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Journal of African and Global Issues Quarterly (JAGIQ) Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021 Journal of African and Global Issues Quarterly (JAGIQ) Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021 i Journal of African and Global Issues Quarterly (JAGIQ) Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021 Copyright and Permissions © 2021 The Havilah Glo Marketing Authors are responsible for proper acknowledgements of sources of all forms, including figures and graphics. Where using sources that are not original, authors should request appropriate permissions from the copyright holder(s). The editor may, where necessary, demand evidence of such permission(s) before accepting manuscripts for publication. ISSN: 2709-8478 (PRINT) 2710-0073 (ONLINE) Published by The Havilah Glo Marketing, South Africa. ii Journal of African and Global Issues Quarterly (JAGIQ) Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021 Aim & Scope of the Journal The Journal of African And Global Issues Quarterly (JAGIQ) would re-engage the multiple lingering challenges within the African discourse with a view to adopting most appropriates means of addressing Africa’s growing challenges within regional and global contexts. Hence, the journal would achieve these goals by providing a robust platform for intellectual engagement and stimulation among scholars, academicians, diplomats, security experts, administrators, and even policy makers. The Journal of African And Global Issues Quarterly (JAGIQ) is a double -blind review and open access journal with a focus on publishing original research articles, scientific and theoretical research, conceptual and empirical works, case studies, comparative studies, field work reports and review which touches around the thematic field of core African emerging issues within the context of global interaction. The JAGIQ would encourage submission of articles across the sub discipline of Political Science, International Relations, Security Studies, Economics, Geography, History and Diplomatic Studies, Sociology, Psychology, Peace and Conflict Studies, and History. Issues Manuscript submission would be on a rolling basis, and peer reviewed articles reflecting tabular forms of responses to reviewer comments and resubmitted to JAGIQ would be published frequently three times a year (April, August and December). The journal will be abstracted and indexed in well refereed and most authoritative academic databases such as EBSCO, ProQuest and Sabinet and accredited by IBSS and Scopus. iii Journal of African and Global Issues Quarterly (JAGIQ) Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021 Members of Editorial Board In order to improve the robust scholarly engagement in the discourse on Africa, the JAGIQ boasts of an assemblage of seasoned, accomplished and renowned expert and scholars of various sub discipline across Africa. The members are; Prof. Emmanuel Remi AIYEDE, Dept of Political Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Prof. Lere AMUSAN, Dept of Political Studies and International Relations, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa Prof. Muhlya Tshombe LUKAMBA, Dept of Public Administration and Administration, Vanderbijlpark Campus, North West University, South Africa. Prof. Emmanuel BOTHHALE, Dept of Public Administration and Administrative Studies, University of Bostwana Prof. Anthony Mayowa OLADOYIN, Dept of Public Administration, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile -Ife, Osun State Prof. Kgothatso SHAI, Dept of Cultural and Political Studies, University of Limpopo, South Africa Prof. Shola Omotola, Department of Political Science, Federal University Oye Ekiti (FUOYE), Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria Dr. Kayode EESUOLA, Dept of Political Science, University of Lagos Ms Chukwuekwu Kesiena Ojakorotu- South Africa (Editorial Secretary) Editor –in-Chief Prof. Victor Ojakorotu, Department of Political Studies and International Relations, North West University South Africa. Editor: iv Journal of African and Global Issues Quarterly (JAGIQ) Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021 Dr Kelechi Johnmary Ani, Dept of History & Strategic Studies, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Nigeria. [email protected] Editorial Note Since the end of the Cold War, many African countries have been enmeshed in a series of protracted conflict, accounting for internally displaced persons, refugee and migration crisis as well as the death of thousands of civilians. Acknowledging that these obstinate conflicts impede meaningful advancement, African countries via the African Union and in conjunction with international organizations have persistently fashioned out various peace frameworks with a view to nipping these conflicts in the bud. Nonetheless, majority of Africa countries have witnessed a relapse into deadly conflict with manifestations in the increasing trends of terrorism, organized violence, ethnic and religious crisis, secession and even political violence. Regardless, the African continent continues to dominate discourse across the globe with no end in sight. Consequently, a series of actors have pointed out that such continuous relevance further demonstrates the changing nature of increasing reality associated with global politics, some others have dismissed such position. While these varying positions remain prevalent, existing academic journals on the subject matter have further worsen the situation due to their inability to provide the required attention these emerging issues requires. This first volume presents articles that captured the changing dynamics and problems of democracy, governance and conflict-based relations in a number of African states, with special focus on the Lake Chad region. It outlined the ways in which these challenges that have caused massive poverty could be managed through food security, business education, diplomacy, peacebuilding and good governance. You are therefore encouraged to relax and go through the content of this issue. Dr Kelechi Johnmary Ani, Department of History & Strategic Studies, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Nigeria & Visiting Scholar, International Relations and Diplomacy, University of the Gambia [email protected]. v Journal of African and Global Issues Quarterly (JAGIQ) Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021 CONTENTS THE CHALLENGES OF DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION IN AFRICA: NIGERIA’S FOURTH REPUBLIC EXPERIENCE Etebom John Monday, Olawoyin Kayode Wakili & Dr. (Mrs) O.A. Aluko 1 PRE-COLONIAL ICHI CONFLICT: FOCUS ON CRISIS DEVELOPMENT AND PEACEBUILDING STRATEGIES Kelechi Johnmary Ani, Chisom Favour Nwokebi & Vincent Anyika 20 “THE HUNGRY FOOD SUPPLIERS”: AN EXAMINATION OF POVERTY AND FOOD PRODUTION AMONG THE RURAL FARMERS OF NKANU LAND Chukwuemeka Mbah 37 HISTORICAL REVIEW OF TRADITIONAL DIPLOMACY AND CONFLICT IN ISUOKOMA John Chimezie Onu, Timothy Anyanwu & Kelechi Johnmary Ani 64 A HISTORY OF WATER CONFLICT AMONG RIPARIAN STATES OF THE LAKE CHAD Maryam Mohammed Jungudo 77 BECOMING A BUSINESS TEACHER IN NIGERIA: A PROCEDURAL ANALYSIS Nwagwu, Lazarus N. 90 PARTY POLITICS AND CHALLENGES OF NATIONAL INTEGRATION IN NIGERIA Nelson Goldpin Obah-Akpowoghaha & Ousman Mamakeh Bojang, PhD 101 vi Journal of African and Global Issues Quarterly (JAGIQ) Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021 THE CHALLENGES OF DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION IN AFRICA: NIGERIA’S FOURTH REPUBLIC EXPERIENCE Etebom John Monday Department of Local Government Studies Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. Nigeria Email- [email protected] +2348034894350 Olawoyin Kayode Wakili Department of Political Science, Osun State University. Nigeria Email- [email protected] 070066662659 & Dr. (Mrs) O.A. Aluko Department of Local Government and Development Studies Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife [email protected] Abstract Nigeria pride herself as one of the giants in the continents of Africa owing to its population, landscape and natural resources endowment. Nigeria, like most Africa countries gained her independence from the Britain in the late 1950s during the cold war that reshaped global politics and enthroned democracy as the most acceptable form of government in the world. Nigeria’s journey into nationhood has been characterized by several events ranging from military intervention to civil war, ethno-religious conflicts, corruption, political instability, insecurity and economic crisis among others. Nigeria’s return to democratic rule in 1999 after about three decades of military rule raised the hope of its citizens that constitutionalism, rule of law and credible democratic process will be restored; almost two decades after, six successful democratic transitions and general elections, the country is still struggling to consolidate its democratic process. Elections have been hailed as the hallmark of democracy, but the challenge of conducting free and credible elections that will be acceptable by all parties has being a challenge in Nigeria’s fourth republic. The story is not different in most African countries, for example, Kenya’s Presidential elections among others. - 1 - Journal of African and Global Issues Quarterly (JAGIQ) Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021 This paper takes an historical analysis into Nigeria’s post-independence political experience, it empirically reviewed it trends since her return to democracy in 1999, identified the challenges of democratic consolidation in the country and finally, proffer solutions that will strengthen and enthrone democracy in the country and the continent at large. The paper is qualitative in nature; it relied on the author’s compilations and secondary sources of data. Data collected were analyzed using content analysis method. Key words: Democracy, consolidation, fourth republic, election and corruption. Introduction Nigeria’s return to democratic rule on 29 May, 1999 after almost three decades
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