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Mormon Colonization of the San Luis Valley, Colorado, 1878-1900

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Mormon Colonization of the San Luis Valley, Colorado, 1878-1900 Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 1966 Mormon Colonization of the San Luis Valley, Colorado, 1878-1900 Judson Harold Flower Jr. Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Cultural History Commons, and the Mormon Studies Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Flower, Judson Harold Jr., "Mormon Colonization of the San Luis Valley, Colorado, 1878-1900" (1966). Theses and Dissertations. 4691. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4691 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. MORMON colonization OF tiie SAN LUIS VALLEY COLORADO 187819001878 1900 A nesneethesisis presented to the department of history brigham young university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree master of arts by judson harold flower jr may 1966 PPREFACERE FACE early mormon settlements have a particular attraction fforfocor the mormon historian in them we can observe the trial and error process of molding societies to the pattern of a religious belief which was the preferred procedure and of adapting a religious program to the needs and circumstances of a particular situation which though some- times unavoidable was from the viewpoint of church leaders often the reverse of what was intended we see also the difficulties of mai- ntaining a uniform and consistent system of colonial development and expansion and the methods and administrative machinery used in govern- ing such a tiyaflysslyssystemtem in these settlements many of us see our own ffore-oreoce fathers who faced the rigors of frontier life in an era that to most Morcormonsmormonsmons takes on an aura of towering strength indomitable fortitude and moral excellence the historian who undertakes a study of these early settlements must be prepared to suffer a certain disillusionment as epic figures turn out to be more nearly life sized he will no doubt encounter a few skeletons in the church family closet but this need not diminish his respect for the sturdy folk who undertook the establishment of such settlements rather it serves to make them seem more real more genuinely human and seeing them in this light makes their accomplishments stand out all the more brightly knowing that their deeds were the deeds not of mythical giants but of mere and fallible mortals the history of the mormon colonization of the san luis valley holds a particular interest for the writer who was born in the valley iii and spent the early years of his youth among those who helped to make the history which is the subject of this thesis the study undertaken here has satisfied a lingering curiosity about the events and circum- stances associated with the establishment and development of the small mormon community in which he was reared A special debt of gratitude is owed many people whose helpfulness and operationcooperationco made the completion of this studystudy possible first to dr leroy R hafen who as thesis chairman patiently read and corrected the first drafts of the work and whose unmatched knowledge of early colorado history helped greatly in laying the background for this study second to brother A william lund and his staff of assistants at the church historianhistorians office in salt lake city who made possible the re- searching of early church records and manuscripts relating to the san luis valley third to the officials and employees at the county court house in Coneconejosjosjoe colorado who gave me access to official documents and records in their possession and allowed me to work over under and around them in the pursuit of resource materials also to generous and thoughtful relatives who welcomed this long departed native of the valley into their homes and provided him with bed and board during the time spent in their midst doing research and last but by no means least to my wife and children who understandingly tolerated my hermit like tendencies during the final stages of the work J H F iv TABLE OF CONIENTSCONTENTS page preface iii list of illustrations vii chapter I1 treTHE stanSANSIAN LUIS VALLEY BEFORE TRETHE ARRIVAL OF THETOEmoe MORMONS 1 geographic setting early exploration and settlement colorado in the 1870s II11 background AND preparation FOR settlement 17 mormon colonization practices factors contributing to the colonization of the san luis valley iliIII111 INITIAL colonization OF tiietileTHE SAN LUIS VALLEY BY SOUTHERN salnisSAINISSAINTS 26 winter 1877781877 78 in the barracks at pueblo first mormon settlers in the valley spring 1878 IV additionalADDIMONAL ARRIVAISARRIVALS treTOETHEwoemoe BEGINNING OF FORMAL CHURCH organization AND TOWNSIIETOWNSITE development 0 4pap 36 utah saints arrive in the san luis valley more saints arrive from pueblo church organization and activity selection of the townsite of manassa second migration from the southern states voV TOETHEmoe INFLUX OF MORMON COLONISTS CONTINUES settlement OF MANASSA EPHRAIM AND RICHFIELD 0 48 the founding and development of manassa the cormonsmormons encounter violence and opposition in the south organization of the manassa branch continuing arrival of emigrants into the valley the settlement of ephraim the settlement of richfield disagreement between utah and southern saints more emigrants manassa branch reorganized organization of the san luis stake VI 1884 A YEAR OF opposition AND dissension 75 antantiantl i mormon apposopposoppositionit ionlon apostasyapostacyApostacy and dissension positive accomplishments v page VII OUVARDOUTWARD EXPANSION FROM NANASSAMANASSA NEW COLONIES established IN COLORADO AND NEW MEXICO 90 causes underlying the expansion of settlements sanford jarjarosojaccarosoos 0 morgan renewed opposition to polygamy the edmunds tucker bill death of president john taylor land matters incorporation of manassa blanca fox creek eastdaleEasteasedaledale the mexican colonization and agricultural company beulah sunflower el rito saints disperse throughout the valley VIII CHURCH organizational DEVELOPdevelopmentsmentsMENIS 188519001885 1900 119 local church affairs 188518901885 1890 the woodruff manifesto 1891 re establishment of the richfieldrichfricha leid ward reorganization of the stake presidency further church organizational developments to 1900 apostle john W taylors visit to the valley IX ECONOMIC development IN THETOEwoemoe MORMON COLONIES 136 scarcity of economic records general economic practices agricultural development labor employment opportunities private and operativecooperativeco enterprise X EDUCATION recreation AND fraternization 150 education in the mormon colonies of the san luis valley recreation relations with non cormonsmormons in colorado XI SUMTSUMTARYSUMMARYARYmry AND evaluation 166 status of the mormon settlements in the san luis valley 1900 evaluation gibliographybibliographyfiibliography 181 appendix 186 viVI LIST OF illustrations figure page 1 topographical map of the san luis valley 4 2 map of the political subdivisions and principal towns of the san luis valley colorado 1878 14 3 route of utah saints to the san luis valley 1878 40 4 map showing location of the mormon towns of manassa ephraim and richfield 65 5 mormon settlements in the san luis valley and new mexico 117 viivilvlavimVIA CHAPIERCHAPTER I1 treIRETHE SAN LUIS VALLEY BEFORE nieDIETOEmoe ARRIVAL OF theTOEwoemoe MORMONS geographic settsetting the san luislulsluialuin valley itis located high in the rocky mountains of colorado and new mexico the general lay of the valley iain north southbouthmouth with the 106th meridian running through the western portion the val- ley isia approximately one hundred and fifty milesmilea in length all but about forty milesmilea of which liesilesllesliea inside the colorado border itsita width averagesaveragesagea between forty and fifty milesmilea being greatestgreateat at the middle of itsita north south course and narrowing almost to a point at either end the valley floor slopes gradually from an elevation of 8000 feet 1 at the northernmostnorthernmostmoat point to 7000 feet at the southernsouaouthern end in view of itsita great elevation the vast expanse of the valley isia remarkable andrand mcnally illustratedilluatratedatlaaatlasatias of todays world new york rand mcnallymcna11y&& company 1962 vilVII 57273572 73 VIII 66061660 61 2 and vice versa indeed the combination of these two factorfactors make the san luislulsluia valley a rather unique geographic phenomenon the exact nature of the geologic structure of the valley isia a tillstill a matter of some disputedisdladiapute in 1875 an extensive geological and geo- graphical survey waswaa conducted under the direction of PF V hayden united states geologist at which time the opinion waswaa formed by those making the turveysurvey that the san luis valley waswaa once covered by two large lakes northern and southern which were divided by a slightalight rise of the valley floor in the vicinity of present day garland 2 mostmoat modern authorities disagree with thisthia opinion claiming instead that the valley floor which isia composed largely of tremendous amounts of a andsand and gravel was formed by the melting waters of great glaciers which filled the canyons of the surrounding mountains during the last ice age 3 niethehiesarisan luis valley is completely enclosed by mountains on the westwent it is
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