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Ground Water Quality Assessment for Irrigation Purpose in Villages of Rangareddy District, Telangana State

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Ground Water Quality Assessment for Irrigation Purpose in Villages of Rangareddy District, Telangana State © 2019 JETIR April 2019, Volume 6, Issue 4 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) GROUND WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSE IN VILLAGES OF RANGAREDDY DISTRICT, TELANGANA STATE Syeda Azeem Unnisa1, S. Akanksha 2 1& 2 Department of Environmental Science, UCS, Osmania University, Hyderabad Abstract: For the present study, ten samples of groundwater were collected from villages of Range Reddy district during 2018-2019. Over the due course of time various parameters regarding the water quality were analyzed and the Bureau of Indian Standards were referred to check the acceptability of water for irrigation purpose. The parameters which were analyzed for are pH, Electrical conductivity, Total dissolved solids, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate, Fluoride, Total hardness. The experiments were conducted in Telangana State Groundwater Department at Khairtabad. The analysis result indicates that sample numbers 1, 2, 3,4,6,7,8,10 are below the permissible limit and sample numbers 5, 9 are above permissible limits of BIS. In sample number 5 and 9 the concentration of Nitrate and Fluoride was found to be very high. The samples which are below the standard can be used for irrigation purpose. Keywords: Groundwater, Quality, Assessment, Irrigation, Bureau of Indian Standards. I. INTRODUCTION Groundwater is the water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil sand and rock. It is stored in and moves slowly through geological formations of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers. It is a source of recharge for lakes, rivers and wetlands. Groundwater helps grow our food. 64%of groundwater is used for irrigation to grow crops. It is an important component in many industrial processes. Groundwater is a reliable source of water as it is less likely to get contaminated. Since groundwater is cheaper, one gets to save a substantial amount of money and thus more significant profit margins (Anubha and Kaushik 2012). Groundwater contamination occurs when man-made products such as gasoline, oil, road salts and chemicals get into the groundwater and cause it to become unsafe and unfit for human use. Groundwater contamination sources are storage tanks, septic systems, uncontrolled hazardous waste, landfill, chemicals and road salts and atmospheric contaminants (Barber and Larry 1992). Groundwater depletion is primarily caused by sustained groundwater pumping. Some of the negative effects of groundwater depletion are lowering of the water table –Excessive pumping can lower the groundwater table and no longer will able to reach groundwater,Increased cost – As the water table lowers, the water must be pumped farther to reach the surface, using more energy in extreme cases using such a well can be cost prohibitive,Reduced surface water supplies – Groundwater and surface water are connected when groundwater is over used, the lakes, streams, and rivers connected to groundwater can also have their supply diminished,Land subsidence – Land subsidence occurs when there is a loss of support below ground. This is most often caused by human activities, mainly from the overuse of groundwater, when the soil collapse compacts and drops, Water quality concerns – Excessive pumping in coastal areas can cause saltwater to move inland and upward, resulting in saltwater contamination of the water supply (Groundwater foundation 2019). Contaminated groundwater can have serious health effects. Diseases such as hepatitis and dysentery may be caused by contamination from septic tank waste. Poisoning may be caused by toxins that have leached into well water supplies (Goel 2000). Wildlife can also harmed by contamination of groundwater. Other long-term effects such as certain types of cancer may also result from exposure to polluted water. High concentration of fluoride causes fluorosis disease which affects teeth and bones. High concentrations of nitrate cause blue baby syndrome disease. Groundwater is the world’s most extracted raw material with withdrawal rates currently in the estimated range of 982 km3/ year (Gleeson and Cardendas 2016). About 70% of groundwater withdrawn worldwide is used for agriculture. The total volume of groundwater in the upper 2km of the earth’s continental crust is approximately 22.6 million km3 is less than 50 years old (Margat 2013). II. MATERIALS AND METHOD 2.1 Study area Ranga Reddy district also called Cyberabad district formerly known as Hyderabad Rural, is one of the 33 districts in the Indian state of Telangana. The district headquarters is located at Shamshabad. The district is bounded in the north by Medak district, in the east by Nalgonda district, in the south by Mahabubnagar district, on the west by Karnataka state. The geographical area of the district is 5031 km2 with a population of 24, 46,265 lakhs. The population density was 486/km2. The district lies between north latitudes 17.38910 N and between east longitudes 77.83670 E. The map of Ranga Reddy district is depicted in (Fig.2.1) JETIR1904728 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 139 © 2019 JETIR April 2019, Volume 6, Issue 4 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) Fig.2.1 Map of Ranga Reddy District 2.2 Sample collection Laboratory supplied sampling containers and preservative was used for sampling groundwater. The addition of chemical preservative on sample containers was observed for a reaction between the sample and the chemical preservative. If a reaction was observed, the unpreserved samples where in new containers. 2.3 Sample Analysis - The groundwater sample where collected from Ranga Reddy villages in one liter plastic bottles and immediately under controlled temperature and preservative was added and brought to the Telangana State Groundwater Department, Khairtabad sampling locations are mentioned in ( Table 1). The analysis was done in the TSGWD for all the parameters. The brief methodology is depicted in (Table 2). The physicochemical parameter analyzed was given in (Table 3). 2.4 Sampling locations Table 1: Sampling locations Particulars of the Sample DTWL in Sl.No Village Particulars of the Sample Mandal Geology mbgl Latitude Longitude 1 Moinabad Moinabad Granite 8.31 17.3314 78.2869 2 Shahbad Shahbad Granite 5.87 17.1583 78.1356 3 Shankarpalle Shankarpalle Granite 9.65 17.4539 78.1311 4 Dharmasagar Chevella Basalts 10.7 17.3447 78.1628 5 Alur Chevella Basalts 5.3 17.3249 78.0643 6 Yacharam Yacharam Granite 19.74 17.0539 78.6678 7 Mangalpally Ibrahimpatnam Granite 9.7 17.2197 78.5864 8 Manchal Manchal Granite 9.7 17.1617 78.8086 9 Bodakonda Manchal Granite 17.97 17.0622 78.7686 10 Madgula Madgula Granite 10.7 16.8564 78.6917 2.5 Method and Procedure followed for sample analysis Table 2: Method and Procedure followed for sample analysis S.No Parameters Analyzed Equipment/Method 1 pH pH Meter 2 Electrical Conductivity Conductivity Meter 3 Sodium Flame Photo Meter 4 Potassium Flame Photo Meter 5 Calcium Titrimetric method 6 Magnesium Titrimetric method JETIR1904728 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 140 © 2019 JETIR April 2019, Volume 6, Issue 4 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) 7 Carbonates Titrimetric method 8 Bicarbonates Titrimetric method 9 Chlorides Titrimetric method 10 Sulphates Nephlometer 11 Nitrates UV Spectrophotometer 12 Fluorides Ion Meter 13 Total dissolved solids Titrimetric method 14 Total hardness Titrimetric method 2.6 Physico-Chemical analysis of groundwater samples Table 3: Physico-Chemical analysis of groundwater samples COз-2 HCOз - as as T.H. as Particulars Sp cond Na+ K+ Ca+2 Mg+2 CaCOз CaCoз Cl - SO4-2 NO-3 F - CaCOз of the Particulars of at 25°C TDS Sample the Sample pH at mic.Sie Calculated S.no Village Mandal 25 °C / cm. mg/lit. mg/l. mg/l. mg/l. mg/l. mg/l. mg/l. mg/l. mg/l. mg/l. mg/l. mg/l. 1 Moinabad Moinabad 7.87 793 508 45 2.06 112 5 0 169 80 20 111 0.95 300 2 Shahbad Shahbad 7.64 849 543 40 1.38 80 34 0 268 90 10 18 0.88 340 3 Shankarpalle Shankarpalle 7.60 1460 934 72 1.24 192 24 0 199 220 18 241 0.46 580 4 Dharmasagar Chevella 8.21 740 474 24 1.65 48 49 0 216 60 7 73 0.59 320 5 Alur Chevella 8.04 1081 692 20 2.31 96 63 0 114 80 10 369 0.52 500 6 Yacharam Yacharam 8.28 1097 702 32 3.68 136 34 0 360 70 21 78 1.96 480 7 Mangalpally Ibrahimpatnam 8.00 992 635 99 4.10 72 24 0 291 60 12 127 1.53 280 8 Manchal Manchal 8.05 2370 1517 186 244.2 96 58 0 623 240 42 208 1.49 480 9 Bodakonda Manchal 8.28 583 373 43 1.12 64 10 0 156 50 16 57 3.74 200 10 Madgula Madgula 8.62 1302 833 246 2.80 48 5 40 330 80 15 181 2.89 120 JETIR1904728 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 141 © 2019 JETIR April 2019, Volume 6, Issue 4 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: 3.1 pH pH 2370 1460 1302 1081 1097 pH 849 992 793 740 583 Sampling areas : Figure: 3.1pH in groundwater samples. The pH in groundwater samples in the study area ranges from 7.6 to 8.2 during post monsoon period. The highest pH range was in Madgula village and the lowest pH range was in Shankarpallevillage. The high alkalinity of groundwater in certain locations in the study area may be due to the presence of bicarbonates and some salts. According to BIS permissible limit pH should range from 6.5 to 8.5.It was observedthat pH of all the samples fall within the required specifications which was depicted in (figure 3.1).
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