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Sapolsky, R (2004) Ojemann G et al (1989) •) Reading and individualized • Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers, Cortical language localization in left, instruction Owl Books (3rd Edition) dominant hemisphere, an electrical p. 99 - 100 stimulation mapping investigation in Connor, CM et al (2007) 117 patients Algorithm-guided individualized •) Eric Kandel quote J. Neurosurg 71: 316 – 326 reading instruction Science 315: 464 - 465 Kandel, E. (1999) •) Double-hump – childhood brain The Scientific American Book of the development All quotations from George Ojemann Brain are transcribed directly from the The Lyons Press Huttenlocher PR and Dabholkar AS videotaped television program of the p. 153 (1997) following meeting: Regional differences in •) Howard Gardner synaptogenesis in human cerebral “A Brain on Our Resources: the cortex Impact of Neural Research on the New York Times Magazine, 3/11/07 J. of Comp. Neuro. 387: 167 – 178 21st Century Classroom” (1999) Quoted in: www.edge.org/3rd_ culture/gardner/gardner_p3.html •) Double-hump – adolescence Presentations by Professors John Medina, George Ojemann, Patricia Schaler, J (2006) Giedd JN et al (1999) Kuhl, Jaimie Diaz and Deborah Howard Gardner Under Fire: The Brain development during McCutchen Rebel Psychologist Faces His Critics childhood and adolescence: a Part of the Strategies for the Future Open Court Publishing Co (Illinois, longitudinal MRI study series USA) Nature Neuro 2(10): 861 - 863 University of Washington Office of Educational Partnerships Gardner, H. (1983) •) General reference on brain Multiple Intelligences: the Theory in development •) Reading variability studies using Practice testing and mapping procedures Basic Books (NY) Sewell, ER et al (2004) Mappig changes in the human Ojemann, G (1989) •) A terrific discussion on the cortex throughout the span of life Some brain mechanisms for reading. mechanics of electrical stimulation Neuroscientist 10(4): 372 - 392 In Brain and Reading (Curt von Euler, mapping ed) (Macmillan, NY), p. 47 – 59 •) Pre-loaded software of babies

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All ages PHeine, SJ & norenzayan A (2006) Toward a psychological science for a Confirming the 10-minute period by Renninger, KA (1992) cultural species peer-review Individual interest and development: Persp on Psych Sci 1: 251 implications for theory and practice. Hartley, J & Davies IK (1978) In The Role of Interest in Learning and Attentional states linked to memory Note-taking: a critical review Development Renninger et al (Eds.) Programmed Learning and Educational Lawrence Erlbaum Associ (Hillsdale, Summerfield JJet al (2006) Technology 15: 207 - 224 NJ) Orienting attention based on long- pp. 359 - 396 term memory experience 100 years Neuron 49: 905 - 916 Attentional states linked to Renninger, KA (1990) consciousness (and that they may be The woman who couldn’t see Childrens’ play interests, the same thing) anything in the left representations, and activity Knowing and remembering in young children, R. Ratey, JJ (2002) Sacks, O. (1998) Fivush & J Hudson (Eds.) A User’s Guide to the Brain The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Emory Cognition Series (Vol. III) Vintage Books (NY) Hat Cambridge, MA, Cambridge pp. 110 – 114 Touchstone Press University Press p. 77 pp. 127 – 165 The failures of the Tucson Consciousness Conference The idea of hemispheric spotlight Reading retention www.consciousness.arizona.edu/ interactions tucson2006.htm Hidi, S & Baird, W (1988) Weintraub S. et al (1996) Strategies for increasing text-based Ratey, JJ (2002) Right-sided hemispatial neglect and interest and student’s recall of A User’s Guide to the Brain bilateral cerebral lesions expository text Vintage Books (NY) J. of Neuroo, Neurosurg & Psych 60: Reading Research Quarterly 23: 465 pp. 145 342 - -344 - 483 Operations, anesthesia and attention Olshausen BA et al (1994) Improved writing comment A neurobiological model of visual Hid, S & McLaren, J (1990) Carianai, P (2000) attention and invariant pattern The effect of topic and theme Anesthesia, neural information recognition based on dynamic interestingness on the production of processing, and conscious awareness routing of information school expositions.

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 12 J. Neurosci 13: 4700 – 4719 Between-task competition and cognitive control in task switching. Various cell phone references Relationship between interest and J Neurosci 26:1429-38. attention Strayer, DL et al (2004) Rule activation What do drivers fail to see when Shirey LL (1992) conversing on a cell phone? Importance, interest and selective Rubinstein, JS et al (2001) Proc of the Hum Fac and Erg Soci, attention Executive control of cognitive 48th, Ann Mtg In The Role of Interest in Learning and processes in task switching pp. 2213 – 2217 Development Renninger et al (Eds.) J Exp Psych 27: 763 - 797 Lawrence Erlbaum Associ (Hillsdale, Redelmeier, DA & Tibshirani, RJ NJ) Lo, CC & Wang, XJ (2006) (1997) pp. 281 - 296 Cortico-basal ganglia circuit Association between mechanism for a decision threshold cellular0telephone calls and motor Mike Posner’s Bio in reaction time tasks vehicle collisions “A Tribute to Michael I. Posner” Nature Neuroscience 9: 956 - 963 New England Journal of Medicine Steven Keele and Ulrich Mayr 336: 453 – 458 Effects of interruptions, length of Posner’s model reviewed time and error rates The 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study Phase II – Raz A and Buhle J. (2006) Ramsey, NF et al (2003) Results of the 100-Car Field Typologies of attentional networks Neurophysiological factors in human Experiment NHTSA Crash Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7: 367 – information processing capacity Avoidance Research Technical 379 Brain 127: 517 - 525 Publications http://www-nrd. nhtsa.dot.gov/departments/nrd- Theories of executive control Cole, W. et al (2006) 12/pubs_rev.html The Multitasking Generation Rubinstein, JS et al (2001) Time 167: 50 - 53 The Impact of Driver Inattention Executive control of cognitive on Near-Crash/Crash Risk: An processes in task switching Czerwinski, M., Cutrell, E., & Analysis of 100-Car Naturalistic J Exp Psych 27: 763 - 771 Horvitz, E. (2000). Driving Study Data (This report will Instant Messaging and Interruption: be posted at two locations) NHTSA Influence of Task Crash Avoidance Research Technical The David E. Meyer quote” Type on Performance. Proceedings of Publications http://www-nrd.nhtsa. Cole, W. et al (2006) OZCHI 2000, dot.gov/departments/nrd-12/pubs_ The Multitasking Generation 356-361 rev.html Time 167: 52 Rubinstein, J. S., Meyer, D. E., & and Safety Implications of Driver The steps of information processing Evans, J. E. (2001). Distraction When Using In-Vehicle Executive control of cognitive Technologies Braver, TS et al (2003) processes in task http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot. Neural mechanisms of transient and switching. Journal of Experimental gov/departments/nrd-13/ sustained cognitive control during Psychology: DriverDistraction.html task switching. Human Perception and Performance, Neuron 39:713-26. 27, 763-797 Direct Line Insurance in the UK Crone, EA et al (2006) commissioned a study in driving Neural evidence for dissociable Monsell, S., & Driver, J. (Eds.) simulators comparing drivers when components of task-switching. (2000). Attention and they were legally drunk to these Cereb Cortex 16:475-86 performance XVIII: Control of cognitive same drivers while using hand-held processes. and hands-free mobile phones. Both Yeung, N et al (2006) Cambridge, MA: MIT Press phone uses showed greater driver

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 13 impairment than being drunk. This is the first study to compare alcohol- Turk-Browne N et al (2006) Experts vs. novices impaired drivers with their own Linking implicit and explicit reaction times, etc., while sober and memory: common encoding factors How Experts Differ From Novices in using mobile phones. and shared representations How People Learn (Bransford et al Neuron 49: 917 - 927 Eds) Talking on a mobile phone whilst National Academy Press driving is MORE dangerous than We pay strongest attention to the (Washington, DC) being drunk behind the wheel* emotional components of memory pp. 31 - 50

An ECS is the best processed Dolcos, F et al (2004) information of any type (better Interaction between the amygdala encoded, better recalled) and the medial temporal lobe memory system predicts better LaBar KS and Cabeza R (2006) memory for emotional events Cognitive neuroscience of emotional Neuron 42: 855 - 863 memory Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7: 54 – Emotional arousal is linked to gist 64 preferences

The anatomy of an emotional Adolphs, R et al (2005) memory (Executive, anterior Amygdala damage impairs emotional cingulate and amygdala) memory for gist but not for details of complex stimuli. McGaugh, JL (2004) Nature Neursci 8: 512 – 518 The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of Gist is normally processed over emotionally arousing experiences detail and may be what memory does Ann Rev Neurosci 27: 1 – 28 best

Squire L & Kandel E (1999) The positive effect of dopamine on Memory human cognition Scientific American Press (NY) p. 78 Nieoullon A & Coquerel A. (2003) Dopamine: a key regulator to adapt Gist emphasis a sign of mental action, em0tion, motivation and health cognition Curr Opin Neurol Suppl 2: S3 - 9 Schacter, D. (2001) The Seven Sins of Memory: How the The brain pays attention to issues of Mind Forgets and Remembers survival and sex Houghton Mifflin Co (NY) p. 192 LeDoux, J. (2002) Synaptic Self: Ho Our Brains Become The amazing waiter Who We Are Viking Press (NY) Ericsson, KA U Polson PG (1988) pp. 320 - 321 An experimental analysis of the mechanisms of a memory skill The brain pays attention to “have I J of Ex Psych: Learning, Memory & seen it before” cues Cogn 14: 305 – 316

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 14 ebbinghaus.shtml HarperCollins, (NY) p. 192 Ebbinghaus, H. (1964) Uber das Gedachtnis The brain is like a blender Untersuchungun Zure Experimentatellen Psychologie Livingston, M & Hubel, D (1988) H.A. Ruger & C.E. Bussenius, Trans.) Segregation of form, color, New York: Dover movement and depth: anatomy, (Original work published in 1885) physiology and perception Science 240: 740 - 749 Ways to organize memory (based on References consciousness) Robertson, LC (2003) Binding, spatial attention and Short-term Squire L & Kandel E (1999) perceptual awareness Memory Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4(2): memory Scientific American Press (NY) 93 – 102 p. 15 The vowel story (subscription The story of H.M. required): http://www.nature.com/nature/ Kim Peek’s astonishing skills Scoville WB & Milner, B journal/v403/n6768/full/403428a0. (1957) html • http://www. Loss of recent memory after bilateral wisconsinmedicalsociety.org/savant/ hippocampal lesions Automatic vs. effortful encoding kimpeek.cfm J. of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 20: 11 – 21 Hasher L & Zacks RT (1984) • http://skepdic.com/speedreading. Automatic and effortful processes in html The neuroanatomy of memory memory (relationship between hippocampus J. of Experimental Psychology General Peek, F. (1996) and cortex) 198: 356 - 388 The Real Rain Man Harkness Publishing Cons (Salt Lake Nolte, J. (1993) Hasher L & Zacks RT (1984) City, Utah) The Human Brain: An Introduction to Automatic processing of its Functional Anatomy fundamental information: the case Treffert, DA and Chrisensen DD Mosby, Inc (St. Louis, Missouri) of frequency of occurrence (2006) pp. 548 - 566 American Psychologist 39: 1372 - 1388 Inside the mind of a savant Scientific American Mind June, 2006 Ways to organize memory (based on Mangels, JA (1997) neuroanatomy, especially H.M.) Strategic processing and memory Darold Treffert’s quote for temporal order in patients with LeDoux, J. (2002) frontal lobe lesions http://www.sciammind.com/article. Synaptic Self: Hwo Our Brains Become Neuropsychology 11: 207 – 221 cfm?articleID=000695C0-59E6- Who We Are 147C-89AA83414B7F0000 Viking Press (NY) Levels of processing pp. 108 - 109 Ebbinghaus references Craik FIM & Lockhart RS (1972) Levels of processing: a framework 90% comment Oliver Sacks piano playing “Tom” for memory research Ramachandran, VS & Blaekeslee S. J. of Verbal Learning and Verbal Plucker, J. (20046) (1999) Behavior 11: 671 - 684 Hermann Ebbinghaus Phantoms in the Brain http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 15 Elaborate encoding provides greater The deep-sea divers experiment memory Godden DR & Baddeley AD (1975) Craik FIM & Tulving, E (1975) Context-dependent memory in two Depth of processing and the natural environments: on land and retention of words in episodic under water memory British J. of Psych 66: 325 - 332 J. of Experimental Psychology General 104: 268 - 294 Marijuana, laughing gas & mood Binding problem Passer, MW & Smith RE (2001) Psychology: Frontiers and Applications Treisman A. (1996) McGraw Hill (NY) The binding problem. pp. 291 – 292 Curr Opin Neurobiol 6(2):171-8 Elaborate rehearsal Balint’s syndrome Gabrielli JDE et al (1996) Rizzo M, & Vecera SP. (2002) Functional magnetic resonance Psychoanatomical substrates of imaging of semantic memory Balint’s syndrome. processes in the frontal lobes J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. Psychological Science 7: 278 – 283 72(2):162-78 The more examples, the better it is

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Squire L & Kandel E (1999) Memory Scientific American Press (NY) p. 72

LeDoux, J. (2002) Synaptic Self: Hwo Our Brains Become Who We Are Viking Press (NY) p. 107

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 16 Dudai, Y & Eisenberg, M. (2004) Baddeley, AD (1998) Rites of passage of the engram: Recent developments in working reconsolidation and the lingering memory consolidation hypothesis Current Opinion in Neurobiology 8: Neuron 44: 93 - 100 234 – 238 Nader, K (2003) Baddeley, AD (2000) Memory traces unbound. Working memory: the interface Trends Neurosci 26: 65 – 72 between memory and cognition In. M.S. Gazzaniga (Ed.) Cognitive Various models of retrieval Neuroscience: a Reader References Malden, MA: Blackwell Passer, MW & Smith, RE (2001) Long-term Psychology Frontiers and Applications Baddeley, AD (2000) McGraw Hill (NY) memory The episodic buffer: a new p. 295 component of working memory? Trendsi n Cognitive Sciences 11: 417 - Schacter, D. (2001) 423 The Seven Sins of Memory: How the Mind Forgets and Remembers Darold Treffert’s quote Structure of long-term memory (many Houghton Mifflin Co (NY) interactive systems, including semantic p. 15 - 17 http://www.sciammind.com/article. and episodic subtypes) cfm?articleID=000695C0-59E6- Reconstructive retrieval models 147C-89AA83414B7F0000 Squire, L. (2004) Memory systems of the brain: a brief Bahrick, HP (2000) Old loading dock metaphor history and current perspective Long-term maintenance of Neurobiology of Learning and Memory knowledge. In E. tulving and FIM Passer, MW & Smith, RE (2001) 82: 171 - 177 Craik (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Psychology: Frontiers and Applications Memory (p. 347 – 362) Oxford and McGraw Hill (NY) Tulvin, E (2002) New York; Oxford Press p. 278 Episodic memory: from mind to brain Schacter, DL & Curran. T (2000) The old model needed changing Annual Review of Psychology 53: 1 – 25 Memory without remembering and remembering without memory: Reisberg D. (1997) Moscovitch, M et al (2005) implicit and false memories. In. Cognition: Exploring the Science of Functional neuroanatomy of remote M.S. Gazzaniga (Ed.) Cognitive Mind episodic, semantic and spatial Neuroscience: a Reader W. W. Norton (NY) memory: a unified account based on Malden, MA: Blackwell p. 139 multiple trace theory Journal of Anatomy 207: 35 Quintillian reference Miguel Najdorf’s blindfolded chess games The first ideations of consolidation Quintillian, 1st century BCE Institutio Oratorio • Schultz, D (2004) Lechner, HA et al ((1999) Book XI, Kairos, Memory and Fischer, Kasparov and the Others 100 years of consolidation – Delivery 11.2 (Memory) Chessdon Publishing (Highland remembering Muller and Pilzecker Beach, Fl) Learn. Mem 6: 77 - 87 Retrieval systems move from p. 74 reproductive to reconstructive models Reconsolidation Working memory Squire L & Kandel E (1999)

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 17 Memory Autobiographical Memory: Viking Press (NY) Scientific American Press (NY) Remembering What and Remembering p.106 - 107 p. 74 When Mahwah, MH, Lawrence Erlbaum Wagner’s distributed repetition Schacter, D. (2001) experiments (two of them) The Seven Sins of Memory: How the Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curves Mind Forgets and Remembers Wagner, A.D. et al (1998) Building Houghton Mifflin Co (NY) Ebbinghaus, H (1964) memories: Remembering and p. 15 – 17 Memory: a contribution to forgetting of verbal experiences as experimental psychology predicted by brain activity Daniel Offer’s experiment (HJA Ruger & CE Bussenius, Science 281: 1188-1191 translators) Offer, D. et al (2000) Dover (NY) Wagner, A.D. et al (1999) When The altering of reported experiences encoding yields remembering: J. of Child & Adol Psych 33: 6 Memory can take years to consolidate Insights from event-related neuroimaging Can remember 7 things, plus or minus Manns, JR T. et al (2003) Proceedings of the Royal Society two, for 30 seconds. Semantic memory and the human of London (Series B: Biological hippocampus Sciences) 354: 1307-1324 Miller GA (1956) Neuron 38: 127 - 133 The magical number seven, plus Dan Schacter’s quote or minus two: some limits on our Maviel, T. et al (2004) capacity for processing information Sites of neocortical reorganization Schacter, D. (2001) Psychol. Rev. 63: 81 – 97 critical for remote spatial memory The Seven Sins of Memory: How the Science 305: 96 -99 Mind Forgets and Remembers Maintenance rehearsal is good for Houghton Mifflin Co (NY) working memory, and can extend the Frankland, PW & Bontempi, B p. 48 memory for lengths of time (2005) The organization of recent and Long Term Potentiation (early and late Hilgard ER (1980) remote memories types) explained The trilogy of mind: cognition, Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6: 119 – affection and conation 130 Fields, RD (2005) J. Hist. Behav. Sci 16: 107 - 117 Making Memories Stick Scientific American Peterson, LR & Peterson MJ (1959) Deliberately space the repetitions and Short term retention of individual recall is much better Dudke, SM & Fields, RD (1999) verbal items Gene expression in hippocampal J. of Exp Psych 58: 193 - 198 Wagner, A.D. et al (2000) long-term potentiation Interactions between forms of The Neuroscientist 5: 275 -279 Elaborative rehearsal is better for long- memory: when priming hinders new term memory learning Synaptic and system level consolidation J. of Cognitive Neuroscience 12: 52 - exist Gardiner JM, et al (19940 60 Maintenance rehearsal affects Dudai, Y (2004) knowing, not remembering; Repetitions built up slowly do not The neurobiology of consolidations, elaborative rehearsal affects interfere with networks previously or how stable is the engram? remembering, not knowing recruited to store information Ann Rev Psychol 55: 51 – 86 Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 1: 107 – 110 LeDoux, J. (2002) Frankland, PW & Bontempi, B Synaptic Self: Hwo Our Brains Become (2005) Thompson, CP et al (1996) Who We Are The organization of recent and

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 18 remote memories Interview with H.M. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6: 119 – 130 Corkin, S. (2002) The hippocampus and cortex are What’s new with the amnesic patient connected H.M.? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3: 157 – Eichenbaum, H. (2000) 158 A cortical-hippocampal system for declarative memory Successive reactivations (repetitions) of Nature Reviews Neuroscience 1: 41 -50 the hippocampal-cortical interactions strengthens the memory trace Declarative memories may be stored in the same cortical systems that were Eichenbaum, H. (2004) involved in the initial processing Hippocampus; cognitive processes and neural representations that LeDoux, J. (2002) underlie declarative memory Synaptic Self: Hwo Our Brains Become Neuron 44: 109 – 120 Who We Are Viking Press (NY) Morris, RG, et al (2003) p. 107 Elements of a neurobiological theory of the hippocampus: the role of Squire L & Kandel E (1999) activity-dependent synaptic plasticity Memory in memory Scientific American Press (NY) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol Sci. p. 13, 72 & 88 358: 773 – 786

Memory moves from the hippocampus Squire LR et al (2004) + cortex to the cortex alone The medial temporal lobe Ann Rev. Neurosci 27: 279 - 306 McClelland, JL et al (1995) Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus Dissatisfaction with undergraduate and neocortex: insights from education the successes and failures of connectionst models of learning and Terenzini. (2004) memory Research and practice in Psycho. Rev 102: 419 – 457 undergraduate education: and never the twain shall meet? Manns, JR (2003) Higher Education 38: 33 - 44 Semantic memory and the human hippocampus Neuron 38: 127 - 133

A review of H.M.

Corkin, S. (2002) What’s new with the amnesic patient H.M.? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3: 153 – 160

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 19 news/1999/19990816-kleitman.html putting myths to bed Geriatrics 52: 20 - 29 Kleitman, N (1963) Sleep and Wakefulness Webb, WB ((1970) Univerfsity of Chicago Press Individual differences in sleep length (Chicago) Int Psychiatry Clin 7: 44 - 47

CAS, HSD and nobody ever wins Dement, WC and Vaughan C. (2000) the battle The Promise of Sleep Random House (NY) Dijk, DJ (1996) pp. 102 - 128 References Internal rhythms in humans Semin Cell Dev Biol 7: 831 – 836 Inverting the question and six to Sleep seven hours of sleep needed Foster, R and Kreitzman L (2004) Rhythms of Life: the Biological Foster, R and Kreitzman L (2004) Clocks that Control the Daily Lives Rhythms of Life: the Biological of Every Living Thing Clocks that Control the Daily Lives Fatal Familial Insomnia Profile Books (London) of Every Living Thing pp. 177 – 200 Profile Books (London) Manetto, V et al (1992) pp. 184 - 185 Fatal familial insomnia: clinical and Maimonides quote pathologic study of 5 new cases. Larks and owls Neurology 42: 312 - 319 Misheneh Torah Sefer Hamad, Hilchoth De’oth Ch Hall, EF et al (1997) “Resting” only 20% of the time IV: No.4: 1180 Interval between wake time and Translation by Arther Lesley, circadian phase differs between Rechtschaffen, A. (1998) Baltimore Hebrew University, morning and evening types Current perspectives on the function Baltimore, Maryland Sleep Research 26: 716 of sleep Persp Biol and Medicine 41: 359 – 390 The 8 hrs and 15 minutes quote Gale, G and Martin, C (1998) Larks and owls, and health, wealth, Smolensky, M and Lamberg L. Weher, TA (1999) and wisdom (2000) The impact of changes in British Med J. 317: 1675 - 1677 The Body Clock Guide to Better Health nightlength (scotoperiod) on human Henry Holt & Co (NY) sleep. Larson, J et al (1991) p. 71 In Turek, FW and Zee, PC eds Morning and night couples: the Regulation of Sleep and Circadian effect of wake and sleep patterns on Dement’s idea of a battle Rhythms marital adjustment Macel Dekker (NY) J. Marital and Fam Therapy 17: 53 - 65 Dement, WC and Vaughan C. (2000) pp. 263 – 285 The Promise of Sleep Smolensky, M and Lamberg L. Random House (NY) Remarkable individuality, and (2000) pp. 74 – 101 sleep needs changing over time The Body Clock Guide to Better Health Henry Holt & Co (NY) Kleitman’s tendency to experiment Burns, ER (2000) pp. 40 - 55 on himself and his kids Biological time and in vivo research: a field guide to pitfalls Duffy, J. et al (2001) “Nathaniel Kleitman, PhD, 1895 – Anat Rec 261: 141 - 152 Association of intrinsic circadian 1999 Ancoli-Israel, S. (1997) period with morningness- August 16, 1999 in Sleep problems in older adults: eveningness, usual wake time, and http://www.uchospitals.edu/

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 20 circadian phase creative people (such as Thomas “It was said that he would sleep just Behav Neurosci 115: 895 ñ 899 Edison and 15 minutes of every four hours.” Michelangelo) rarely sleep for more http://www.mysleepcenter.com/ Vink, JM et al (2001) than four hours at a time.” FamousSleepers.html Genetic analysis of morningness and http://www.susunweed.com/Article_ eveningness Anthrax_Interview.htm 11. Margaret Thatcher – four hours Chronobiol Int 18: 809 - 822 “Margaret Thatcher, the former 6. Napoleon Bonaparte – four hours prime minister, was famous for Healthy insomniacs “Napoleon Bonaparte learned to getting by on only four hours a live with the fact that he was only night.” Stuss, D and Broughton, R (1978) existing on http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/ Extreme short sleep: personality three or four hours sleep a night and archive/15-2-19102-0-37-6.html profiles and a case study of sleep got on with his grand schemes.” requirement http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/ 12. Martha Stewart – four hours Waking Sleep 2: 101 - 105 alabaster/A294031 ““There’s not enough time in the day,” complains the woman who says Famous insomniacs. 7. Bill Clinton – five to six hours she needs no more than four hours’ “President Clinton grabs 5-6 hours” sleep a night.” 1. Jay Leno – four hours http://www.powersleep.org/ http://www.hellomagazine.com/ “He subsists on four hours’ sleep per sleepmatters.htm profiles/marthastewart/ night. Out of fifty-two weeks, he gets four weeks off, during which time 8. Winston Churchill – six hours 13. Thomas Edison – four hours he is miserable. “I hate those weeks “It was claimed he only spent 6 “Thomas Edison slept 3-4 hours at off,” he tells me. “To me, a week’s hours in bed every night. However, night, regarding sleep as a waste of vacation just means you’re now a he wrote that one needs to take a time” week behind.” complete nap every afternoon, to get http://www.powersleep.org/ fully undressed and really go to bed. sleepmatters.htm 2. Madonna – four hours No “halfway measures”. He claimed “Madonna has revealed she only the reward was to “get two days in grabs four hours’ sleep a night one - well, at least one and a half, Lyndon Johnson’s habits (archived because she constantly worries about I’m sure.” He claimed this nap was from the LBJ library, Austin, Tx) everything that is going on her life.” absolutely necessary to cope with his http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/ responsibilities during the war. His www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/ english/entertainment/music/ naps were 1.5 to 2 hours long, for a archives.hom/oralhistory.hom/cater/ newsid_1420000/1420364.stm total of about 8 hours a day!” cater04.pdf http://www.mysleepcenter.com/ 3. Florence Nightingale – four hours FamousSleepers.html Randy Gardner’s experiments with “Florence Nightingale only slept four Bill Dement hours a night” 9. Nikola Tesla – two hours http://www.soyouwanna.com/site/ “He is said, by some of his followers, Gulevich G. et al (1966) syws/insomnia/insomnia.html to only have slept 2 hours a day. He Psychiatric and EEG observations was definitely a night owl. But his on a case of prolonged (264 hrs) 4. Anton Ballard – four hours staff has told of him taking many wakefulness “Ballard keeps pushing himself to naps during the day. And it seems he Archives of General Psychiatry 15: 29 get better. He averages around four may have been narcoleptic, and able - 35 hours of sleep per night, and works to sleep with his eyes open.” about 12 hours each day between his http://www.mysleepcenter.com/ Stress can confound effects of meat counter and his studio.” FamousSleepers.html sleep

5. Michelangelo – four hours 10. Leonardo Da Vinci – 15 mins Siegel JM. et al (2003) “Both aboriginal peoples and highly every four hours (ie. 1.5 hours) Why We Sleep

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 21 Scientific American November, 2003 p. 193 - 194 Insom 3: 26 - 28 p. 94 Linkage of 4 – 5 hrs sleep Sleep and memory, general Sleep hurts cognition (general deprivation to 48 hours total considerations references) deprivation Stickgold, R (2005) Pilcher JJ and Juffcutt AJ (1996). et al Dinges DF et al (1997) Sleep-dependent memory (1966) Cumulative sleepiness, mood consolidation Effects of sleep deprivation on disturbance, and psychomotor Nature 427: 1272 – 1278 performance: a meta-analysis vigilance performance decrements Sleep 19: 318 - 326 15: 29 - 35 during a week of sleep restricted to The benefits of napping – the 4-5 hours per night. NASA study Van Donge, HP et al (2003) Sleep 20: 267 - 277 The cumulative cost of additional Rosekind, M.R., et al (1994) wakefulness; dose-response effects Benoit O et al (1980) Crew Factors in Flight Operations IX: on neurobhehavioral functions Habitual sleep length and patterns of Effects of Planned Cockpit Rest on Crew and sleep physiology from chronic recovery sleep after 24 hour and 36 Performance and Alertness in Long- sleep restriction and total sleep hour sleep deprivation. Haul Operations. NASA Technical deprivation Electroencephogr Clin Neurophysiol Memorandum 108839. Moffett Field, Slee 26: 117 - 126 50:477-485. CA: NASA Ames Research Center

Sleep has been extensively studied Sleep deprivation leads to energy General nap benefits for combat operations loss Dement, WC and Vaughan C. (2000) Combined Arms Combat Spiegel K et al (1999) The Promise of Sleep Developments Activity (CACDA). Impact of sleep debt on metabolic Random House (NY) Continuous Operations Study and endocrine function pp. 372 - 376 (CONOPS) Final Report. Fort Lancet 354: 1435 - 1439 Leavenworth, KS, CACDA, 1987. Married accountant Randy Gardner’s behavior A loss of 30 to 40% first night, From The Best of Ann Landers 60% the next night. Coren, S (1998) Sleep deprivation, psychosis and Autistic savant Angus RG, Heslegrave RJ. (1985) mental efficiency Effects of sleep loss on sustained Psychiatric Times 15:3 VS Ramachandran cognitive performance during a The Phantoms in the Brain command and control simulation. Mendeleev’s behavior Harper Perennial (NY) Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput 17:55-67 Nelson, L. (2004) Sleep replay While You Were Sleeping Average sleep in the U.S. Nature 430: 962 - 964 Louie, K & Wilson, MA (2001) Temporally structured replay of 1999 Omnibus Sleep in America Poll Finding the hidden algorithm awake hippocampal ensemble National Sleep Foundation activity during rapid eye-movement Washington, D.C. (1999) Wagner, U et al (2004) sleep Sleep inspires insight Neuron 29: 149 ñ 156 Suppose you are an “A” student, Nature 427: 352 – 355 but then get average sleep loss Wilson, MA and McNaughton, BL Mednick SC and Drummond S (1993) Passer, MW & Smith RE (2001) (2004) Dynamics of the hippocampal Psychology: Frontiers and Applications Sleep: a prescription for insight? ensemble code for space

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 22 Science 261: 1055 ñ 1058 Science 294: 1058 - 1063

Skaggs, WE & McNaughton, BL Dement, WC and Vaughan C. (2000) (1996) The Promise of Sleep Replay of neuronal firing sequences Random House (NY) in rat hippocampus during sleep pp. 119 – 124 following spatial experience Science 271: 1870 - 1873 Nap Day http://www.bu.edu/phpbin/news/ Sleep boost releases/display.php?id=1085

Pihal, W & Born, J (1997) Effects of early and late nocturnal sleep on declarative and procedural memory J. Cogn. Neurosci 9: 534 ñ 547

Stickgold, R (2005) Sleep-dependent memory consolidation Nature 437: 1272 ñ 1278

Sleep controversy

Siegel, JM (2005) The REM Sleep-memory consolidation hypothesis Science 294: 1058 - 1063

Siegel, JM (2005) Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep Nature 437: 1269

Stickgold, R (2005) Sleep-dependent memory consolidation Nature 437: 1273

Sleep needs in adolescence

Gau SF & Soong, WT (2003) The transition of sleep-wake patterns in early adolescence Sleep 26: 409 - 4103

Sleep needs in aging

Siegel, JM (2005) The REM Sleep-memory consolidation hypothesis

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 23 substrate of reward: physiological Rozanski, A et al (1991) and pathophysiological implications Mental stress and the induction of Brain Research Reviews 25: 39 myocardial ischemia in Brown et al Stress: Neurobiology and •) Jeansok Kim and David Neuroendocrinology Diamond’s three part definition of Marcel Dekker (NY) stress •) Increased susceptibility to Kim J.J. and Diamond, D (2002) infection The stressed hippocampus, synaptic plasticity and lost memories Cohen SW et al (1991) References Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3: 4534 Psychological stress and - 4562 susceptibility to the common cold Stress New England Journal of Medicine 325: •) General review on the physiology 606 of stress responses Cohen SW and Doyle, W (1997) Carlson, NR. (2007) Social ties and susceptibility to the •) Learned helplessness stories Physiology of Behavior common cold Allyn & Bacon Journal of the American Medical For a thorough treatment of pp. 601 - 606 Association 277: 1940 Seligman’s work, see http://www. ppc.sas.upenn.edu/ •) The brain evolved to solve •) The inverted U – increased risk problems in the short-term of stroke Miller, W.R., Seligman, M.E.P., and Kurlander, H. (1975). Sterling, P. (2003) May, M et al (2002) Learned helplessness, depression, Principles of allostasis: optimal Does psychological distress predict and anxiety. design, predictive regulation, the risk of ischemic stroke and Journal of Nervous and Mental pathophysiology and rational transient ischemic attack Disease 161: 347-357 therapeutics. In Shulckin, J ed Stroke 33: 7 Allostasts, Homeostasis, and the Costs •) Gamel(n) of Adaptation •) The inverted U – immune Cambridge MIT Press responses Gutman, I. (1990) Encylcopedia of the Holocaust, 3rd •) Addison’s disease (and other McEwen B et al (1997) edition related dysfunction) The role of adrenocorticoids as Macmillan, (NY) modulators of immune function p. 677 Raison, C and Miller A (2003) in health and disease; neural, When not enough is too much: the endocrine and immune interactions •) Stress can temporarily boost role of insufficient glucocorticoid Brain Res Rev 23: 79 learning signaling in the pathphysiology of stress-related disorders Herbert, T & Cohen S (1993) McEwen, B. (2002) Am J Psych 160: 1554 Stress and immunity in humans: a The End of Stress as We Know It meta-analytic review Joseph Henry Press Nieman, LK et al (2006) Psychos Med 55: 364 pp. 107 - 108 Addison’s disease Clin Dermatol 24: 393 - 411 •) The inverted U – cognitive •) Physiological signatures of stress responses and pleasure are similar •) The inverted U – cardiovascular responses Sapolsky R (2005) Piazza, P. & Le Moal, M (1997) Stress and cognition in Gazzaniga M Glucocorticoids as a biological

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 24 ed in adult humans Exposure to excess glucocorticoids The Cognitive Neurosciences 3rd ed J. of Neuro 2947 - 2053 alters dendritic morphology of adult Cambridge, MIT Press hippocampal pyrmaimdal neurons •) BDNF protects against this Brain Research 531: 225 •) 50% lower figure damage •) Stress inhibits birth of new Simon, H. (2005) Radecki, DT et al (2005) neurons (Harvard Medical School) BDNF protects against stress- induced impairments in spatial Gould, E and Grosss C (2002) •) Stress hurts declarative memory learning and memory and LTP Neurogenesis in adult mammals, (encoding and retrieval) Hippocampus 15: 246 - 253 some progress and problems J. of Neurosci 22: 619 Sapolksy, R (2005) #4) BDNF is brain fertilizer Stress and cognition in Gazzaniga, Hennigan A et al (2007) #3) Stress can kill neurons outright Me, ed, The Cognitive Neurosciences, Neurotrophins and their receptors: in the hippocampus 3rd ed (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press) roles in plasticity, neurodegeneration Sapolsky, R et al (1985) and neuroprotection Prolonge corticoid exposure reduces Newcomer J et al (1999) Biochem Soc Trans 35 (pt 2): 424 - 427 hippocampal neuron number: Decreased memory performance in implications for aging healthy humans induced by stress- •) BDNF is necessary for memory J. of Neurosci 5: 1221 level cortisol treatment formation Arch of Gen Psych 56: 527 - 533 •) Effects of stress on depression Alonso, M et al (2002) •) Stress hurts executive function BDNF-triggered events in the rat Austin, M et al (2001) hippocampus are required for Cognitive effects in depression • Nonhuman primates both short and long-term memory British J of Psychiatry 178: 200 formation Arnsten, A (2000) Hippocampus 12: 551 - 560 •) Chronic stress can lead to Stress impairs prefrontal cortical depression function in rats and monkeys: role Kesslak JP et al (1998) of dopamine D1 and norepinephrine Learning upregulates BDNF mRNA; Tafet G & Berenardini, R (2003) alpha-1 receptor mechanisms a mechanism to facilitate encoding Psychoneuroendocrinological Progress in brain Res 126: 183 - 192 and circuit maintenance? links between chronic stress Behav Neurosci 112 1012-1019 anddepression • Humans Prog in Neuro Psych & Biol Psych 27: •) If BDNF is overwhelmed, its 893 Keinan, G et al (1999) positive effects are negated. Glucos The effect of stress on the exert their negative effects in part •) Story of Jill (resiliency in suppression of erroneous competing by this by shutting down BDNF children) responses expression Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An Masten AS & Coatsworth JD (1998) International Journal 12: 455 - 476 Schaaf MJ et al (2000) The development of competence Corticosterone effects on BDNF in favorable and unfavorable •) Chronic stress induces high levels expression in the hippocampus. environments: lessons from of glucocorticoids. This results in Implications for memory formation research on successful children damage to cognitive function. This Stress 3: 201-208 Am Psych 53: 205 – 220 has been shown in humans •) Glucocorticoids cause neural Werner, EE & Smith RS (1982) Newcomer, J et al (1994) damage Vulnerable but invincible: a Glucocorticoid-induced impairment longitudinal study of resilient children in declarative memory performance Wooley, et al (1990) McGraw Hill (NY)

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 25 •) Definition of Allostasis Gottman, J. (1997) resilient workforce” Raising an Emotionally Intelligent http://www.hr.com/servlets/sfs?t=/ McEwen, B. (2002) Child: the Heart of Parenting contentManager/onStory&e=UTF- The End of Stress as We Know It Simon & Schuster (NY) 8&i=1116423256281&l=0&Par Joseph Henry Press pp. 25, 145 entID=1170434234858&StoryI pp. 5 - 9 D=1139067747063 •) Barbara Whitehead quote •) Children react negatively to •) CDC asserts that 80% of our unresolved marital conflict Whitehead, B. (1993 medical expenditures are stress Dan Quayle was right related. Cummings, E. M., et al (2001). The Atlantic Monthly, April, 1993 The study of relations between Fast Company Magazine, p. 88 marital conflict and child •) Decrease in overall health of February 2, 2003 adjustment: Challenges and new children in hostile emotional directions for methodology. In J. H. environs •) 77% of the workforce reports Grych & F. D. Fincham (Eds.), Child being burned out development and Mauldon, J (1990) interparental conflict The effect of marital disruption on “Once Again, Treatment Improves NY, NY: Cambridge University children’s health Productivity” Press Demography 27: 431 - 446 American Psychiatric Association/ (pp. 39-63). American Psychiatric Foundation, •) Increased risk for childhood MentalHealthWorks, •) Divorce can predict academic psychiatric disorders Third Quarter, 2003 failure Thompson, P (1998) •) Effects of depression on bottom Mulholland DJ et al (1991) (first Adolescents from families line ($53 billion) quote) of divorce: vulnerability to Academic performance in children physiological and psychological Russell JM et al (1998) of divorce; psychological resilience disturbances Disease Management and Health and vulnerability J. Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv Outcomes 4(3): 135 - 142 Psychiatry 54(3): 28 – 280 36: 34 - 39 •) Final tally is $200 to $300 billion • Amato PR (2001) •) Stress and illness per year Children of divorce in the 1990’s: an update of the Amato and Keith Maseda, M Priority Magazine January 2, 2007 (1991) meta-analysis Healthy, stress-free workplace National Safety Council Report, J. Fam Psychol 15: 355 - 370 benefits employees, bottom line quoted in Key Organization Houston Business Journal, Sept 3, Systems, Inc, www.keyorganization. •) But it is really marital conflict that 2004 com/statistics.asp is the problem Bourne, LE and Yaroush, RA (2003) American Psychological Bryner, CL (2001) (second quote) Stress and cognition: a cognitive Association, quoted in Wellbeing Children of divorce psychological perspective Lifestyles, Inc. JABFP 14(3):210 – 210 NASA Technical Reports •) Two malignant facts Kelly, JB (1998) •) Stress behind half of the 550 Marital conflict, divorce and million working days lost Sapolsky, R (2004) childrens’ adjustment • Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers, Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 7: “Work-life experts launch new web- Owl Books (3rd Edition) 389 – 407 based training to help employers p. 262 battle the costs of stress and build a

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 26 •) Stress management program

Simon, H. (2005) (Harvard Medical School)

•) Initially, most people thought divorced kids could recover quickly, but that is not true.

Wallterstein, Js & Blakeslee, S. (1989) Second chances: men, women and children a decade after divorce Ticknor & Fields (NY)

The following data from Gottman and references therein.

Gottman, J. (1997) Raising an Emotionally Intelligent Child: the Heart of Parenting Simon & Schuster (NY)

• When a couple constantly fights, their conflict gets in the way of their child’s ability to form friendships. Gottman, p. 25.

• Parents displaying constant hostility create kids with more antisocial behavior and aggression towards their playmates. There is more stress hormone in urine. They have more difficulty regulating their emotions, focusing attention and soothing themselves when they become upset. Gottman, p. 139

• Children whose parents were distressed in their marriages played less collaboratively and had more negative interactions with their playmates than children whose parents were happily married. Gottman, p. 140

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 27 McGraw Hill (NY) (2005) pp. 412 - 418 The remarkable inefficiency of word recognition •) All sensory information has a Nature 423: 752 – 756 common plan •) General review of the thalamus Gardner, EP & Martin, JH (2000) and information processing Coding of Sensory Information In Principles of Neural Science, 4th Jones EG (2006) edition, ER Kandel et al, eds) The Thalamus Revisited McGraw Hill (NY) Cambridge University Press References pp. 425 – 429 Cambridge, UK

Sensory •) Absolute thresholds for various •) Olfaction skips the thalamus senses integration Gottfried JA et al (2004) Galanter et al, (1962) as quoted in Remembrance of odors past: human Passer, MW & Smith RE (2001) olfactory cortex in cross-modal Sensation and Perception in recognition memory Psychology: Frontiers and Applications Neuron 42: 687 - 695 •) James the synesthete McGraw Hill (NY) p. 134 •) Detailed explanations of how Hubbard, EM & Ramachandran, VS animals sense their environment (2005) •) Bottom-up and top-down Neurocognitive mechanisms of processing Hughes, Howard (1999) synesthesia Sensory Exotica: A World Beyond Neuron 48: 509 - 520 Passer, MW & Smith RE (2001) Human Experience Sensation and Perception in Bradford Books. MIT Press •) Aristotle’s ideas of a vital flame Psychology: Frontiers and Applications (Cambridge, Massachusetts) McGraw Hill (NY) Hunter, WB (1950) pp. 157 - 159 •) European robin story The Seventeenth Century Doctrine of Plastic Nature •) Known for more than 150 years Wiltschko, W et al (2002) The Harvard Theological Review 43(3): Lateralization of magnetic compass 197 - 213 Weber, EH (1846) orientation in a migratory bird Der Tastsinn und das Gemeingefuhl. Nature 419(6906):467–47 www.pacs.unica.it/biblio/lesson1. In: R. Wagner (ed.) htm Handworterbuch der Physiologie, 3(2): •) Dr. Richard’s story 481 – 588, 709 – 728 Sacks, O (1986) •) The common definitions of Braunschweig; Vieweg The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a sensation and perception are found Hat and other clinical tales in textbooks in many universities. •) Somerset Maugham quote Summit Books and Simon & I used two old standards, Principles Schuster (NY) of Neural Science, 4th edition, and Morgan, Ted (1984) p. 76 Psychology: Frontiers and Applications Maugham Touchstone Books NY?) •) Long time thought that the •) Four attributes of a given stimulus information streams went from •) Slow effort, reading being unisensory, fully processed, then to Gardner, EP & Martin, JH (2000) inefficient. multisensory Coding of Sensory Information In Principles of Neural Science, 4th Pelli, DG, Farell, B & Moore, DC Fellemena, DJ & Van Essen, DC edition, ER Kandel et al, eds)

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 28 (1991) Canadian J. of Behav Sci 9: 361 - 370 Distributed hierarchical processing Kayser, C et al (2005) in the primate cerebral cortex •) Multisensory presentations make Integration of touch and sound in Cereb. Cortex 1: 1 - 47 for more robust problem-solving auditory cortex (50% and 75% figures) Neuron 48: 378 - 384 •) The need to amend the above story Mayer, RE (1997) •) Haptic responses Multimedia learning: are we asking Kayser, C et al (2005) the right questions? Newell, FN et al (2002) Integration of touch and sound in Educ Psych 32(1): 1 – 19 Cross-modal perception of actively auditory cortex explored objects Neuron 48: 373 - 384 •) Multisensory presentations create Max Planck Institute for Biological better reaction times Cybernetics, Conf Proc (Oakley, I ed) •) Association cortex defined pp. 291 - 299 Forster B et al (2002) Goldman-Rakic, PS (1988) Redundant target effect and •) Passive vs. active Topography of cognition: parallel intersnesoyr facilitation from visual- distributed networks in primate tattile interactions in simple reaction Hughes, HC (19991) association cortex time Sensory Exotica Ann Rev of Neurosci 11: 137 - 156 Exp Brain Res 143: 480 - 487 The MIT Press (Cambridge, Massachusetts) •) Synesthesia, taste •) Multisensory presentations p. 235 shorten eye movement latency Simner, J and Ward J (2006) EXPLANATIONS The taste of words on the tip of the Harrington LK & Peck CK (1998) tongue Spatial disparity affects visual- •) Squires quote Nature 444:238 auditory interactions in human sensorimotor processing Squire L & Kandel E (1999) •) Multisensory presentations make Exp Brain Res 122: 247 - 252 Memory for more robust learning Scientific American Press (NY) •) Multisensory presentations lowers p. 71 Najjar, LJ (1997) the thresholds for stimulus detection The effects of multimedia and •) Elaborative encoding’s positive elaborative encoding on learning Lovelace CT et al (2003) effects on learning (GIT-GVU-95-29)Atlanta, GA: An irrelevant light enchances Georgia Institute of Technology, auditory dtection in humans: Pressley, M et al (1987) Graphics, Visualizaiton and Usability a psychophysical analysis of Generation and precision of Center. multisensory integration in stimulus elaboration: effets on intentional detection and incidental learning Laurienti, PJ et al (2004) Brain REs Cogn Brain Res 17: 447 - 453 J. of Exp Psych: Learning and Cognition Semantic congruence is a critical 13: 291 -300 factor in multisensory behavioral •) Neural processing of speech is performance improved when the speaker’s face is •) Other scientists think that Exp Brain Res 10.1007/s00221-004- visible multimedia encourages elaboration 1913-3 van Wassenhove V et al (2005) Nelson DL (1979) •) 20 years later, still a benefit Visual speech speeds up the neural Remembering pictures and words: processing auditory speech apperance,significance, and name. In Read, JD & Barnsley, RH (1977) PNAS 102: 1181 - 1186 L.S. Cermak & F.I.M. Craik (Eds.) Remmeber Dick and Jane? Memory Levels of processing in human memory for elementary school readers •) The notion of supra-additivity Mahwa, NJ: Erlbaurm

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 29 pp. 45 -76 autobiographical memories in The emotional distinctiveness old age of odor-evoked memories Najjar, LJ (1997) J. Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 57: Chem Senses 20: 51 - 528 A framework for learning from media: P41 – 46 the effects of materials, tasks, and tests •) Need for emotional pre-arousal to on performance •) Memory boost at 20% for smell capture declarative memory (GIT-GVU-97-21)Atlanta, GA: Herz RS (1997) Georgia Institute of Technology, Carter, R. (1999) Emotion experienced during Graphics, Visualizaiton and Usability Mapping the Mind encoding enhances odor Center. Also vailable http://www/cc/ University of California Press retrieval cue effectiveness gatecj/ediu/gvu/re[pprts (Berkeley) Am J Psychol 110: 489 – 505 pp. 112 - 115 •) Five principles of multi-media •) Shereshevskii stories learning •) Memory boost at 10% for smell Luria, AR (1987) Mayer, R. (2001) Wilson, DA & Stevenson, RJ The Mind of a Mnemonist: a Little Multimedia Learning (1999) Book About a Vast Memory Cambridge University Press Learning to Smell Harvard Univ Press Cambridge, UK Johns Hopkins University Press p. 31 & p. 82 pp. 63-147 (Baltimore) pp. 112 - 115 •) Synesthetes may have advanced •) Principle #4 – the idea of mental abilitites interference •) Autobiographical memory boost Cytowie, RC (2004) Peterson LR & Peterson, MJ (1959) Cu S & Downes JJ (2000) The Synesthesia Encyclopedia Short term retention of individual Long live Proust: the odour- Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, 3rd verbal items cued autobiographical memory edition (eds Adelman, G and Smith J. of Exp Psych 58: 193 – 198 bump BH) Cognition 75: B41 – 50 Elsevier Science Publishing BV (NY) •) Limited capacity of visual spatial sketchpad •) Declarative memory shows a boost •) Effects of smell on the bottom if the subjects are pre-aroused line. The van Epps research on Vogel, EK & Machizawa, MG chocolate sales and ice cream parlos Neural activity predicts individual Herz RS (1997) sales with a odorant generating differences in working memory Emotion experienced during device capacity encoding enhances odor Nature 428: 748 -751 retrieval cue effectiveness Lempert P (2005) Am J Psychol 110: 489 - 505 Sensory branding possibly the most •) The brain sees words as “pictures” effective marketing tool yet? •) Emotional details memory boost Extreme Retail 23 (XR23) Sept 22, Pelli, DG, Farell, B & Moore, DC 2005 (2005) Are odors the best cues to The remarkable inefficiency of word memory? A cross-modal •) The sleep and smell experiment recognition comparison of associative Nature 423: 752 - 756 memory stimuli Rasch, B et al (2007) Ann NY Acad Sci 855: 670 - 674 Odor cues during slow-wve •) Memory boost twice as much with sleep prompt declarative smell (and age independent) •) Need for congruent smells memory consolidaiton Science 315: 1426 - 1429 Maylor EA et al (2002) Preserved olfactory cuing of Herz RS & Cupchik GC (1995) •) Recommendations for smell

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 30 branding

Tischler, L (2007) Smells Like Brand Spirit http://www.fastcompany.com/ magazine/97/brand-spirit.html

De Asis, KV (2003) Use smell to build a brand experience Philipine Daily Inquirer Business Features section (better ref)

•) Eric Spangenberg data and quote (the peer review article has been accepted for publication in the Journal of Business Research, 2007). The quotes are from

Trivedi, B. (2006) The Hard Smell New Scientist, Dec 15, 2006

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 31 ganglion cells: how integraiotn of Ann Reve of Neurosci 7: 379 - 412 space-time patterns of excitiation and inhibition form the spiking Devlin, K. (2005) output The Math Instinct J. Neurophys 95: 3810 - 3822 Thunder’s Mouth Press (NY) pp. 128 - 132 Fried, SI et al (2005) Directional selectivity is formed at •) Interpolating binocular images multiple levels by laterally offset inhibition in the rabbit retina Poggio GF & Poggio T (1984) Neuron 46: 117 - 127 The analysis of stereopsis References Ann Reve of Neurosci 7: 379 - 412 •) Motion blindness story Vision •) We can hold about 4 objects in Ramachandran, VS & Blakeslee, S visual working memory, though (1998) object complexity is a confounder. Phantoms in the Brain HarperCollins (NY) Narain, C (2006) •) Wine tasting experiment p. 72 Total Recall Nat Neurosci 9: 302 Gottfried J & Dolan R (2003) •) Blind spot description The nose smells what the eye sees: Xu, Y & Chun, MM C (2006) crossmodal visual facilitation of Komatsu, H. (2006) Dissociable neural mechanisms human olfactory perception The neural mechanisms of supporting visual short-term Neuron 39: 375 - 386 perceptual filling-in memory for objects Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7: 220 Nature 440: 91 - 95 Morrot, G et al (2001) - 231 The color of odors •) Recognition for 2,500 pictures Brain & Lang 79: 309 - 320 •) Charles Bonet syndrome Standing, L et al (1970) • Information about the visual Ramachandran, VS & Blakeslee, S Perception and memory for system can be found in a variety of (1998) pictures - single-trial learning textbooks. Three I used a lot: Phantoms in the Brain of 2,500 visual stimuli HarperCollins (NY) Psychon. Sci 19: 73 - 74 Carlson, NR (2007) p. 72 Physiology of Behavior (Ninth •) 63% accuracy a year later Edition) Plummer, C (2007) Nickerson, RS (1968) Pearson (NY) Of Roman Chariots and goats in A note on long-term pp. 168 - 209 overcoats: the syndrome of Charles recognition memory for Bonnet pictorial material Wolfe, JM et al (2006 J. Clin Neurosci Apr 9 (in press at Psychon. Sci 11(2): 58 Sensation and Perception time of writing) Sinauer Assoc, Inc (Baltimore, Md) •) Still recognizable 3 decades later pp. 76 - 154 Menkhaus, S et al (2003) Charles-Bonnet Syndrome Read JD & Barnsley RH (1977) Principles of Neural Science, 4th Ophthalmologe 100: 736 - 739 Remember Dick & Jane? edition Memory for elementary •) Interpolating binocular images school readers •) “Movies” and the retina Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science Poggio GF & Poggio T (1984) 9(4): 361 - 370 Roska, B et al (2006) The analysis of stereopsis Parallel processing in retinal

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 32 •) Pictures better than words people who do not have a lot of Gilad, Y et al (2003) background (are naïve learners) or Stenberg, G (2006) Human specific loss of olfactory are of low aptitude. This seems to be Conceptual and pereptual factors in receptor genes true of all ages and a broad variety of the picture superiority effect Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 3324 - students. Eur J. of Cog Psych 18(6): 813 - 847 3327 - automobile mechanics (college age) Endestad, T et al (2003) •) Animation and graphics Mayer, RE & Gallini, JK ( Memory for pictures and words references When is a picture worth a thousand following literal and metaphorical words? decisions Najjar, LJ J. of Educ Psych 82: 715 – 726 Imagination, Cognition and Personality Principles from the Behavioral and 23 (2,3): 209 - 216 Cognitive Sciences - natural science (fifth graders) Educational Technology Kraft ME (1961) McBride, DM & Dosher, AB (2002) Publications, Englewood, Cliffs (NJ), A study of information and A comparison of conscious and pp. 55 - 126 vocabulary achievement from automatic memory processes for teaching of natural science by picture and word stimuli: a process Najjar, LJ (1998) television in the fifth grade dissociation analysis Principles of educational multimedia Unpublished dissertation, Boston Cons Cogn 11(3): 423 -460 user interface design University Human Factors 40(2): 311 - 323 •) Identifying letters as opposed to - basic training information to army individual words •) The characteristics of the learning recruits (high school) materials can significantly affect Kanner JM & Rosenstein, AJ (1990) Pelli, DG et al (2003) how people learn things Television in army training: color vs. The remarkable inefficiency black and white of word recognition Bransford, JD (1978) AV Comm Rev 8: 243 - 252 Nature 423: 752 - 756 Contextual prerequisites for understanding: some investigation of •) Pictures seem to work better •) All references to infant comprehension and recalls for older audiences than younger information processing J Verb Learn & Verb Behav 11: 717 – audiences. Seven year olds did better 726 than three year olds. Adults did Gopnik, A.et al (2000) better than seven year olds. The Scientist in the Crib •) Limited evidence suggests William Morrow that some media are better at - Shown with TV commercials communicating some types of Stoneman, Z & Brodyg GH (1983) •) Olfactory genes and color vision information than others Immediate and long-term recognition and generalization of Holden, C (quoting N Dominy) Nugent, GC (1982) advertised products as a function of (2004) Pictures, audio and print: symbolic age and presentation mode An Eye for a Nose representation and effect on learning Dev Psych 19: 56 - 61 Science 303: 621 Educ Com & Tech J.30: 163 – 167 - Shown with picture recognition Gilad, Y. et al (2004) • PSE gets wiped out if the pictures Hoffman CD & Dick SA (1976) Loss of olfactory receptor genes are too conceptually similar A developmental investigation of coincides with the acquisition of full Nelson, DL (1979) recognition memory trichromatic vision in primates Pictorial superiority effect. Child Dev 47: 794 - 799 PloS Biol 2: E5 J of Exp Psych: Hum Learning & Memory 2: 523 – 528 •) Print media research •) Olfactory genes and four-fold rate over any other creature •) Pictures seem to work best for Pieters, R & Wedel, M. (2004)

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 33 Attention capture and transfer in advertising: brand, pictorial, and text-size effects J. of Marketing 68(2): 36 -50

•) Tufte references

Shermer, M (2005) The Feynman-Tufte Principle Scientific American, April, 2005 p. 38

Tufte, E (2003) PowerPoint is Evil Wired 11(9): September, 2003

•) PowerPoint history and facts

Park, I (2001) Absolute PowerPoint New Yorker, May 28, 2001 p. 76

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References Carrel L & Huntington FW (2005) •) Neuroanatomy – cortex (Jill X-inactivation profile reveals Goldstein’s work) Gender extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females Goldstein, JM et al (2001) Nature 434: 400 - 404 Normal sexual dimorphism of eh adult human brain assessed by in Ogawa Y & Lee, JT (2003) vivo magnetic resonance imaging •) Go-getters: men vs. women Xite, X-inactivation intergenic Cerebral Cortex 11: 490 - 497 transcription elements that regulate Heilman, ME et al (2004) the probability of choice •) Neuroanatomy – PFC Penalties for success: reactions to Molecular Cell 11: 135 - 143 impairment women who succeed at male gender- typed tasks •) Many X-genes are involved in Tranel, D. et al (2005) J. Appl Psych 89(3): 416 – 427 brain development Does gender play a role in functional asymmetry of •) Primed vs. non-primed groups Check, E. (2005) ventromedial prefrontal cortex? The X-factor Brain 128: 2873 - 2881 Rudman, LA & Bergida E (1995) Nature 434: 266 - 267 The afterglow of construct •) Neuroanatomy – greater density accessibility: the behavioral Ross, MT et al (2005) of speech-related cortical neurons consequences of priming men to The DNA sequence of the human view women as sexual objects X-chromosome Witelson SF et al (1995) J of Exp Soc Psych 31: 493 - 517 Nature 434: 325 – 337 Women have greater density of neurons in posterior temporal cortex •) SRY gene Arnold AP & Burgoyne PS (2004) J. Neurosci 15: 3418 – 3428 Are XX and XY brain cells Cotinot C et al (2002) intrinsically different? •) Witelson and Einstein’s brain Molecular genetics of sex Trends Endocrinol Metab. Jan- determination. Feb;15(1):6-11. Witelson, SF et al (1999) Semin Reprod Med. 2002 The exceptional brain of Albert Aug;20(3):157-68. Review •) Many X-genes are involved in Einstein brain development and cognition The Lancet 353: 2152 - 2153 Jordan BK & Vilain E (2002) Sry and the genetics of sex Zechner U et al (2001) •) Neuroanatomy – the amygdala determination A high density of X-linked genes for Adv Exp Med Biol 511: 1 - 13 general cognitive ability: a runaway Goldstein, JM et al (2001) process shaping human evolution? Normal sexual dimorphism of eh •) The Y-chromosome Trends Genet 17: 697 - 701 adult human brain assessed by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging Tilford, CA et al (2001) Skuse, DH (2006) Cerebral Cortex 11: 490 - 497 A physical map of the human Y

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 35 Holden, C (2005) Symposium, Vol. 6. Hillsdale, NJ: •) Neuroanatomy – the amygdala’s Sex and the suffering brain Erlbaum. [Reprinted in U. Neisser & connections to other regions Science 308: 1574 - 1577 I. E. Hyman (Eds.) (2000), Memory observed (2nd Ed.). New York: Kipatrick, LA et al (2006) Worth.] Sex-related differences in amygdala Cyranowski, JM et al (2000) functional connectivity during Adolescent onset of the gender McGlone, J (1980) resting conditions difference in lifetime rates of major Sex differences in human brain Neuroimage 30: 452 - 461 depression organization: a critical survey Arch Gen Psych 57: 21 - 27 Behav Brain Sci 3: 215 - 227 •) Neurotransmitters – other systems •) Larry Cahill’s work •) Differences in reading disabilities

Cahill, L (2006) Cahill L et al (2004) Flannery, KA et al (2000) Why sex matters for neuroscience Sex-related hemispheric Male prevalence for reading Nat Rev Neuro 7: 477 - 484 lateralization of amygdala function disability is found in a large sample in emotionally influenced memory: of black and white children free from •) Neurotransmitters – serotonin an fMRI investigation ascertainment bias Learn Mem 11(3): 261 - 266 J. Int Neuropsyh 6: 433 - 442 Nishizawa, S. et al (1997) Differences between males and Cahill L et al (2004) •) Differences in verbal recovery in females in rates of serotonin The influence of sex versus sex- stroke patients synthesis in human brain related traits on long-term memory PNAS 94: 5308 - 5313 for gist and detail from an emotional McGlone, J (1980) story Sex differences in human brain •) Neurotransmitters – opioids Conscious Cogn 13(2): 391 – 400 organization: a critical survey Behav Brain Sci 3: 215 - 227 Zubieta JK, S. et al (1997) •) Women and men differences, gist Gender and age influences on vs detail in memory and real world •) Differences in the corpus human brain mu-opioid receptor settings callosum binding measured by PET Am. J Psych 156: 842 - 848 Canli, Turhan et al (2004) HiscockM. et al (1995) Is there a sex Sex differences in the neural basis of difference in human laterality? II. An •) Neurotransmitters – addiction emotional memories exhaustive survey of visual laterality differences PNAS 99(16): 10789 - 10794 studies from six neuropsychology journals. Holden, C. (2006) •) Various other differences, J ClinExp Neuropsychol. 17(4), 590- Males on speed relationship to amygdala 610 Science 312: 1287 Her RS & Cupchick GC (1992) •) Suggestion that this bilaterality •) X-linked mental retardation of 24 Women recall more emotional represents a back-up system to genes on the X chromosome. autobiographical events than men in explain gender differences timed tests X-linked mental retardation: a Chem. Senses 17: 519 - 528 Gur, RC et al (2000) clinical guide An fMRI study of sex differences in Raymond, FL (2006) Ross, M. & Holmberg, D. (1990). regional activation to a verbal and a J. Med Genet 43: 193 – 200 Recounting the past: Gender spatial task differences in the recall of events in Brain Lang 74: 157 – 170 •) Various statistics on psychiatric the history of a closer relationship. disorders In J. M. Olson & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), •) Little girls better at verbal tasks Self-inference processes: The Ontario than little boys

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 36 Kimura D.(2000) Sex and Cognition MIT Press (Cambridge, MA) pp. 91 – 105

•) Deborah Tannen references

Tannen, D (1999) The Display of (Gendered) Identities in Talk at Work Reinventing Identities: The Gendered Self in Discourse, ed. by Mary Bucholtz, A. C. Liang, and Laurel A. Sutton, pp. 221- 240. New York: Oxford University Press

Tannen, D (1997) Conversational Patterns Across Gender, Class, and Ethnicity: Implications for Classroom Discourse.” Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Vol. 3, Oral Discourse and Education, ed. by Bronwyn Davies and David Corson, 75-85. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1997 (with Shari Kendall and Carolyn Temple Adger)

Tannen, D (1996) Researching Gender-Related Patterns in Classroom Discourse TESOL Quarterly 30:2(1996).341-344

•) Larry Summers comment

Barres, Ben (2005) Arrogance imperils plans for a change at Harvard Nature 434: 697

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BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 38 Gallese V et al (2003) Action recognition in the premotor cortex Brain 119: 593 - 609

•) Fischer & Krebs Nobel Prize

Blum, ME (1992) Nobel prize for medicine, 1992 Dtsch Med Wochenschr 117: 1935 - 1938

•) Adult brains can still regenerate neurons

Jacobs, W et al (2003) The molecular basis of neural regeneration Neurosurgery 53: 943 - 950

BRAIN RULES by JOHN MEDINA ~ References ~ 39