Preliminary Inventory of the Biota of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area

PRELIMINARY INVENTORY OF THE BIOTA OF WOODSON COUNTY STATE FISHING LAKE AND GAME MANAGEMENT AREA

No. 5 December 17, 1976

Reports of the State Biological Survey of Kansas

Jan Caldwell, Editor CONTENTS

Introduction 1

Lichens 3

Mosses . 4

Liverworts 6

Vascular Plants 9

Invertebrates 40

Vertebrates 62 INTRODUCTION

This report was prepared at the request of the Natural and Scientific Areas Advisory Board, which was formed as a part of the State Park and Resources Authority. The report is for use of the Advisory Board and no part of the report is to be used without per mission of the Board and the State Park and Resources Authority.

In preparing this inventory of the biota of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area, the State Biological Survey of Kansas began work in the early spring of 1976. Much previous work in the general area was consulted and Survey field parties visited the site on numerous occasions during the summer of 1976.

Because of the magnitude of the effort, and the very large number of organisms present, certain groups received attention and others had to be neglected. For plants we made a careful inventory of all vascular plants, lichens, mosses, and liverworts. Time did not allow consideration of algae and fungi and the list of lichens represents about one-third of the expected taxa in the area.

Our work with animals was focused on the aquatic macro-invertebrates. Time was not devoted to fish or game animals as these forms were to be covered by another agency. The very large group of terrestrial inverte brates were not inventoried for lack of time and facilities.

Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area is at the northern limit of the Cross Timbers Natural Vegetation Area of Kuchler (1964, 1974). In general, this vegetation type consists of tall grass prairie with broadleaf deciduous trees scattered singly or in extensive groves. The dominant species are Andropogon gerardii, !'!:.:_ scoparius, Bouteloua curtipendula, Sorghastrum avenaceum, Quercus mari landica, and Quercus stellata. The Cross Timbers extends from Texas to Kansas and, in Kansas, the area from Sedan, Chautauqua County, to just north of Yates Center, Woodson County, is most commonly referred to as the Chautauqua Hills. This same area is part of the Texan Biotic Province of Dice (1943). The area is bounded on the east by the Osage Plains, on the west by the Flint Hills, and on the north by the I l linoian Bi otic Province. The Carolinian Biotic Province influences this area from the east, and the Kansan Biotic Province from the west. The Chautauqua Hills is unique in that it is a discrete area with three boundaries which form transition zones. For a rather comprehensive description of the flora of the Cahutauqua Hills, see Lathrop (1958).

Because the Woodson County State Fishing Lake area has been largely undisturbed since 1933, populations of plants have increased and many

1 species difficult to locate elsewhere in the Chautauqua Hills can readily be found in this area. In the years ahead this semi-preserve will become more and more valuable as a near natural area.

Literature Cited

Dice, L.R. 1943. The Biotic Provinces of North America. Univ. Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 78 p.

Kuchler, A.W. 1964. The potential natural vegetation of the conter minous United States. Am. Geogr. Soc., Spec. Puhl. No. 36.

Kuchler, A.W. 1974. A new vegetation map of Kansas. Ecology 55: 586-604.

Lathrop, Earl . 1958. The flora and ecology of the Chautauqua Hills in Kansas. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 39:97-209.

2 LICHENS OF THE WOODSON COUNTY STATE FISHING LAKE AND GAME MANAGEMENT AREA

Ronald L. McGregor

The lichen flora of Kansas has not been carefully inventories or studied, although general collections have been made in the state. Fortunately the Woodson County Lake area has received some special attention as has the Chautauqua Hills region. Of 22 species of lichens found on the lake property, six of these are known from Kansas only from this site. These are Cladonia piedmontensis Merrill; C.p. f. squamulosa Robbins; Cladonia robbinsii Evans;~.£:... f. squamulosa Evans; Pertu- saria leioplaca (Ach.) Lam. & DC . ; and Rhizocarpon alboatrum (Hoffm.) Auzi. No doubt a careful search of other Chautauqua Hills areas would reveal the presence of these species elsewhere.

Checklist of Lichens

Baeomyces roseus Pers. Baeomyces rufus (Huds.) Rebent Cladonia capitata (Michx.) Spreng f. imbricatula (Nyl.) Evans Cladonia cryptochlorophaea Asahina Cladonia furcata (Hurls.) Schrad var. racemosa (Hoffm.) Floerke Cladonia piedmontensis Merrill Cladonia piedmontensis Merrill£. squamulosa Robbins Cladonia pleurota (Floerke) Schaer Cladonia robbinsii Evans Cladonia robbinsii Evans f . squamulosa Evans Lecanora versicolor (Pers . ) Ach. Parmelia borreri Turner Parmelia conspersa (Elj.rh.) Ach. Parmelia rudecta Ach. Peltigera canina (1.) Willd. Pertusaria leioplaca (Ach.) Lam & DC. Physcia stellaris (1.) Nyl. Rhizocarpon alboatrum (Hoffm.) Anzi Rhi nodinia ocellata (Hof fm . ) Arn. Teleoschistes candelarius (1.) Fi nk Teloschistes polycarpus (Ehrh.) Tuck . Urceolaria scurposa (Schreb.) Ach.

3 MOSSES OF THE WOODSON COUNTY STATE FISHING LAKE AND GAME MANAGEMENT AREA

Ronald L, McGregor

While the moss flora of Kansas is much better known than the lichens, this group still needs considerable field study before the total number of taxa and distribution of species is adequately known. An unpublished thesis on the mosses of the Chautauqua Hills (Smith, KU) exists and the moss flora of the lake property was rather carefully inventoried. Of some 44 species located, six are known in Kansas only from the immediate lake area. These are Diphyscium foliosum (Hedw.) Mohr.; Fissidens debilis Schw.; ~ obtusifolius Wils.; Leptodictyum tricho podium (Schultz) Warnst.; Pohlia wahlenbergii (W. & M.) Andr.; and Sphagnum capillaceum (Weiss.) Schrank. In addition Fissidens minutulus Sull. is known elsewhere in Kansas from one locality in Wilson County. It is unlikely that more than a few additional species of mosses will be found around the lake. Those known in Kansas only from the lake area will no doubt be found elsewhere in the Chautauqua Hills, but they will be rare.

Checklist of Mosses

Amblystegium varium (Hedw.) Lindl. Atrichum heterostichum (Hedw.) Bry. Eur. Barbula crugeri Sond. Brachythecium oxycladon (Brid.) J. & S. Brachythecium salebrosum (W. & M.) Bry. Eur. Brotherella recurvans (Mx,) Fleisch Climacium americanum Brid. Desmatodon porteri James Diphyscium foliosum (Hedw.) Mohr. Ditrichum pallidum (Hedw.) Hampe Drummondia prorepens (Hedw.) Jenn. Entodon cladorrhizans (Hedw.) C. M. Entodon seductrix (Hedw.) C. M. Fissidens debilis Schw. Fissidens minutulus Sull. Fissidens obtusifolius Wils. Funaria flavicaus Mx. Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. Grimmia laevigata (Brid.) Brid. Grimmia olneyi Kindb. Grimmi a pulvinata (Hedw . ) Sw.

4 Hedwigia ciliata Hedw. Homomallium admatum (Hedw.) Broth. Hygroamblystegium irriguum (Wils.) Loeske Leptodictyum trichopodium (Schultz) Warnst Leskea gracilescens Hedw. Leucobryum glaucum (Hedw.) Schimp. Leucodon julaceus (Hedw.) Sull. Mnium cuspidatum Hedw. Orthotrichum pumilum Dicks Physcomitrum pyriforme Brid. Pleuridium sullivantii Aust. Pogonatum brachyphyllum (Rich.) Beauv. Pohlia nutans (Hedw.) Lindb. Pohlia wahlenbergii (W. & M.) Audr. Polytrichum commune Hedw. Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. Ptychomitrium incurvum (Wald.) Sull. Sematophyllum carolinianum (C. M.) E.G.B. Sphagnum capillaceum (Weiss) Schrank Thelia lescurii Sull. Thuidium delicatulum (Hedw.) Mitt. Tortella humilis (Hedw.) Jenn. Weisia viridula Hedw.

Literature Cited

Smith, R.H. 1961. Mosses of the Chautauqua Hills in Kansas. Unpubl. Master's thesis. Univ. Kansas, Lawrence, 38 p.

5 LIVERWORTS OF WOODSON COUNTY STATE FISHING LAKE AND GAME MANAGEMENT AREA

Ronald L. McGregor

Of the groups of lower plants, the inventory for Kansas is most complete for the liverworts. In Kansas 67 species of liverworts are known and 40 of these occur on the lake property; five are known in Kansas only from this site. These are: Plectocolea crenuliformis (Aust.) Mitt.; Cephalozia catenulata (Ruben.) Spr.; ~ media Lindb.; Calypogeia mulleriana (Schiffn.) K. Muller.; and Plagiochasma repestre (Forst.) Steph. Two other species are known from one other county, and three are known from two other counties.

Several species of liverworts have a distribution southward in the Texan Biotic Province to the Edwards Plateau of Texas. Oxymitra paleacea Bischoff, for example, reaches its most northern point of distribution in North America in the Woodson Lake area, and is found southward throughout Oklahoma and into the Edwards Plateau region of Texas. It is found again in Central Mexico, in Argentina, and in the northern Tanganyika Territor y of Africa.

Checklist of Liverworts

ANTHOCEROTACEAE

Anthoceros punctatus L. Phaeoceros laevis (1.) Proskauer

SPHAEROCARPACEAE

Sphaerocarpus michelii Bellardi Sphaerocarpus t exanus Aust.

LOPHOZIACEAE

Lophozia bicrenata (Schmid.) Dumort

JUNGERMANNIACEAE

Jamesoniella autumalis (D.C.) Steph. Plectocolea crenulifonnis (Aust.) Mitt. Plectocolea fossombronioides (Aust.) Mitt. Plectocolea hyalina (Lyell) Mitt.

6 LOPHOCOLEACEAE

Lophocolea bidentata (L.) Dumort Lophocolea heterophylla (Schrad. ) Dumort

SCAPANIACEAE

Scapania nemorosa (L.) Dtnnort

CEPHALOZIELLACEAE

Cephaloziella byssacea (Roth.) Warnstf. Cephaloziella rubella (Nees) Davin.

CEPHALOZIACEAE

Cephalozia bicuspida ta (L.) Dumort Cephalozia catenulata (Ruben.) Spr. Cephalozia media Lindb .

CAL YPOGEIACEAE

Calypogeia mulleriana (Schiffn.) K. Muller Calypogeia trichomanis (L.) Corda

LEJEUNEACEAE

Cololejeunea biddlecomiae (Aust.) Evans

FRULLANIACEAE

Frullania eborocensis Gottsche Frullania inflata Gottsche Frullania riparia Hampe

FOSSOMBRONIACEAE

Fossombronia brasiliensis Steph. Fossombronia foveolata Lindb.

REBOULIACEAE

Asterella tenella (L . ) Beauv. Manni a fragrans (Balt.) Frye and Cl ark Plagiochasma rupestre (Forst.) Steph. Reboulia hemisphaerica (L . ) G. L. and N.

CONOCEPHALACEAE

Conocephalum cini cum (L.) Du.mart

7 MARCHANTIACEAE

Marchantia polymorpha L.

OXYMITRACEAE

Oxymitra paleacea Bischoff.

RICCIACEAE

Riccia beyrichiana Hampe Riccia campbelliana Howe Riccia dictyospora Howe Riccia frostii Aust. Riccia hirta (Aust.) Underw. Riccia lamellosa Raddi Riccia sorocarpa Bisch. Riccia trichocarpa Howe

8 VASCULAR PLANTS OF THE WOODSON COUNTY STATE FISHING LAKE AND GAME MANAGEMENT AREA

Ralph E. Brooks and Ronald L. McGregor

Extensive field studies in recent years have made the distribution of vascular plants better known in Kansas than any other region in the Great Plains. These past studies coupled with numerous field trips to the Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area in 1976 provide a sound basis for evaluating the vascular flora of the area.

In 1966, Barker listed 671 taxa from Woodson County (unpublished M.A. thesis, Kansas State Teachers College). We now have records for 767 taxa in the county and of that number 624 grow within the boundaries of the Game Management Area. The latter figure represents approximately 30% of the total vascular flora in Kansas. Few, if any, other areas in the state of equivalent size have the diversity of taxa and population stability exhibited in this area.

That the lake and game management area have remained relatively undisturbed for over 40 years is evident from the number of species existing locally in sizable thriving populations. Some of these plants are rare elsewhere in Kansas. The majority of such examples are southern species occurring in Kansas through the Chautauqua Hills or southern Osage Plains. These species occur primarily south and east of the lake property and include the following: Carex hirsutella, Luzula campestris, Rhyncospora macrostachya, Scleria pauciflora, Gymnopogon ambiguus, Ranunculus fascicularis, Paronychia fastigiata, Agalinis gattingeri, Chaetopappa asteroides, and Hieracium grovonii.

The lakeshore area is the only known station in Kansas for a small sedge-related plant, Fimbristylis vahlii, that periodically becomes abundant. The species is primarily distributed along the coastal plains region of the southern United States, but isolated populations are reported in some more northern and western areas of the country.

Sever al species typical of the Flint Hills or more western areas occur in substantial numbers in the park. These are Callirhoe involu crata, Cuscuta indecora, Bidens comosa, and Hemicarpa drummondii. South of the lake dam along the stream valley numerous northeastern woodland species are encountered. The most unusual for the area include Dicentra cucullaria, Agastache nepe toides, Thalictrum dasycarpum, Triosteum auranticum, Bromus pubescens, Festuca obtusa, Poa sylvestris, and Poly- gonatum biflorum. The Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area provides a combination of normall y expected native species and a considerable number of plants unusual to Kansas. It is truly a unique pres erve for the vascular flora of eastern Kansas.

9 Checklist of Vascular Plants

Division I. LYCOPODIOPHYTA

SELAGINELLACEAE (Spikemoss Family)

SELAGINELLA Beauv. S. rupestris (1.) Spring Rock Spikemoss

Division III. POLYPODIOPHYTA

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (Adder's Tongue Family)

BOTRYCHIUM Sw. B. virginianum (1.) Sw. Rattlesnake Fern

POLYPODIACEAE (Fern Family)

ASPLENIUM L. A. platyneuron (L.) Oakes Ebony Spleenwort

CYSTOPTERIS Bernh. C. protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell c. tennesseensis Shaver

DRYOPTERIS Adans. D. marginalis (1.) Gray Leather Woodfern

PELLAEA Link P. atropurpurea (L.) Link Purple-stemmed Cliffbrake

WOODSIA R. Br. w. obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Blunt-lobedWoodsia

Division IV. PINOPHYTA

CUPRESSACEAE (Cypress Family)

JUNIPERUS L. J . virginiana L. Red Cedar

Division V. MAGNOLIOPHYTA

Class Magnoliatae

ANNONACEAE (Custard Apple Fami ly)

ASIMINA Adans. A. triloba (1.) Dun. Paw paw

10 CERATOPHYLLACEAE (Hornwort Family)

CERATOPHYLLUM L~ C. demersum L. Hornwort

RANUNCULACEAE (Crowfoot Family)

ANEMONE L. A. caroliniana Walt. Carolina Anemone

AQUILEGIA L. A. canadensis L. American Columbine

DELPHINIUM L. D. tricorne Michx. Rock Larkspur D. virescens Nutt. Plains Larkspur

RANUNCULUS L. R. abortivus L. Littleleaf Buttercup R. fascicularis Muhl. Tufted Buttercup R. sceleratus L. Blister Buttercup

THALICTRUM L. T. dasycarpum Fisch. & Ave-Lall. Purple Meadowrue

MENISPERMACEAE (Moonseed Family)

MENISPERUM L. M. canadense L. Moonseed

FUMARIACEAE (Fumitory Family)

CORYDALIS Medic. C. crystallina Engelm. Mealy Corydalis C. micrantha (Engelm.) Gray Smallflowered Corydalis

DICENTRA D. cucullaria (L.) Bernh. Dutchman's Breeches

PLANTANACEAE (Plane Tree Family)

PLATANUS L. P. occidentalis L. Sycamore

ULMACEAE (Elm Family)

CELTIS L. C. occidentalis L. Common Hackberry

11 ULMUS L. U. americana L. American Elm U. pumila L. Siberian Elm U. rubra Muhl. Red Elm

MORACEAE (Mulberry Family)

MACLURA Nutt. M. pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. Osage Orange

MORUS L. M. alba L. White Mulberry M. rubra L. Red Mulberry

CANNABACEAE (Hemp Family)

HUMULUS L. H. lupulus L. Hops

URTICACEAE (Nettle Family)

BOEHMERIA Jacq. B. cylindrica (L.) Sw. False Nettle

PARIETARIA L. P. pensylvanica Muhl. Pellitory

PILEA Lindl. P. pumila (L.) Gray Clearweed

URTICA L. u. dioica L. ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Selander Tall Nettle

JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family)

CARYA Nutt. c. cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch Bitternut Hickory C. illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch Pecan C. ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. Shagbark Hickory

JUGLANS L. J. nigra L. Black Walnut

FAGACEAE (Beech Family)

QUERCUS L. Q. borealis Michx. f. var. maxima (Marsh.) Ashe Northern Red Oak Q. macrocarpa Michx. Bur Oak Q. marilandica Muenchh. Blackjack Oak Q. muehlengergii Engelm. Chestnut Oak

12 QUERCUS L. (con't.) Q. palustris Muenchh. Pin Oak Q. shumardii Buckl. Shumard Oak Q. stellata Wang. Post Oak Q. velutina Lam. Black Oak PHYTOLACCACEAE (Pokeweed Family)

PHYTOLACCA L. P. americana L. Pokeweed

NYCTAGINACEAE (Four-o'clock Family)

MIRABILIS L. M. albida (Walt.) Heimerl. Four-o'clock M. nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM. Wild Four-o'clock

OPUNTIA Hill. o. macrorhiza Engelm. Pricklypear Cactus

CARYOPHYLLACEAE (Pink Family)

ARENARIA L. A. serpyllifolia L. Thymeleaf Sandwort

CERASTIUM L. C. brachypodum (Engelm.) Robins. Chickweed C. vulgatum L. Mousear Chickweed

DIANTHUS L. D. armeria L. Deptford Pink

PARONYCHIA Adans. P. canadensis (L.) Wood Forked Chickweed P. fastigiata (Raf. ) Fern. Forked Chickweed

SAPONARIA L. S. officinalis L. Bouncing Bet

SILENE L. S. antirrhina L. Sleepy Catchfly S. stellata (L.) Ait. f. Stary Campion

STELLARIA L. S. media (L.) Cyr. Common Chickweed

PORTULACACEAE (Purslane Family)

CLAYTONIA L. C. virginica L. Spring Beauty

13 PORTULACA L. P. oleracea L. Purslane

TALINUM Adans. T. parviflorum Nutt. Fame Flower

CHENOPODIACEAE (Goosefoot Family)

CHENOPODIUM L. C. album L. Lamb's Quarter C. hybridum L. Mapleleaved Goosefoot c. missouriense Aellen. Missouri Goosefoot

CYCLOLOMA Moq. c. atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. Winged Pigweed

KOCHIA K. scoparia (L.) Schrad.

AMARANTHACEAE (Amaranth Family)

AMARANTHUS L. A. albus L. Spreading Pigweed A. retroflexus L. Rough Green Amaranth A. rudis Sauer Water Hemp

POLYGONACEAE (Buckwheat Family)

POLYGONUM L. P. arenastrum Jord. Knotweed P. bicorne Raf. Longstyled Sma rtweed P. coccineum Muhl. Water Smartweed P. convolvulus L. Black Bindweed P. hydropiperoides Michx. Wi ld Water Peppe r P. lapathifolium L. Curlthumb Smartweed P. pensylvanicum L. Pinkweed P. persicaria L. Lady ' s Thumb P. punctatum Ell. Water Smartweed P. scandens L. False Buckwheat p , virginianum L. Virgini a Knotweed

RUMEX L. R. acetosella L. Sheep Sorrel R. altissimus Wood. Pale Dock R. crispus L. Curly Dock

GUTTIFERAE (St. John's-wort Fami ly)

HYPERICUM L. H. drummondii (Grev. & Hook.) T. & G. Nits-and- lice H. mutilum L. Dwarf St. John's-wort H. punctatum L. St. John's- wort H. sphae rocarpum Michx. Shrubby St. John's- wort

14 MALVACEAE (Mallow Family)

ABUTILON Mill. A. theophrasti Medic . Velvetleaf

CALLIRHOE Nutt. C. alcaeoides (Michx.) Gray. Poppy Mallow c. involucrata (T . & G.) Gray Purple Poppy Mallow

HIBISCUS L. H. trionum L. Flower-of-an-hour

MALVA L. M. neglecta Wallr. Common Mallow

SIDA L. S. spinosa L. Prickly Mallow

VIOLACEAE (Violet Family)

VIOLA L. V. pedata L. Pansy Violet V. pedatifida G. Don. Prairie Violet V. pratincola Greene. Common Violet V. pubescens Ait. Yellow Violet V. rafinesquii Greene. Johnny-jump-up

CISTACEAE (Rockrose Fami ly)

HELIANTHEMUM Mill. H. bicknellii Fern. Fros tweed

LECHEA L. t enuifolia Michx. Pinweed

CUCURBITACEAE (Gourd Family)

SICYOS L. S. angulatus L. Bur Cucumber

SALICACEAE (Willow Family)

POPULUS L. P. deltoides Marsh. Eastern Cott onwood

SALIX L. S. caroliniana Michx. Carolina Willow S. humilis Marsh. Prairie Willow S. nigra Marsh. Black Willow

15 CRUCIFERAE (Mustard Family)

BARBAREA R. Br. B, vulgaris R. Br. Yellowrocket Wintercress

BRASSICA L. B. campestris L. Field Mustard

CAMELINA Crantz. C. microcarpa Andrz. Littleseed Falseflax

CAPSELLA Medic . C. bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Shepherd's Purse

CARDAMINE L. C. parviflora L. var. arenicola (Britt.) Schultz Smallflowered Bittercress

DESCURAINIA Webb. & Benth. D. pinnata (Walt. ) Britt. var. brachycarpa (Richards.) Fern. Tansey Mustard

DRABA L. D. cuneifolia Nutt. Whitlowgrass

ERYSIMUM L. E. repandum L. Treacle Mustard

IODANTHUS T. & G. I. pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. Purple Rocket

LEPIDIUM L. L. densi florum Schrad. Peppergrass

RORIPPA Scop. R. palustris (L.) Bess . ssp. glabra (Schulz) Stuckey var. fernaldiana (Butt. & Abbe) Stuckey Marsh Yellow Cress R. sessiliflora (Nutt.) Hitchc. Sessile-flowered Cress R. sinuata (Nutt.) Hitchc. Spreading Yellow Cress

SELENIA Nutt. S. aurea Nutt. Selenia

SISYMBRIUM L. S. officinale (L.) Scop. Hedge Mustard

THLASPI L. T. arvense L. Penny cress

16 EBENACEAE (Ebony Family)

DIOSPYROS L. D, virginiana L. Persimmon

PRIMULACEAE (Primrose Family)

ANDROSACE L. A. occidentalis Pursh. Androsace

CRASSULACEAE (Stonecrop Family)

PENTHORUM L. P. sedoides L. Ditch Stonecrop

SEDUM L. S. pulchellum Michx. Widow's Cross

SAXIFRAGACEAE (Saxifrage Family)

HEUCHERA L. H. hirsuticaulis (Wheelock) Rydb. Alum Root

RIBES L. R. missouriense Nutt. Missouri Gooseberry

ROSACEAE (Rose Family)

AGRIMONIA L. A. pubescens Wallr. Agrimony

FRAGARIA L. F. virginiana Duchn. Wild Strawberry

GEUM L. G. canadense Jacq. White Avens

POTENTILLA L. P. recta L. Rough-fruited Cinquefoil P. simplex Michx. Five-finger Cinquefoil

PRUNUS L. P. americana Marsh Wild Plum P. cerasus L. Sour Cherry P. persica (1.) Batsch Peach P. serotina Ehrh. Black Cherry

ROSAL. R. arkansana Porter Prai rie Rose R. multiflora Thumb . Multiflora Rose

17 RUBUS L. R. enslenii Tratt. Enslen's Blackberry R. ostryifolius Rydb. High-bush Blackberry R. pensilvanicus Poir. High-bush Blackberry

LEGUMINOSAE (Legume Family)

Mimosoideae

DESMANTHUS Willd. D. illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. Illinois Bundleflower

SCHRANKIA Willd. S. nuttallii (DC.) Standl. Sensitive Briar

Caesalpinioideae

CASSIA L. C. fasciculata Michx. Partridge Pea C. nictitans L. Sensitive Pea

CERCIS L. C. canadensis L. forma glabrifolia Fern. Redbud

GLEDITSIA L. G. triacanthos L. Honeysuckle

GYMNOCLADUS Lam. G. dioica (L.) K. Koch Kentucky Coffee Tree

Papilionideae

AMORPHA L. A. canescens Pursh. Lead Plant A. fruticosa L. False Indigo

AMPHICARPAEA Elliott. A. bracteata (L.) Fern. Hog Peanut

APIOS Boehm. A. americana Medic. American Potatobean

ASTRAGALUS L. A. crassicarpus Nutt. Ground Plum

BAPTISIA Vent. B. australis (L.) Br. var. minor (Lehm.) Fern. Blue False Indigo B. leucantha T. & G. Wild White Indigo B. leucophaea Nutt. Long-bracted Indigo

18 CROTALARIA L. C. sagittalis L. Rattlebox

DESMODIUM Desv. D. glutinosum (Muhl.) Wood. Woods Tick Trefoil D. illinoense Gray Tick Trefoil D. paniculatum (L.) DC. var. paniculatum Tick Trefoil D. sessilifolium (Torr.) T. & G. Beggar's Lice

LESPEDEZA Michx. L. capitata Michx. Roundhead Lespedeza L. cuneata (Dumont) G. Don . Sericea Lespedeza L. stipulacea Maxim. Korean Lespedeza L. stuevei Nutt. Stueve Lespedeza L. violacea (L.) Pers. Violet Lespedeza L. virginica (L . ) Britt. Slender Lespedeza

MEDICAGO L. M. lupulina L. Black Medic M. sativa L. Alfalfa

MELILOTUS Adans. M. albus Desr. White Sweet Clover M. officinalis (L.) Lam. Yellow Sweet Clover

PETALOSTEMON Michx. P. candidum Michx. White Prairie Clover P. multiflorum Nutt. Prairie Clover P. purpureum (Vent.) Rydb . Purple Prairie Clover

PSORALEA L. P. esculenta Pursh. Prairie Turnip P. tenuiflora Pursh var. floribunda (Nutt.) Rydb . Scurfy Pea

ROBINIA L. R. pseudoacacia L. Black Locust

STROPHOSTYLES Ell. S. helvola (L.) Ell. Tangle Mealybean S. leiosperma (T. & G.) Piper Littleflower Mealybean

STYLOSANTHES Sw. S. biflora (L.) B.S.P. Twin Pen cilflower

TEPHROSIA Pers. T, virginiana (L.) Pers. Goat's Rue

TRIFOLIUM L. T, campestre Schreb. Large Hop Clover T. pratense L. Red Clover T. repens L. White Clover

19 VICIA L. V. villosa Roth Woolly Vetch

LYTHRACEAE (Loosestrife Family)

AMMANNIA L. A. coccinea Rottb. Tooth-cup

LYTHRUM L. 1. californicum T. & G. Loosestrife

ONAGRACEAE (Evening Primrose Family)

CA1Y10PHUS Spach. C. serrulatus (Nutt.) Raven

GAURA L. G. longiflora Spach. G. parviflora Dougl. Velvety Gaura

1UDWIGIA L. 1. alternifolia L. var. pubescens Palm. & Steyerm. Seedbox 1. peploides (H.B.K.) Raven Floating Primrose Willow

OENOTHERA 1. O. biennis 1. ssp. centralis Munz Yellow Evening Primrose O. laciniata Hill Cutleaf Evening Primrose 0. linifolia Nutt. Flaxleaf Evening Primrose O. speciosa Nutt. White Evening Primrose O. strigosa (Rydb.) Mack. & Bush ssp. canovirens (Steel) Munz Evening Primrose O. triloba Nutt. Evening Primrose

E1AEAGNACEAE (Oleaster Family)

ELAEAGNUS 1. E. angustifolia 1. Russian Olive

CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family)

CORNUS L. C. amomum Mill. ssp. obliqua (Raf.) J.S . Wils. Silky Dogwood c. drunnnondii C. A. Mey. Roughleaf Dogwood

CE1ASTRACEAE (Staff-tree Family)

CE1ASTRUS 1. c. scandens 1. Bittersweet

20 EUONYMUS L. E, atropurpureus Jacq. Wahoo

EUPHORBIACEAE (Spurge Family)

ACALYPHA L. A. monococca (Engelm.) Mill. A. virginica L. Three-seeded Mercury

CROTON L. C. capitatus Michx. Hogwort C. glandulosus L. var. septentrionalis Muell. Arg. Tropic Croton C. monanthogynus Michx. Croton

EUPHORBIA L. E. corolla ta L. Flowering Spurge E. cyathophora Murr. Painted Leaf E. dentata Michx. Toothed Spurge E. maculata L. Spotted Spurge E. marginata Pursh. Snow-on-the-mountain E. nutans Lag. E. prostrata Ait. Prostrate Spurge E. spathulata Lam.

TRAGIA L. T, betonicifolia Nutt. Noseburn

RHAMNACEAE (Buckthorn Family)

CEANOTHUS L. c. americanus L. var. pitcheri T. & G. New Jersey Tea C. herbaceus var. pubescens (T. & G.) Shinners Inland New Jersey Tea

VITACEAE (Grape Family)

AMPELOPSIS Michx. A. cordata Michx. Raccoon Grape

PARTHENOCISSUS Planch. P. quinquefolia (L.) Planch Virginia Creeper

VITIS L. V. cinerea Engelm. V. riparia Michx. Riverbank Grape

HIPPOCASTANACEAE (Horse Chestnut Family)

AESCULUS L. A. glabra Willd. var. arguta (Buckl.) Robins. Ohio Buckeye

21 ACERACEAE (Maple Family)

ACER L. A. negundo L. Box Elder A. saccharinum L. Silver Maple

ANACARDIACEAE (Cashew Family)

RHUS L. R. aromatica Ait. var. serotina (Greene) Rehd. Aromatic Sumac R. copallina L. Winged Sumac R. glabra L. Smooth Sumac

TOXICODENDRON Mill. T. radicans (1.) Kuntze ssp. negundo (Greene) Gillis Common Poison Ivy

RUTACEAE (Rue Family)

PTELEA L. P. trifoliata L. Hop Tree

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE (Caltrop Family)

TRIBULUS L. T. terrestris L. Puncture Vine

OXALIDACEAE (Wood Sorrel Family)

OXALIS L. 0. dillenii Jacq. Dillen's Wood Sorrel O. stricta L. Yellow Wood Sorrel O. violacea L. Violet Wood Sorrel

GERANIACEAE (Geranium Family)

GERANIUM L. G. carolinianum L. Carolina Cranesbill

BALSAMINACEAE (Touch-me-not Family)

IMPATIENS L. I. biflora Walt. Spotted Touch-me-not

LINACEAE (Flax Family)

LINUM L. L. sulcatum Ridd. Flax

22 POLYGALACEAE (Flax Milkwort Family)

POLYGALA L. P. incarnata L. P. sanguinea L. Blood Polygala

UMBELLIFERAE (Parsley Family)

CHAEROPHYLLUM L. C. procumbens (L.) Crantz. Wild Chervil

CICUTA L. C. maculata L. Water Hemlock

CONIUM L. C. maculatum L. Poison Hemlock

CRYPTOTAENIA DC. C. canadensis (L.) DC. Honewort

DAUCUS L. D. carota L. Queen Anne's Lace

ERYNGIUM L. E. yuccifolium Michx. Rattlesnake Master

LOMATIUM Raf. L. foeniculaceum (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose var. daucifolium (T. & G.) Cronq. Hairy Parsley

POLYTAENIA DC. P. nut tallii DC. Prairie Parsley

SANICULA L. S. canadensis L. Black Snakeroot

SPERMOLEPIS Raf. S. inermis (Nutt.) Math. & Const.

TORILIS Adans. T. arvensis (Huds.) Link. Hedge Parsley

:ZIZIA Koch. z. aurea (L.) Koch. Golden Alexanders

GENTIANACEAE (Gentian Family)

GENTIANA L. G. puberulenta Pringle Downy Gentian

23 APOCYNACEAE (Dogbane Family)

APOCYNUM L. A. cannabinum L. Indian Hemp A. sibiricum Jacq. Cliff Dogbane

ASCLEPIADACEAE (Milkweed Family)

ASCLEPIAS L. A. incarnata L. Swamp Milkweed A. sullivantii Engelm. Sullivan's Milkweed A, syriaca L. Common Milkweed A. tuberosa L. ssp. interior Woods. Butterfly Weed A. verticillata L. Whorled Milkweed A. viridiflora Raf. Green Milkweed A. viridis Walt. Greenflowered Milkweed

CYNANCHUM L. C. laeve (Michx.) Pers. Climbing Milkweed

SOLANACEAE (Nightshade Family)

DATURA L. D. stramonium L. Jimson Weed

PHYSALIS L. P. heterophylla Nees. Clammy Groundcherry P. pumila Nutt. Prairie Groundcherry P. virginiana Mill. var. sonorae (Torr.) Waterfall Virginia Groundcherry

SOLANUM L. S. americanum Mill. Black Nightshade S. carolinense L. Horse Nettle S. rostratum Dun. Buffalo Bur

CONVOLVULACEAE (Morning Glory Family)

CONVOLVULUS L. C. arvensis L._ Field Bindweed c. sepium L. Hedge Bindweed

IPOMOEA L. I. hederacea (L.) Jacq. Blue Morning Glory I. lacunosa L. Small White Morning Glory I. purpurea (L.) Roth Common Morning Glory

CUSCUTACEAE (Dodder Family)

CUSCUTA L. C. pentagona Engelm. Dodder C. polygonorum Engelm. Dodder

24 POLEMONIACEAE (Phlox Family)

PHLOX L. P. divaricata L. ssp. laphamii (Wood) Wherry Woodland Phlox P. pilosa L. Prairie Phlox

HYDROPHYLLACEAE (Waterleaf Family)

ELLISIA L. E. nyctelea L. Aunt Lucy

BORAGINACEAE (Borage Family)

LITHOSPERMUM L. L. arvense L. Corn Gromwell L. incisum Lehm. Yellow Puccoon

MYOSOTIS L. M. verna Nutt. Forget-me-not

VERBENACEAE (Vervain Family)

PHYLA Lour. P. lanceolata (Michx.) Greene Frog Fruit

VERBENA L. V. bracteata Lag. & Rodr. Bracted Verbena V. canadensis (L.) Britt. Rose Verbena V. hastata L. Blue Vervain V. simplex Lehm. Small Vervain V. stricta Vent. Woolly Verbena V. urticifolia L. White Vervain

LABIATAE (Mint Family)

AGASTACHE Clayt. A. nepetoides (L.) 0. Ktze. Yellow Giant Hyssop

HEDEOMA Pers. H. hispida Pursh Mock Pennyroyal

ISANTHUS Michx. I. brachiatus (L.) B.S.P. False Pennyroyal

LAMIUM L. L. amplexicaule L. Henbit

LYCOPUS L. L. americanus Muhl. American Bugle Weed

25 MONARDA L. M. citriodora Cerv. Lemon Mint. M. fistulosa L. Wild Bergamont

NEPETA L. N. cataria L. Catnip

PRUNELLA L. P. vulgaris L. Self-heal

PYCNANTHEMUM Michx. P. tenuifolium Schrad. Slender Mountain Mint

SALVIA L. S. pitcheri Torr. Blue Sage

SCUTELLARIA L. S. lateriflora L. Mad-dog Skullcap

STACHYS L. S. tenuifolia Willd. Slenderleaf Betony

TEUCRIUM L. T. canadense L. var. virginicum (L.) Eat. Wood Sage

PLANTAGINACEAE (Plantain Family)

PLANTAGO L. P. aristata Michx. Bracted Plantain P. lanceolata L. English Plantain P. patagonica Jacq. Salt-and-Pepper Plantain P. pusilla Nutt. P. rugelii Dene. Rugel Plantain P. virginica L. Hoary Plantain

OLEACEAE (Olive Family)

FRAXINUS L. F. pennsylvanica Marsh. var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern. Green Ash

SCROPHULARIACEAE (Figwort Family)

AGALINIS Raf. A. gattingerii (Small) Small Gerardia A. skinneriana (Wood) Britt. Gerardia A. tenuifolia (Vahl.) Raf. Gerardia

BACOP A Aub 1. B. rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst. Water Hyssop

26 BUCHNERA L. B. americana L. Blue Hearts

LEUCOSPORA Nutt. L. multifida (Michx.) Nutt.

LINARIA Mill. L. canadensis (L.) Dumont var. texana (Scheele) Penn. Blue Toadflax

LINDERNIA All. L. anagallidea (Michx.) Penn. L. dubia (L.) Penn. False Pimpernel

MIMULUS L. M. alatus Ait. Monkey Flower

PENSTEMON Mitch. P. tubiflorus Nutt. Tube Beard-tongue

SEYMERIA Pursh S. macrophylla Nutt. Mullein Foxglove

VERBASCUM L. V. blattaria L. Moth Mullein V. thapsus L. Mullein

VERONICA L. V. arvensis L. Corn Speedwell V. peregrina L. var. peregrina Purslane Speedwell V. peregrina L. var. xalapensis (H.B.K.) St. John & Warren Speedwell

BIGNONIACEAE (Trumpet Creeper Family)

CAMPSIS Lour. C. radicans (L.) Seem Trumpet Creeper

ACANTHACEAE (Acanthus Family)

JUSTICIA L. J. americana (i.) Vahl. Water Willow

RUELL I A L. R. humilis Nutt. Wild Petunia R. strepens 1: Woodland Wild Petunia

CAMPANULACEAE (Bellflower Family)

CAMPANULA L. C. americana L. Tall Bellflower

27 LOBELIA L. L. cardinalis L. Red Cardinal Flower L. spicata Lam. Blue Cardinal Flower

TRIODANIS Raf. T. leptocarpa (Nutt.) Nieuw. T. perfoliata (L.) Nieuw. Venus' Looking Glass

RUBIACEAE (Madder Family)

CEPHALANTHUS L. C. occidentalis L. ' Buttonbush

DIODIA L. D. teres Walt. Rough Buttonweed

GALIUM L. G. aparine L. Goose Grass G. circaezans Michx. Wild Licorice G. pilosum Ait. Hairy Bedstraw G. triflorum Michx. Sweet Scented Bedstraw

HEDYOTIS L. H. crassifolia Raf. Bluets H. nigricans (Lam.) Fosb. Houstonia

CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckle Family)

LONICERA L. L. japonica Thunb. Japanese Honeysuckle

SAMBUCUS L. S. canadensis L. Elderberry

SYMPHORICARPOS Duham. S. orbiculatus Moench. Buckbrush

VIBURNUM L. V. rufidulum Raf. Southern Black Haw

VALERIANACEAE (Valerian Family)

VALERIANELLA Mill. V. radiata (L.) Dufr, Corn Salad

COMPOSITAE (Composite Family)

ACHILLEA L. A. millefolium L. ssp. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper Yarr ow

28 AMBROSIAL . A. artemisiifolia 1. Common Ragweed A. bidentata Michx. Lanceleaf Ragweed A. trifida 1. Giant Ragweed

ANTENNARIA Gaertn. A. neglecta Greene. Field Pussytoes A. plantaginifolia (1.) Richards. Plantainleaf Pussytoes

ARTEMISIA 1. A. ludoviciana Nutt. var. mexicana (Willd) Fern. Common Sagewort

ASTER 1. A. azureus 1indl. Azure Aster A. drummondii 1indl. Drummond Aster A. ericoides 1. Heath Aster A. laevis 1. Smooth Aster A. oblongifolius Nutt. Aromatic Aster A. patens Ait. var. patentissimus (1indl.) T. & G. A. pilosus Willd. A. praealtus Pair. Willowleaf Aster A. simplex Willd. var. ramosissimtllTl (T. & G.) Cronq. Panicled Aster

BIDENS 1. B. bipinnata 1. Spanishneedles B. cernua 1. Nodding Beggarstick B. comosa (Gray) Wieg. B. frondosa 1. Devils Beggarstick B. polyepis Blake Coreopsis Beggarstick

B01TONIA 1'Her B. asteroides (1.) 1'Her. var. latisquama (Gray) Cronq. Boltonia

CACA1IA 1. C. tuberosa Nutt. Indian Plantain

CENTAUREA 1. C. cyanus 1. Bachelor's Button

CHAETOPAPPA DC. c. asteroides (Nutt.) DC.

CHRYSANTHEMUM 1. C. leucanthemum L. Wi l d ChrysanthemtllTl

CHRYSOPSIS Nutt. C. pilosa Nutt. Soft Goldenaster

CICHORI UM 1 . C. int ybus 1 . Cichory

29 CIRSIUM Mill. C. altissimum (L.) S.preng. Tall Thistle c. undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. Wavy Leaf Thistle C. vulgare (Savi) Ten. Bull Thistle

CONYZA L. C. canadensis (L.) Cronq. Horseweed C. ramosissima Cronq.

COREOPSIS L. C. grandiflora Hogg. Bigflower Coreopsis C. palmata Nutt. Finger Coreopsis C. tinctoria Nutt. Lance-leaf Coreopsis

DYSSODIA D. papposa (Vent) Hitchc. Prairie Dogweed

ECHINACEA Moench. E. pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Echinacea

ECLIPTA L. E. alba (L.) Hassk. Yerbadetajo

ERIGERON L. E. annuus (L.) Pers. Annual Fleabane E. philadelphicus L. Philadelphia Fleabane E. strigosus Muhl. Daisy Fleabane

EUPATORIUM L. E. altissimum L. Tall Throughwort E. perfoliatum L. Boneset E. purpureum L. Bluestem Joepyeweed E. rugosum Routt. White Snakeroot E. serotinum Michx. Late Boneset

GNAPHALIUM L. G. obtusifolium L. Fragrant Cupweed G. purpureum L. Purple Cupweed

GUTIERREZIA Lag. G. dracunculoides (DC.) Blake Broomweed

HELENIUM L. H. autunmale L. Connnon Snee~eweed

HELIANTHUS L. H. annuus L. Connnon Sunflower H. grosseserratus Martens. Sawtooth .Sunflower H. hirsutus Raf. Hairy Sunflower H. maximiliani Schrad. Maxmilian Sunflower H. mollis Lam. Ashy Sunfl ower

30 HELIANTHUS L. (con't.) H. rigidus (Cass) Desf. Stiff Sunflower H. salicifolius A. Dietr. Prairie Sunflower H. tuberosus L. Jerusalemartichoke

HELIOPSIS Pers. H. helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. scabra (Dun.) Fern. Rough Heliopsis

HIE RAC IUM L. H. gronovii L. Hawkweed H. longipilum Torr. Longbeard Hawkweed

IVA L. I. annua L. Sumpweed

KUHNIA L. K. eupatorioides L. var. corymbulosa T. & G. False Boneset

LACTUCA L. L. canadensis L. Canada Lettuce L. floridana (L.) Gaertn. Florida Lettuce L. saligna L. Willow-leaved Lettuce L. serriola L. Prickly Lettuce

LIATRIS Schreb. L. aspera Michx. L. hirsuta Rydb. Blazing Star L. mucronata DC. L. pycnostachya Michx. Gayfeather

PRENANTHES L. P. aspera Michx. Rough Rattlesnakeroot

PYRRHOPAPPUS DC. P. carolinianus (Walt.) DC. Carolina Falsedandel ion

RATIBIDA Raf. R. columnifera (Nutt.) Woot. & Standl. Prairie Coneflower R. pinnata (Vent.) Barnh. Grayhead Prairie Coneflower

RUDBECKIA L. R. hirta L. Blackeyedsusan R. subtomentosa Pursh. Sweet Conflower R. triloba L. Browneyedsusan

SENECIO L. S. plattensis Nutt. Prair ie Groundsel

31 SILPHIUM L. S. laciniatum L. Compass Plant S. perfoliatum L. Cup Rosinweed S. speciosum Nutt. Wholeleaf Rosinweed

SOLIDAGO L. S. canadensis L. var. scabra (Muhl.) T. & G. Canada Goldenrod S. gigantea Ait. Tall Goldenr od S. graminifolia (L . ) Salish. var. gymnospermoides (Greene) T.B . Croat. Grassleaf Goldenrod S. missouriensis Nutt. Missouri Goldenrod S. nemoralis Ait. Dyersweed Goldenrod S. rigida L. Stiff Goldenrod S. ulmifolia Muhl . Elmleaf Goldenrod

SONCHUS L. S. asper (L.) All. Prickly Sowthistle

TARAXACUM Zinn. T, eryt hrospermum Andrz . Redseed Dandelion T. officinale Weber. Common Dandelion

TRAGOPOGON L. T. dubius Scop. Western Salsify

VERBESINA L. V. alternifolia (L.) Britt. Wingstem

VERNONIA Schreb. V. baldwini Torr. var. interior (Small) Schub. Ironweed

XANTHIUM L. X. strumarium L. Cocklebur

Class Liliat ae

ALISMATACEAE (Waterplantain Family)

ALISMA L. A. subcordatum Raf. Waterplantain

SAGITTARIA L. S. latifolia Willd. Common Arrowhead S. montevidensis Cham. & Schlect. ssp. calycina (Engelm. ) Bogin. Giant Arrowhead

NAJADACEAE (Naiad Family)

NAJAS L. N. guadalupensis (Spreng.) Morang. Southern Naiad

32 POTAMOGETONACEAE (Pondweed Family)

POTAMOGETON L. P. nodosus Poir. Longleaf Pondweed

COMMELINACEAE (Dayflower Family)

COMMELINA L. C. communis L. Creeping Dayflower C. erecta L. Erect Dayflower

TRADESCANTIA L. T. bracteata Small T. ohiensis Raf.

JUNCACEAE (Rush Family)

JUNCUS L. J. acuminatus Michx. Tapertip Rush J. brachyphyllus Wieg. Shortleaf Rush J. diffusissimus Buckl. Slimpod Rush J. interior Wieg. Inland Rush J. marginatus Rostk. Grassleaf Rush J. nodatus Gov . Stout Rush J. tenuis Willd . Soft Rush .J. torreyi Gov. Torrey Rush

LUZULA DC. L. campestris (L.) DC. var. bulbosa Wood. Field Woodrush

CYPERACEAE (Sedge Family)

BULBOSTYLIS (Kunth) Clarke B. capillaris (L.) Clarke Hairsedge Bulbstyle

CAREX L. C. amphibola Steud. var. turgida Fern. Narrowleaf Sedge C. annectens Bickn. var. xanthocarpa (Bickn.) Wieg. Yellowfruit Sedge C. brevior (Dewey) Mack. Straw Sedge C. bushii Mack. Bush Sedge C. cephalophora Muhl. c. frankii Kunth. Frank Sedge c. gravida Bailey. c. grayii Carey Gray's Sedge c. lupulina Muhl. Hop Sedge C. meadii Dewey Mead Sedge C. muhlenbergii Schkuhr. var. australi s Olney C. scoparia Schkuhr. Broom Sedge C. vulpinoidea Michx. Fox Sedge

33 CYPERUS L. C. acuminatus Torr. & Hook. Tapeleaf Flatsedge C. aristatus Rottb. Aristate Flatsedge C. erythrorhizos Muhl. Redroot Flatsedge C. esculentus L. Yellow Nutgrass C. ferruginescens Boeckl. Slender Flatsedge C. filiculmis Vahl. Fern Flatsedge C. ovularis (Michx.) Torr. Glode Flatsedge C. strigosus L. False Nutgrass

ELEOCHARIS R. Br. E. compressa Sulliv. Flatstem Spikesedge E. macrostachya Britt. Longstem Spikesedge E. obtusa (Willd. ) Schult. var. ovata (Roth) Drapalik & Mohlenbrock Blunt Spikesedge E. parvula (R. & S.) Link. var. anachaeta (Torr.) Svens.

FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl. F. autumnalis (L.) R. & S. Autumn Fimbristyle F. puberula (Michx.) Vahl. Inland Fimbristyle F. vahlii (Lam.) Link.

HEMICARPA Nees. H. micrantha (Vahl.) Pax. Common Hemicarpa

RHYNCHOSPORA Vahl. R. harveyi Boott. Harvey Rhynchosia

SCIRPUS L. S. atrovirens Willd. var. georgianus (Harper) Fern. Green Bulrush S. pendulus Muhl . Rusty Bulrush

SCLERIA Bergins. S. pauciflora Muhl. Fewflower Razorsedge

GRAMINEAE (Grass Family)

AEGILOPS L. A. cylindrica Host. Goatgrass

AGROPYRON Gaertn. A. smi thii Rydb . Western Wheatgrass

AGROSTIS L. A. hyemalis (Walt. ) B.S.P. Winter Bentgrass A. stolonifera L. Redtop

ANDROPOGON L. A. gerardii Vitman Big Bluestem A. saccharoides Sw. Silver Bluestem

34 ANDROPOGON L. (con't. ) A. scoparius Michx. Little Bluestem A. virginicus L. Broomsedge Bluestem

ARISTIDA L. A. dichotoma Michx. Churchmouse Threeawn A. longespica Poir. Stemspike Threeawn A. oligantha Michx. Prairie Threeawn A. purpurascens Poir. Single Threeawn

BOUTELOUS Lag. B. curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. Sideoats Grama B. hirsuta Lag. Hairy Grama

BROMUS L. B. inermis Leyss . Smooth Brome B. japonicus Thunb. Japanese Brome B. pubescens Muhl. Woodland Brome B. secalinus L. Cheat B. tectorum L. Downy Brome

BUCHLOE Engelm. B. dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. Buffalograss

CENCHRUS L. C. lonispinus (Hack.) Fern. Sandbur

CHLORIS Swartz. C. verticillata Nutt. Windmillgrass

CINNA L. C. arundinacea L. Stout Woodreed

CYNODON Rich. C. dactylon (L.) Pers . Burmudagrass

DACTYLIS L. D. glomerata L. Orchardgrass

DANTHONIA Lam. & DC D. spicata (L.) Beauv.

DIARRHENA Beauv. D. americana Beauv. var. obovata Gl. Poverty Danthonia

DIGITARIA Heister. D. filiformis (1.) Koeler. Slender Fingergrass D. ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl. Smooth Crabgrass D. sanguinalis (1 . ) Scop. Crabgras s

35 ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. E. crusgalli CL.) Beauv. Barnyardgrass E. muricata (Beauv.) Fern. var. muricata E. muricata (Beauv.) Fern. var. microstachya Wieg .

ELEUSINE Gaertn. E. indica (L. 2 Gaertn. Goosegrass

ELYMUS L. E. canadensis L. Canada Wildrye E. villosus Muhl. Hairy Wildrye E. virginicus L. Virginia Wildrye

ERAGROSTIS Beauv. E. capillaris (L.) Nees. Lacegrass E. cilianensis (All.) E. Mosher. Stinkgrass E. intermedia Hitchc. Plains Lovegrass E. pectinacea (Michx.) Nees. Carolina Lovegrass E. spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. Purple Lovegrass

ERIOCHLOA H.B.K. E. contracta Hitchc. Prairie Cupgrass

FESTUCA L. F. arundinacea Schreb . Tall Fescue F. obtusa Biehler. Nodding Fescue F. octoflora Walt. Sixweeks Fescue F. paradoxa Desv. Cluster Fescue

GLYCERIA R. Br. G. striata (Lam.) Hitchc. Fowl Mannagrass

GYMNOPOGON Beauv. G. ambiguus (Michx.) B.S.P. Bearded Skeletongrass

HORDEUM L. H. jubatum L. Foxtail Barley H. pusillum Nutt. Little Barley

KOELERIA Pers. K. pyramidata (Lam.) Beauv. Prairie Junegrass

LEERSIA Soland. L. oryzoides (L.) Swartz Rice Cutgrass L. virginica Willd. Whitegrass

LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. L. fascicularis (Lam.) Gray Bearded Sprangletop L. filiformis (Lam.) Beauv. Red Sprangletop

LEPTOLOMA Chase. L. cognatum (Schult.) Chase Fall Witchgrass

36 LOLIUM L. L. perenne L. Perennial Ryegrass

MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. M. bushii Pohl Bush Muhly M. capillaris (Lam.) Trin. Hairawn Muhly M. frondosa (Poir.) Fern. Wirestem Muhly M. schreberi Gmel. Nimblewill Muhly M. sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. Rock Muhly

PANICUM L. P. capillare L. Common Witchgrass P. dichotomiflorum Michx. Fall Panicum P. lanuginosum Ell. P. oligosanthes Schultes var. scribnerianum (Nash) Fern. Scribner Panicum P. perlongum Nash Elongate Panicum P. sphaerocarpon Ell. Roundseed Panicum P. virgatum L. Switchgrass

PASPALUM L. P. floridanum Michx. var. glabratum Engelm. Smooth Florida Paspalum P. laeve Michx. var. circulare (Nash) Fern. Field Paspalum P. pubiflorum Rupr. var. glabrum Vasey Hairyseed Paspalum P. setaceum Michx. var. muhlenbergii (Nash) D. Banks Sand Paspalum

PHLEUM L. P. pratense L. Timothy

POA L. P. annua L. Annual Bluegrass P. compressa L. Canada Bluegrass P. pratensis L. Kentucky Bluegrass P. sylvestris A. Gray Woodland Bluegrass

SCHEDONNARDUS Steud. S. paniculatus (Nutt. ) Trel. Tumblegrass

SECALE L. S. cereale L. Rye

SETARIA Beauv. S. faberii Herrm. Giant Bristlegrass S. glauca (L.) Beauv. Yellow Bristl egrass S. viridis (L.) Beauv. Green Bristlegrass

SORGHASTRUM Nash. s. avenaceum (Michx.) Nash Indiangrass

37 SORGHUM Moench. S. halepense (1.) Pers. Johnsongrass

SPARTINA Schreb. S. pectinata Link. Cordgrass

SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn. S. obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. var. major (Torr.) Erdman. Prairie Wedgescale

SPOROBOLUS R. Br. S. asper (Michx.) Kunth. var. asper Tall dropseed S. asper (Michx.) Kunth. var. drunnnondii (Trin.) Vasey Drummond Dropseed s. cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray Sand Dropseed S. neglectus Nash Puffsheath Dropseed S. vaginiflorus (Torr.) Wood. Poverty Dropseed

STIPA L. S. spartea Trin. Porcupinegrass

TRIDENS Roem. & Schult. T. flavus (1.) Hitchc. Purpletop

TRIPSACUM L. T. dactyloides L. Eastern Gamagrass

TRITICUM L. T. aestivum L. Wheat

UNIOLA L. U. latifolia Michx. Broadleaf Uniola

TYPHACEAE (Cattail Family)

TYPHA L. T. angustifolia L. Narrowleaf Cattail T. latifolia L. Broadleaf Cattail

LEMNACEAE (Duckweed Family)

LEMNA L. L. minor L. Common Duckweed

SPIRODELA S. polyrhiza (1.) Schleid. Common Ducksmeat

LILIACEAE (Lily Family)

ALLIUM L. A. canadense L. var. canadense Canada Garlic A. canadense L. var. lavendulare (Bates) M. Ownbey. & Aase. Wild Onion

38 ASPARAGUS L. A. officinalis L. Asparagus

ERYTHRONIUM L. E. mesochoreum Knerr. Dogtooth Violet

HEMEROCALLIS L. H. fulva (L.) L. Tawny Dayflower

HYPOXIS L. H. hirsuta (L.) Cov . Yellow Stargrass

NOTHOSCORDUM Kunth. N. bivalve (L.) Britt. Yellow Falsegarlic

POLYGONATUM Mill. P. biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Solomonseal

ZIGADENUS Michx. Z. nuttallii S. Wats. Nuttall Deathcamas

IRIDACEAE (Iris Family)

SISYRINCHIUM L. S. campestre Bickn. var. campestre Prairie Blue-eyedgrass S. campestre Bickn. var. kansanum Bickn. Kansas Blue-eyedgrass

SMILACEAE (Greenbriar Family)

SMILAX L. S. herbacea L. Carrionflower Greenbriar S. hispida Muhl. Bristly Greenbriar

ORCHIDACEAE (Orchid Family)

SPIRANTHES Rich. S. lacera (Raf.) Raf. Ladies tresses

39 INVERTEBRATES OF WOODSON COUNTY STATE FISHING LAKE AND GAME MANAGEMENT AREA

P.M. Liechti, T.W. Oldham, S. W. Hamilton, and D.G. Huggins

Collections of invertebrate material from Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area were made by the aquatic inverte brate staff of the State Biological Survey once during March and May, and twice in June and September of 1976. Prior to 1976, Survey personnel collected in the park three times in 1974 and once in 1975. We accumu lated as much information as possible about the park's invertebrate fauna, and attempted to demonstrate the relationships between the diverse habitats and the invertebrate communities within the park. The inventory was limited pvimarily to aquatic invertebrates and some terrestrial insects because of the small size of the invertebrate staff.

In summarizing the survey of the aquatic macroinvertebrates of t he park, a tabular format was used and the occurrence of each type of invertebrate in four major habitats was noted. The habitats are as follows: Lake, including the spawning pond below the dam; Stream, including both old and new outflow streams; Woodland pond, located on the east side of the lake inland approximately¼ mile from the lake shore; and Prairie pond, including the farm ponds north of the lake. These categories best represent the distinct habitats of aquatic invertebrates in this area. Preceding each table is a discussion of those taxa or species that are an important part of the fauna, or that are rare within the park.

With regard to the terrestrial i nvertebrate fauna, tables showing the occurrence of organisms in certain terrestrial habitats are included.

Two other tables are included to cover those invertebrates collected by using an ultra-violet (UV) light trap. The UV light attracts both terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates. The habitats for the species trapped by this method can usually be inferred by association with immature aquatic forms, or by general natural history information available in the literature.

In assessing the presence or absence of stable populations of terrestrial invertebrates and some aquatic species, the flora should be recognized as a major contributing factor. In general, vegetation provides the cover needed by most terrestrial insect species and the type of cover, such as woodland or prairie, will influence the presence of some insect species. Some insects are dependent on specific plant populations for their existance. Woodson County is on the north edge of the Chautauqua Hills and the flora of the park is characteristic of that ecological zone. The "Woodland" designation in the tables is of the Quercus stellata-~ marilandica type with an understory of shrubs of Symphoricarpos orbiculatus and several species of Rubus and Rhus. The category "Field" where collections

40 were made is best described as tall grass prairie consisting primarily of Andropogon, Panicum and Bromus species. The lake margin or "Riparian" zone provided the third collecting site and was composed of species of Carex, Juncus , and Polygonum among others. A complete listing of the park's flora is contained in another section of this report.

Aquatic Macroinvertebrates

Within the class Crustacea (Table 1), there are three diverse groups in Woodson County State Park. The species Caenestheriella belfragei (clam shrimp) is found almost exclusively in warm shallow ponds like that of the prairie ponds north of the lake. However, the other two family representatives, Hyalella (scuds) and Orconectes (crayfish), are found in a variety of water conditions. All are scavengers, but the crayfish tend to be omnivorous.

Table 1. Clam Shrimp, Scuds and Crayfish of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area

CLASS CRUSTACEA Lake Stream Woodland Prairie Conchostraca pond pond Cyzicidae Caenestheriella belfragei X Amphipoda Talitridae Hyalella azteca X X X Decapoda Astacidae Orconectes sp. X

The gastropods listed (Table 2) are fairly common throughout the state with the exception of Physa smithiana, a new state record. These aquatic species can be found in either still water or slow moving streams. The species Amnicola integra is the only representative of the family Bulimidae found in Kansas. During the Pleistocene era this snail species was common, but is now found only in isolated areas of the state.

41 Table 2. Aquatic Snails of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area

CLASS GASTROPODA Lake Stream Woodland Prairie Basommatophora pond pond Physidae Physa anatina X Physa smithiana X Planorbidae Gyraulus parvus X Helisoma trivolvis X Mesogastrapoda Bulimidae Amnicola integra X

Under the class Pelecypoda (Table 3) the family Sphaeriidae (fingernail clams) is universal in distribution. Both species listed are quite common and appear to be found primarily in the lake outflow stream. However, it is common to find these species in lakes and ponds.

Table 3. Fingernail Clams of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area

CLASS PELECYPODA Lake Stream Woodland Prairie Heterodonta pond pond Sphaeriidae Sphaerium securis X Sphaerium transversum X Sphaerium sp. X

In the compiled list of Ephemeroptera or mayf lies of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area (Table 4) it should be under stood that a paucity of taxonomic literature on immature stages made specific identifications difficult and impossible for some groups. The number of species actually present in the area could be as much as 75 percent greater if more adult material could have been obtained. The short adult life cycles and staggered emergence times made a complete survey of this order

42 difficult in the short period preceding this report. All the genera and species listed tend to be found in lentic or slow moving water. Within the category "Stream", specimens were found in backwater or pool areas. Exceptions are the heptageniid genera Stenonoma and Stenacron which can be found on the undersides of rocks in the current of the outflow stream. Although the two genera Baetis and Leptophlebia were found only in the lake, it is not uncommon to find these mayflies in slow moving streams and creeks. In general, mayflies comprise a substantial proportion of any aquatic habitat acting as scavengers or herbivores.

Table 4. Mayflies of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area

Lake Stream Woodland Prairie CLASS INSECTA pond pond Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis vagans X Baetis sp. (immature) X Callibaetis sp. (immature) X X Isonychia sp. (immature) X Siphlonurus marshalli X X Caenidae Caenis sp. (immature) X X Ephemeridae Hexagenia limbata X X X Heptageniidae Stenacron interpunctatum (group) X X Stenonoma tripunctatum X X X Leptophlebiidae Leptophlebia sp. (immature) X

The Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) of Woodson County State Fish ing Lake and Game Management Area (Table 5) occur in all aquatic habitats. The odonate species diversity is also an indicator of the total diversity of the area. For example, the species Gomphus lentulus was taken only at the prairie ponds north of the lake. G. lentulus has been taken in only two other areas in the state and adds scientific uniqueness to these particular prairie ponds. In contrast, the park contains two common species, Gomphus externus and~ militaris, that can be found in and around almost any other type body of wat er.

43 Two other species of dragon flies collected, Neurocordulia xanthosoma and Somatochlora ozarkensis, stand out as important components of the insect fauna of the park and also the state.· Neurocordulia xanthosoma, the "twilight skinnner', is· a secretive and beautiful dragonfly that flies only at dusk. This flight habit coupled with its brown and saffron colored wings makes observation and capture extremely difficult. This may be one reason for the lack of ecological information about this regional species that is only known to occur in Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas. Even though adults were only taken at the outlet stream it is still unknown whether this species inhabits both still and flowing water or just flowing water. The other species, Somatochlora ozarkensis, is likewise restricted in distribution to the ozarkian areas of Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Kansas. The collection of one specimen at the woodland pond in the park represents the only known locality for the species in the state of Kansas.

Most of the other dragonflies in the table are quite common throughout the state and elsewhere in the United States. However, t wo of the species of Libellula (L . cyanea and L. incesta) are restricted to the eastern part of the state.

The damselflies or Zygoptera also have habitat preferences. Although most of the species collected in the park can be found in most aquatic areas, the species Calopteryx maculata, Argia apicalis and Argia moesta are more frequently found in or around running water. The species Archilestes grandis stands out among the usually small damselflies as being the largest species in North America with a wing span approaching 100 mm. One other damselfly, Enallagma aspersum, was taken for the first time in Kansas at the prairie ponds. Kansas is almost the south western extent of its range.

Table 5. Dragon flies and Damselflies of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area

Lake Stream Woodland Prairie OOONATA pond pond Aeshnidae Aeschna umbrosa X X Anax junius X X Nasiaeschna pentacantha X X Cordulidae Epitheca princeps X Epitheca will iamsoni X X Epitheca sp. (irranature) X Neurocorduli a xanthosoma X Somatochlora ozarkensis

44 Table 5 . (con' t.)

Lake Stream Woodland Prairie Gomphidae pond pond Dromogomphus spoliatus X Gomphus externus X Gomphus l entulus X Gomphus militaris X X Libellulidae Libellula cyanea X Libellula incesta X Libellula luctuosa X X X X Libellula pulchella X Libellula sp. (immature) X Pachydiplax longipennis X Pantala flavescens X Perithemis tenera X Plathemis lydia X Sympetrum corruptum X Sympetrum vicinum X Tramea lacerata X Calopterygidae Calopteryx maculata X Heterina americana X Coenagrionidae Anomalagrion hastatum X X Argia apicalis X Argia moesta X Argia trans lata X Argia violacea fumipennis X X Enallagma aspersum X X Enallagma basidens X X Enallagma civile X X Enallagma divagans X Enallagma exsulans X Enallagma signatum X X Ischnura posita X X Ischnura verticalis X X X Lestidae Archilestes grandis X Lestes- disjunctus australis X Lestes rectangularis X Lestes sp. (immature) X X

The plecoptera or stoneflies (Table 6) are stream or river dwelling organisms . The taxonomy of the group is undergoing many changes. The placement of the species Perlesta placida as a complex means it could be

45 one of several closely related species that is presently under revision. The immature forms live in running water and graze on the undersides of rocks. The biology of these insects is not completely understood, but the immatures of the genus Perlesta appear to be primarily carnivorus. The adults are terrestrial and can be found near the water where they emerge in late summer. The adults are present only for one or two weeks and are not known to feed although some members of the group have well developed mouthparts. The presence of stoneflies in the outflow stream is another indicator of the permanency of the stream. Also as far as has been reported~ the Woodson County specimens are the westernmost record of this species complex in Kansas.

Table 6. Stoneflies of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area

Lake Stream Woodland Prairie PLECOPTERA pond pond Perlidae Perlesta placida (complex) X

In Table 7, species of nine families of Hemiptera are listed. The families Gelastocoridae, Gerridae, Hydrometridae, Mesoveliidae and Veliidae can best be termed semi-aquatic. Members of the family Gelas tocoridae are shore dwelling bugs while the other four families inhabit the water surface almost exclusively. The other families, Belastomatidae, Corixidae, Nepidae and Notonectidae are truly aquatic. Eight of the nine families listed are predaceous with the exception of the Corixidae whose members are primarily herbivorous. As indicated in the table, the majorit y of the Herniptera are lake or still water dwelling organisms. The gerrids, mesoveliids and veliids can be found on moving water but most likely in backwaters or areas of streams where the current is not swift. The lake dwelling species are usually found in association with aquatic vegetation and are regularly seen in small ponds or any body of water with submerged vegetation.

46 Table 7. Aquatic Bugs of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area

Lake Stream Woodland Prairie HEMIPTERA pond pond Belostomatidae Belo stoma fluminea X Belostoma sp. (immature) X Corixidae Hesperocorixa interrupta X Sigara alternata X Sigara grossolineata X Sigara sp. X X Trichocorixa calva X Trichocorixa sp. Gelastocoridae Gelastocoris oculatus X Gerridae Gerris marginatus X X Gerris nebularis X Gerris remigis X X Gerris sp. (immature) X X Rheumatobates rileyi palosi X Rheumatobates sp. (immature) X Trepobates inermis X Trepobates sp. (immature) X Hydrometridae Hydrometra martini X Nepidae Ranatra kirkaldyi X Ranatra nigra X Ranatra sp. (immature) X Notonectidae Buenoa sp. X X Notonecta undulata X Mesoveliidae Mesovelia mulsanti X Mesovelia sp. (immature) X Veliidae Microvelia hinei X Microvelia alb on ta ta X Rhagovelia rivale X

The Coleoptera or beetles (Table 8) are characteristic inhabitants of slow moving or still water with the exception of the Elmidae, which

47 are found almost exclusively in running water. All the beetles listed are aquatic at some stage of development. Tne adults of the family Helodidae are not truly aquatic and inhaoit riparian areas around lakes and ponds. Members· of each family of beetles contribute to stabilizing faunal aquatic communites acting as herbivores, predators or scavengers . It can be observed in the ta6le that many species were found in both the lake and the outfall stream. This is an indicator of the pooling and slow moving nature of the outfall stream. The lack of species found in the prairie ponds is more a result of sampling than of actual occurrence. More than half the beetles listed have been found in similar lentic waters in neighboring counties and other parts of the state.

Table 8. Aquatic Beetles of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area

Lake Stream Woodland Prairie COLEOPTERA pond pond Dryopidae Helichus suturalis X Dytiscidae Acilius fraternus X Ac il ius sp. (immature) -x Agabus semivittatus X X Agabus sp. (immature) X Celina sp. X Copelatus glyphieus X Hydroporus dimidiatus X Hydroporus diverisicornis X Hydroporus mixtus X X Hydroporus niger X X Hydroporus shermani X X Hydroporus wickhami X Hygrotus acuroides X Ilybius laramaeus X Elmidae Stenelmis bicarinata X Stenelmis sexlineata X Gyrinidae Dineutus assimilis X Dineutus ciliatus X Dineutus sp. (immature) X X Hali plidae Haliplus triopsis X Pel todytes litoralis X X X Peltodytes muticus X Peltodytes sp. (immature) X

48 Table 8. (con't.)

Lake Stream Woodland Prairie Helodli.dae pond pond Cyphon sp. (immature) X Hydrophilidae Berosus fraternus X Cymbiodyta becheribecheri X X Cymbiodyta toddi X Enochrus cinctus X Enochrus hamiltoni X Enochrus pygmaeus nebulosus X Hydrophilus triangularis X Paracymus subcupreus X Tropisternus lateralis nimbatus X X Tropisternus natator X Tropisternus sp. X

The families of Neuroptera listed in Table 9 are two of three aquatic representatives found in the state. Within the Coryalidae, the genus Corydalus (Dobsenflies) is found only in flowing water, while the genus Chauloides (Fishflies) is usually associated with slow moving to still water. The presence of these invertebrates demonstrates the relative stability of the outflow stream since replacement of t hese insects usually takes longer than with other insect species.

The family Sialidae (Alderflies) is represented in Kansas by only one genus, Sialis, and at present only four species are known in the state, two of which were found in Woodson County State Park. These two species occur along the edges of lakes, ponds and slow-moving, debris-littered streams. Great numbers of adults can be observed in the spring in vegeta tion along shorelines.

Table 9. Dobsonflies, Fishflies and Alderflies of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area

Lake Stream Woodland Prairie NEUROPTERA pond pond Corydalidae Chauloi des ras t ricornis X X Corydalus cornutus X Sialidae Sialis itasca X Sialis mohri X Sialis sp. (immature) X X

49 One of the major components of any stream invertebrate fauna will be Trichoptera or caddisflies (Table 10). Unfortunately the taxonomy of caddisflies is limited to adult forms in some groups; hence, the lack of specific identifications under the genus Cheumatopsyche. There were several other species collected at the UV light trap and these will be discussed along with that table. It should be noted that immature hy dropsychid caddisflies are primarily filter feeding organisms and their habitat is restricted to flowing water situations. These caddisflies serve two basic functions in an ecosystem. One is to clean the water via their net filter feeding habits and the other is to provide food for other aquatic animals such as fish. Hydropsychid populations are usually large and, with respect to their primary biological functions, are indispensible in maintaining a balanced stream ecosystem.

Not all caddisflies are net builders. The family Leptoceridae is an example. The caterpillar-like immature forms of this family build cases made of bits of debris which are sometimes quite ornate but archi tecturally sound. Unlike the hydropsychids these caddisfly larvae feed on other small aquatic animals and are one of the few caddisfly groups that is predaceous. Their populations are usually much smaller than the populations of their hydropsychid relatives and are known to inhabit ponds and lakes as well as flowing water.

Table 10. Caddisflies of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area

Lake Stream Woodland Prairie TRICHOPTERA pond pond Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche sp. X (immature) Leptoceridae Oecetis inconspicua X

Undoubtedly, one of the orders with the largest number of species of aquatic organisms found in the Woodson Bonnty State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area were the Diptera or midges, mosquitoes, crane flies and other flies (Table 11). Some families occur in both still and running water while others are exclusive in one or the other water types. The Chironomidae or midges are found in almost any body of water. Again, the taxonomy of these insects is at best difficult, as expressed in the table by the lack of specific identifications. The small immature midges (bloodworms) feed primarily on organic debris.

50 The immature forms of the family Culicidae or mosquitoes are found, to a great extent, in still water. Many of the genera prefer a marshy or boggy area. The members of the two genera found at the park are usually still water inhabitants. It should be noted that besides the annoying nature of mosquitoes, they can also be disease vectors. Two of the species found at Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area are potential vectors. Anopheles quadrimaculatus has been known to carry malaria and Cul.ex tarsal.is can transmit either of the viral diseases, Western Equine Encephalitis or St. Louis Encephalitis. These viruses are rarely fatal to humans but there is usually high mortality in horses, donkeys and mules from Western Equine Encephalitis.

Ptychopleridae are known as phantom crane flies owing to the black and gray striped markings on the legs, and the weak, drifting mode of flight. The species Bittacomorpha clavipes is very rare in the state. The adults are most often found in damp wooded areas and the larvae are found in swampy or marshy water. Collection of both adult and larval specimens indicates a stable, established population within the park. Because of the relative rarity of this species, its name has been nomin ated for the Kansas List of Threatened and Endangered Aquatic Invertebrate Species.

The next two families, Simuliidae (black flies) and Stratiomyidae (soldier flies), demonstrate extremes in larval habitats. Simuliid larvae are predominately found on rocks and large debris in running water whereas stratiomyids are marsh dwellers.

The last family Tipulidae (cane flies) are both terrestrial and aquatic in habits. The aquatic larvae of tipulids are usually large, plump and soft bodied and are found in the still water of streams, lakes, ponds and marshes. The adults are weak flying, long-legged dipterans that prefer wooded or shaded, wing protected areas.

Table 11. Midges, Mosquitoes, Phantom Crane Flies, Black Flies, Soldier Flies and Crane Flies of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area

Lake Stream Woodland Prairie DIPTERA pond pond Chironomidae Ablabesmyia sp. (immature) X Chironomus sp . (immature) X X Clinotanypus sp. (immature) X Dicrotendipes modesrus X Endochironomus sp. (immature) X

51 Table 11. (con't.)

Lake Stream Woodland Prairie Microtendipes sp. pond pond (immature) X Phaenospectra sp. (immature) X Polypedilum sp. (immature) X X Procladius sp . (immature) X Strictochironomus Sp. (immature) X Tanytarsus sp. (immature) X Zavrelimyia sp. (immature) X Culicidae Anopheles punctipennis X Anopheles quadrimaculatus X Anopheles sp. (immature) X Culex restuans X Culex tarsalis X Culex territans X Ptychopteridae Bittacomorpha clavipes X X Simuliidae Simulium vittatum X Simulium sp. (innnature) X Stratiomyidae Eulalia sp. (immature) X Stratiomys sp. (immature) X Tipulidae Tipula abdominalis X

In discussing the taxa in Table 12, little more can be said of the two Ephemeroptera caught in the light trap (see discussion preceding Table 4) other than that both species are known to inhabit both running and still water. The same is true of the beetle Berosus peregrinus, a very common aquatic invertebrate. However, the collection of the neurop teran Climacia areolaris, under the family Sisyridae, has special signi ficance. The larvae of this species are obligate feeders on fresh water sponges. Although no sponge colonies were found, it is almost certain that a colony does exist in the lake area. The sponge could be in either the lake or the outflow stream since previous collections in the state indicate these to be typical habitats of sponges. It is also suspected that the fresh water sponge, Eunapius, is the sponge involved because it is the most common and has been identified from other state collections.

52 The use of the light traps increased the number of species of caddisflies collected. As previously discussed, the Hydropsychidae are apparently all running water species and the Leptoceridae are primarily still water dwellers. Adults of a third family, Hydroptilidae, were taken only by light trap. The larvae of this family have reported as inhabitants of both lentic and lotic waters. They are commonly referred to as Micro-caddisflies because of their extremely small size both as adults and larvae. The larvae of some species are as yet undescribed and virtually nothing is known about their ecology. A substantial popu lation is present in the park and can be of great scientific value in the description of the unknown immature forms.

Table 12. U.V. Light Trap - Aquatic Insects of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area

North East West end side side EPHEMEROPTERA lake lake lake Ephemeridae Hexagenia limbata X Heptageniidae Stenacron interpunctatum (group) X COLEOPTERA Hydrophilidae Berosus peregrinus X Berosus sp. X NEUROPTERA Sisyridae Climacia areolaris X X TRI CHOP TERA Hydropsychidae Chaumatopsyche lasia X Chaumatop~yche sp. X X X Hydropsyche bidens X Hydropsyche sp. X Potamyia flava X X Hydroptilidae Hydroptila angusta X Hydroptila sp. X X X Orthotrichia americana X X Orthotrichia sp. X X Leptoceridae Oece tis cinerascens X Oecetis inconspicua X X X Oecetis sp. X X Triaenodes perna X

53 Terrestrial Lnve~tebrates

The terrestrial insect survey -of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area was conducted by two different methods . One method of collecting insects was sweeping the vegetation with a standard size sweep net. Insects were also collected by examining beneath stones and in rotting logs. These two methods resulted in the collection of 18 families· of Coleoptera and 5 families of Hemiptera. Many families in these and other orders were excluded due to the large amount of material. An ultraviolet light trap was the other method used to collect insects but thi.s· method can preclude definite information on the habitat prefer ence of the insect. Non-aquatic beetles were collected in this manner. Thirteen families and 21 species were identified (Table 13).

One very interesting species of Neuroptera, Mantispa interrupta, was attracted to the U.V. light, and was collected from the east side of th.e lake. This species while abundant in the southeast United States is rarely collected in Kansas. The larvae of this insect exhibits hypermeta morphosis . The first instar is camposeiform and parasitizes the eggs sacs of ground living spiders. The adults resemble the praying mantis in having an elongate prothorax with the raptorial forelegs· attached anteriorly b.ehind the head.

Beetles from three different families merit some attention, The ground beetle (Carabidae) Agonoderus leconte is a very common beetle which is stTongly attracted to lights. A large series was collected at Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game -Management Area. The common name of this b·eetle is the seed corn oeetle, This species apparently damages seed corn and sorghum which has been slow to germinate due to high soil moisture. Agriotes ma.rtcus in the family Elateridae is called the wheat wireworm as a larva. The adults are not economically important but the larvae are known to do considerable damage to wheat and other crops.

The spotted cucumber beetle; Diabiotica undecimpunctata, was also collected in the light trap. The larva damage the roots of corn and winter rye while the adults feed on the flowers, pollen and foliage of cucumbers, melons, and goldenrod. The beetle is quite common and is a member of the family Chrysomelidae,

54 Table 13. U.V. Light Trap - Terrestrial Insects of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area

East West COLEOPTERA side side Cicindelidae Cicindela sp. X Carabidae Agonoderus lecontei X Agonoderus sp. X X Bembidion sp. X X Harpalus sp. X Lebia atriventris X Scarabaeidae subfamily Apodiinae X subfamily Melolonthinae X Elateridae Agriotes mancus X Anobiidae 1 unidentified species X Bastrichidae Xylobiops basilare X Meloidae Epicauta lemniscata X Cucujidae Laemophloeus biguttata X Biphyllidae 1 unidentified species X Coccinellidae Scymnus sp. X 1 unidentified species X Colydiidae Aulonium paraellopidpedum X Chrysomelidae Diabrotica undecimpunctata X Galercella sp. X 1 unidentified species X Scolytidae Gnathotrichus sp. X NEUROPTERA Mantispidae Mantispa interrupta X

None of the Hemiptera collected were found in the woodland habitat (Table 14). Those collected were present on vegetation either in open fields or on plants in riparian situations. In general, the nymphs of Hemiptera share the same life style as the adults.

55 The species from the family Lygaeidae collected in Woodson County represent about one-eighth of those believed to be present in Kansas. One species collected, Blissus nanus, is known only from the state of Kansas. This species is a very rare bug closely related to the infamous chinch bug,~ leucopterous. The type localities of~ nanus are in Sumner and Anderson Counties. This collection then is a new county record and establishes a pattern for the occurrence of~ nanus in the state. Little is known about the habits of this bug although it is believed to occur in grass clumps. This lack of knowledge may partially be due to the dearth of specimens; fewer than 50 have ever been collected. Another lygaeid of interest is Cymus angustatus. This species is highly indicative of moist areas. The species is light brown in color and blends very well into the seed heads of sedges (Cyperaceae) on which they feed. Perigenes constrictus is another lygaeid that prefers moist habi tats. Members of the genus Geocoris are unlike the other lygaeids in that they are predatory on other insects. Most lygaeids feed on seeds. Species in the genus Nysius are often found on crops, although not usually in numbers large enough to inflict damage. Nysius ericae is sometimes known to swarm and be a pest in that manner. This species is often mistaken for B:..:_ raphanus as both are quite small and inconspicuous. This region is an area of overlap for the two species with B:..:_ raphanus from the southeast and N. erical from the west. One final lygaeid of interest is Lygaeus kalmii. This insect has two subspecies with distributions that overlap in this area. This bug is very strikingly colored with a red and black dorsal surface margined with white and dark black wing membranes and two white spots present or lacking. This insect is known as the small milkweed bug because it feeds on the seeds of Ascleypias.

Selected members of two other hemipteran families are worth mention ing. They are coreids from the genus Alydus and a member of the predatory family Reduviidae, Melanolestes abdominalis. The nymphs of the genus Alydtls are ant mimics. The immatures often travel with ants of the genus Formica (probably!:_ pallidefulva). They are such excellent imposters that amateur entomologists are frequently deceived. Alydus erinus was collected on grasses and £orbs where they feed on plant juices. Melano lestes abdominalis is a rare species with brilliant colors. It differs from its common all black relative,!:!..:._ pricipes, by having a bright red abdomen. Both these bugs can inflict painful "bites" if handled improperly.

56 Table 14. Terrestrial Bugs of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area

HEMIPTERA Field Riparian Lygaeidae Blissur nanus X Cymus angustatus X Geocoris vliginosus X Geocoris bullatus X Ligyrocoris diffusus X Lygaeus kalmii X Nysius ericae X Oedancala dorsalis X Ortholomus scolopax X Ozophora picturata X Perigenes constrictus X Phlegyas abbreviatus X Coreidae Alydus eurinus X Alydus sp. (immature) X Arrhysus lateralis X Enthochtha galeator X Reduviidae Melanolester abdominalis X Sinea diadema X Pentatomidae Euschistus variolarius X Mormidea lugens X Cynidae Corimelaena pulcaria X Amnestus pusillus

The following discussion concerns beetles not collected in the light trap (Table 15). In the Coleoptera, one family, the Carabidae, is very widely distributed. Carabids are well represented at Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area. Most carabids are voracious hunters usually preying upon caterpillars. One species of the genus Harpalus, !!.:_ caliginosus, is common in dry fields and wheat shocks. This species feeds on large numbers of cutworms. Harpalus pennsylvanicus, perhaps the most common Harpalus, is characterized by its shiny black body and yellowish legs. The carabid beetle Scaphinotus fissicolis and other members of this genus are predaceous on snails. The mouthparts of these beetles are modified into elongate structures for grabbing and pulling the snail from its shell. This beetle is found in moist logs and moss near water or in low lying woodland areas. This species is not represented in the Snow Entomology Collection at the University of Kansas. The genus Pterostrichus is very large and includes many common species. They are

57 found beneath logs and stones in woodlands. They range from medium to large sized beetles and specific identifications are often difficult. Another carabid genus, Bembidion, contains species which are small yet patterned on their elytra. These beetles are found associated with the banks of bodies of water. They are commonly attracted to lights.

In the family Passalidae only three species occur in the United States. These beetles are considered subsocial, colonizing galleries of their own making in decaying logs. Both larvae and adults can be found in large decaying logs in moist woodland and riparian areas. Other evi dence for their sociality is that the adults feed the larvae.

The scarabs form a large family of often colorful and harmful insects damaging lawns, golf greens, or various agricultural crops. One genus of the family, Trox (skin beetles), is neither colorful nor harmful. Members of the genus are scavengers and are usually found associated with old, dry carcasses. They feed on skin, feathers and dry tissues. Trox represents the last stage in the succession of insects living in animal carcasses.

Beetles in the family Buprestidae are also brightly colored. They are known as the metalic wood-boring beetles. Adults of the family are often swept from flowers and grasses. The larvae of some species bore into oak, hickory and redbud trees as well as other plants.

The family Lampyridae is better known as fireflies or lightning bugs. Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area has species from two genera present. Photinus pyralis is found in the woodland areas while Lucidota atra is collected in riparian habitats. These insects emit a flash of light which is cold. That is, nearly 100 percent of the energy given off appears as light instead of heat. The flashes are often species specific and are thought to be associated with mating.

The leaf beetles or Chrysomelidae are a large and common but very diverse family. The number collected in samples at Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area gives a small example of this. The species of Neochlamisus that were collected are the epitome of cryptic body design. When disturbed they retract their legs and appear very much like a spherical piece of dirt or feces. Altica, Chaetocnema, Disonycha and Oedionychus are all members of the subfamily Alticinae, the flea beetles. These are small beetles with expanded hind femurs for jumping. The larvae feed on roots, and adults usually feed on leaves of the same plant. None of the species collected are known to be of economic import ance, although a number of alticines are pests in gardens and field crops.

Brentids are known as the straight-snout weevils. Of the six species known for North America, Platysystrophus (=Arrhinodes) minutus is the only species common to the eastern United States. The adults are found under loose bark of dead oaks and the larvae feed by boring into living trees.

58 Table 15. Terrestrial Beetles of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area

COLEOPTERA Woodland Field Riparian Cicindelidae Cincindela sexguttata X Carabidae Bembidion sp. X Chlaenius (2 spp.) X Galeritula bicolor X Harpalus sp. X Loricera sp . X Patrobus sp. X Pterostichus relictus X Pterostichus sp. X Scaphinotus fissicolis X Staphylinidae Homaeotarsus bicolor X Passalidae Popilius disjunctus X Scarabaeidae Trox sp. X Buprestidae Acmaeodera tubulus X Acmaeodera sp. X Agrilus sp. X Anthaxia sp. X Taphrocerus gracilis X Elateridae Hemicrepidius sp. X Limonius sp. X Cantharidae Chavliognathus sp. X Podabrus (2 spp.) X X Lampyridae Lucidota atra X Photinus pyralis X Cleridae Ischydnocera tubida X Ischydnocera sp. X Mordellidae Mordella sp . X Tenebrionidae Uloma imberbis X Uloma sp. X subfamily Tenebrioninae 1 unidentified species X

59 Table 15. (con't.)

Woodland Field Riparian Languriidae Acropteroxys sp. X Colydiidae

Unidentified species X Chrysomelidae Altica sp. X Anomoea laticlava X Bassareus lituratus X Chaetocnema sp. X Disonycha sp. X Neochlamisus sp. X Oedionychus vians X Oedionychus sp. X Pachybrachis othonus X

Pachybrachis sp. (3 spp.) X Pachybrachis sp. (1 spp.) X Saxinis sp. X Subfamily Cryptocephalinae 1 unidentified species X Bruchidae

Sennius sp. X Brentidae Platysystrophus (=Arrhenodes) minutus X Curculionidae Apion sp. X Cylindrocopturus sp. X Dryophthorus sp. X Subfamily Currculioninae 2 unidentified species X

Table 16 is a list of Diptera and Hymneoptera taken by sweep nets within the park. Species identifications were not made due to the diffi culty and time involved. One family of Diptera, Pipinculidae (big headed flies), has representatives that are parasitic on the homopteran family Cicadellidae and the hemipteran family Miridae. The megachilid bees of the genus Coelioxys are ground dwelling as are the other Hymenoptera listed but are unique in their behavior. The Coelioxys are kleptoparasites. They steal their way into the provisione d nests of other bees. Once inside the bee destroys the resident egg and deposits its own egg. As a result, Coelioxys does not have to forage for next provisions as do the other bees listed. All the hymenopterans listed are solitary and do not make honey.

60 Table 16. Flies and Bees Net Sampled at Woodson County State Fish:i.ng Lake and Game Management Area

Diptera Hymenoptera Cercopidae Andrenidae Fulgoridae Andrena Lauxaniidae Halicitidae Micropezidae Agapostemon Micropeza Augochlora Otitidae Megachilidae Pipinculidae Coelioxys Pipinculus Sarcophagidae Tipulidae

In summary, Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area contains some very unique and rare invertebrates. In addition, the variety of habitats available in a small area is unique and its preservation would be valuable to the scientific community as well as to other people who visit the area. The staff of the State Biological Survey will continue to visit the area periodically to monitor the popu lations of rare species and to inventory other invertebrate fauna not yet extensively sampled.

61 VERTEBRATES OF THE WOODSON COUNTY STATE FISHING LAKE AND GAME MANAGEMENT AREA

Jan Caldwell and Gregory Glass

Vertebrates of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area were surveyed from April through July, 1976. A total of four weeks were spent in the area during this period by Survey field parties composed of either two or three people. Other observations made prior to that time are also incorporated into this report. Particularly noteworthy are specimens collected and observations made by Stanley D. Roth in 1956, 1964, and 1970.

Vertebrates were surveyed using a variety of techniques. For rodents, a line transect with 30 live traps set at 10 m intervals was used, resulting in a total of 883 trap-nights. Mist nets were used to sample bats, and large mammals were recorded by direct observation of either the animals or their tracks or droppings . Birds were surveyed by walking transects through various kinds of habitats on the property. Amphibians were observed at night, when they are most conspicuous; most were breeding during the period of the survey. Reptiles were seen generally when looking for other kinds of animals; their secretive nature makes it difficult to locate very many species within a given time period. A small stream leading from the lake was seined for fish. Lack of personnel and equipment made it impossible to survey the fish population of the lake.

Following are accounts of the five major groups of vertebrates.

Mannnals

1. Opposum, Didelphis virgi nianus

Commonly seen on roads in and around the property, especially in wooded and shrubby areas. Tracks along the lake shore indicated an abundance of this species in that area.

2. Eastern Mole, Scalopus aquaticus

Common in forested areas and along the perimeter of the lake. Tunnels were abundant in moist sandy and loamy soils.

3. Red Bat, Lasiurus borealis

Two i ndividuals were collected in mist nets placed over a lake on 20 July 1976. Red bats roost singly in trees and forage over ponds,

62 lakes, and near forest edges. One individual collected was a lactating female, the other a yearling male. The habitat within the state fishing lake is suitable to support a resident population of red bats.

4. Eastern Cottontail, Sylvilagus floridanus

Very common throughout the Woodson County property. Most often seen at side of road in grassy or brushy areas, less commonly seen along road in mature forest. Sightings of 3 or 4 individuals at one time were not uncommon, and on 20 June 1976, 12 individuals were seen within 0.1 mile.

5. Black-tailed Jack Rabbit, Lepus californicus

Tentatively identified on the property on the basis of a single sighting on 18 May 1976 along the northeast edge of the lake in an ungrazed field. Preferred habitat of this species is open grassland. Further sightings or collections are necessary to verify the presence of this species in Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area.

6. Gray Squirrel, Scuirus carolinensis

A single sighting of this species was reported by the Fish and Game Biologist at Woodson County State Fishing Lake. Another gray squirrel was seen at Toronto Point, 6 miles W Woodson County State Fishing Lake on 20 May 1976. The gray squirrel is not common in southeast Kansas, requiring a more mature forest habitat than the fox squirrel.

7. Fox Squirrel, Scuirus niger

Resident population of moderate density exists at Woodson County State Fishing Lake in forested areas. Approximately 10 individuals were observed during field work in the area.

8. Beaver, Castor canadensis

Common around the lake, Several bank dens were found on the east side of the lake. Cuttings of saplings and larger trees were evident along the shore. Several individuals were observed from 18-20 May 1976 in a cove on the east side of the lake. Another individual was seen on 24 June 1976 in the same locality.

9. Plains Harvest Mouse, Reithrodontomys montanus

Five specimens of this species were collected during the course of field work at Woodson County State Fishing Lake, giving a capture rate of 0.6%. They may be uncommon; however, they are known to avoid traps in t he spring and summer. They were collected in short grass habitats at Woodson County State Fishing Lake . Trapping elsewhere in Kansas reveals the presence of this species throughout most grassland habit ats.

63 10. Deer Mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus

A trapping rate of 3.2% indicates the presence of this species at Woodson County State Fishing Lake in relatively low numbers. Forty three percent of the males and 71% of the females were in reproductive condition. This species was found in short and tall grassland, but was replaced in open woodland by Peromyscus leucopus.

11. Eastern Wood Rat, Neotoma floridana

Three eastern wood rats were captured or observed during the study . These animals live in or around woodlands, often in crevices in rock outcrops. One individual was observed at night in a tree near a cove in the lake. A nest was found in a hollow cottonwood tree along the edge of the lake. They are solitary animals and probably occur in low densi ties throughout the area.

12. Hispid Cotton Rat, Sigmodon hispidus

The second most common small mammal after the White-footed Mouse was the Hispid Cotton Rat, with a 7.6% capture rate. Cotton rats occupied grassland and open parkland situations where there was a lux urious growth of grasses. They were especially abundant in lowland areas where buckbrush provided cover. Eighty-nine percent of the males and 92% of the females were reproductively active.

13. White-footed Mouse, Peromyscus leucopus

A 10.4% capture rate indicates that this species is the most common small mammal taken during the study. The white-footed mouse is mos t common in mature oak woodland, although it is also abundant in the ecotone between woods and grassland, and in successional areas. During t h e course of the study, 27% of the females and 47% of the males were reproductively active.

14. Prairie Vole, Microtus ochrogaster

Thirteen specimens were taken during the study, a capture rate of 1.5%. They occupy grassland habitats and may compete for suitable habitat with cotton rats. Prairie voles are more tolerant of short grass habitats and may be expected to persist in those areas of the park.

15. Pine Vole, Pitymys pinetorum

Three specimens were captured in dense grass in an open oak forest. This type of habitat has been noted previ ousl y as the preferred habitat for this species. They are probably not common in the area.

64 16. Coyote, Canis latrans

Commonly seen and heard at Woodson County State Fishing Lake. Several groups of 3 or 4 animals probably live on or adjacent to the lake. Two individuals were spotted in the early morning hours of 18 May 1976, and another individual was seen on state property the evening of 19 May. Other single sightings were made on 23 June and 20 July. Tracks were commonly seen in wet areas.

17. Red Fox, Vulpes fulva

One individual sighted by R.L. McGregor at east end of dam.

18. Raccoon, Procyon lotor

Very common. Tracks often seen in all types of wet habitats.

19. Striped Skunk, Mephitis mephitis

Odor was detected, but no animals observed on the property. Several dead animals were observed on Rte. 54 adjacent to state property.

20. Bobcat, Lynx rufus

A single adult was sighted late at night on 22 June 1976. It was crossing a country road l¾ miles east of Woodson County State Fishing Lake. The animal disappeared up a steep slope in a mature oak woodland. This species roams over a large territory, and the individual sighted probably uses part of Woodson County State Fishing Lake as its territory. The lake property itself is probably not large enough to support a bobcat population, but the species should continue in the area as long as surrounding areas are not overdeveloped.

21. White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus

Common throughout the area. Tracks were common in grasslands, woods, and along the lake.

Following is a list of mammals not observed during the survey of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area. Some of these animals are rare, others are seasonally abundant, and still others are very secretive and difficult to observe. It is possible that all may occur within the area under consideration.

1. Short-tailed Shrew, Blarina brevicauda

Shrews are most often trapped during the fall and winter. Thus, this species probably occurs on the property, but was not taken because small mammal trapping was done in the spring and summer months.

65 2. Little Short-tailed Shrew, Ct:Yptotis parva

Like the Short-Tailed Shrew, this shrew is not often trapped in the spring and surmner months.

3. Woodchuck, Marmota monax

4. Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel~ Spermophilus tridecerolineatus

5. Franklin's Ground Squirrel, Spermophilus franklinii

6. Synaptomys cooperi, Southern Lemming-Mouse

This mouse usually is present in low numbers and very infrequently becomes locally abundant. In the sixty-year period from 1892-1952, it was abundant around Lawrence, Kansas, only from 1924-1928.

7. Muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus

Muskrats commonly live in marshy areas and feed on cattails and mussels. Although this type of habitat is present around some parts of the lake, no muskrats were observed.

8. Meadow Jumping Mouse, Zapus hudsonius

This mouse occurs principally at the ecotone of grassland and woodland. Although several trap lines were placed in such ecotone, no meadow jumping mice were taken.

9. Mink, Mustela vison

10. Long-tailed Weasel, Mustela frenata

11. Badger, Taxidea taxus

12. Spotted Skunk, Spilogale putorius

66 Relative Abundance of Mammals of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area

Common Moderately Uncommon Rare Abundant Opossum x

Eastern Mole x

Red Bat x

Eastern Cottontail x

Black-tailed Jack Rabbit x

Gray Squirrel x

Fox Squirrel x

Beaver x

Plains Harvest Mouse x

Deer Mouse

White-footed Mouse X

Hispid Cotton Rat X

Eastern Wood Rat X

Prairie Vole X

Pine Vole X

Coyote X

Raccoon X

Striped Skunk X

Bobcat X

White-tailed Deer X

67 Birds

The following birds have been observed at Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area. Those preceded by an* or a+ were observed by Stanley D. Roth on 17-19 April 1964 and 11-12 April 1970, respectively. All others were observed by Biological Survey personnel from April through July, 1976. In addition, three species, the Connnon Egret, the Black-crowned Night Heron, and the Black Tern were observed by Stan Roth in July, 1976, at Toronto Lake, approxi mately six miles from Woodson County State Fishing Lake. Thus, those three species may at times be found at Woodson County State Fishing Lake.

Common Loon Red-headed Woodpecker Pied-billed Grebe Hairy Woodpecker Great Blue Heron Downy Woodpecker Green Heron Eastern Kingbird *Little Blue Heron Sissor-tailed Flycatcher White-faced Ibis Great Crested Flycatcher Blue-winged Teal Eastern Phoebe *Lesser Scaup Eastern Wood Pewee *Bufflehead Horned Lark Turkey Vulture Rough-winged Swallow Sharp-shinned Hawk Barn Swallow Red-tailed Hawk Cliff Swallow Swains on' s Hawk Purple Martin Marsh Hawk Blue Jay Osprey Common Crow *Kestrel Blacked-capped Chickadee Greater Prairie Chicken +Carolina Chickadee Bobwhite Tufted Tit mouse Ring- necked Pheasant White-breasted Nuthatch American Coot House Wren Killdeer Bewick' s Wren American Golden Plover *Carolina Wren American Woodcock Mockingbird t

68 Eastern Meadowlark Yellow-headed Blackbird Red-winged Blackbird Orchard Oriole Baltimore Oriole Common Grackle Brown-headed Cowbird Summer Tanager Cardinal Rose-breasted Grosbeak Indigo Bunting Dickcissel Pine Siskin American Goldfinch Rufous- sided Towhee House Sparrow Savannah Sparrow *Grasshopper Sparrow LeConte's Sparrow Vesper Sparrow Lark Sparrow +Slate- colored Junco Chipping Sparrow Field Sparrow Harris' Sparrow White-throated Sparrow Swamp Sparrow

69 Amphibians

1. Tiger Salamander, Ambys t oma tigrinum

One larva was taken from a roadside ditch 4 miles northeast of the state lake. Although not found on state property it is likely that they occur there and were not taken because of their secretive nature.

2. Toads, Genus Bufo

Two species of toads, Bufo americanus and Bufo woodhousei probably occur at Woodson County State Fishing Lake. During the most recent survey period, several isolated individuals were heard calling from ponds on and near state property, but they could not be located. Several lots of tadpoles were taken, one lot from the lake spillway, and another from a stream on the property, but toad tadpoles are very difficult to identify to species with certainty. On 11 April 1970, Stanley Roth located a chorus of Bufo americanus at the lake spillway.

3. Blanchard's Cricket Frog, Acris crepitans

Very common around the lake and in nearby farm ponds on state property. First heard calling on 18 May 1976 and heard thereafter throughout the summer.

4. Western Chorus Frog, Pseudacris triseriata

Common around the edge of the lake and in farm ponds on and near state property. Large choruses were heard in these areas from 30 April to 2 May 1976. They generally stop calling in May, although a heavy rain will cause them to start again. Large choruses were heard in areas near the lake after a heavy rain on 23 June. Tadpoles were collected from several localities in the vicinity on 19 May.

5. Cape's Gray Tree Frog, Hyla chrysoscelis

Although common, this frog forms smaller choruses and is less abundant than cricket, chorus, or bullfrogs. It calls from grassy a reas or from small shrubs or trees around ponds; it does not generally breed around lakes or streams. It was heard calling from a pond west of the lake on 18 May through July. Tadpoles were collected from this pond on 3 June 1975.

6. Northern Crawfish Frog, Rana areolata

The Northern Crawfish Frog has been taken only once in the last ten years. It is known to be highly secretive and to have a very short breed ing season; thus, it is difficult to determine its range and abundance in the state. Several frogs were found calling on 30 April and 1 May 1976 in a farm pond just north of the state property, and several others were in a drai nage ditch by the railroad north of the property. A few were heard calling from ponds on state property. None were heard on later field trips to the area. An amplexing pair was found in one farm pond indicating the presence of an extant population.

70 7. Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiasa

Common around the lake and in farm ponds in the area. First heard calling on 18 May, and heard thereafter throughout the summer. Eggs were found in a pond just off state property on 3 June 1975. Tadpoles were collected from the lake.

8. Plains Leopard Frog, Rana blairi

Common around the edge of the lake and in ponds on the area. Newly metamorphosed froglets seen at the edge of the lake in July. In September, 1975, five spent egg masses were observed and 165 small tadpoles wer~ collected, indicating the occurrence of a fall breeding season in some years.

9. Plains Narrow-Mouthed Frog, Gastrophryne olivacea

A chorus of 15-20 individuals of this species was found in tem porary pools near Lake Toronto (2.5 mi S, 3 mi W Woodson County State Lake) on 24 June 1976. Tiny tadpoles were taken at the same time, and on 20 July 1976, large tadpoles nearing metamorphosis were taken. Although not taken at Woodson County State Lake, it may occur there, particularly in wet years when temporary habitats are available for breeding.

Relative Abundance of Amphibians of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area and Vicinity Common Moderately Uncommon Rare Abundant Tiger Salamander X

Toads, Genus Bufo X

Blanchard's Cricket Frog X

Western Chorus Frog X

Cope's Gray Tree Frog X

Northern Crawfish Frog X

Bullfrog X

Plains Leopard Frog X

Plains Narrow-Mouthed Frog X

71 Reptiles

Turtles

1. Northern Snapping Turtle , Chelydra serpentina

Large specimen observed in farm pond just north of the state property. A large shell was collected below the dam on 18 April 1964.

2. Stinkpot, Sternotherus odoratus

Xmall specimen found crossing the road by the lake on 24 June 1976.

3. Plains Yellow Mud Turtle, Kinosternon flavescens

Several specimens were observed in a variety of habitats. One was crossing the road near the lake spillway, and another was swimming in a shallow backwash area of a large pond near the lake.

4. Eastern Ornate Box Turtle, Terrapene ornata

One specimen was seen crossing the road by the lake.

5. Sliders, Genus Chrysemys

The lake and surrounding ponds support large populations of sliders. Two species,~ picta, the Western Painted Turtle, and~ scripta are abundant throughout Kansas. A third species,~ flori dana, the Missouri Slider, occurs in southeast Kansas in low number, and may occur in Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area.

Lizards

1. Ground Skink, Leiolopisma laterale

Commonly seen in leaf litter of forest floor.

2. Five-lined Skink, Eumeces fasciatus

Common in forested areas.

3. Great Plains Skink, Eumeces obsoletus

Observed in forested areas.

4. Prairie Lined Racerunner, Cnemidophorus sexlineatus

Observed on roads in forested areas.

72 Snakes

1. Eastern Yellow-bellied Racer, Coluber constrictor

An adult was collected crossing the road by the lake on 30 September 1976, and a juvenile was taken on the property on 18 April 1964.

2. Great Plains Rat Snake, Elaphe guttata

Specimen found on road 5 miles west of Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area on 3 June 1976.

3. Black Rat Snake, Elaphe obsoleta

Large adult observed crossing road near lake during day on 24 June 1976, and a juvenile was collected on 18 April 1964.

4 . Bullsnake, Pituophis melanoleucas

Large adult observed on the roads by the lake during the day on 20 May 1976.

5. Western Ribbon Snake, Thamnophis proximus

One specimen was collected on the road by the lake on 18 May. Another was observed eating a small bullfrog in a pond just north of the state property.

6. Water Snakes, Genus Natrix

Two species of water snakes, Natrix erythrogaster, the Blotched Water Snake, and Natrix rhomb i fera, the Diamond-backed Water Snake, were observed in ponds on and adjacent to Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area.

7 . Copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrix

A small specimen was collected in a live trap set in open woodland on 23 June 1976. Two others were collected, one in the spring of 1956, and the other on 18 April 1964.

8. Prairie Ringneck Snake, Diadophis punctatus

Collected at Woodson County State Fishing Lake on 11 April 1970.

9. Western Worn Snake, Carphophis vemis

Collected 17 April 1964.

73 10. Rough Green Snake, O£heodrys aestivus

Collected at Woodson County State Fishing Lake in the spring of 1956 and on 18 April 1964. This snake has become increasingly rare in eastern Kansas.

11. Milk Snake, Lampropeltis triangulum

Collected in the spring of 1956 and on 18 April 1964.

12. Red-sided Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis

Collected from state property on 17 April 1964.

Because of their secretive nature, it is difficult to observe or collect within a given time period all species of snakes expected to occur in that area. Following is a list of snakes common in eastern Kansas which probably occur in Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area:

1. Prairie Kingsnake, Lampropeltis calligaster 2. G~aham's Crayfish Snake, Regina grahami 3. Northern Water Snake, Natrix sivedon

A few other species of snakes are uncommon but may be found in Woodson County State Fishing Lake and Game Management Area :

1. Speckled Kingsnake, Lampropeltis getulus 2. Lined Snake, Tropododonion lineatum 3. Flat-headed Snake, Tantilla gracilis 4. Texas Brown Snake, Storeria dekayi

74 Fishes

1. Red Shiner, Notropis lutrensis

Ubiquitous in Kansas. Taken from small stream on south end of Woodson County State Lake.

2. Stoneroller, Campostoma anomalum

Collected from small stream at south end of lake.

3. Yellow Bullhead, Ictalurus natalis

Inhabit clear, permenently flowing streams. Taken from stream at south end of lake.

4. Brook Silverside, Labidesthes sicculus

Observed in Woodson County State Lake at night.

5. Longear Sunfish, Lepomis megalotis

Occurs in permanently flowing clear water. Taken from stream on south end of Woodson County State Lake.

6. Orangethroat Darter, Etheostoma spectabile

Taken in small stream on south end of lake.

The following species of fish are common in eastern Kansas and are expected to occur in Woodson County State Lake or the streams and ponds on associated state property:

1. Carp, Cypr i nus carpio

Found in lakes and large rivers.

2. Suckermouth Minnow, Phenacobius mirabilis

Widespread in Kansas; occurs in streams with permanent flow.

3. Redfin Shiner, Notropis umbratilis

Abundant in eastern streams south of the Kansas River.

4. Fathead Minnow, Pimephales promelas

Widespread in Kansas. Occurs in pools of intermittent creeks.

75 5. Bigmouth Buffalo, Ictiobus cyprinellus

Abundant in lakes.

6. River Carpsucker, Carpiodes carpio

Connnon in streams in all parts of state.

7. Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Occurs in all large streams and many lakes and ponds in Kansas.

8. Green Sunfish, Lepomis ayanellus

Occurs throughout Kansas.

9. Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus

Common in streams and farm ponds.

10. White Crappie, Pomoxis annularis

Common in lakes and ponds.

The lake and surrounding property provides abundant habitat for many kinds of vertebrates. Some species are very rare and the lake and adjoining undisturbed areas may be important in maintaining these popu lations. Among these species are the Black-tailed Jack Rabbit, the Bobcat, the Northern Crawfish Frog. Other species of mammals known to be rare may occur on the lake property in low numbers even though they were not observed during this survey. For this r eason it is important to maintain large areas of undisturbed habitat.

The variety of habitats present around the lake and adjoining areas supports large populations of many species of birds. Although snakes are more secretive and thus are not frequently observed, the large variety of habitats will also support many kinds of snakes. The same is true of amphibians, which utilize the lake edge and the large and small ponds on the property.

In summary, this area provides a variety of undisturbed aquatic and terrestrial habitats which support many kinds of vertebrates.