lishing and printing house relocated to new production facilities in Kemnat, near Stuttgart, in 1972, where the fi rm remained into the twenty-fi rst century. Grandson Frank Mair was named director of cartography and electronic media in 1999. Relationships between road M and guidebook mapping fi rms and agencies involved in travel more generally were customary in the industry, Magazines, Maps in. See Journalistic Cartography but Mairs achieved its superior position as a result of its excellent and constantly updated cartography. In ad- dition to Shell and ADAC, Mairs worked with the long- Mairs Geographischer Verlag (Germany). Kurt Mair established battery manufacturer VARTA (Varta Führer was an enthusiastic traveler and travel writer in the period or Varta Guides), Lufthansa, the tire manufacturer Con- between the two world wars, when he camped through- tinental (Conti-Atlas), Allianz- Versicherungsgesellschaft, out Europe and Africa traveling by car and motor- and the Deutsche Bundesbahn. Mairs successfully took cycle. He penned the frequently reprinted best seller Die over a number of reputable map and travel guide com- Hochstraßen der Alpen (1st ed., 1930). Mair directed panies with established brand names and kept them in the Stuttgart offi ce of the Swiss cartographic publishing business. In 1951 it started a joint auto-guide venture house Hallwag until 1939 and produced the Hallwag- with the Baedeker publishing house, which had moved Autoführer von Deutschland. After World War II, he from Leipzig to Freiburg. Following the death of the founded his own cartographic publishing company, the previous owner, Karl Friedrich Baedeker, Mairs even- Kartographisches Institut Kurt Mair, in Stuttgart in 1948 tually took complete control of the Baedeker fi rm and and began working with the Deutsche Shell AG, which relocated it to Kemnat. Mairs enjoyed similar success had been reestablished in 1947. Thus began a success in concentrating the mapmaking efforts of the Munich- story of more than fi fty years based on Germany’s “eco- based IRO-Verlag in 1992, Ferdinand Ranft/Marco nomic miracle,” when automobile ownership increased Polo in 1995, KOMPASS-Kartenverlag Fleischmann in substantially across Europe and workers enjoyed longer 1997, and HB-Bildatlas-Verlag in 2000. The purchase paid vacations and increased leisure. The fi rst Shell atlas of the Falk- Verlagsgruppe from Bertelsmann in 1998 appeared in 1950, becoming one of the most widely cir- had a spectacular impact on the industry. Falk-Verlag culated publications in the world until it was discontin- had been founded in 1945 by Gerhard Falk and with ued by Shell in 2003. The fi rst maps for the Allgemeiner its Falk maps had become the most well-known carto- Deutscher Automobil-Club (ADAC), the largest German graphic product in Germany and beyond. The heirs sold auto association, also appeared in 1950. The ADAC At- Falk to Bertelsmann in 1997, which merged its subsid- las and the ADAC Alpenbuch were published as a joint iary RV Reise- und Verkehrsverlag with Falk to form venture from 1972 until 1998, when antitrust authori- Falk- Verlag AG. Eventually this group also included the ties forced the dissolution of Mairs and ADAC. In 1952 Geodata Geographische Datenbanken, which had been the Kartographisches Institut Kurt Mair was renamed founded collaboratively by Bertelsmann and Falk. Falk Mairs Geographischer Verlag. The twenty-six-sheet became Mairs’ top map brand, which ultimately resulted Deutsche Generalkarte 1:200,000 was produced be- in the withdrawal of Shell from Mairs. Mairs bought tween 1954 and 1957. Expressly not offered as a free the Berlin-based map division of the StadtINFO-Verlag road map at gas stations, it was Germany’s most widely from Bertelsmann in 2001. In the same year, Mairs ac- sold map. quired the majority of shares of Hallwag Kartographie, After Mair’s sudden death in 1957, his son, Volk- after Hallwag AG had already merged with the bank- mar Mair, took over leadership of the fi rm. The pub- rupt Swiss publisher Kümmerly+Frey AG to form Hall- 798 Maling, D(erek) H(ylton) wag Kümmerly+Frey AG. In 2005, after taking over the He retired from Council in 1971, and was named the Cologne company DuMont Reiseverlag, Mairs became society’s third honorary fellow in 1981. MairDumont. During these early days Maling found time to teach Joachim Neumann himself Russian in order to translate Soviet studies of map projections and to familiarize himself with the See also: Marketing of Maps, Mass; Topographic Mapping: Western USSR’s approach to cartographic research and training. Europe Bibliography: He was also consulted by the Royal Society’s working Anonymous. 2001. “Neue Erfolgsstorys schreiben.” Buchreport.Ma- delegation to the International Cartographic Associa- gazin, March, 111. tion’s (ICA) working party on technical terms in car- ———. 2004. “Scheidung nach der Goldhochzeit.” Buchreport.Ex- tography and prepared a study of terminology of map press 27:18. projections for the ICA’s Multilingual Dictionary of Ebert, Maria. 2001. “Autoatlanten navigieren weit billiger und besser.” Buchreport.Magazin, March, 120–21. Technical Terms in Cartography (1973). This effort bore Lehre, Ute. 1991. “Volkmar Mair 60 Jahre.” Kartographische Nach- further fruit in his book Coordinate Systems and Map richten 41:154–55. Projections, published in 1973 and revised in 1992. Maling’s second book, Measurements from Maps: Principles and Methods of Cartometry (1989), distilled Maling, D(erek) H(ylton). Born in Corbridge, North- many years of refl ection on the generalization and mea- umberland, on 8 May 1923, Derek Maling began his surement of features on maps and provided a basis for education locally, but was called up for military service later research on the application of automation and ar- in World War II. Serving with distinction in the Royal tifi cial intelligence to map generalization and pattern Air Force as a navigator, he was shot down in occupied recognition. His scientifi c approach to the inherently ar- Yugoslavia but rescued by partisans. After the war he tistic subject of map design, however idiosyncratic, was served in the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, informed by a wide reading of work by scholars in Rus- where he mapped Signy Island from 1947 to 1950. Re- sia, Germany, France, and North America. suming his studies, he took a BA in geography at King’s An early supporter of ICA endeavors, Maling rarely College, Newcastle, in 1951 and went on to a PhD in left his study in the forests of South Wales, where he 1956 on local glacial geomorphology. Maling began honed his remarkable ideas. Although eagerly involved in his academic career at University College Swansea. Af- establishing the BCS, he increasingly put his efforts into ter retiring from a regular faculty position in the early research papers, books, and teaching. Easily mistaken 1980s, he remained with the University of Swansea (as it for an absentminded university educator, Maling was a was later renamed) as an honorary research fellow until signifi cant figure in the development of cartography as 1997. He died on 22 September 1998. an academic discipline in the second half of the century. It was as a pioneer in promoting graduate training for Christopher Board cartographers that he fi rst made his mark on the profes- See also: Cartometry; Education and Cartography: Cartographic sion. Charged with creating courses within a geography Textbooks department that produced general science geographers Bibliography: as well as more specialized graduates, Maling devised Coulson, Martin. 1998. “Obituary—Derek Hylton Maling, 8 May training that was academic yet embraced both the the- 1923–22 September 1998.” Maplines 4, no. 3:13–14. Maling, D. H. 1968. “The Terminology of Map Projections.” Interna- ory and the practicalities of map production. Criticisms tional Yearbook of Cartography 8:11–65. of this approach by W. D. C. Wiggins, deputy director ———. 1991. “The Origins of That Defi nition.” Cartographic Journal of Overseas Surveys, and Maling’s rebuttals played out 28:221–23. in the Geographical Journal from 1957 to 1959. Unde- terred, he added a postgraduate diploma course to the undergraduate specialization in cartography, which was Map. one of the fi rst such courses in Britain. Individual stu- Definitions of Map dents who embraced his courses and teaching enthused Map Typologies about his tutorial and pastoral skills. Printed Map A founding member of the British Cartographic Soci- Images as Maps ety (BCS), he naturally shouldered the task of elaborating Map as Metaphor his view of cartography as a university discipline rather Electronic Map than a craft-based technology focused on government Sense of Place and the Map institutions and commercial publishers. He soon became involved as a member of BCS committees responsible Defi nitions of Map. Geographical maps and mapping for the society’s lecture programs and annual symposia. (the activity of making maps) are situated at the heart of Map 799 the traditional defi nition of the word map. Considered scale ruled out variable-scale products. It apparently from that viewpoint, map-like graphic displays, such as excluded globes but could include plans and charts. It gene maps, or mapping-like activities involving nonspa- seems that military users of that time favored a defi ni- tial content, such as mapping out a course of action, can tion that was stricter, because they required a more ac- be regarded as peripheral. Despite excluding nongeo- curate and precise product. Geographers like Mill were graphical uses of “map” and “mapping” in fi elds such as content to follow them by accepting standards adopted genetics, physiology, mathematics, linguistics, athletics, by military organizations, which were often the national and dance, J. H. Andrews still found 320 defi nitions of mapping agencies. map to review, concluding, “We all know what ‘map’ The representational defi nition held sway until the means suffi ciently well to make ourselves understood” mid-twentieth century.