Sewage from Anchored Ships Is Damaging Spratly Reefs
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Here Are China's Maritime Militia Ships At
Exposed! Here are China’s Maritime Militia Ships at Whitsun Reef By Andrew S. Erickson and Ryan D. Martinson Erickson is a Professor of Strategy in the Naval War College’s China Maritime Studies Institute and a visiting scholar at Harvard’s John King Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies. Martinson is a researcher in the China Maritime Studies Institute at the Naval War College. 29 March 2021 The views expressed here are those of the authors alone. The are based solely on analysis of publicly-available open sources. They do not represent the policies or estimates of the U.S. Navy, the U.S. government, or any other organization with which they are associated. Geography • Jiangmen (江门市) is a City in Guangdong (pop. 4.5 million) • Taishan City (台山市, pop. 941,000) is administered by Jiangmen Taishan Shadi Bay By Andrew S. Erickson and Ryan D. Martinson The “Fancheng Nine” Trawlers # Name MMSI # Length (m) Power (kW) 1 Yuetaiyu 18000 412472778 62.8 1,224 2 Yuetaiyu 18111 412472779 62.8 1,224 3 Yuetaiyu 18222 412472781 62.8 1,224 4 Yuetaiyu 18333 412472782 62.8 1,224 5 Yuetaiyu 18555 412472783 62.8 1,224 6 Yuetaiyu 18666 412472884 62.8 1,224 7 Yuetaiyu 18777 412472885 62.8 1,224 8 Yuetaiyu 18888 412472883 62.8 1,224 9 Yuetaiyu 18999 412472882 62.8 1,224 Yuetaiyu 18999 For image of Yuetaiyu 18999, see http://www.gshi.cn/news_view.asp?id=338 By Andrew S. Erickson and Ryan D. Martinson The “Fancheng Nine” Trawlers March 15, 2017: Fancheng Fisheries and Guangxin Shipbuilding sign contract for nine “backbone” Spratly boats Yuetaiyu 18000 undergoes sea trials (October 2017) Sources: http://www.gshi.cn/news_view.asp?id=276 http://www.gshi.cn/news_view.asp?id=323 By Andrew S. -
China Versus Vietnam: an Analysis of the Competing Claims in the South China Sea Raul (Pete) Pedrozo
A CNA Occasional Paper China versus Vietnam: An Analysis of the Competing Claims in the South China Sea Raul (Pete) Pedrozo With a Foreword by CNA Senior Fellow Michael McDevitt August 2014 Unlimited distribution Distribution unlimited. for public release This document contains the best opinion of the authors at the time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the sponsor. Cover Photo: South China Sea Claims and Agreements. Source: U.S. Department of Defense’s Annual Report on China to Congress, 2012. Distribution Distribution unlimited. Specific authority contracting number: E13PC00009. Copyright © 2014 CNA This work was created in the performance of Contract Number 2013-9114. Any copyright in this work is subject to the Government's Unlimited Rights license as defined in FAR 52-227.14. The reproduction of this work for commercial purposes is strictly prohibited. Nongovernmental users may copy and distribute this document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this copyright notice is reproduced in all copies. Nongovernmental users may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies they make or distribute. Nongovernmental users may not accept compensation of any manner in exchange for copies. All other rights reserved. This project was made possible by a generous grant from the Smith Richardson Foundation Approved by: August 2014 Ken E. Gause, Director International Affairs Group Center for Strategic Studies Copyright © 2014 CNA FOREWORD This legal analysis was commissioned as part of a project entitled, “U.S. policy options in the South China Sea.” The objective in asking experienced U.S international lawyers, such as Captain Raul “Pete” Pedrozo, USN, Judge Advocate Corps (ret.),1 the author of this analysis, is to provide U.S. -
The South China Sea Arbitration Case Filed by the Philippines Against China: Arguments Concerning Low Tide Elevations, Rocks, and Islands
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Xiamen University Institutional Repository 322 China Oceans Law Review (Vol. 2015 No. 1) The South China Sea Arbitration Case Filed by the Philippines against China: Arguments concerning Low Tide Elevations, Rocks, and Islands Yann-huei SONG* Abstract: On March 30, 2014, the Philippines submitted its Memorial to the Arbitral Tribunal, which presents the country’s case on the jurisdiction of the Tribunal and the merits of its claims. In the Memorial, the Philippines argues that Mischief Reef, Second Thomas Shoal, Subi Reef, Gaven Reef, McKennan Reef, Hughes Reef are low-tide elevations, and that Scarborough Shoal, Johnson Reef, Cuarteron Reef, and Fiery Cross Reef are “rocks”, therefore these land features cannot generate entitlement to a 200-nautical-mile EEZ or continental shelf. This paper discusses if the claims made by the Philippines are well founded in fact and law. It concludes that it would be difficult for the Tribunal to rule in favor of the Philippines’ claims. Key Words: Arbitration; South China Sea; China; The Philippines; Low tide elevation; Island; Rock; UNCLOS I. Introduction On January 22, 2013, the Republic of the Philippines (hereinafter “the Philippines”) initiated arbitral proceedings against the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter “China” or “PRC”) when it presented a Note Verbale1 to the Chinese * Yann-huie Song, Professor, Institute of Marine Affairs, College of Marine Sciences, Sun- yet Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and Research Fellow, Institute of European and American Studies, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. E-mail: [email protected]. -
The Spratly Islands Administered by the Individual States of the Region and the Boundaries of Claims Versus the Exclusive Econom
The Spratly Islands administered by the individual states of the region and the boundaries of claims versus the exclusive economic zones and the boundaries of the continental shelf 0 25 50 75 100 km 0 25 50 75 100 NM 2009 VIETNAM 1974 Northeast Cay Southwest Cay Block Claim Vietnam Petroleum South Reef West York Island Thitu Island Subi Reef Irving Reef Flat Island Loaita Cay Nanshan Island Lankiam Cay Loaita Island a e Centre Cay Petley Reef S Itu Aba Island Sand Cay Gaven Reef a Namyit Island n i Discovery Great Reef 1979 Hughes Reef Mischief Reef h Sin Cowe Island C (Union Banks) Grierson Reef Collins Reef Higgens Reef Second Lansdowne Reef Thomas Shoal h Johnson South Reef t u Fiery Cross Reef First o Bombay Castle S Thomas Shoal 2009 2009 (London Reefs) PHILIPPINES Central Reef Pearson Reef Pigeon Reef 1979 West Reef Cuarteron Reef East Reef Alison Reef Ladd Reef Cornwallis South Reef Spratly Island Commodore Reef Prince of Wales Bank Barque Canada Reef Erica Reef Investigator Shoal Alexandra Bank Mariveles Reef Prince Consort Bank Amboyna Cay Grainger Bank Rifleman Bank Ardasier Reef Vanguard Bank Swallow Reef 1979 1979 The boundaries of the claims in the South China Sea have not been precisely delimited. This is their approximate location, presented for illustrative purposes only. for illustrative location, presented delimited. This is their approximate precisely not been Sea have the claims in the South China The boundaries of : MALAYSIA © / Reservation LEGEND Areas of land (islands, cays, reefs, rocks): Submerged areas and areas only partly above water: Boundaries of claims submitted by: Boundaries of the exclusive economic zones delimited pursuant to the ruling of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague issued in 2016 (case number 2013–19) and in line with the UNCLOS, i.e. -
Bulletin No. 91 The
Bulletin No. 91 Law of the Sea Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea Office of Legal Affairs United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea Office of Legal Affairs Law of the Sea Bulletin No. 91 United Nations New York, 2017 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the ex- pression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The texts of treaties and national legislation contained in the Bulletin are reproduced as submitted to the Secretariat, without formal editing. Furthermore, publication in the Bulletin of information concerning developments relating to the law of the sea emanating from actions and decisions taken by States does not imply recognition by the United Na- tions of the validity of the actions and decisions in question. IF ANY MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THE BULLETIN IS REPRODUCED IN PART OR IN WHOLE, DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SHOULD BE GIVEN. United Nations Publication ISBN 978-92-1-133855-3 Copyright © United Nations, 2017 All rights reserved Printed at the United Nations, New York ContentS Page I. UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA Status of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, of the Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the Convention and of the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the Convention relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks 1. -
Tides of Change: Taiwan's Evolving Position in the South China
EAST ASIA POLICY PAPER 5 M AY 2015 Tides of Change: Taiwan’s evolving position in the South China Sea And why other actors should take notice Lynn Kuok Brookings recognizes that the value it provides to any supporter is in its absolute commitment to quality, independence, and impact. Activities supported by its donors reflect this commitment, and the analysis and recommendations of the Institution’s scholars are not determined by any donation. Executive Summary aiwan, along with China and four Southeast The People’s Republic of China (PRC) inherited its Asian countries, is a claimant in the South claims from the Republic of China (ROC) after the TChina Sea, though this fact is sometimes Chinese civil war. Thus, the ROC’s interpretation overlooked. On paper, Taiwan and China share of its claims is relevant to the PRC’s claims. No- the same claims. The dashed or U-shaped line en- tably, a more limited reading of the claims would capsulating much of the South China Sea appears not be inconsistent with China’s official position on both Taiwanese and Chinese maps. as set out in its 2009 and 2011 statements to the United Nations. Neither China nor Taiwan has officially clarified the meaning of the dashed line which could be Taiwan’s overtures have largely, however, been ig- seen as making a claim to the wide expanse of wa- nored. At the root of this is China’s “one-China” ter enclosed within the dashed line or (merely) to principle, which has cast a long shadow over Tai- the land features contained therein and to mari- wan. -
Maritime Issues in the East and South China Seas
Maritime Issues in the East and South China Seas Summary of a Conference Held January 12–13, 2016 Volume Editors: Rafiq Dossani, Scott Warren Harold Contributing Authors: Michael S. Chase, Chun-i Chen, Tetsuo Kotani, Cheng-yi Lin, Chunhao Lou, Mira Rapp-Hooper, Yann-huei Song, Joanna Yu Taylor C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/CF358 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2016 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover image: Detailed look at Eastern China and Taiwan (Anton Balazh/Fotolia). Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface Disputes over land features and maritime zones in the East China Sea and South China Sea have been growing in prominence over the past decade and could lead to serious conflict among the claimant countries. -
US-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas
U.S.-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas: Background and Issues for Congress Updated September 8, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42784 U.S.-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas Summary Over the past several years, the South China Sea (SCS) has emerged as an arena of U.S.-China strategic competition. China’s actions in the SCS—including extensive island-building and base- construction activities at sites that it occupies in the Spratly Islands, as well as actions by its maritime forces to assert China’s claims against competing claims by regional neighbors such as the Philippines and Vietnam—have heightened concerns among U.S. observers that China is gaining effective control of the SCS, an area of strategic, political, and economic importance to the United States and its allies and partners. Actions by China’s maritime forces at the Japan- administered Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea (ECS) are another concern for U.S. observers. Chinese domination of China’s near-seas region—meaning the SCS and ECS, along with the Yellow Sea—could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Indo-Pacific region and elsewhere. Potential general U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: fulfilling U.S. security commitments in the Western Pacific, including treaty commitments to Japan and the Philippines; maintaining and enhancing the U.S.-led security architecture in the Western Pacific, including U.S. -
Strengthen Coordination on Countering Maritime Coercion Ashley Townshend and Toby Warden
STRENGTHEN COORDINATION ON COUNTERING MARITIME COERCION ASHLEY TOWNSHEND AND TOBY WARDEN 66 Context and background tance and information-sharing initiatives to illuminate countries to push back more effectively on grey zone China’s coercive activities.11.4 Such efforts should be activities.11.8 This could extend to widening the role of the Australia and the United States should strengthen expanded and improved through closer strategic coor- US Coast Guard to train and exercise with Indo-Pacific coordinated efforts to counter Chinese grey zone dination within the alliance. counterparts.11.9 activities in maritime Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Over the past decade, China’s use of maritime coer- The second line of effort involves the provision of direct cion has undermined security, sovereignty and stability The Biden administration operational and intelligence support to partners on the frontline of Chinese coercion. Such measures are within Australia’s immediate region, and contributed to Biden’s national security team appears highly supportive intended to increase the stakes for Beijing should it seek the expansion of its strategic influence. These activities of this agenda. The National Security Council’s (NSC) to disrupt lawful maritime activities and help regional have intensified during COVID-19. Chinese naval and Coordinator for the Indo-Pacific, Kurt Campbell, has states defend their maritime rights more effectively. coastguard vessels are intimidating their Southeast Asian advocated strengthening multinational thresholds and This could include an expansion of coordinated patrols equivalents, disrupting fishing ships and hydrocarbon penalties for low-level coercion.11.5 Similarly, US Deputy and presence activities by allied navies and coast- exploration platforms, and supporting maritime militias Secretary of Defense, Kathleen Hicks, has emphasised 11.1 guards in order to prevent coercion, assure partners in disputed waters. -
Whitsun Reef
Whitsun reef April 1, 2021 In news : Recently, Philippine authorities announced that many of the Chinese fishing vessels that have been moored near the disputed Whitsun Reef in the Spratly Islands A brief note on the issue China’s aggressive expansion in the region has found a new ground, Whitsun Reef, where more than two hundred Chinese vessels are currently moored through the area, which comes under the Philippines’ Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ). China’s claim However, China claims the reef under their nine-dash line and says that the vessels stationed since March 7 and are fishing boats seeking refuge during bad weather and not Chinese maritime militia as reported. What was phillipines response? The Philippine Coast Guard, however, is not shying away from taking a hard stance. Currently, Philippine military aircrafts and navy are monitoring the situation daily, and China has been warned that there will be an increased military presence to conduct ‘sovereignty patrols’ Previous evidences of China’s aggressiveness The Philippines is of the concern that if China is successful with its moves, the Philippines may lose another fishing ground, similar to what happened in 2012 when China took control of Scarborough Shoal. In April last year, China sank a Vietnamese fishing vessel and also disrupted Malaysian oil exploration. This prompted the United States to deploy aircraft and navy vessels to assess the situation. Dispute between China & Philippines over the South China sea China and the Philippines, along with other Southeast Asian countries, have long been part of disputes over sovereign claims over the region’s islands, reefs and seabeds. -
Press Release
PRESS RELEASE THE SOUTH CHINA SEA ARBITRATION (THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES V. THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA) The Hague, 12 July 2016 The Tribunal Renders Its Award A unanimous Award has been issued today by the Tribunal constituted under Annex VII to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (the “Convention”) in the arbitration instituted by the Republic of the Philippines against the People’s Republic of China. This arbitration concerned the role of historic rights and the source of maritime entitlements in the South China Sea, the status of certain maritime features and the maritime entitlements they are capable of generating, and the lawfulness of certain actions by China that were alleged by the Philippines to violate the Convention. In light of limitations on compulsory dispute settlement under the Convention, the Tribunal has emphasized that it does not rule on any question of sovereignty over land territory and does not delimit any boundary between the Parties. China has repeatedly stated that “it will neither accept nor participate in the arbitration unilaterally initiated by the Philippines.” Annex VII, however, provides that the “[a]bsence of a party or failure of a party to defend its case shall not constitute a bar to the proceedings.” Annex VII also provides that, in the event that a party does not participate in the proceedings, a tribunal “must satisfy itself not only that it has jurisdiction over the dispute but also that the claim is well founded in fact and law.” Accordingly, throughout these proceedings, the Tribunal has taken steps to test the accuracy of the Philippines’ claims, including by requesting further written submissions from the Philippines, by questioning the Philippines both prior to and during two hearings, by appointing independent experts to report to the Tribunal on technical matters, and by obtaining historical evidence concerning features in the South China Sea and providing it to the Parties for comment. -
Multilateral Management As a Fair Solution to the Spratly Disputes
The Peter A. Allard School of Law Allard Research Commons Faculty Publications Allard Faculty Publications 2003 Multilateral Management as a Fair Solution to the Spratly Disputes Wei Cui Allard School of Law at the University of British Columbia, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.allard.ubc.ca/fac_pubs Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Jurisdiction Commons Citation Details Wei Cui, "Multilateral Management as a Fair Solution to the Spratly Disputes" (2003) 36:3 Vand J Transnat'l L 799. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Allard Faculty Publications at Allard Research Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Allard Research Commons. ARTICLES Multilateral Management as a Fair Solution to the Spratly Disputes wpiCuf ABSTRACT The Spftttys are .r scattercd.ercup of islanl,s in the South China.Sea ouer uhich China, th; philippines, Vietnnm, Matarsia, and Brunei have *"a. jurisd.ictionai ctains. Atthoush there has been"o"yti"tiig significint acadenic discussionof this d.ispute,the Author aryu;s ;hat nuch of it is hampercd.by a discourse obsessedwith;he reeionat bdla;ce ;f pouer and securitr,retate.). sttategieE that are onty tenuoustj rclated to.eech tntion\ specifictegal claims in the Spr"tty". t" this Article, the Author sugeeststhat a nore'proiuctiue approach to the S-prdtlr dAputeE is one focused on find.ine a sotution that ;s "fai" to alt the parties. Ihe Aticle tien eranines seuerat distinct substantiue notions of potentially laimess appticable to rhe SpratlJ d.;sputesand applies these Airtn! EfdT.rr to various.eistins proposed solutions, pJattng uttimatelr proposat.sthot .a lor on o ocarrcnol i9hts in th? npfotrys.