ann wife, first His there. be would place resting royalthe English family to b of members the of practice the to adhering and earlier established already practice theburial following was he that from fact Apart the Abbey. inWestminster theking of place resting tothefinal follow detailed gave he it instruction as to how the ritual should be performed. in and will his up drew He event. abeautiful it conceived he as this for arrangements necessary the all Heprepared was. he wealthy how just witness and reign magnificent saw ashe it, his, to testify would 70). (hereafter: Duffy, Royal M. see Duffy. will of content the tombsthe (footnote ofMedieval 309 2003), EnglandTempus, . (Stroud: France“ France“ king Philip theking Fair wrote several them. of ceremony. tructions ins regarding detailed left his also burial who Prince, Black the Edward father, his by set thetradition following fact willwasin own his drawing of theact by II Richard whether speculation

For Century State matter Earlyon and in further Brown. of For the E.A.R. “RoyalNeeds Fourteenth Salvation see Jacob, For further reading on the issue see Duffy, The will of the depos of will The TheMonarchy of On March 1400the 6, funeral ceremony started byfollowing the body from Ponte Richard II on the other hand had had in mind a more glori Richard II stated in his will that if he should die outside of London a gr Fifteenth Century Fifteenth 168

It was not unusual for European medieval rulers to write last wills. For instance, French French instance, For wills. last write to rulers medieval European for unusual was not It Royal Tombs ed king is now be CapetianFrance and RoyalCeremonial , 27.

e buried at Westminster, he had another reason for wishing that his final final that his wishing for reason another had he at Westminster, e buried

). See ). alsoSee Strohm,

in the British Library as Additional MS 45131. On the descr the On 45131. MS Additional as Library British the in Royal 169

Tombs his dead predecessor by being the pall bearer. Henry Henry bearer. pall the being by predecessor dead his 48 ’ England

, 106, 107. , 106, s Empty Throne . (Aldershot

ous funeral for himself, one which which one himself, for funeral ous : Variorum, 1991): 1 , 101. , 167

It can be a matter of matter a be can It eat procession was to to was procession eat ired to be buried at - 56.

iption of 166 fract to to fract

CEU eTD Collection (Unive Jenkyns. Jenkyns. body of St. Edward was lying there was reason enough for the English kings to want to be buried here. R. thirteenth the in Finally influenced by Norman much effort in appointing a large number of executors. invested also Richard funeral his for suitable be would which attire the of care to taking addition In Richards arms impaled with the arms of King Edward. King armsof the with impaled arms Richards aportrait examine of Richard to needs just II one displayedthis on the Wilton Diptych that depicts 173 172 171 170 the rebuilding of the abbey as the royal tomb of England, St. Edward the Confessor. inspired who one the towards showed Richard devotion the of areflection was this that is Westminster the regalia of crown, sceptre and a suitably valuable ring: ring: valuable asuitably and sceptre crown, of regalia the with accompanied and robes satin white the in buried be to wanted Richard time. that of ceremonial t chose even He masses. of mind that the exequies were to be “maior et principalior et honorificentior” which included four days London. At that point it would be joined by another set of one hundred torchbearers. Richard II had in ev grow would procession The torchbearers. four twenty by times all at accompanied tobe ought procession This aday. miles to sixteen fourteen of pace slow at Westminster the to abbey. restorations necessary made Richard when life his during seen was Confessor the Wilton DiptychWilton the Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs

For aFor complete listthe of official see Duffy, executors Duffy, Evans, In the eleventh century King Edward the Confessor decided to re rsity of California Press, 1984), 141. 1984), Press, of California rsity His explicitHis wishes for his funeral comprised thefollowing; his coffin was to proceed to Anglie, ponatur valo sive pretii pretioso, Lapide cum Anulus absque tamen quibuscumque Lapidibus; quodque super digitum nostrum, moreRegio, deauratis, Regiis Septro et Corona cum una interretur, etiam et vestiatur Regio Volmus et Ordinamus qoud

Westminster Abbey Royal tombs, The Death of Kings, . ed. D. Gordon L. Monnas and C. Elam. (London: Harvey Miller, 1998). 1998). Miller, Harvey C. Elam. (London: and Monnas L. Gordon ed. D. . style 167. 167.

century Henry III . 172 . When. he was

. (London: Profile Books, 2004), 6. See also F. Barlow. Edward Barlow. F. the also See Confessor6. 2004), Books, Profile (London: .

28. See also S. Whittingham. “The Chronology of the Portraits of Richard II” II” Richard of the Portraits of Chronology “The also S. Whittingham. See 28. he attire appropriate for burial, following the custom of royal funeral

. 113, no. 814 no. . 113, Corpus nostrum in Velveto vel Sathanae Blanco more

rebuilt

canonised acenturycanonised thus later the abbey became shrine the

the church in

(1971): 12- (1971): 49 Royal Tombs

ris Viginti Marcarum Monetae nostrae nostrae Monetae Marcarum Viginti ris 173 171

His well known admiration for Edward the the shape today. that isThe known fact thatthe The Regal Image of Richard II and II Richard of Image Regal The also See 21. . 168. . 168. - found the abbey and he church a built

en bigger once it neared neared it once en bigger

170

To demonstrate demonstrate To

of a saint. saint. a of The The . CEU eTD Collection Lindle origin of the royal funeral effigy in England“ 175 174 abbey. This f This abbey. another location as distantand remote as Langley, when the body had already been displayed in the Richard II regarding his own burial. One can pose question a was why Westminster replaced by

Westminster either, for he was buried at Gloucester Abbey. Gloucester at was buried he for either, Westminster at court the to close interment granted not was II Edward that fact the was burials two these an prison in kept were afterwards then of the burial of King Edward II. The similaritiesstriking, are for both kings were forced to resign, and exceptions. This tradition followed a well established English practice exceptions. Thistradition English aestablished followed well of without almost funeral royal every accompanied and received better much was it where France, to pup funeral these to be present there in order to demonstrate the transmission of power. to be the proper burial of royals considered was what from ways many in differed it although was conducted, ceremony funeral formal public display of honour, for otherwise he would make him an unnecessary martyr. Thus some sort of depriv not could he that aware was he Nevertheless, Abbey. Westminster wasin place resting last whose family royal the of other members the of inpresence the buried be the funeral ceremony of Edw funeral ceremony of Henry II in 1189. The English practicemaking of effigies was first recorded with demised king before the funeral, introduced as early as the end of the 12century, probably from the

Giesey, Giesey, For further referencesee P. G. Lindley.“Ritual,Regicide andRepresentation: the murder of EdwardIIand the y, (Stamford, 1995): 97- 1995): (Stamford, y, in a clear violation of the last will expressed by by expressed will last of the violation aclear in washowever, washeld that ceremony The A case which can certainly be compared to that of the funeral of Richard II is the ceremonial ceremonial the is II Richard of funeral the of that to compared be certainly can which A case The first and most striking feature was the absence of a funeral effigy. The practice of making making of practice The effigy. afuneral of absence the was feature striking most and first The Royal FuneralCeremonial ’ IV Henry of speaks act pets of the demised royals began in early 14century England and from there it spread 112. See also Evans, also See Evans, 112. ard II in 1327.

in addition to lacking some crucial steps and figures key which ought , 82.See also Kantorowicz s desire to demonstrate that Richard II was perhaps unworthy to unworthy perhaps was II Richard that demonstrate to s desire d probably murdered. Another point of resemblancebetween Gothic 174

The Death of Kings

to Renaissance, essays on sculpture in England. 50

, 175 King’s Two Bodies Two King’s

Edward II was buried in full royal attire royal full IIin was buried Edward , 30.

e Richard of some sort of of sort some of e Richard

displaying the body of a , 420. ,

ed. P. G. CEU eTD Collection Review Edward II Chronicarum Continuatio prison. o that the torture that the king supposedly suffered see Evans, The Death of Kings Press, 2004): 13 2004): Press, of effigy was to hide the signs of violence that the deceased king deceased the that violence of signs the was to hide effigy immortality of his body politic. Miri Rubin rightly points out that the sole purpose for theuse of the moreover and theking of demised role the assume to was used effigy an than ceremony Edward II, clearly demonstrates, if the body was in shape not be to displayed during the funeral authority and power were transferred to another ruler, were not lacking. were not ruler, another to transferred were power and authority royal the that and place taking was power of transmission the that state clearly would which ceremony, o are life his lost II Edward which in circumstances 180 179 178 177 176 wi advisable to a lif to use advisable was it appearance its of because that itmost islikely and for burial months three waited and embalmed wasdisembowelled, body His to. submitted was he violence the of signs the to testify could body replacing the earlier practice of carrying the exposed body of a king during his funeral procession. The procession. funeral his during aking of body exposed the carrying of practice earlier the replacing developmentof the funeral cer connection between theeffigy and its symbolismand the immortality of royal Dignity. In the absent. is aspect this II, the funofRichard eral between 1378 and 1396. and 1378 between Century because of his misdeeds. his of because the king was not buried in Westminster because he was not considered worthy to be buried there

th the presence of the coronation insignia. However, the chronicler Henry Knighton Transmission in the Fourteenth Century See Duffy, J. Bourdern. “Re See Giesey, Royal Giesey, See Funeral Ceremonial Knighton's Chronicle. Chronicle. Knighton's M. Rubin.“Introduction: Rites of Passage“ Rite of Rites Rubin.“Introduction: M. nly the sources made after the time of Edward II mentions the torture the king supposedly suffered in

489 no. 120, . The first source that mentions this event is the chronicle of Adam of Murimuth. See Adae Murimuth , ed. N. F. McDonald and W. M. Ormord (York: York Medieval Press, 2004):1 Omitting the use of the effigy in the case of Richard’s funeral was probably due to the , , Mortimer. See 203. 202, 201, I. also ”The Death Edward II Berkeley in of Castle” Royal Tombs - 31 31 -

Writing the Rites of Passage, The Peculiar Funeral of Edward II“ (2005): 1175 (2005):

elike puppet to represent the king. See Gransden, Henry Knighton was a canon of St Mary's Abbey, Leicester, and wrote his Chronicle . ed. E. M. Thompson. (Lo , 118. , 177

Edward II was probably badly tortured b

emonial this type of representation gained moresymbolic significance, - 1214. 1214.

Historical Writting England in Historical

, 82.Seealso Kantorowicz, ,ed.McDonald N.F. andM. W. Ormord (York: YorkMedieval

s of Passage, Cultures of Transmission in the Fourteenth 51 ndon, 1889 ), 54. 1889 ndon,

bscure, nevertheless the signs in the funeral inthefuneral signs the nevertheless bscure, 178

’ Richards case of As the , 159, 160. 159, , King

’ For further the on mattersee Fryde, s body suffered. s body ’ efore death and consequently his , 132. It is argued in the scholarship s Two Bodies, 420. On the matter of 180

Observing the accounts of accounts the Observing Rites of Passage, Cultures Rites Passage, of - 13

179 English Historical Historical English

176 Although the

predecessor, predecessor,

points that

the the CEU eTD Collection be covered with stockings of silk and slippers. finger of the right hand; the right hand should be holding the orb, the left the sceptre; the legs should g with covered hands the handkerchief. It was expected that the body should be adorned with insignia, the crown or a diadem, asilk with covered be should head the while mantle, aroyal and atunic in wrapped then be should follow with the clothing it and adorning it with insignia. The body of the demised should king of the body for the funeral should begin with the ritual purification, embalming and anointment which Richard II as that of a live monarch. alive of that as II Richard of effigy the observe people the should powers, regal full assuming in ’s case IV Henry served have not representation of the dead king but also the triumph of life over death, again a concept which would d to be the considere only wasnot effigy The power. royal full assumed had who IV, Henry suited 184 183 182 181 used to represent the sempiternal power of the king who never dies, usually were effigies The possible. as much as king demised the resemble to away in made was effigy As the practice of displaying the dead body of the king was a tradition which belonged to the past the effigy was carried in the funeral procession ona carriage in front of the casket ontop or of the coffin. a inside placed wood of acasket in wasenclosed who king the represented effigy Body (London: British Museum Pre Kantorowic H. E. and Giesey further on the issue see Brown For andIV. Henry II Richard case with the not hiswas which immediately the place, died took other ruler w in cases onlythe to refers King Richard II ended his life and the way in which his funeral was conducted. Professor Brown in this article in thethe applied funeral case of Richard The of that II. would reason for the be unusual circumstances which in royal dignity. Although Professor Brown made a compelling argument, unfortunately her ideas could not b he possessed during his life, etc.) that would be more relevant in relating the message of the immortality of the symbolicmeaning to the other aspects (vitality of the royal corpse, charac itsregarding place second in came onlyeffigy the findings her toaccording for age″, that of ideapolitical ″new

Given See page 44 and footnote 159. Elisabeth A. R. Brown in one of her article states that she does not agree with the idea presented by R. E. E. by R. the agreewith ideapresented not she that does article states inher one of A. Brown R. Elisabeth Kantorowicz, , 51, 52. Seea According to the prescriptions coming from the ordo - Wilson, “Exequies of of “Exequies Wilson, King’ lso Giesey,“Two Bodies ofthe French King”:224 - s Two Bodies Two s hich the transference of power occurred in the usual order of succession, when one loves decorated with orphreys, and the golden ring placed onthemiddle z whoclaimt ″Royal Bodies, Effigies, Funeral Mea ss, 1996), 61 Edward III Edward

, 425. See also P. Binski. Representation Ritual and MedievalDeath: 182

”

hat the effigy the hat which was in use in late medieval France presented (hereafter Binski, Medieval Binski, Death (hereafter 2 65.

184

De Exequiis Regalibus De Exequiis ls and Office ls 240. ter of the king and his charisma which

181

a notion which would have not ). See also ″. 437 ″. - 509.

Bertelli. 183 lead coffin. The The coffin. lead

the preparation the preparation The King The ’ e s . CEU eTD Collection - 266 Philip V“ of Funeral rod. Formore insignia.For example of these fourmembers of the kingdom who role in this ceremony could be seenasconnectiona with the one of the four Presidents of Parliament, four knights who accompanied Richard’s coffin. These four knights were dressed in black and their few connections with the symbolism of the transfer the of symbolism the with connections few 187 186 185 II Richard of funeral from the wasomitted that something successor, of his those into symbolising thus that the power once held in the hands of the demised king was now being transferred insi royal of sets entire the of presence the with attire royal full the in adorned was dignity his and king demised the representing effigy the II Edward of case the in that is funerals two the between place. wastaking power of transmission the that sign a clear was afuneral during insignia royal the of presence the states, Kantorowicz As II. Richard of ceremony l funera the at missing conspicuously were which sceptre, the and orb the were ones important most the which of insignia, royal of set whole the of presence the with attire royal full in attired was effigy the or corpse funeral the one and previous this ones.after and most In before royal funerals royal this between seen be can where adifference point second the is This held. had he office the Richardwas who buried, at but the same timemanaging to avoid paying him full respectasregards to t it was tha truly prove to best his wastrying IV Henry that showing at aimed been have could attire at hiscoronation but with the presenceof just one piece of royal insignia, the crown. Such use a of no longer obliged to owe allegiance to the former king. were they and powers regal his assumed had ruler new the that thus marking king demised the of seal of the king

Ibid. Ibid. Kantorowicz, Kantorowicz, Kantorowicz, 293.

held the four corners of the mortuary pall in the case of French royal funerals. The symbolic role

The body of Richard II was i Besides the presence of the royal insignia, the participants in the funeral, that is th that funeral, the in participants the insignia, the royal of presence the Besides

’ s council at the time the and body the coffin were interred, broke the batons and the official

on this matteron Brown.“ R. see E. A. CeremonialThe Royal of Capetian in Succession France: The King King . The Monarchy of Capetian France and Royal Ceremonial ’ ’ King King s Two Bodies s Two Bodies Philip V was buried in royal attire wearing a crown and holding the sceptre the and and holding a crown wearing inattire royal buried V was Philip

415 , ,

420, 422. n fact attired in special royal robes, probably those which he wore he those which probably robes, royal special in attired fact n ’ s supreme court was that they demonstrated the passage of of passage the demonstrated they wasthat court s supreme

French kings 53

of royal powers can be seen in the presence of the the of presence the in seen be can powers royal of

were almostalways buriedwere with the presence of 185 186

One of the most obvious differences . (Aldershot : Variorum,1991), 187

e members e members One of the gnia, CEU eTD Collection and they with him, forming in inflicted onthe body politic. According to Kantorowicz the king was“incorporated” with his subjects late king’s body. Visible wounds inflicted onthe body natural of the king can also be perceived as case than it would be understandable that it was wise to avoid any unnecessary any avoid to wise was it that understandable be would it than case the were this If prison. in suffered he mistreatment of signs showed body king’s the that is answers The reason for this then the body of the demised king would be displayed instead. In the case of Richard this was omitted. effigy the of inabsence conducted were ceremony funeral royal the if that practice established well 52. RoyalFuneral Ceremonial to the End of the Reign of Henry the Eight Chronicle Containing the History of England during the Reign of Henry the Fourth and the Succeding Monarchs bodies of the king, the mere fact that Richard’s body was not displayed was not body Richard’s that fact mere the theking, of bodies 189 188 successor. his to king demised the from justice sovereign royal dignity, thatis, its legal aspect. of the insignia visible upon their attire were seen asdemonstration of the transmission of a part of the de contemporary non- the from taken sentences Two figure. similar other some not and indeed washim it that testify uncovered face the was that leaving for the people reason whothe paid homageto the dead king would embalmed sealed and and covered in lead upto his neck. The point here would be to emphasize that was body the because showing not were king demised ofthe hands the that It stated is displayed.

ad king was treated and they say that: that: say they and was treated king ad Ibid. theOn issue of the attendance the membersof of the Parliament see Giesey,

E. Hall. (The Union of the Two Nobl If one followed the premises stated by Kantorowiczwho points to the symbolism of the two The body of Richard IIalso was is it an important which in topicway because of the peculiar

he was soo deede for many men beleuyed that it not. it that beleuyed men many for deede wassoo he see an myght man every case...that other the in or lyfe); mortal of his out wasdeparted he that perceive might all men that entent the (to face save al his lead with covered and seared and wasembaulmed body ...the chronicles of Hall describe the manner in which the body, or better said, the face of the the of face the said, better or body, the which in manner the describe Hall of chronicles

treatment can be explained by reference to Kantorowicz. One of the possible possible the of One Kantorowicz. to reference by explained be can treatment ,(footnote 27), 84. this way an inseparable entity. The king was the head, and the subjects subjects the and head, wasthe The king entity. inseparable an way this

e and Illustre Families of Lancastre and York . (London, 1808), 20, (hereafter: 20, 1808), . (London,

d knowe that this was his body, and that 188

Th 189 e attire of these judges and the presence presence the and judges these of e attire

is peculiar. Moreover, it wasa it Moreover, peculiar. is ll ’ s Chronicle s Royal Funeral Ceremonial ,

questions and cover the - original title). Hall title). original ). See also Giesey, Giesey, also ). See ’ s CEU eTD Collection representative of the whole community, disregarding the fact that Richard II was very much disliked. much very was II Richard that fact the disregarding community, whole the of representative asthe he wasperceived for mistreated, been had politic body the of thebearer that thefact by outraged ceremo funeral the at spectators The rest. asthe acting subjects the and head the

190 body. corporate this of rest the

Kantorowicz, King ’ s Two Bodies 190

, 438. ,

The politic body in this way was constructed by the king acting as

ny could have been

CEU eTD Collection I. The Second Funeral of King Richard II (1413) II Richard King of Funeral III. Second The Events following the first funeral ofKing Richard II

supporters of the former The king. swift armed action taken by the new the as being known were well region this from others coming many as aswell who, Tudors, of England, provoking a reaction from Henry IV. Wales suffered another revolt of local lords, the House of part that in landowners theother by Wales of Prince wasproclaimed of Glyndyfrdwy, lord the when worsened situation The revolts. first the began Glendower Own Glyndyfrdwy, of lord the There others who also had a common interest instigating in disturbance in the reign of the Lancastrian king. From the rebellion of the four earlswho proved their loyalty to the former king, Richard II, upto the king established newly the against rose it with unsatisfied persons asthe ablow after blow stabile imagehe hoped for at the beginning of his quest for the crown. From the start his reign suffered predecessors did. The The did. predecessors serious themselves emergence rumours succeeded IV Henry for to fully embrace the royal dignity, efficient. late The king deserved a reburial with all the honours whic of the transfer the of problems (putting an end to was and astrategy such V chose Henry why explanation asan used be will displayed, The but will only serve asa tool in explaining what actually successful o successful theory Opposition to the rule of Henry IV began in 1400 when the first fires of riot rose in Wales. The years of the reign of Henry IV pr IV Henry of thereign of years The The deposed English king Richard

which were spread were which

the the

of stories of the survival of the late king. Needless of Kantorowicz, presented once again as all the accounts from the sources had been been had sources from the accounts the as all again once presented of Kantorowicz,

demised of power) was power) of r not. Once again, the theo the Once again, not. r for the reign of Henry IV as for his son and heir Henry V. The solution The V. Henry heir and son his asfor IV Henry of reign the for unfortunate

king. The suspicious circumstances in which Richard II ended his life and the the lifeand his ended II Richard which in circumstances suspicious The king. rum

suspicions such of a cause as surprisingly ours first

same time the at and alive wasstill II Richard that

burial thathereceived burial

ry ry II obviously did not have the luxury to rest in peaceas his simple, but at the same time original and moreover and original same time the at but simple, oved themselves to be very turbulent and distant from the itself

d wassuppose he which 56

will not be judged a priori as a true

the event the

upon his death proved to be a d the f represente

(reburial) was meant to signify to meant was (reburial) to say that such actions proved h

king against these insurgences insurgences these against king to to accompanied uphold

ertile ground for the

this whether

as the monarch who who monarch as the

a royal funeral a royal

or a false one, one, afalse or resolving n

-usurper.

for such for obstacle obstacle strategy .

very that that

CEU eTD Collection legitimacy of Henry IV and the way he had had he way the and IV Henry of legitimacy the accept to reluctant was friar accused The himself. friars who favoured the deposed king. One of the friars charged was even questioned by the new king Franciscan the against conducted IV Henry which proceedings of aseries caseopened This was alive. declared himself happy to hear and consequently divulge the news that the deposed king Richard II 193 192 191 more. even deteriorated helped soothe the situation only briefly, for once he and his armies left the territory the situation living somewhere in Wales. This source reports: reports: source This Wales. in somewhere living Historiarum Aylesbury, Northampton, Leicester, NottinghamStamford. and The chronicle asthe known in situated, were monasteries there where territories inthe propaganda Ricardian pro spread to begun friars Franciscan ways. several in of events confronted course the the affected and new king midlands. Opposition rose in the years 1401/1402 from an unsuspected source.Franciscan monasteries the cause of the deposed king had spread across the land, mostly on the parts of the north and the since the burial of the body of the former king of England R continued to present a problem for the new king. Henry IV the situation did not evolve in the the lord as the ruler of Wales and Edmund as the ruler of England in the near future. ransom. Theresult was that the lord of Glyndyfrdwy and Edmund Mortimer struck a deal that foresaw opportunity to dispose of membera of the house who had a claim to the throne and refused t an as this saw king The March. of Earl the of uncle the Mortimer, Edmund ransom for held ranso for persons several

Continuatio Eulogii Continuatio Ibid, Keen

244. , A lay brother of one of the Franciscan monasteries in Aylesbury accused a priest who had had who apriest accused Aylesbury in monasteries theFranciscan of one of brother A lay Apart from this revolt Henry IV was facing other problems as well. Only a year had passed passed a had year Only aswell. problems other wasfacing IV Henry revolt from this Apart

s quibus missae eodem ab tanquam Ricardi Regis amicos ad venerunt insupert Literae

England cribebatur quodipse viveret, et hoc divulgatium fuit per Angliam

states that in the year 1402 the first reports arose that King Richard II was still alive and and alive was still II Richard King that arose reports first the 1402 in the year that states , 242. , , 389. ,

191 m, which he demanded from the king. In one of those actions he captured and

The lord eventually diverted his activities into kidnapping and holding

way that the conspirators wished and hoped for but it

ichard II; during that year sympathy for for sympathy that year during II; ichard . 193

192

Fortunately for for Fortunately Eulogium o pay the

CEU eTD Collection Jacob, Jacob, constant disagreements occurred between the king and the Percies as time passed. passed. astime Percies the and king the between occurred disagreements constant early beginnings of his quest for the throne. Now, however the situation was slightly changing and Northumberland had served the Lancastrian king long and faithfully and supported his cause from of theEarl and Percy of House the of members The more alarming. became situation the and rule, his against rebelled allies closest king’s the of One order. can Francis the of friars the and Wales 194 time.ed atHe stated: that view was enterprise IV’s Henry how about speaks king the to said presumably friar the that sentence The resign. to but choice other no had and waspressured he but statingcase by that if Richard II had not been held prisoner he would have never given up the crown, resulted from Richard giving it willingly or under pressure. The friar placed a new perspective onthe act this whether and crown the taking IV Henry of thelegitimacy questioned He throne. the to acceded well. In addition, the Percies were collecting an army with which to oppose the king, who, perfectly who, perfectly the king, oppose to which with army an collecting were thePercies addition, In well. and alive being still II Richard of story the spreading by reacted Percies The to. entitled were they anything else. The king refused to grant themembers of the House of Percy some land and money throne. the to succeeding from safe” was “keeping favour of the case of Richard II wasadded that of his possible heir, IV the Henry Earl whom of March, deposed King Richard II proved itself to be the winning card for these uprisings. To the struggle in the reignthe of new king and profit from thesituation. The pretext of working in favour of the affect orto orpower more land acquire wasto which the for revolts reason true the tomasquerade and Henry

For the whole dialogue between the king and the accused friar see Continu see accused the friar and king the between whole the dialogue For ’ Fifteenth Century Fifteenth s legitimacy to the throne, but instead used this as an excuse to obtain the support of the public Henry IV had another thing to worry about, apart from the troubles provided by the lords of The troubles between Henry IV and the Percies were more of an economic nature than than nature economic an more of were Percies and IV the Henry between troubles The Maurice Keen rightly points out that these uprisings had little to dowith the question of

coronam invasistis vos et spoliatus regno et incarceratus, fuit, captus armorum vi rex Dumesset . 194

, 28, See29. also Keen,

England 58

, 243.

atio Eulogii

, 391, 392. See also

the the CEU eTD Collection 195 treaso blunt but else asnothing move saw their reasonably, son Henry the heir apparent to the throne. If Henry would not able to accede to the throne the to he accede ableto was not to bewould Henry If throne. tothe apparent the heir Henry son 1406 Henry IV had the statute approved that declared the inheritance of the crown, thus making his his position and that of his dy 1408. of middle the by Wales in powers his restored Wales of Prince according to somechronicles hid and his hiding place was never known. Henry IV among other,more loyal lords. The only one who managedescape to was lordGlyndyfrdwy, who divided and confiscated were lands Their executed. and todeath, sentenced captured, were clash the of rebellion which could have been crown threatening for him. The rebels who were theend at still alive The armiesof King Henry IV overcame thosethe of Welsh lord and put an end to thismassive lord appeared to of Northumberland, still highly disillusioned because of the failure of the Percies revolt. The Welsh victory. acomplete IV Henry giving killed or captured either were rebels the wasdetermined, all nightfall by and aday, for lasted battle The the of land. part agreat inflamed rebellion thePerices for well, this caseas in needed was action amilitary However, coronation. his at made he promises the observe not he did asthat such him against rumours false spreading were who those all incarcerate to authority the had who people insisted still assuringon th who Wales of counties the in everyone imprison and arrest to officers IV sent Henry Northumberland. of Earl and Earl of March Glyndyfrdwy, lord Welsh the from reinforcements received Percies year later, and still resisting Henry IV Henry resisting still and later, year all a formal made they when 1404 in fruits bore which VI, Charles in 1403had the support of the Scottish king and was negotiating an alliancewith the French one,

Jacob, In the midst of the rebellion of the Welsh lord, Henry IV made formal a attempt to legitimize Just as one revolt was put down another re Fifteenth Century Fifteenth be strong and victorious until themiddle of 1406, when his power began to decline.

, 48. , 48. e people that Richard II was alive. In addition, Henry IV united a group of

nasty in order to send a clear message to whomever might question it. In it. question might whomever to message a clear send to inorder nasty

’ s attacks, the Welsh lord made a new alliance, that with the Earl Earl the with that alliance, made anew lord Welsh the s attacks, 59 -emerged, that of the Welsh lord Glyndyfrdwy, who

n. 195

Not much time passed before the before passed time much Not

iance against King Henry IV. A IV. Henry King against iance ’ s son and heir, the CEU eTD Collection who ruled in the absent name. kings’ Scottish throne, James, from 1406onwards. The reign over Scotland w afterwards. about his survival displayed during the funeral ceremony, thus proving to everyone that he was fact in dead, the rumours was II Richard late King the of body the that fact the Despite Scotland. to regards in IV faced Henry particul was This cause. could gossip asimple that consequences about Richard II other than the demised Richard king II. Ward of Trumpington onthe politicalscene. This person was impostor an claimed who be tonone near future even for his came upwith a strategy which would ensure great trouble for the Lancastrian Henry king IV and in the 198 197 196 stated: father, Roger Mortimer was who supposedly appointed heir presumptive. The official document having been chosen for this role by on wasbased which crown, the to claim his and March of Earl of the cause support to rebels the for succeeded by one of his younger brothers, Thomas or John. By this actmade he it even moredifficult Realm appurtenances leaprès seignurdeces dicell nostre le roy aluy et ases heirs de corps soun issantz. nostre seign an account coming from a priest named claimed Manuel Fieschi who that he heard a theof confession deposed

C. Allmand. Allmand. C. ...et dé Another similarity comesin picture between Richard II and his predecessor Edward II and that is that there is , II,

One of the reasons for this act of legitimating may have been that over and again the tales tales the again and over that been have may legitimating of act this for reasons the of One The English king Henry IV had captured and kept under tight surveillance the heir to the king, to have them with all their appurtenances for himself and the heirs of his body. aforesaidcrown, kingdoms, and dominions, and, after theof death our said lordthe be heir apparent of our same lord the king to succeed him[the in possession of] the ...

196 clarrez, muon leeisne qe seignur Henry, prince fitz nostre le soitapparentdit seignur roy, heir mesme

151, Selected documents,Selected 151,

and declared that my lord Prince Henry, eldest son of our said Lord the king, is to ur le roy, pur luy succeder en les suisditz corone, roialmes et seignuries pur les avoir oveles les avoir toutz pur roialmeset seignuries corone, les suisditz en luysucceder pur leur roy,

Henry V Henry ’ s survival kept re

begin circulating in Scotland right after his burial and continued to be spread long . (New Haven: Ya

son and heir Henry V. They endorsed and launched the figure of one Thomas

226. -emerging, but sometimes with much more potentially dangerous King Richard II, by virtue of being the direct descendent from his

197 le University Press, 1992), 308, 1992), Press, University le 198

To make To the situation even more difficult the Scottish lords

It is interesting to pointout to that he interesting wasIt no is 60

(hereafter: Allmand, arly visible arly theproblems in that as taken by the Duke of Albany Albany Duke of the by as taken t only supported Henry V Henry

Statute of the of Statute )

CEU eTD Collection 2004). see letter the Fieschi of content the the John Rylands Library (1985): 747 (1985): the king had his first seizure, an event which was considered a sign of God of a sign wasconsidered which event an seizure, first his had king the 201 200 199 Stubbs (London, 1883),cvi 1123), (G The Death of Kings, Three called Prestwich, son III, he See his Edward was Williambefore le Galeys. Edwards Berkeley Castle, while a porter was buried in his place. In 1338 an impostor claiming t king Edward II who told him that he was warned of the dangers to come and he managed to escape from former Richard II supporter the countess of Oxford, Maud de Vere. a and IISearle William Richard of chancellor aformer by even but claims false his in theScots by weakness in his governing. Although there had been some earlier signs of Henry of signs earlier some been had there Although governing. his in weakness future events. Even though all the rebellions had been put down, Henry IV fact. this of resentment public was not so willing to accept that the king did not keep his promiseand showed constant grants in order to keep the and lands with friends loyal and allies his reward to forced was he addition, In costly. were which different parts of the country demanded his attention and his answer in the form of the military actions r Constant promise. tothat up live to able he was not say, to Needless past. would not burden the people with new taxes, for they already were heavily burdened by them in the II’ Richard of because shape bad such in were finances the throne the to timeacceded he the by that overlooked be he was also strongly criticised the by public for hismanagement the of financesof the crown.It cannot subjects regarded this seizure as a consequence of the king suffering from leprosy, an illness taken asa taken illness an from leprosy, suffering theking of asaconsequence seizure this regarded subjects 1405. health when he arrived in England, the first officially documented report about this issue comes from Evans,

Ibid See P. McNiven. “The Problem Henry of IV Health, 1405 200

Apart from the constant rebellions that Henry IV had to face o face IV to had that Henry rebellions constant from the Apart Anothermisfortune cameupon King Henry IV which affecte

The Death of Kings Having sentenced Archbishop Scrope of York to death, the very day when he was executed executed was he when day very the death, to York of Scrope Archbishop sentenced Having

has been discussed by the following: Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward IIW. ed. . - s li 772 (hereafter:McNiven, ”The Problem of Henry IVHealth”). fe style. However, when Henry IV acceded to the throne he made a promise that he he that apromise made he throne the to acceded IV Henry when However, style. fe

156. 156. This letter, a copy of which is in the Archives départementales d’Hérault in Montpelier in d’Hérault Montpelier is in départementales the Archives Thisa copywhich of letter, ,6 (1921), 69 – ir friendship in such turbulent times which also proved to be expensive. The , 169. See also Allmand, Allmand, also See , 169.

Bulletin of Bulletin of Carnarvon“. Edward of Death and Captivity “The Tout. F. T. cviii;

P. Doherty. Isabella Doherty. P. andthe Strange Death ofEdward II – 113; Fry de,

Edward II, Henry V Henry 61

, 308, 309. 309. 308, ,

202, 203. - 1413“ 1413“ Review Historical English

On the discussion of the authenticity of

199

n what seems like a daily basis, basis, adaily like seems n what d his reignthe and course of

’ s bad health also proved ebellions that arose in in arose that ebellions o be Edwardbeo IIappeared ’ ’ s judgement. s problems with his with s problems , also, See Evans, 99. (London: Robinson 100, no. 397 201

His His

CEU eTD Collection these words: these the disease apparently cloud apparently disease the Press, 1974 Press, precisely because the disease was afflicting him. The Chronicle The him. afflicting was disease the because precisely 207 206 205 204 203 202 sign of divine displeasure. 2006), 48, 2006), (hereafter: John Capgrave stated that: stated Capgrave John IV Henry for consequences great had apparently which disease venereal of nature and origin of leprosy the interpretation arose that the king must have suffered from some form illness that was taken so seriously that his will was drafted. The king was reported not to be the same same be to the not wasreported king The drafted. was will his that seriously so taken was that illness Leprosy was a disease associated with sin, especially sexually related sin. related sexually especially sin, with associated wasadisease Leprosy B. McFarlane. K.

Continuatio Eulogium Historiarum, Chronicle An English Capgrave See S. N. Brody. The Brody. Disease N. S. See of the Soul: Leprosy in Medieval Literature Again according to the Continuatio Eulogii The The Anothermanifestation of his bad health was in 1408with several seizures an and unknown horseback through a great part of England notwithstandin leprosy. g the given, he was unwilling to agree to this counselcertain of lordsbut at once rode on was advice this When leprosy. with afflicted horribly so was he because crowned should ask the king to give upthe crown of England, and permit his first born to be king, Henry, bishop of Winchester, and almost all the lords of England, that they the of son born first Henry, Prince between made was agreement an year same the In so gretli vexid and smyte with the seeknesse of lepre. of seeknesse the with smyte and vexid gretli so ...entrete hi fowlere. and fowlere evyr and wasaleper he lost the beaute of his face. For as comonne opinion went, for that Kyng after that tyme [referring to the event of the execution of the archbishop Scrope] quasiEt Rexl incontinenti

(hereafter, Rawcliffe,(hereafter, McFarlane, ).more For ’ s Chronicle s

English Chronicle

Eulogii m to resigne the croune to the said Prince Harri, his sone, because he was was he because sone, his Harri, Prince said the to croune the resigne m to Lancastrian Kings and Lollard Knights

Lancastrian Kings

408. on theon matter Rawcliffe. C. see

37. 291.

Selected DocumentsSelected

202

ed his judgements. This source states: states: source This judgements. his ed

The The Leprosy

relates that Henry IV was persuaded to give up the crown to his son son his to crown the up give to waspersuaded IV Henry that relates

Continuatio Eulogii eprosus apparere cepit... apparere eprosus ) ). alsoSee Tuck, .

207. 207.

Leprosy in Medieval England (L . Henry IV was so seriously afflicted by leprosy that that leprosy by afflicted seriously so IV was Henry

205 Crown and Nobility and Crown

reports the king being affected by this disease in disease this by affected being king the reports

. (Oxford: Oxfo 203 206

says on this issue: issue: this on says

, 208. . (Ithaca NY: rd Un rd ’ tyme his until deth s appearance. For instance instance For s appearance. 204

103 1972), Press, iversity 207

From this view of the of thisview From

ondon: Boydell Press, Press, Boydell ondon: Cornell Univ Cornell ersity ersity CEU eTD Collection throne. For more on the matter see Evans, somewhat objective bystander who was aware of the problems arising fromthe i Henry IV of the birth of a male heir was a ferryman at Goodrich at aferryman was male heir a of birth the of IV Henry symbolism around the birth of the future king. The legend arose that the firstman informed who and mystery some establish to wished tradition later the that It seems Bohun. de Mary wife, Monmouth, for the placeof his birth. Hewas the eldest of the foursons of King Henry IV and heart problems. heart 211 210 209 208 V Henry even particular this after again ever person the Lancastrian king. king. Lancastrian the main protagonists the of were this son, new revolt eldest against IVs Henry Wales, of Prince the Henry king The powers. his losing was gradually ironicremark of Adamof Usk onthe anointmenttheof king usurper. canIt be also seen the as Usk of Adam of Chronicle presertim generantia adeo quod nec crines sustinet nec discoopertum caput per pluras menses habere potuit. annos cruciatus. his journey to Monmouth from Windsor. happened in the past. Adam of Usk states that the king had been ill since he was struck with: with: struck was he illsince been had king the that states Usk Adam of thepast. in happened had that all about guilt of asense of because suffered king the perhaps that considered also was It

McNiven R. B. Mowat. B. R. Tuck, ... dolenter intoxicatus, unde carnis putredine, oculorum ariffaccione, et interiorum egressione per quinque

The Lancastrian heir to the throne was born on August 9 August on wasborn to thethrone heir Lancastrian The Another rebellion was organized, taking advantage of Henry’ covered. head his keep to had he months several of his anointing then, his head was so infected with lice that his hair felt out, and for ult asares for coronation, his at foreshadowed was festering days..The his end him to the flesh, dehydration of the eyes, and the rupture of the internal organs that caused of festering IV]with [Henry tormented cruelly had five years for which infection the Cr Recent views, however, discard all this and state that his bad health was probably caused by by caused wasprobably health bad his that state and this all discard however, views, Recent own andNobility

, “The Problem Henry IV Health“,747 of Henry V Henry 210 .. Istam putredinem portentebat sibi sue coronacionis unctio, quia pediculorum in capit

. (London , 243. The mentioning of the (mis)usage of the holy coronation oil is supposedly an , 208. See208. , also Rawcliffe, : Constable &Company, 1919), 9,

The Death Kings Theof Death 211 t which some ascribed to king being afflicted bysyphilis. ’

s half brothers, the Beauforts along with the heir apparent

- 772. 63 Leprosy

, 72, 73. 73. 72, , 209 , 45.

(hereafter: Mowat,

th who accompanied him half way on on way half him accompanied who

1387 and was known as Henry of s poor health and the fact that he he the that fact and health s poor ssue of the king’ Henry V Henry ) .

s right

view of a a of view

to the to his his 208 e

CEU eTD Collection II w Henry of outcome the predict the time hiswhen father was banished from the land. Although at that point he probably could not and one of the half brothers of Duke Henry, also named Henry Beaufort, bishop of Winchester. II Richard King by up wastaken son his of the care expeditions crusade on away was father boy’s the only twelve, the Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall and Earl of Earl Chester. and Cornwall of Duke ofWales, Prince the twelve, only the In IVevident. in first Parliament1399 Henry of made he his eldest son heir, and who was then 216 215 214 213 212 did not hold any grudge against the offspring of the person who was about to seize thecro wn.

Henry V Henry Dublin, along with the young duke of Gloucester who was also taken to Ireland as a precaution. See Allmand, d his father against all the revolts that were taking place in that period. period. that in place taking were that revolts the all against father his d aide and assisted Prince young The Wales. in the affairs to contribution a substantial make to able was age of years nineteen than Prince, the that however, 1406, until wasnot It was expected. intervention his investiture, was given sovereignty over the ver by Prince, The king. the father, his wasfor asit much as Prince young the for event significant was a of the young Prince was heavily involved in current political affairs that presented troubles for the reign King Richard expressed his affection for the child the for affection his expressed Richard King him advice for his future conduct apparently in these wor inthese apparently conduct future his for him advice Regardless the situation Richard II knighted the young Henry while they were still in Ireland and gave

Mowat, Ibid,10. See page 37. page See Mowat, his father. Just when he was introduced to his principality the rebellions in the Wales began. This Some of the sources mentio the Somesources of as probably more a precaution than a sincere desire to spend time with a beloved young cousin. , 13. , 13. Once his father reached the throne his desire to make his dynasty legitimate became more than than more became legitimate dynasty his make to desire his throne the reached father his Once From the early age Henry of Monmouth had a special relation with Richard II,who apparently little name forvalue. fairMy cousin henceforth be gallant bold, and for unless conquer, you youwill have Henry V Henry Henry V Henry

, 10. See also See 10. , , 14. See for the issue of the knighting 215 n that the young Henry was actually imprisoned in the castle of Trim, outside ’

s plans to ask the throne, it can be considered that this move of Richard Richard of move this that considered be can it throne, the ask to s plans McFarlane,

Lancastrian Kings 64

by taking him along on the campaign to Ireland at

y lands that were afflicted by rebellions and his and rebellions by were afflicted that lands y McNiven, McNiven, ds: ds: , 104. 104. ,

Heresy and Politics, Politics, and Heresy

216

From that time onwards 138.

212

While 214 213

CEU eTD Collection in thismatter.in for theParliament to need wasno there thus and thefinances controlled body this that fact from the be detected can council the of role the was influential How years. thirty over of difference age an by separated standpoints, by the members of the Parliament. the of members the by king to be deposed in favour of his son. Their proposal, however, did not bear fruit for it was rejected forthe Parliament the in a proposal made they and more, even dynasty Lancastrian the strengthened probably had in mind that the ill king would be replaced bythe popular young Prince, which would supporting of thematter Prince this in other than theagenda best interest of the crown. TheBeauforts other any had Beauforts the that stated be cannot It death. father’s his before even throne the on Prince and Henry Beaufort and his brothers, joined forces to achieve themutual goal of setting the young 219 218 217 Arundel. the council and whose advice the king welcomed often was thearchbishop of Canterbury Thomas at he sessions whose council this in significance more and more gained Prince the Gradually 1406. as as early body consultant this of a part become had Wales of thePrince Henry ill. fell IV Henry be would he that considered he was that acquire him the crown before his father passed on. The official reason for thisuprising of the Prince to aimed that theconspiracy of incharge wasnow Prince young The arose. amore dangerous possibly and they did not present an open threat to the reign of Henry IV. However, more a threat, unexp ected

Winchester, one of King Henry IV King Henry of one Winchester, sons of Katharine Swynford and John of Gaunt, Henry IV Henry Gaunt, of John and Swynford Katharine of sons November 1411when he before the Parliament regained the authority he might have been deprived of tended regularly. The other person was who considered to be the secondmost importantmember of

Allmand, Allmand, McFar The Beauforts, John earl of Somerset, Henry bishop of Lincoln and Thomas chancellor of the king were the By the year 1408 all the revolts in Wales and the surroundings were more or less dealt with with dealt less more or were surroundings the and Wales in revolts the all 1408 the year By Another person who was a member of this council was Henry Beaufort, the bishop of bishop the Beaufort, Henry was council this of member wasa who person Another lane, lane, 217

Henry V Henry Undoubtedly some form of rivalry surged between these two Lancastrian Kings Lancastrian

, 40. , meetuntil January, 1410. It can be stated thatArchbishop Arundel wasin control

, 108. ,

’

s half brothers. s half 219

This little coup d’état was cut off at the roots by the the king by in the roots at off was cut d’état coup little This set aside in his father’s council, the Privy Council, once once Council, Privy the council, father’s his in aside set 65 218 ’

s It was not long before t father. father.

men, so different in their he two sides, the Prince thePrince sides, he two CEU eTD Collection McFarlane, McFarlane, Chronicleof England and peculiarity in store. peculiarity a had destiny Ages, Middle the in desirable considered as was land, theHoly to the crusade on death, 224 223 222 221 220 control and that he would not tolerate the behaviour of his eldest son and heir. full in wasstill he that asserted IV Henry thereign. of incharge been had council the when past, the in an explanation. The Prince supposedly answered: supposedly Prince The explanation. an When the king apparently realised that the crownwasmissing summoned he and hisson asked him for Ireland Prince did not waste timeany in taking power is illustrated in the wished. By the beginning of 1413, Henry IV was seriously ill and his end was expected soon. That the 311. (hereafter: (hereafter: 311. Who Usurped RichardII, an Anointed King r suggestr matte the thaton the selection views recent of this particular locationmight be connected request to be buried not along with his predecessorsin office at Westminster, but at Canterbury. Some made aspecific the king that out point to interesting is It V. Henry heir, and son his by respected were Jerusalem Chamber. Chamber. Jerusalem differences between him and his father were still there. still were father his and him between differences comehad termsto with the situation and even demonstrated his regret about the course of events, the

Allmand, Allmand, See See The sources describ sources The For more on the issue see see more issue the For on Raphael

disguise Chronicle of Adam of Usk

which states: states: which King Henry IV died in March 1413. Formonarch a who had a great desiremeet to good a

your next heire apparant tooke that as mine owne, and not as yours. Sir, departed. and crowne Th As Henry IVs health grew worse, the Prince had the opportunity t opportunity the had Prince the worse, grew health IVs As Henry

e prince his sonne being hereof aduerotised entered the chamber, tooke awaie the awaie tooke chamber, the entered aduerotised hereof being sonne his e prince Lancastrian Kings Lancastrian , Holinshed. Holinshed. Henry V Henry

to mineand all mens iudgementsyou seemed dead in this world wherefore I as and with a knife in his hands willing to take his life if he was not pardoned b pardoned if not life he was to take his hands willing in knife his a with and ). ). Monmouth of Henry , 52. , 223 ). Also mentioned in E. J E. in mentioned Also ). e that the Prince e thatthe remorsedemonstrated Prince his by 224

Chronicle of England, Scotland and Ireland Henry IV died in the chamber in the abbot’s palace in Westminster named the the named Westminster in palace abbot’s the in thechamber in died IV Henry

During his life the king gave instructions wishes about his those funeral and , 1 D. Codling.” 11. See also See 11.

243. See also also See 243.

”. Henry IV and Personal Piety: Beliefs and Spiritual life of the Man of life Spiritual and Piety:Beliefs and Personal IV Henry

Eulogium Historiarum Hist . Tyler. Continuatio Eulogii Continuatio ory Today ory

66 Henry of Monmouth, Memoirs of Henry the FifthVol.. I.

221

57, no.1 ( no.1 57,

, 421. See also also See 421. , ,

Selected documents,

):23 2007 . Vol. 3 (London, 1808), 57, ente

ChronicleEngland, of Scotland and ring his father’s chambers in a cloak - 29. An EnglishChronicle 222

o manage his affairs as he as he affairs his manage o

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CEU eTD Collection The The The chronicle Fifth the known Henry as the of Memorials The The 229 228 227 226 225 IV. Henry anoint to used first apparently was which with the legend of the Holy Oil kept by St. ThomasBecket the late archbishop of Canterbury, the oil Westminster in holiness as well as in prestige. prestige. asin well as holiness in Westminster important pilgrimage sites, and a rival so to speak of Edward the Confessor as the saint patron of England; this made it one themost of a Becket, Thomas St. of shrine the housed cathedral This glance. first at appear might asit strange the the describing the funeral ceremony. For instance, Adam of Usk dedicates only a few lines informing to accounts brief afew only are there Interestingly deserved. funeral aroyal that dignities the all with from and Faversham to taken wasfirst body king’s late stating only: sanctuarium

For the listt of For names of See Duffy, Chronicles of England Memorials of Henry the Fifth King 15. of England1858), Longman, (London: C. .A. ed. Cole. ... audience about where the king died and where was he taken for burial. Hestates: burial. for taken he was where and died king the where about audience English Chronicle Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland apud Westm in camera abbatis, ipsius genesim yuod in terra sancta moreretur uerificando, infra After Henry V commissioned his father’s funeral hearse the ceremonial could begin. could ceremonial the hearse funeral father’s his V commissioned Henry After be bur water to by away wastaken he and Land; Holy inthe die would he that horoscope his fulfilled he whereby Westminster, at chamber abbots of the thesanctuary in ...dying

argumentum fuit, cohonestare. qui summam fatalem jam confecerat, cadaver praesentia sua, quod pietatis patris, clarissimi ac facere, ecclesia Cantuariensi in parentalia et solvere justa regi laudatione, pompa, exequiis, imaginibus spoliatum, sepulturae honore carer corpus, intermortui parentis princeps nobillissimus passus est non peractis, His king himselfe being present thereat. the father, his for Canturburie at doone exequies solemne the were sundaie Trinitie On ,...,

Royal Tombs ied at Canterbury. at ied et per aquam transportatus sepelitur Cantuar

states: states: 62. 62. , 199. , he persons he persons commissioned for funeral necessities see Duffy,

Forthe use ofthis oilinanointing see pages35, 36, 37. 227

lso the seat of the archbishop. In this way Canterbury outranked

228

229

225 give

However, the choice of Can of choice the However, . there it proceeded to Canterbury to be interred

Chronicle of Ada of Chronicle

give a brief passage: passage: abrief give an even more reduced survey of the event m of Usk of m

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243. terbury was not asnot was terbury

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200. 226

The The CEU eTD Collection of Richard Scrope that. him precisely grant surely to meant was of Europe lines royal most ancient the of one of member reinfo to needed IV Henry as However, Navarre. of Joan wife, second his than more importance and wife and mother of his heir apparent, Mary of Bohun, who had both personal and dynastic advantage 234 233 232 231 230

funerals. As was already discussed the funeral ceremony of Richard II did not have a funeral effigy. afuneral have not did II Richard of ceremony funeral the discussed already was As funerals. only one of those decisions wasmade voluntarily), another common thing can be seen in these two his second wife Joan of Navarre. of Joan wife second his ’ IV Henry Prince. Black the Edward uncle his of tomb the lays side Canterbury behind the high altar onthe north side of the shrine of St. Thomas Becket. On the opposite the resting place of the late king Henry IV, however, have shown that the king was in f that one was used. The facts that the body of the demised king had to be transported some distance distance some transported be to had king thedemised of body the that facts The wasused. one that have been found which would testify to the use of the effigy, nonetheless accounts and evidence contemporary no Although predecessor. his of funeral the at one the as clear f true was same The reach the burial site because it was cast from the funeral barge during astorm. during barge funeral from the wascast it because site burial the reach

For the sources that mention this event see Strohm, Chronicle An English See pages 50, 51. Evans, See Du 233 ffy, rce hisposition and the legitimacy of holding the crown by allmeans, his secondmarriage to a

History of the Martyrdom Martyrdom the of History the called chronicle inclined Lancastrian anti thelater Surprisingly Apart from the fact that neither Richard II nor Henry Henry IV nor II Richard neither that fact from the Apart

aboute the feste of saint Cubert,...and iy yburied in Crichirche of Cauntirbury. And sone aftir he deide in the Abbeie of W Royal Tombs The Death Kings of Death The

mentions that Henry IV that wasmentions in fact never buried in Canterbury for his body did not or the funeral of Henry IV. However, the situation with Henry IV Henry with situation the However, IV. Henry of funeral the or , 205.

38.

, 210. ,

232

Inte restingly, Henry IV was not joined in eternity withhisfirst eternity in IVjoined was Henry not restingly, England 68 estmynstre in a chambir callid Jerusaleme, Jerusaleme, callid achambir in estmynstre

’ s ThroneEmpty were buried at Westminster (although (although Westminster at buried were s tomb is placed alongside that of , 101, 102. 101, , , there is still a strong belief 231

Excavationsdone in ’ 230 s effigy is not as as not is s effigy

act buried in buried act 234

CEU eTD Collection address the situation and come upwith an explanation for it: Walsingham states: states: Walsingham 237 236 235 advo seem to lead in encased form Westminster to Canterbury and that the aforementioned excavations proved that the body was speak acting according to his young age. However the BrutChronicle an had who persons certain by misguided was who one ruler, reliable the sole purpose of excusing the Prince transfo swift case. this in used fact wasin oil the that asserts that source asingle on based assumption acommon however Oil St. of Holy Thomas the with Becket. Thisstill is anointed wasalso he that state that sources some from theclaim support to evidence enough not is There V. Henry King the as office the in consecrated f his him, to belonged rightfully what claim and scene thepolitical onto freely step could Wales of Prince BoydellPress, 1994), 4. Functionand Purpose“

The Brut Chronicle Brut The Allmand, Giesey, Giesey, ather’s crown and throne. On April 9, 1413 the Prince of Wales was crowned, anointed and This is not the only account of the change of behaviour of the newly appointed king. Thomas There is a tradition that once the Prince of Wales acceded to the throne he had a moment of of amoment had he throne the to acceded Wales of Prince the once that atradition is There After having buried his father’s body with all thedignities required of a funeral royal the and sorrow. mischief great to afterwards fell wildness his to consented and aided had who those him....And thus were left his in household nomore than those threemen. many And of king and he remembered the great charge and worship that he should take upon and fain would have him to do well and forsake riot....And then he began to reign as contrary r him eve counselled they and governance his about sorry and sad very were round him pleased and with his governance, except threemen his of household, who riot, and drew to wild company....and likewise all his trainhis of household were i and fell he Wales, of wasPrince he when he wasking, before And

236 Royal Funeral Ceremonial

Henry V Henry

rmation as sorta of conversion to sobriety. This tradition was supposedly compiled with , 237

. ed. F.W.D. Brie (London: Early English Texts Society, 1906), 594, (hereafter: (see footnote 10)

The Funeral Effigies of Westminster Abbey Westminster Effigiesof The Funeral

cate in favour of the presence of an effigy. an of thepresence of favour in cate

, ( , 65. , see see

’ footnote 28), 84, 85. See also J. Litten. “The Funeral Effigy: Its s behaviour in the past and presenting him as a stable and 69

. ed . . A. Harvey and R. Mortimer. (London: influence on him and was so to 235

apparently felt the need to to need the felt apparently nclined greatlynclined to

The Brut )

CEU eTD Collection marriage with Katherine France of which took place in June 1420. vow of chastity from themoment of his father’ a V kept Henry that states source The way. apeculiar in regret his manifest to decided and behaviour translator of Livius.See Grandsen, The FirstLifeHenry of English theFifth different perspective onthe dynasty than the image left byhis father Henry IV. The chronicl 240 239 238

far from the image of the rebel that had haunted him from a young age, Henry V was ready to step step to Vwasready Henry age, a young him from haunted had that rebel the of image the from far all the advices were read and absorbed so to speak and the king had proven to the public that he was of his character gave the new king something of a reputation asapriest areputation of something king new the gave character his of matters of justice, counsel, finances, political harmony, ch harmony, political finances, counsel, justice, of matters rulership such as for example what the role of theking should be, and how he should behave in the to bui served had writings their for respect, with regarded always were they that of because Precisely public. the on did asthey just king the on influence great had others, many as well as Gower, and Chaucer inspiration as they such were poets seekingcourt These IV. and expecting Henry of in the reign the poets who were stilldeeply disillusioned by the Ricardian rule and who had not found the achieve toconsidered be just and fruitful. The role of the advisers, forthe not yet appointed king, took instructed and advised about the desirable type of kingship and sovereignty his governance was king becoming even before Wales of Prince young The II. Richard King of time the since Kingship“ (Oxford, 1911). The chronicle was supposedly McFarlane, McFarlane,

McFarlane, McFarlane, For the full description of the themes and the advices see G. L. Harriss. “Introduction: the Exemplar of ld an image of a monarch. Henry V received advice from this source about several features of his his of features several about source this from advice Vreceived Henry monarch. a of image an ld This however is not the only tradition trying to shape the image of the newking and put a King Henry V wasviewed as Henry aKing sort of saviour fromthe chaotic situation which had prevailed

As soon as he was made King, waschanged he made King, was ashe As soon honesty, modesty and gravity. Henry the V, Practice Kingshipof Lancastrian Kings Lancastrian Lancastrian Kings Lancastrian , 123. Se 123. , The First English Life of Henry the Fifth of Life Henry English First The See 124. , Historical Writing in England Writing Historical

238 e The St. Albans Chronicle

. ed G. L. Harris

written in 1513 by an anonymous author known known author anonymous an by in 1513 written

stated that the new king manifested remorse for his past past his for remorse manifested king new the that stated s death and his ascension to the throne in 1413 upto his 70

s.(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985): 1 suddenly into another man, zealous for ivalry, war and peace, religion, etc. religion, peace, and war ivalry, , 196 , , . Chronicles of the Revolution 69. ,

239

This, in addition to other features other to addition This, in -king.

. ed. C. L. Kingsford. commonl

240 e called e called y as the -

31. Once must must

CEU eTD Collection Richard served IIhad asachieving wasstill in alive a instability politicaltool theduring of reign go father’s his of times form the behind left were another burial to attend. of year first at the the in look emotional practicalThenew however, aspecttheact, but king of itas of side well. the by deceived be must not One a protagonist. as see him would that ritual last this about wishes cerem afuneral to provide willing wasnot father his that Reburial ofKing Richard II (December,1413) 241 England. onto the scene Bolingbroke was to invade England and when Richard II hinted what his next move would be: family. The admiration he apparently cherished for Richard and a duty and obligation towards his own father and II and take his place onthe throne. The young Henry must have felt caught between the love and at thetime still justHenry Bolingbrokeof to was overthr plotting Henry fact that the given situation strange asomewhat been must have It alive. was II Richard young Prince, a McFarlane, Henry V hadmind in a scheme which would enable him to resolve multiple problems that fact the for remorse feltgreat and II Richard king tothelate up looked have Vseems to Henry By researching the sources describing the life of Henry V one can learn just how much the the much how just learn can Vone Henry of thelife describing thesources researching By

heavy heart and went to his father. to went and heart heavy go. And so on the next day after Henry took his leave of the king his godfather with a suppose it is not thou. Wherefore I pray thee be my friend, for I wot now how it will commandment, but I know well there isHenry shall one domemuch harm and I king said to him thesewords: Good son Henry, I give thee leave to dothy father's next after, day wait uponhis father straight by and hard commandment. And then the entirely. And when he came into the king's chamber he told the king how he must the he cause for Then this young knight Henry brought the king to his chamber with a sorrowful heart,

his reign afterhe paid honour to his father by observing his wishes about his funeral, had

Lancastrian Kings Lancastrian Brut Chronicle

and act in full possession of his dignities as the true heir and successor to the throne of fterwards king, was perceived to be attached to his cousin and patron when the late late the when patron and cousin his to be attached to wasperceived king, fterwards should depart from his godfather and his sovereign king, for he loved him

, 121. See 121. , tells about the relation between the two at the point when Henry of

The 241

Brut

545. vernment. The constant rumouring that the late king 71

ony forony the demised king and honour his

ow the government of King Richard ’

s father, s father, CEU eTD Collection 61. For the connection to Richard II see Tuck, see Tuck, II Richard to connection the For 61. various knights who were known for their support of the movement. For a full list of knights see Rex, argued that the Lollard movement found its initial place on the court of Richard II, who surrounded himself with III.), Vol.II.: Politic also Ja Seepapal. Rex, Lollards who would undertake the reform of Christian life. The movement was in its core anti favourable to their cause. their to favourable destruction of the Lancastrian dynasty and the establishment of the one which wouldmore be newly enthroned king. The Lollards had in mind an uprising which would inevitably lead to the late king Richard II was still alive and that he would be brought back and thus cause difficulties for the king. As Henry IV died the Lollard knights generated a plan to spread the rumours once again that the dest the to Vwasconnected Henry of time the at issue Lollard The nobles. English 244 243 242 Wycliffe movement had already begun in themid fourteenth century following the teachings of John Lollard The issues. religious problem, burning another with associated It V. wasnow Henry from the never forgotten past. had the opportunity to put an end to the revolt of the Lollards as well as to resolve problemssurfacing V Henry climate this In disregarded. tobe not were views heretical spreading and heresy Oldcastle’s with Oldcastle entrusting in cautious somewhat was still developed the theory of the logic of Holy Scripture. For further see R. Rex. The Lollards unchanging. Wycliffe considered the Bible to be the most pure expression of Gods mind, the idea upon which he in things are theall in that their God mind created of and existeternally things essence everlasting and universals, an understanding of accidents, and a proper understanding of the eternity of God, that all created this respect he emphasized fiveprinci basic analyzed in his work AuthorityInterpretation and Heresy: MedievalReligion Late 2 revolts in Wales. in revolts who served under Henry IV and proved his loyalty to the king by aiding him the in fights against the 002), 32, 33, 35, 35, 33, 32, 002),

See See basic The When thinking about the ideal state Wycliffe had inmind a form of theocratic kingship which was best cob, cob, Chronicle of Adam of Usk 242 Fifteenth Century Fifteenth

and over timemuch gained support amongthe public aswell among as some influential idea that Wycliffe propagated was propagated that idea that Wycliffe philosophy must be considered the ground for theology. In (hereafter: Rex, (hereafter: Rex, 244 s andthe constitution 1307 De Officio Regis De Officio

The new King Henry V apparently greatly admired this old fashioned knight but . (London:. The HambledonPress, 1984), 3, 4, 9, 10. , 51. See also See 51. , 243 , 129, 130. See also Tuck,

The main representative of the Lollard knights was Sir John Oldcastle, John wasSir knights Lollard the of main representative The

, 245, 247. For the issue of Oldcastle Lollards

(New York:Cambridge University Press,2001), 22

B. Wilkinson. B. writtenin 1379. His idea was basedon royalsupremacy a and ). See also M. Aston. Aston. M. also ). See ples for the understanding of the scripture and they are: knowledge of knowledge are: and they scripture the of understanding the for ples Crown and Nobility and Crown - 1399

Constitutional History of Medieval History of England Constitutional .

(London: 72 Crown and Nobility Crown and

Lollards and Reformers, Images and Literacy in Longmans, Green and Co., 1952), , 129, 181. 181. 129, , his full confidence. Rumours about ’ s rising see Rex, Rex, see s rising , 219, 220. 219, ,

The Wycliffite alsoSee The K. Gosh. Wycliffite

- Lollards clerical anti wellas as . (New Yor - 67. iny iny of the deposed

. 84, 85,86.See

- 1216

29. It can be k: Palgrave, k: Palgrave,

strong king strong 1399, Lollards

(II - - ,

CEU eTD Collection Wyghtlok 246 245 continuing his life under an alias. evident to many. Fabulous stories developed about Richard II escaping torture, fleeing from prison and was not something which should be displayed in spotlight, the facts concerning his last days were not significance the in public eye. As Richard had to be addition to constant uprisings of the unsatisfied nobility, another peculiar factgained moreand more right to it, a position which shifted completely from the one that was current at the beginning. In his reign fortified the public’s opinion of himasmerea tyrant who acceded to the throne without any viewed as that of a usurper who had deposed the rightfully enthroned king. Numerous problems with lose to started IV Henry rule, his of end the By V. Henry for wasimportant father, his of acts the some of by smudged of Lancaster House the

former close allies of Richard II. Richard of allies close former II.late Richard King son and heir, Henry V, 1413/4, were themost afflicted the by actions of imposter claiming be to the uncertain. In the years of the transition of the governme was situation political the illness and by affected wasseriously king the which in situation the of t pseudo the of theresurfacing for years fruitful The whished. probably IV Henry somebody like for example the rebellious Scottish lords they gainedmuch more significance than by supported were they once that is taken were theseclaims how serious just to testifies which fact The alive. still was and prison from escaped miraculously somehow had who II Richard King ’ Richards he last years of the reign of Henry IV. The imposters and those who supported them took advantage

See page 59. page See Evans, See Another pointmust made be in this regard, that the restoration of the reputation and prestigeof Thomas Ward enjoyed the support of the Scottish court and lords as well as some of the deposed the be to claimed They inevitable. was imposters of emergence the Consequently

’ groom and yeoman joined the Scottish lords and Ward and gave his support to their cause. s contribution to the situation was that he was re was he was that tosituation the s contribution The Death Kings of Death The

, 169, 198. 169, ,

245 246

Nowhe found himself anothervaluable partner. John Wyghtlok,

his initial support and his reign becamemore moreand 73

dealt with away from the public eye, for regicide regicide for eye, frompublic the away with dealt nt from the hand of Henry IV to those of his sponsible for spreading rumours among the Richards came with with came -Richards CEU eTD Collection 247 V. Henry ruler the new for embarrassment additional whi Tower, the from escape to managed he somehow but activities his for imprisoned second one took place during the coronation period of Henry V. Wyghtlok was subsequently the while alive IV Henry saw still that Parliament last the with coincided “campaign” first His V. two of themost important events in the period of the transmission of power from HenryIV to Henry people of England about Richard II still being alive. His work and choice of time coincided with the by stating: by ChronicleEnglish points to themore sentimental reasons for the re m sources Several lives. their during wife for his and for himself commissioned had king late the which Peter, of St. abbey the at Westminster, in inatomb reburied II Richard Vhad Henry Christmas, before just power, assumed he hoped it sameyear the would In 1413, be. should be reburied and that this ceremony should not differ for themost parts fromwhat Richard II Richard King late the wasthat reign his to image a good restore to Vchose Henry which with themost common but it cannotbe stated that it was or not wasnot this, of all end to desirable most asthe sought he which solution the maybe that argued be can to put tried to an end to all the suspicion and tried to resolve the problems left him to his by father. It and expected was as Vacted Henry respect this In it. with came which problems the Vinherited Henry father of his crown the and throne the Besides away. die time to along took whispers unfortunate stop the spread of the rumours that the deposed king had m methods. peculiar of need in were times Drastic easily. th of affairs the in meddle to agenda an with them Henry V was set to fight all the claimswhich came from individuals, but eventhey had people behind P. Strohm.”The Trouble with Richard with Trouble Strohm.”The P. Henry IV was clever in displaying Richard II Richard displaying in clever was IV Henry

″, 87 ″, - 111.

74 e crown and their influence was not discarded so so discarded not was influence their and crown e

’

s body with an uncovered face, that but did not 247 iginal and in the end very fruitful. The action

After this unfortunate event the new King anaged to escape his tragic destiny. These These destiny. tragic his escape to anaged -burial of the late King Richard II ention thisention event. The ch was an wasan ch CEU eTD Collection Ireland Hall The 22 pounds to remove the king’s body. A London joiner named Wydemmer John supplied the new funeral ceremony was carefully thought through and executed. The King’ providing the demised king with the ceremonial that he deser 251 250 249 248

Chronicleof London An English Chronicle An English Chronicles of England Hall ’ Chronicle of London s Chronicle ’ : s Chronicle s The most extensive account on the event comes from the Chronicle from the comes of England, event the on Scotland account and extensive most The To make the event as a solemn and respectful as possible Henry V paid close attention to closeattention Vpaid Henry aspossible respectful and asasolemn event make the To

of this noble prince kyng Henry. charges and the costes at vp set and erected toumb asolempne in wife first his Anne hono was he where to Westminster, Langley from estate, kyng Richard the second to be remoued with all funeral pompes conueniente for his When all thynges were thus settledand framed to his purpose, he caused the of body of the age wherein he liued and died. thequalitie to at hisinterrement, according solemnities were had other Manie armes. of sutes sundrie bare and blacke, with apparelled were likewise thehorsses All about. couered all ouer with blacke veluet &adorned with banners of diures armes round ofestate) chair (of seat aroiall in Westminster to conueied be to same the caused king (happillie tendering themagnifience of a prince, and abhorring obscure buriall) saith, that asfter the bodie of theking dead was taken vpout of the earth, this new toomeerected solemne a and in set wife, vpat the charges of this king. Polychronicon first his Anne queene with interred honorablie was he where Westminster, to Langlie Richard to be remooued with all funerall dingitie conuenient for his estate, from When the ki

beside quene Anne his firste wiff, as his desire was. desire ashis wiff, firste his Anne quene beside king Richard,king hetranslatid h And anon, the firste yeerof his regne, for the grete and tendere loue that he hadde to morwe the masse was solempny songon. masse wassolempny morwe the to London, and berye them at Westm; and there was dona dirige ryally; and onthe was the kyng and his counseill accorded to fette the bone of kyng Richard fro Langele London, in Poules at clergye In this yere [1413], onseynt Edmondes theday kyng, there wasgreta convocacion of

states: states:

47. 47. ng had settled things much to his purpose, he caused the bodie of king

96. 96.

39.

62. 62.

states:

whiche continued tyl the iiij day od Decembre; thane and is body fro Langley to Westmynstre, and buried him 250

251

249 75

248

ved. In this respect every aspect of the the of aspect every respect this In ved. rably enterred with Queen Queen with enterred rably s Langley brethren were paid paid were brethren s Langley CEU eTD Collection 102. pe Brown, 254 253 252 St.Peter within placed be to was ordered which thehearse, on put surplus wax. The Canterbury monks were paid 10 pounds for various banners borrowed from them to the supply wasto household own his that Vinstructed caseHenry this in However, Westminster. ’ IV Henry asthe same number the Westminster, to procession the accompanied torchbearers 120 to Up masses. processional on spent were marks 100 that wasestimated It pounds. 4 of acost at carriage, and coffin was performed. was burial asecond afterwards month a Denis, to Saint finally and Dame Notre to Vincennes de from Bois king dead the escorted which ceremony funeral asolemn Xwasgiven Louis death his after of Richard II, the second burial of the French King Louis X. Although on June 5, 1316 just a few days Brut Chronicle accounts the in the to According anniversary. Richard’s for used be to hearse anniversary first father’s The with a male heir male a with kings up to then lays in the need for dynastic succession. That is, Louis X did not secure the throne that took place onNovember 8. death. suffered from leprosy and consequently died of it asa divine punishment for taking part in Richard’ respectpay the to demised king and his pr new king duly observed Richards ople who were commissioned the ople whowerecommissioned for funeral ceremonyStrohm, see necessities “

Duffy, Duffy, E. R.E. Brown.“TheA. Ceremonial Royal Capetian in France: of Succession The Double Funeral Louis of X“ The Brut The

Monarchy of Capetian France and Royal C 253

“Double Funeral of Funeral “Double A parallel can be made at this point between a similar event which preceded the second burial burial second the preceded which event similar a between point this at made be can A parallel his for commissioned been had which gytons and banners the Vrequested Henry December In

Royal Tombs , 584. Duffy, 584. , s Canterbury procession, when he willingly decided to be buried there and

Henry V ordered that four candles should burn constantly around Richard’s tomb. The 254 , but left insteaduncertain an situation by proclaiming his daughter as the heir

Themain reason for such an unprecedented act themedieval in history of French 170 , Royal Tombs

Louis X Louis 252

” ’ )

anniversary. The BrutChronicle The anniversary. , 170. Seealso Evans, eremonial. edecessor and made a moral assessment that the king king the that assessment moral a made and edecessor 76

(Aldershot The Death of Kings, : Variorum,- 227 1994): ’

s at Westminster for the exequies exequies the for Westminster s at points out that Henry IV failed to IV failed thatHenry to out points

142, 143. For the full list of of list full the For 143. 142, The Trouble with Richard with Trouble The 271,

(hereafter: ’ s body body s not in ” s , CEU eTD Collection . (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008). 2008). Press, Chicago Believed He Was Kingof France, of University a True Medieval Tale. (Chicago: main idea of Philippe le Long was to use this ceremony as well as some other acts other some as well as ceremony this use to was Long le Philippe of idea main for him.for opened thecrown to path the days several after died to, birth gave Clementia Queen that son the when 260 259 258 257 256 255 the demisedking of France. rightly pointed out, the second burial was conceived for other purposes other than paying respect to Long, count of Poitiers, who was absent from the fir taketo the opportunity to seize thecrown forhimself, thatbeing thebrother X, Louis of le Phillipe boy, he would undoubtedly be considered a legitimate heir to the crown of a to birth gave she if and death his of time the at was pregnant Clementia Queen widow His apparent. portraying himself as the legitimate heir of Louis X and obtained the crown, while Henry Vwas Henry while crown, the obtained X and Louis of heir legitimate the as himself portraying i well worked apparently propaganda political absent from the first funeral the reburial of his brother proved to be the easiest approach. This form of homagepay to his demised predecessor by being present at his funeral. SincePhilippe le Long was would apparent heir the that wasexpected It X. Louis of heir thelegitimate being of demonstration to be placedover the body arrangements for it. Thesearrangements included, among other things, commissioning Turkish cloths as acts of homage. For further see Brown, presumably had the pu the had presumably a second burial but arather commemorative service. laimed the throne himself if Louis X did not have a legitimate male heir to succeed him succeed to male heir alegitimate have not Xdid Louis if himself throne the claimed have

Brown, See Giesey, Giesey, Apart fromthe funeral ceremony Philippe le Long expressed For the story of alleged of story the For This Brown, Brown,

implies that the cloth was placed over a fresh grave, which thus However, the situation was far from ideal and became fertile ground for someone who wanted Philippe le was Long Philippe themain thesec of initiator 257

“Double Funeral of Funeral “Double Royal FuneralCeremonial

“Double Funeral of Louis X” rpose of holding lighted candles placed around and above the coffin.

survival of the boy the T. see survival of

Louis X Louis 255 258

Being older than the other brothers of Louis X, Philippe le Long could

and the building of a chapelle , 43 ”,

236. . “Double Funeral of

, 231.

and

See Giesey,See

di Carpegna Falconeri (transl. W. McCuaig). n both cases. Philippe le Long was successful in in wassuccessful Long le Philippe cases. both n

Giesey, 77

st funeral of the king. As Elizabeth A. R. Brown Brown R. A. As Elizabeth king. the of funeral st Louis X Royal Funeral Ceremonial his auth his Royal Funeral Ceremonial ond burial for he made all the necessary necessary the made all for he burial ond ” , which was a wooden structure that that structure wooden a was which , ,

dismisses the theory that this act was was notact this that theory the dismisses ority by receiving oaths of fealty as well well as fealty of oaths receiving ority by - 221 271 .

France. France. , 43.

, 43. ,

The Man Who

260 259 256

as a

The The and CEU eTD Collection see see he used the means of a reburial to prove his connection to the demised king. For the matter o am Elisabeththat?“, “I I yeneverthelessexamplewho apparentlyQueen not of II know case stated Richard the 263 262 261 king the is That situation. aclear present to has from thischronicle: read be can Thefollowing IV. Henry father” “fleshly ashis much as father spiritual and predecessor Walsinghamon the reburial of the deposed king states how Henry V w affectionhis as own father. For example theconcluding sentence of the account Thomas of disturbances. any without onward II from Richard succession aslegitimate reign his presenting in successful equally Richard inherited IIwho the throne from hiscarnal father Henry IV. of son spiritual the himself calling by succession legitimate the Vpresented Henry IV. Henry from Obviously the new king tri embody the dignitas reassigned. heir cannot be considered valid. And all that was achieved by a simple reburial. asimple by wasachieved all that And valid. be considered cannot heir th that and usurper mere a was IV Henry that allegations all the to end put an thus and be the spiritual son of the deposed king he presented a continuation of the rule coming fromRichard II allinvalidating claimsdirect theother ated the throne, and at the same time by considering himself to ’ Richards of allegations the all stopped He act. simple one just with problems two II resolved Richard of wishes last the to respect paying V by Henry continuation. wasdynastic this Walsingham.

Strohm, Although Henrydid V not go so faras toclaim The Progress and Public Processions of Queen Elisabeth As Paul Strohm rightly points out that in his theory about the twobodied king Kantorowicz In the sources Henry V is often portrayed as regarding the late King Richard II with as much much as with II Richard King late the asregarding portrayed often Vis Henry sources the In

qui fatebatur se sibi tantum venerationis debere, quantum patri suo carnali ″ 263 The Trouble with Richard The Trouble

It was pointed out above that there could not be a situation in which two persons could Historia Anglicana,

at the same time, but that one must release the quality and office for another to for another office and quality the release must one that but time, same the at ed to rely on the both lines of succession coming from Richard IIas wellas

297. See also Strohm, Strohm, also See 297. ″ , 103. See also Boureau, 78 complete unity between him between complete IIasfor unity Richard and was

’s England . ed. J. Nichols. (London, 1823), 552. 552. 1823), (London, ed. J. Nichols. . dignitas Kantorowicz ’ s Empty Throne

must b must , 97, 98. 97, , 262 e assigned before it can be be can it before e assigned

The idea t idea The as venerating his demised demised his as venerating . 118.

. 261 hat followed from f Queen Elisabeth

survival, thus e reign of his

I CEU eTD Collection d anyrights possesse to the actually thronenever who and thususurper was unable to hold the dignitas unorthodox way of dealing with the transference powerof Henry won IV the unflattering title a of This office. his resign to was forced addition in and alive still was one old the because ruler new the transmission of the royal power itself. power royal the of transmission the power to reunite thebroken line in the transmission of Richard II by and doing so honour his own wishesabout the ceremony, gave the new KingHenry V King to reburial arespectful provide To II. Richard father from spiritual his another and IV Henry father legitimate his from one lineage, atwofold Vclaimed Henry aspect. atwofold acquired dynasty and true holder of the dignitas had usurped the throne but at the same time had he ac who father from his descended he that portraying in Vwassuccessful Henry act this By symbolically. 265 264 place. his take the transmission of power from one ruler to the next. The dignitas of process the in rupture irreparable an made he claim, his up back to evidence indisputable and basis father Henry IV Henry father II andthat to do without the presenceof his own legitimate by blood but dynastically ill

Strohm, See page4,and footnote 8. To give a solemn reburial to the, as Paul Strohm states, dynastically legitimate aStrohm the,asstates, give solemnfather to To dynastically Paul reburialRichard “ h Richardwit Trouble The 264

265 When Hen When , the new king overcame the difficulties that such a reburial could present could areburial such that difficulties the overcame new king the ,

ry IV had Richard II deposed and acquired the crown without any firm

for all this time,King Richard II. In this the way continuation of the

” , 104. ,

quired the royal dignitas the royal dignitas royal the

was not successfu was not

from his spiritual father father spiritual his from

and consequently the lly transmittedlly to egitimate .

CEU eTD Collection wants to be joined be to wants body it natural which to “chose” independently tosay so body political The power. of transference the in role amore had active who one wasthe politic body the of part asthe community the now because politic was abandoned at the time of the interregnum (that emerged in the moment of behaviour was considered to be unfit to bear this role. This of course doesmean not that the body t in place his take to successor the for reason the not was ruler the of death the where case clear wasa This body. political the of head reasons which proved the misrule of Richard II,making him thus unworthy of holding the title of the mere natural fact such as death was not sufficient reason per se for the transference of the power. the of transference the sefor per reason sufficient wasnot asdeath such fact mere natural problem for the transmission of the body politic to his successor. A conclusion can be drawn that this agreat as itself presented this living, the among was and body natural his of possession full in still was previous bearer of that body should be deceased. However, since the former of head the political body concluded that for the transmission of the second body, the political one, it w n if eve themonarch place take in question were could aruler of bodies two king but instead use the example of the life and reign of this Englishmonarch to test the theory of the middle. victory of Henry of Bolingbroke. Probably, as pointless to discuss whether themain reason in his fall lay in his own behaviour or in the triumphant thekin why reasons the probably were decisions personal IV. Conclusions

’ s two bodies on the primary sources. sources. primary the on bodies s two Henry The exampleof The English King Richard II did not enjoy a good fate. The political situation and some of his However, the goal of this thesis was not to reassess the reasons why Richard II met such a fate afate such met II Richard why reasons the reassess to not was thesis this of goal the However,

of Bolingbroke was successful i successful was Bolingbroke of , and that wasHen that and ,

the English King Richard II clearly demonstrates how the rupture between the he hierarchy of the political body, but the fact that themonarch his by ry ry of Bolingbroke, the future King Henry IV.

with n his quest forthe throne for he pr 80

all things, the truth can be somewhere found in the

g ended his reign so abruptly. It would be as not necessary that the the that necessary not as

still alive. It can be Itstill can alive.be esented adequate adequate esented the deposition),

CEU eTD Collection rose. Nevertheless, the point on point the Nevertheless, arose. consequences unexpected some extensiv place sources shown, was Asit throne. the to ascended he thetime by alive still was II Richard that fact the was that the deposed king was dead and was dead king deposed the was that

the burial of power from the demised ruler to his successor, II the new king on Richard of the case thron In the e. t having as regarded was particular in rite funeral this ceremony symbolised both the triumph over Death and the triumph of Death. This is the why for Henry IV and for his son and heir, Henry V. controversies ruler had come into possession of the body politic. That isthiswhy particular funeral inspiredmany so Westminster, in not etc.) serve apart insignia of will, use thelack no an of effigy, missing elements in the funeral procedure of Richard II (such as observing not the instructions of the and flaws various The rulers. medieval between power totransfer way theproper for requirements d to hold expecte wasalso IV Henry this case it would have been impossible for Henry V to receive the dignitas the Vreceive to Henry for impossible been have would caseit this imposs when he was young and who influencedmuch his of life and the courseevents of during his life, washispatron who person the for feelings deep had have well Vmay Henry II. Richard King end, t of reburial the was That so simplest the with up V came Henry problem this with deal To throne. tothe ascension his of from time it the missing ible for someone to transfer to someone for ible However, something else stood else something However, Kantorowicz correctly identified a twofold aspect of the funeral ceremony. At the same time time same the At ceremony. funeral the of aspect atwofold identified correctly Kantorowicz When Henry IV

was rupture a in this connection. The funeral ceremony did not in fact satisfy theminim and had long e space fordescribing how the deposed king actually died. From thoseaccounts even lution he could find ’ he one fromwhomeverything had to start and with whom everything had to s son ascended to the throne the problem did not go away, for the heir of -lasting d as a clear signal clear asa d

and unforeseeable consequences for the ruling House of Lancaster, Lancaster, of House ruling the for consequences unforeseeable and

dignitas

, they

, in thecirc, in dignitas in the way of Henry IVs aims of aims IVs Henry of the way in

to another person if he never hadin it the first place. In

describe to on went

he greatest symbolic importance for the transmission transmission the for importance symbolic greatest he as a clear sign of his office. It would have been been have would It office. his of sign as aclear of how not to communicate the to public that a new 81 umstances surrounding his accession his surrounding umstances

from the crown, burial performed at Langley and

then

which

his fu his

acquiring full regal powers, powers, regal full acquiring most of the sources agreed sources the of most

neral ceremony. ceremony. neral from his father if he were he if from father his

to the throne.

um um

CEU eTD Collection ceremonial. monar dignitas royal ofthe possession full burning problem. When was he being enthroned and consecr a to approach apractical than more wasnothing reburial of act this that understand and aspects sentimental from away these look must one However, not. or influence this welcomed he whether this achieved finally he And ch.

if he wanted to be able to exercise his powers as a legitimate asalegitimate powers his toexercise able tobe if wanted he by honouringby Richard II withsolemn a royal funeral 82

ated for his office, Henry V had to be in in be to Vhad Henry office, his for ated CEU eTD Collection Hall’s Chronicle Containing the History of England during the Reign of Henry the Fourth and the Great Chronicles of London Chronicles Jean. Froissart (1337- Historia VitaeetRicardiSecundi Regni Eulogium Chronicque de la Traison et Mort de Richart Deux Roy Angleterre Roy Deux Richart de Mort et Traison de la Chronicque Chroni Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II . ed. W. Stubbs. London, 1883. Knighton's Chronicle 1337 d Roy du Histoire English HistoricalEnglish Documents Metrical Jean. HistoryCreton, of the Deposition of King Richard the Second. Ed. J. Webb. London, Chronicle of London from 1089 to 1483 Capgrave John. Chronicle of England Chronicle Raphael. of England, Holinshed, Scotland andIreland. . Anglie regum Quarti et Henrici Secundi Ricardi Annales English theAn Chronicle of Reigns Adam of Usk. The Chronicle Usk. of Adam of Adam of Usk Adae Murimuth Continuatio Chronicarum SOURCES: PRIMARY Bibliography

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