FALL 2013 VOLUME 5 No. 3 www.nescent.org

Newsletter of the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, an NSF-funded collaborative research center operated by , the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University.

IN THIS ISSUE: RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Research Highlights 1, 3

Call for Proposals 4

Coming Soon 4, 7

Job Openings 4

In the Media 4

New Awards 5

Publications 7

A study of mortality and fertility patterns among seven species of wild apes and monkeys and hunter- gatherer humans shows that menopause sets humans apart from other primates. Baboon photo courtesy of Susan Alberts Read about the winners of the 2013 Evolution Film Festival on page 5. Watch this year’s Hot flashes? Thank evolution finalists at filmfestival.nescent. org/2013-entries/. study of mortality and fertility patterns the National Academy of Sciences, Alberts and Aamong seven species of wild apes and mon- colleagues from NESCent’s Primate Life History keys and their relatives, compared with similar Working Group compared mortality and fertility Next proposal data from hunter-gatherer humans, shows that data for seven species of wild primates to similar deadlines: menopause sets humans apart from other pri- data for the !Kung people of Southern Africa, a Dec. 1: sabbaticals, mates. human population of hunter-gatherers with lim- catalysis meetings Nonhuman primates aren’t immune to the ited access to modern medicine or birth control. Jan. 1: graduate fellowships, fading female fertility that comes with age, the The nonhuman primate data were based on short-term visitors researchers say. But human females are unique in long-term observations of 700 adult females, Jan. 15: journalists-in- living well beyond their childbearing years. including capuchins in Costa Rica, muriqui residence “Unlike other primates women tend to have a monkeys in Brazil, baboons and blue monkeys long post-reproductive life. Even before modern in Kenya, chimpanzees in Tanzania, gorillas in For more information, see medicine, many women lived for 30 to 35 years Rwanda and sifakas in Madagascar. page 4 or visit nescent.org/ science/proposals.php after their last child was born,” said co-author This is the first study to compare humans with and NESCent Associate Director Susan Alberts. multiple primate species living in the wild. In a study that appeared in the Proceedings of see HOT FLASHES, p 8 2 | FALL 2013 ABOUT NESCENT: Letter from the director NESCent is a scientific research center dedicated to ave the date! It’s still months away, but van Heights Waterfowl Park, the largest bird cross-disciplinary research in evolution. The center’s Splanning is already well underway for park in North America; and Carolina Beach mission is to promote the Evolution 2014, to be held in Raleigh, North State Park, one of the few places in the world synthesis of information, Carolina. From June 20-24, more than 1,200 where Venus Flytraps grow wild. concepts and knowledge to scientists and science educators from across address significant, emerging, • A new feature of the program will be a or novel questions in evolu- the globe will descend on the state capital to half-day symposium on the contributions of tionary science and its share the latest research in evolution. synthetic science to the study of evolution. applications. NESCent NESCent is pleased to host the confer- achieves this by supporting The year 2014 will mark the 10th anniver- research and education ence, in collaboration with scientists from sary of NESCent, and our last year of NSF across disciplinary, institu- Duke University, East Carolina University, funding. The center has been a long-running tional, geographic, and North Carolina State University, the Univer- demographic boundaries. experiment in fostering synthetic research sity of North Carolina at within the field of evolutionary biology. The NESCent is a collaborative Chapel Hill, the Univer- symposium will include a panel discussion partnership between Duke sity of North Carolina University, the University of about the role for synthesis in evolution, North Carolina at Chapel Hill, at Greensboro, and the the lessons learned from ten years’ experi- and North Carolina State North Carolina Museum ence with NESCent, and the challenges and University, and is funded by the of Natural Sciences. National Science Foundation opportunities for synthetic evolutionary (award #EF-0905606). For We’ve received a num- biology research looking forward. more information about ber of suggestions for the research and training opportu- allen 2014 meeting, and we’re Other highlights include… nities at NESCent, visit www. rodrigo taking note. Here’s how nescent.org. • Undergraduates and biologists at minority- the program is shaping serving institutions will be invited to apply Senior Leadership: up, and how you can get involved: for travel awards to attend the meeting. Calls Allen Rodrigo, Director • As in previous years, the meeting will kick for applications typically go out in February. Susan Alberts off with a K-14 education workshop, society To receive details via email then, subscribe to Associate Director council meetings, and a welcome reception, the NESCent news list at nescent.org/about/ of Science and Synthesis followed by four full days of symposia, post- contact.php. Todd Vision Associate Director of ers and concurrent sessions. Those interested • Scientists and science educators of all stripes Informatics in the intersection of biology, software and will be invited to enter the fourth annual NES- Brian Wiegmann mathematics will also be able to participate Cent Evolution Film Festival. The finalists will Associate Director of Education and Outreach in the 5th annual iEvoBio conference on be screened at Evolution 2014, where attend- evolutionary informatics. ees will view and vote on their favorite films. Stay Informed • If this is your first trip to the Piedmont The winners will receive a travel allowance to Subscribe to the NESCent region of North Carolina, forget textiles and attend the scientific meeting of their choice. quarterly newsletter to receive news about the Center, tobacco. Most conference events will take • To continue the meeting’s commitment to research and training opportu- place at the LEED-certified Raleigh Con- providing a family friendly environment, nities, and upcoming events. Comments, story ideas and vention Center in the heart of downtown childcare will be available. photo contributions are Raleigh, just steps from the city’s restaurants welcome. Please send corrections and suggestions and hot spots. Attendees will be able to get We expect registration to begin in early for future newsletters to Robin around downtown on foot, or on the city’s R- January 2014. Find the latest updates at Smith at [email protected] Line, a free hybrid bus service that connects evolution2014.org/, or follow the planning for To unsubscribe fill out our more than 140 restaurants and clubs, art the meeting on Twitter at @Evol2014. online form at bit.ly/qIuEWu. galleries, entertainment venues, museums and I look forward to seeing you all at Evolu- You can also visit NESCent on Twitter, Facebook, and hotels in the downtown area. Buses run every tion 2014, and I wish you a productive fall. YouTube. 10-15 minutes, with a stop directly outside Writer/Editor: Robin Smith the Convention Center. (919) 668-4544 [email protected] • We’ll also have a full slate of field trips. Highlights include visits to the Duke Lemur Graphic Design and Layout: Vanessa DeJongh Center, the world’s largest sanctuary for rare and endangered prosimian primates; the Syl- FALL 2013 | 3 Research Highlights Art and science meet to explore the human genetic journey

hen artist Lynn Fellman submit- Wted a sample of her DNA for genetic ancestry testing through the not-for-profit Genographic Project in 2005, the news that she could trace much of her heritage to Northern Eu- rope was no surprise. But what got her attention was the revolution then un- derway in human genomics, and what the public was doing to take part. “Who wouldn’t want to know the gene story of human evolution and be part of the discovery process? It was hap- pening in real time, and I sent my DNA into the lab right away,” Fellman said. Since then, Fellman has worked with scientists and scientific organizations all over the world to translate com- plicated stories of human migration and evolution into art and narrative. During a three-month artist’s residency at NESCent, Fellman worked to write, illustrate, narrate and produce her Artist Lynn Fellman has created an interactive e-book which introduces basic evolutionary concepts with colorful illustrations and a narrated story. latest project — a digital storybook, or e-book, that draws its inspiration from an explanation of the science behind the Where did the idea for the project advances in molecular anthropology, art and story. Designed to engage people come from? sociology and human genetics. in evolutionary science and ease them into I was at a Personal Genomes meeting at In the following interview, Fellman the land of personal genomics, the e-book Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in 2010 told us more about her process for appeals on multiple intellectual levels. when Bogi Eliasen, a program director at creating the book: The two characters are real people. I’m the the Faroe Islands Ministry of Health, artist in the story, which is loosely based presented a visionary plan. He described What is the book about? on my real-life journey of integrating FarGen, a project to sequence all 50,000 “Gene Stories” is an interactive e-book concepts of evolutionary genomics into citizens of the Faroe Islands. Speaking with about two girls, an artist and a dancer, my creative work. The dancer is Luisa Bogi after his talk he told me, ‘science exploring genomic science to understand Eliasen, a 14-year-old middle school needs creative people from the arts and their genetic ancestry. Designed for student from the Faroe Islands. humanities to integrate new experiences parents and kids, the e-book introduces As characters in the book, Luisa and I find into culture.’ I’ve been visualizing a book basic evolutionary biological concepts and our genetic ancestry is a colorful mix of about gene stories ever since. examples from current research with inherited and novel variation that make us What data did you collect for the colorful illustrations and narrated story. unique. Although we are one-of-a-kind, our project? Like the style of a children’s picture book, DNA also connects to everyone now and When I arrived at NESCent, the FarGen each page has one large digital painting deep into the past to distant ancestors and project and others were well underway. I with brief text that is narrated when the members of our extinct family. One small asked Bogi for permission to include his sound button is tapped. You may think the person’s gene story contributes to family in my book and he agreed. Bogi is of book is just for kids, but when you touch something much larger — the big book of Faroe Island Viking heritage, and he is the history of human evolution. the question button, a window opens with see ART & SCIENCE, p 6 4 | FALL 2013 “Fly like a hummingbird, glide like a swift” (Science) A tiny bird fossil discovered in Wyoming offers clues to In the the precursors of swift and humming- bird wings. The fossil is unusual in having exceptionally well-preserved Media feathers, which allowed the researchers to reconstruct the size and shape of the bird’s wings in ways not possible with bones alone. Learn more about NESCent postdoc Dan Ksepka’s latest work at bit. ly/14h4lUI. Also picked up by Science News and Discover. “Small but speedy: “Do lemurs have personalities?” Short plants live in (National Geographic) Anyone who has the evolutionary fast ever owned a pet will tell you that it has a lane” (Eurekalert) unique personality. Yet only in the last 10 Biologists have known for a long time years has the study of animal personality that some creatures evolve more quickly started to gain ground with scientists. than others. Exactly why isn’t well Now researchers have found distinct understood, particularly for plants. But it personalities in the grey mouse lemur, may be that height plays a role. In a new the tiny, saucer-eyed primate native to study by NESCent visiting scientist Rob the African island of Madagascar. Call for proposals Lanfear, researchers report that shorter NESCent postdoc Jennifer Verdolin tells plants have faster-changing genomes. Looking for support for a graduate the full story at bit.ly/13337uH. Also Read more at bit.ly/10izhg3. student, faculty sabbatical, short- picked up by Futurity, Audubon Magazine term visit or meeting? NESCent and Duke Today. welcomes your proposals. We are looking to support innovative approaches to outstanding problems COMING S OON in evolutionary biology. In particular, proposals that have a clear interdisci- plinary focus, or involve evolutionary concepts in non-traditional disci- Win a travel award for best plines, are strongly encouraged, as are proposals that demonstrate evolution-themed blog post international participation and a mix of senior and emerging researchers, Deadline: December 2, 2013 including graduate students.

re you a blogger who is interested in To apply for an award, writers should Proposals for short-term visits are 2 Aevolution? The National Evolution- submit a blog post that highlights cur- weeks to 3 months. Proposals for ary Synthesis Center is offering two trav- rent or emerging evolutionary research. sabbaticals may be for up to a full el awards to attend ScienceOnline2014, In order to be valid, posts must deal year. The next deadline for sabbati- cals and catalysis meetings is a science communication conference to with research appearing in the peer- December 1. For short-term visitors be held February 26 – March 1, 2014, reviewed literature within the last five and graduate fellowships, the next at North Carolina State University in years. Posts should be 500-1000 words, deadline is January 1. Raleigh, NC. and must mention the NESCent contest. For more information, please visit bit. The awards offer the opportunity to Two recipients will be chosen by a panel ly/cfJUjx. travel to North Carolina to meet with of judges from both NESCent and the several hundred researchers, writers, science blogging community. Please send Job openings editors and educators to explore how your name, contact information, the title online tools are changing the way science and date of your blog post, and a URL Interested in employment opportuni- ties at NESCent? Our center runs is done and communicated to the public. to [email protected]. Winners with the help of a dynamic team of Each winner will receive $750 to cover will be notified by December 10, 2013. programmers, financial experts, travel and lodging expenses to attend the For more information visit blogcontest. event planners, and other specialists. conference. nescent.org/. To find out about job openings as they become available, visit nescent. org/about/employment.php. FALL 2013 | 5

AWARDS AWARDS Congratulations to Congrats to the winners of the the newest award recipients for 2013 2013 Evolution Film Festival The votes are in! Nearly one hundred runner-up was “Darwin’s Theories,” Graduate Fellows people viewed and voted on their submitted by Celia Secades of the Raunaq Malhotra (Penn State University) favorite short videos at NESCent’s Elesapiens website. The first- and Methods for reconstructing viral haplo- third annual Evolution Film Festival second-place winners will receive a types and their phylogenies based on and video contest in Snowbird, UT, on travel allowance of up to $1,000 and DNA sequencing data Sunday June 23. We screened nine $500, respectively, for travel expenses short evolution-themed films, each to attend a future conference of their Benjamin Morris (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill) GeoPhy: integrating one three minutes or less. This year’s choice. Thanks to our filmmakers for geography and phylogenies to support winner was “Why Do Slave Ants Kill some fabulous films. Watch this year’s marine biodiversity Slavemakers?” by Pleuni Pennings of finalists at filmfestival.nescent. Stanford University. This year’s org/2013-entries/. Christopher Torres (University of North Carolina, Wilmington) Synthesizing phylogenetic, eco-morphological and fossil data to predict evolutionary rates among flamingos (Phoenicopteridae)

Short-Term Visitors

Brad Oberle (George Washington University) Evolutionary and ecological consequences of myocorrhizal states in plants

Charles Pence (University of Notre Dame)The evoText Project

Mary Poss (Penn State University) Evolutionary dynamics of a recently colonized, transcriptionally active endogenous retrovirus

Laura Ross (University of Edinburgh) Major transitions in the evolution of invertebrate reproduction and sex determination Still from first-place winner “Why Do Slave Ants Kill Slavemakers?” above. Vladimir Vershinin (Institute of Plant and Runner-up “Darwin’s Theories” below. Animal Ecology, Russia) A longitudinal study of amphibian populations in urban and natural environments

Peter Waddell (Ronin Institute) Information theory, robust statistics and diagnostics for phylogenomics

Evolution Education Award from the National Association of Biology Teachers (co-spon- sored by NESCent, BEACON, and BSCS)

Paul Strode (Fairview High School in Boulder, CO)

For more information about these scholars and their research projects, please visit nescent.org/science/ awards.php. 6 | FALL 2013 Dryad to charge for submissions starting September 2013 tarting September 1, 2013, all new of costs are incurred at the time of The charges became effective Sep- Ssubmissions to the non-profit Dryad submission when curators process new tember 1, 2013. Authors who submit- data repository (datadryad.org) will files, and long-term storage costs scale ted their data prior to September 1 will be charged a one-time submission fee. with each submission, so this trans- not be charged, even if their submis- Here’s why the charges make sense, and parent one-time charge ensures that sions are accepted after that date. what you can expect moving forward: resources scale with demand. How much will it cost? Why the charges? How do I know if I have to pay? Dryad offers a variety of pricing plans For the past five years, Dryad has been Many journals, societies, and publish- for journals and other organizations consulting with experts and stakehold- ers are already committed to absorbing such societies, funders and libraries ers to develop a sustainability plan that the costs of data archiving in Dryad for to purchase discounted submission will ensure that the scientific and medi- their authors through one of Dryad’s fees on behalf of their researchers. For cal research data archived in Dryad payment plans. Authors will only pay data packages not covered by a pric- remains accessible free-of-charge to for deposits if they are not covered by ing plan, the researcher pays USD$80 researchers, educators and students for an existing plan. For a list of journals upon submission. Data archiving costs many years to come. and publishers who cover these costs are usually an allowable grant expense. The resulting plan — which includes on behalf of authors visit http://bit. Waivers are provided to researchers revenue from submission fees, mem- ly/126nibR. In addition, authors from from developing economies. bership dues, grants and contributions countries classified by the World Bank For a complete list of fees and payment — is designed to sustain core functions as low-income or lower-middle-income options see datadryad.org/pages/pricing. by offsetting the basic costs of curat- economies may request a waiver to ing and preserving data. The majority submit data at no charge.

ART & SCIENCE, continued married to Gisela, a woman of Peruvian heritage. They have three children, one of whom is Luisa. My family was willing to contribute their DNA as well, so I sent kits from the Genographic Project and 23andMe to everyone to start the twelve-week process of sequencing and analyzing their DNA. In addition to data from Y chromosome, mtDNA, and autosomes, the book references scien- tific papers for explanations about mutation rate, human variation, and the latest research in ancient DNA. While waiting for the DNA results, Fellman is revising the sketches and story for her e-book, which is due to be published through Apple and available on iTunes later this year. l Fellman has worked as a profes- sional artist since 1985. Read about her NESCent project at http://bit. ly/16LQzr5. See more examples of her work at FellmanStudio.com. FALL 2013 | 7 COMING S OON Supporting Chicano and Native American scientists What: SACNAS national conference • A free screening of the award-winning • “Evolution & Ecology: Impacting the When: October 3-6, 2013 2012 climate change documentary, Health of our Planet and Ourselves” “Chasing Ice.” The film will be followed Scientific Symposium – Saturday Oct 5 Where: San Antonio, TX by a discussion/Q&A with a panel of from 4-5:30 pm in room 208 We’re once again partnering with several scientific experts. We’ll supply the As always, the goals of these activities are organizations to put together an exciting popcorn! The event will be held Saturday, to expose underrepresented minority suite of activities at the annual meeting of Oct. 5 from 9-10:30 pm in room 214 A/B, students to ecology and evolution in the Society for the Advancement of as part of “Evolution & Ecology at greater depth, and to encourage them to Chicanos and Native Americans in Science, SACNAS 2013.” consider pursuing graduate studies or also known as SACNAS, to be held this • “Conversations with Scientists – careers in these fields. These events are October in San Antonio, Texas. Exploring Careers in Evolution & sponsored by NESCent, BEACON, NIMBioS, If you happen to be going to this year’s Ecology” Thursday Oct. 3 from 6:30-8:15 NCEAS, and SSE. For more information, meeting, please join us for the following pm in room 206A contact Dr. Jory Weintraub at jory@ events: nescent.org.

Celebrating the life and legacy of Alfred Russel Wallace What: Evolution Symposium at NABT his contributions to our understanding of teacher workshop on Saturday, Nov. 23 When: November 22, 2013 concepts as basic and important as natural from 11:15 AM to 12:30 PM. The workshop selection, island biogeography, warning will provide participants with resources, Where: Atlanta, GA coloration and speciation. This year’s ideas and strategies to introduce topics If you’re planning on attending the annual symposium focuses on Wallace’s historical such as biogeography, natural selection meeting of the National Association of and scientific legacies and his often- and speciation in their classroom. Biology Teachers (NABT) in Atlanta this misunderstood relationship with Darwin, High school and community college November, you won’t want to miss the as well as contemporary work in biogeog- science teachers are invited to apply by NABT Evolution Symposium organized by raphy being conducted in Madagascar and October 4 for a travel award to attend the NESCent and BEACON. This year’s sympo- Brazil. Speakers include James Costa conference. Find more information on how sium will celebrate the life and scientific (Western Carolina University/Highlands to apply at http://bit.ly/15cQnxa. legacy of Alfred Russel Wallace, the British Biological Station), Ana Carnaval (City naturalist and contemporary of Charles College of New York), Anne Yoder (Duke You can also find the talks from this Darwin. The year 2013 marks the 100th University/Duke Lemur Center) and Will year’s symposium — along with activities, anniversary of Wallace’s death, and he is Kimler (North Carolina State University). websites and other resources —after the being remembered around the world for meeting at nescent.org/media/ The symposium will be followed by a NABTSymposium2013.php. publications Recent publications by NESCent authors

Allen, G. and P. Unmack (2012). “A new Perez, K., et al. (in press). “The EvoDevoCI: tion in birds.” Proceedings of the Royal species of rainbowfish C( hilatherina: A concept inventory for gauging students’ Society B 280(1766) Melanotaeniidae), from the Sepik River understanding of evolutionary developmen- Smith, A. (2013). “Avian fossils from the system of Papua New Guinea.” Aqua, Journal tal biology.” CBE-Life Science Education. Early Miocene Moghra Formation of Egypt.” of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology 14: Ostrich: African Journal of Ornithology In 227-237. Ritz, J., et al. (2013). “Evolutionary press. evidence for conserved alternative struc- Alberts, S., et al. (2013). “Reproductive tures in RNA co-variation analyses.” PLoS Uy, J. and R. Safran (2013). “Variation in aging patterns in primates reveal that Computational Biology 9(7): 1-11. the temporal and spatial use of signals and humans are distinct.” PNAS. its implications for multimodal communica- Rodríguez, R., et al. (2013). “Diversification d’Orgeix, C., et al. (2013). “Northern tion.” Behav Ecol Sociobiol. under sexual selection: the relative roles of Mexican gartersnakes, Thamnophis eques mate preference strength and the degree of Wilkins, M., et al. (2013). “Evolutionary megalops, feeding on Spea multiplicata in an divergence in mate preferences.” Ecology divergence in acoustic signals: causes and ephemeral pond.” Herpetological Review Letters 16: 964-974. consequences.” TREE 28(3): 156-166. 44(2): 213-215. Seddon, N., et al. (2013). “Sexual selection accelerates signal evolution during specia- 8 | FALL 2013 HOT FLASHES, continued For each species, the researchers estimated the pace of reproductive de- cline — measured as the probability, at each age, that a female’s childbirth will be her last — and compared it with the rate of decline in overall health, mea- sured as the odds of dying with each passing birthday. “This way we were able to compare the rate of aging in the reproductive system with the rate of aging in the rest of the body,” Alberts said. The results suggest that in nonhu- man primates, reproductive decline is surpassed by declines in survival, so that very few females run out of reproductive steam before they die. A female baboon, for example, may live to age 19, and What distinguishes a human female from her primate cousins is not that the human continues to reproduce to the end. biological clock ticks faster, but that mortality is so much lower in humans than in other But in human females the reproduc- primates. Photo by Carla B. Possamai tive system shuts down much more 40s. “[But] even in human populations all the eggs she will ever have — in rapidly than the rest of the body. “Half with little access to modern medicine, contrast to sperm, which men produce of women experience menopause by like the !Kung [hunter-gatherers in this throughout their lives. the age of 50, and fertility starts to de- study], most women survive for decades “Female African elephants seem to cline about two decades before that,” after their last child is born. Nonhuman give birth into their 50s and occasionally Alberts said. primates rarely do that,” Alberts said. into their 60s, so at least one mammal If evolution has given us longer species appears to have surpassed the “Even in human popula- lifespans than our primate cousins, typical lifespan for mammalian eggs,” tions with little access why hasn’t female reproduction kept Alberts said. “Female killer whales are pace? And in a world where individu- the opposite — like humans their fertility to modern medicine, like als with more offspring tend to win the peters out in their 30s and 40s, while the !Kung, most women evolutionary contest, why shut down they often live into their 70s. But there survive for decades after reproduction with decades of survival just aren’t enough long-term data on still ahead? other mammals to address the shelf-life their last child is born. It may be that older females who hypothesis conclusively.” Nonhuman primates forego future breeding to invest in the Alberts’ co-authors are Jeanne Alt- survival of their existing children and mann of , Diane rarely do that.” grandchildren gain a greater evolution- Brockman of the University of North —Susan Alberts, NESCent ary edge than those who continue to Carolina-Charlotte, Marina Cords of reproduce. Once a baby chimp is weaned Columbia University, Linda Fedigan of it can forage for itself, whereas human the University of Calgary, Anne Pusey What distinguishes a human female infants are nutritionally dependent long of Duke University, Tara Stoinski of the from her primate cousins is not that after they leave the breast. Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International the human biological clock ticks faster, “[Human children] can benefit greatly and Zoo Atlanta, Karen Strier of the but that mortality is so much lower in from having mothers and grandmothers University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wil- humans than in other primates, accord- who are still alive and not tied up with liam Morris of Uppsala University and ing to work done by University of Utah helpless infants,” Alberts explained. Duke University, and Anne Bronikowski anthropologist Kristen Hawkes, who Another possibility is that mammalian of Iowa State University. l was not an author of this study. eggs simply have a limited shelf life. Ac- This study supports that idea, the re- CITATION: Alberts, S. C. et al. (2013). cording to this idea, we’ve extended our “Reproductive aging patterns in primates searchers say. In both humans and chim- lives to the point where we’ve outlived reveal that humans are distinct.” PNAS. panzees, for example, female fertility our egg supply. A woman is born with Data available in the Dryad Digital starts to decline in the late 30s and early Repository at bit.ly/16WQrVy