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Geology of the Mammoth Cave National Park Area

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Geology of the Mammoth Cave National Park Area GEOLOGY OF THE MAMMOTH CAVE NATIONAL PARK AREA KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1962 UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY, LEXINGTON KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY WALLACE W. HAGAN Series X Director and State Geologist 1962 i Geology of the Mammoth Cave Nationa I Park A rea By Ann Livesay, 1953 Revised by Preston hlcGrain, 1962 College of Arts and Sciences SPECIAL PUBLICATION 7 UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY Frank G. Dickey, President Martin M. White, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ADVISORY BOARD Mart S. Bowne, Clearfield Elmer C. Dyer, Lexington Herman E. Knight, Madisonville J. Edward Parker, Lexington Ralph N. Thomas, Owensboro KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Wallace W. Hagan, Director and State Geologist Daniel J. Jones, State Geologist Emeritus Preston McGrain, Assistant State Geologist Edwin R. Branson, Areal Geologist Thomas J. Crawford, Geologist Edmund Nosow, Geologist James H. Poteet, Geologist William D. Rose, Geologist Edward N. Wilson, Geologist Walter L. Helton, Assistant Geologist Roger B. Potts, Chief Draftsman Elizabeth C. Alexander, Secretary Ruth M. Earnest, Administrative Assistant Daisy M. Crawford, Laboratory Assistant Sandra D. Prolfitt, Rccords 1,ibrarian T,enora C. Stinnt>tl,T.abora(ory Trcl~~~iciall 'Thelma C. Teatrr. I.al~oraloryTrc.llnici;tr~ LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL January 30,1962 Dean M. M. White College of Arts and Sciences University of Kentucky Dear Dean White: Geology of the Mammoth Cave National Park Area by Ann Livesay, 1953, is such a popular publication that two printings of 11,000 copies are exhausted. Since the cave trips have been changed and more recent and improved pictures are now available, we have revised this publication in order to update it and increase its usefulness. This report enhances the individual's appreciation of this natural wonder, Mammoth Cave. Respectfully, Wallace W. Hagan Director and State Geologist Kentucky Geological Survey COVER PHOTOS Front cover. Natural entrance to Mammoth Cave. It is situated in a deep valley near the south bank of Green River. Since 1816, when the cave was first opened to the public, hundreds of thousands of people have passed through this historic entrance to view the wonders of this out- standing scenic attraction. The Echo River, Historic, and All-day trips bcgin here. Back cover. Frozen Niagara. This is one of the most spectacular natnral features of Mammoth Cave, and was formed by the slow deposi- tion of calcium carbonate from water dripping or flowing down the cave w;~llsand over collapsed blocks of limestone. It is the largest single depositional feature in the cave, being 75 feet high and 50 feet wide, and is featured on the Frozen Niagara trip. It provides mute evidence of the power of water to dissolve limestone and redeposit the mineral material clsewhrre. Photos by W. Ray Scott National Park Concessions, Inc. ILLUSTRATIONS Page Frontispiece . Outline map of Kentucky showing geologic regions ...................... 6 Figure 1 . Geologic time chart .............................................................................. 8 2 . North-south cross section through Mammoth Cave area .................. 9 .3 . Aerial view of Dripping Springs Escarpment .................................... 10 4 . Stages in the erosion cycle of a limestone area .................................. 13 5. An early stage in the cutting of Green River Valley ........................ 15 6 . A later stage in the deepening of Green River Valley ........................ 16 7 . Formation of stalactites and stalagmites ........................................ 19 8. Drapery Room .....................................................................................20 9 . Route map of Echo River Trip ............................................................ 24 10 . Route map of Frozen Niagara Trip ...................................................... 26 11. The Cat ..................................................................................................28 12. Route map of Historic Trip ................................................................ 30 13. Saltpeter vats ...................................................................................... 31 14. Martha Washington's Statue ................................................................ 33 15. Giant's Coffin ......................................................................................35 16. Route map of All-day Trip and Scenic Trip .................................... 36-37 17. Snowball Room ......................................................................................38 Plate 1 . Figure 1. Fossiliferou8 limestone of Mississippian age .......................... 12 Figure 2 . Big Clifty Sandstone ................................................................ 12 2 . Figure 1 . Echo River outlet ...................................................................... 14 Figure 2 . Echo River in Mammoth Cave ................................................ 14 3 . Figure 1. Cedar Sink in Mammoth Cave National Park .......................... 17 Figure 2 . Entrance to Hidden River Cave at Horse Cave, Kentucky .... 17 4 . Figure 1 . Helictites .................................................................................... 22 9 Figure 2 . Gypsum rosette ..........................................................................-.- 9 5 . Figure 1. Ruins of Karnak ........................................................................ 2.5 Figure 2 . Bottomless Pit ............................................................................ 25 1 6 . Figure 1. Rimstone dams ....................................................................... 27 Figure 2 . Boone Avenue ............................................................................ 27 7. Figure 1. Stalactites and stalagmites in Onyx Colonade ........................ 29 4 Figure 2 . Crystal Lake in Mammoth Cave .............................................. 29 8 . Figure 1. The Rotunda ............................................................................ 32 Figure 2 . Audubon Avenue ......................................................................32 9. Figure 1. Spongy growths of calcium carbonate in Mammoth Onyx Cave ........................................................ 34 Figure 2 . Onyx Chamber in Mammoth Cave ........................................ 34 GEOLOGIC REGIONS OF KENTUCKY MISSISSIPPIAN BLUEGRASS PLATEAUS Frontispiece. Outline map of Kentucky showing geologic regions and the location of Mammoth Cave National Park. The oldest (Ordovi- cian) rocks exposed in the State are found in the Bluegrass region and progressively younger rocks outcrop on either side of this area. The coal fields contain rocks of Pennsylvanian age. In the generalized cross section the versical scale is greatly exaggerated. INTRODUCTION The Mammoth Cave area, in east-central Edmonson County, Ken- tucky, is one of the world's famous cave regions. A hunter named Houchins is rumored to have chased a wounded bear into a prev- iously unknown cave in the late 1700's, thus discovering one of the great natural wonders of the world. This booklet is written to pro- vide answers to questions which might arise in the visitor's mind concerning the location and formation of this and other caves of the area. Geological literature contains much information about various aspects of Mammoth Cave and its special features, but no attempt has been made previously to present this material in a semitechnical fashion. Some of the more important scientific references have been included in a list at the end of this discussion for those who may want to study further the technical details concerning cavern development. REGIONAL SETTING Age of Rocks-The rocks of the area date back about 325 million years1 to that division of geological time called the Mississippian Period. Vast regions of this state and many others were then covered by shallow seas in which layer upon layer of clay, silt, sand, and lime- stone were forming. The limestone was formed from mineral matter in the sea water and from the shells and other parts of animals and plants that lived there. Fossil remains can be seen in these rocks in many places. Sediments from nearby land sources were carried by rivers and streams to these Mississippian seas and were deposited there as mud, now hardened into shale, and sand and gravel, now hardened into sandstone. Similar processes now in operation are forming layers of sediments in ocean and lake basins. Thus, about 1,200 feet of Mississip- pian limestones, sandstones and shales came into existence. The caves were formed much later. Earth Movenzents Afect Cave Area-At the beginning of the Penn- sylvanian Period, crustal movements of the earth caused the seas to withdraw from this area as the whole region was slowly warped up- ward. During this slow upraising, rivers flowing over the newly 'Estimates of various geological age dates are revised from time to time as further information and data are gathered. The time of formation of the lilnestone in which Mammoth Cave is formed is estimated to be between 310 and 825 million years ago. formed land surface deposited layers of sand and gravel, some in delta-like form, which were later covered by other layers above to form rocks known to be Pennsylvanian in age. At the close of the Paleozoic Era, the earth's crust in this region was warped upward into a great dome-like structure called the Cincinnati Arch. This fea- ture can be seen in the cross-sectional
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