Ground Water Quality Assessment for Irrigation Purpose in Villages of Rangareddy District, Telangana State

GROUND WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSE IN VILLAGES OF RANGAREDDY DISTRICT, TELANGANA STATE

Syeda Azeem Unnisa1, S. Akanksha 2 1& 2 Department of Environmental Science, UCS, Osmania University, Hyderabad

Abstract: For the present study, ten samples of groundwater were collected from villages of Range Reddy district during 2018-2019. Over the due course of time various parameters regarding the water quality were analyzed and the Bureau of Indian Standards were referred to check the acceptability of water for irrigation purpose. The parameters which were analyzed for are pH, Electrical conductivity, Total dissolved solids, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate, Fluoride, Total hardness. The experiments were conducted in Telangana State Groundwater Department at Khairtabad. The analysis result indicates that sample numbers 1, 2, 3,4,6,7,8,10 are below the permissible limit and sample numbers 5, 9 are above permissible limits of BIS. In sample number 5 and 9 the concentration of Nitrate and Fluoride was found to be very high. The samples which are below the standard can be used for irrigation purpose.

Keywords: Groundwater, Quality, Assessment, Irrigation, Bureau of Indian Standards. I. INTRODUCTION Groundwater is the water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil sand and rock. It is stored in and moves slowly through geological formations of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers. It is a source of recharge for lakes, rivers and wetlands. Groundwater helps grow our food. 64%of groundwater is used for irrigation to grow crops. It is an important component in many industrial processes. Groundwater is a reliable source of water as it is less likely to get contaminated. Since groundwater is cheaper, one gets to save a substantial amount of money and thus more significant profit margins (Anubha and Kaushik 2012). Groundwater contamination occurs when man-made products such as gasoline, oil, road salts and chemicals get into the groundwater and cause it to become unsafe and unfit for human use. Groundwater contamination sources are storage tanks, septic systems, uncontrolled hazardous waste, landfill, chemicals and road salts and atmospheric contaminants (Barber and Larry 1992). Groundwater depletion is primarily caused by sustained groundwater pumping. Some of the negative effects of groundwater depletion are lowering of the water table –Excessive pumping can lower the groundwater table and no longer will able to reach groundwater,Increased cost – As the water table lowers, the water must be pumped farther to reach the surface, using more energy in extreme cases using such a well can be cost prohibitive,Reduced surface water supplies – Groundwater and surface water are connected when groundwater is over used, the lakes, streams, and rivers connected to groundwater can also have their supply diminished,Land subsidence – Land subsidence occurs when there is a loss of support below ground. This is most often caused by human activities, mainly from the overuse of groundwater, when the soil collapse compacts and drops, Water quality concerns – Excessive pumping in coastal areas can cause saltwater to move inland and upward, resulting in saltwater contamination of the water supply (Groundwater foundation 2019). Contaminated groundwater can have serious health effects. Diseases such as hepatitis and dysentery may be caused by contamination from septic tank waste. Poisoning may be caused by toxins that have leached into well water supplies (Goel 2000). Wildlife can also harmed by contamination of groundwater. Other long-term effects such as certain types of cancer may also result from exposure to polluted water. High concentration of fluoride causes fluorosis disease which affects teeth and bones. High concentrations of nitrate cause blue baby syndrome disease. Groundwater is the world’s most extracted raw material with withdrawal rates currently in the estimated range of 982 km3/ year (Gleeson and Cardendas 2016). About 70% of groundwater withdrawn worldwide is used for agriculture. The total volume of groundwater in the upper 2km of the earth’s continental crust is approximately 22.6 million km3 is less than 50 years old (Margat 2013).

II. MATERIALS AND METHOD 2.1 Study area Ranga Reddy district also called Cyberabad district formerly known as Hyderabad Rural, is one of the 33 districts in the Indian state of Telangana. The district headquarters is located at Shamshabad. The district is bounded in the north by Medak district, in the east by Nalgonda district, in the south by Mahabubnagar district, on the west by Karnataka state. The geographical area of the district is 5031 km2 with a population of 24, 46,265 lakhs. The population density was 486/km2. The district lies between north latitudes 17.38910 N and between east longitudes 77.83670 E. The map of Ranga Reddy district is depicted in (Fig.2.1)

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Fig.2.1 Map of Ranga Reddy District

2.2 Sample collection Laboratory supplied sampling containers and preservative was used for sampling groundwater. The addition of chemical preservative on sample containers was observed for a reaction between the sample and the chemical preservative. If a reaction was observed, the unpreserved samples where in new containers.

2.3 Sample Analysis - The groundwater sample where collected from Ranga Reddy villages in one liter plastic bottles and immediately under controlled temperature and preservative was added and brought to the Telangana State Groundwater Department, Khairtabad sampling locations are mentioned in ( Table 1). The analysis was done in the TSGWD for all the parameters. The brief methodology is depicted in (Table 2). The physicochemical parameter analyzed was given in (Table 3).

2.4 Sampling locations

Table 1: Sampling locations

Particulars of the Sample DTWL in Sl.No Village Particulars of the Sample Mandal Geology mbgl Latitude Longitude 1 Moinabad Moinabad Granite 8.31 17.3314 78.2869 2 Shahbad Shahbad Granite 5.87 17.1583 78.1356 3 Shankarpalle Shankarpalle Granite 9.65 17.4539 78.1311 4 Dharmasagar Chevella Basalts 10.7 17.3447 78.1628 5 Alur Chevella Basalts 5.3 17.3249 78.0643 6 Yacharam Yacharam Granite 19.74 17.0539 78.6678 7 Mangalpally Ibrahimpatnam Granite 9.7 17.2197 78.5864 8 Manchal Manchal Granite 9.7 17.1617 78.8086 9 Bodakonda Manchal Granite 17.97 17.0622 78.7686 10 Madgula Madgula Granite 10.7 16.8564 78.6917

2.5 Method and Procedure followed for sample analysis

Table 2: Method and Procedure followed for sample analysis

S.No Parameters Analyzed Equipment/Method 1 pH pH Meter 2 Electrical Conductivity Conductivity Meter 3 Sodium Flame Photo Meter 4 Potassium Flame Photo Meter 5 Calcium Titrimetric method 6 Magnesium Titrimetric method

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7 Carbonates Titrimetric method 8 Bicarbonates Titrimetric method 9 Chlorides Titrimetric method 10 Sulphates Nephlometer 11 Nitrates UV Spectrophotometer 12 Fluorides Ion Meter 13 Total dissolved solids Titrimetric method 14 Total hardness Titrimetric method

2.6 Physico-Chemical analysis of groundwater samples

Table 3: Physico-Chemical analysis of groundwater samples

COз-2 HCOз - as as T.H. as Particulars Sp cond Na+ K+ Ca+2 Mg+2 CaCOз CaCoз Cl - SO4-2 NO-3 F - CaCOз of the Particulars of at 25°C TDS Sample the Sample pH at mic.Sie Calculated S.no Village Mandal 25 °C / cm. mg/lit. mg/l. mg/l. mg/l. mg/l. mg/l. mg/l. mg/l. mg/l. mg/l. mg/l. mg/l. 1 Moinabad Moinabad 7.87 793 508 45 2.06 112 5 0 169 80 20 111 0.95 300 2 Shahbad Shahbad 7.64 849 543 40 1.38 80 34 0 268 90 10 18 0.88 340 3 Shankarpalle Shankarpalle 7.60 1460 934 72 1.24 192 24 0 199 220 18 241 0.46 580 4 Dharmasagar Chevella 8.21 740 474 24 1.65 48 49 0 216 60 7 73 0.59 320 5 Alur Chevella 8.04 1081 692 20 2.31 96 63 0 114 80 10 369 0.52 500 6 Yacharam Yacharam 8.28 1097 702 32 3.68 136 34 0 360 70 21 78 1.96 480

7 Mangalpally Ibrahimpatnam 8.00 992 635 99 4.10 72 24 0 291 60 12 127 1.53 280

8 Manchal Manchal 8.05 2370 1517 186 244.2 96 58 0 623 240 42 208 1.49 480 9 Bodakonda Manchal 8.28 583 373 43 1.12 64 10 0 156 50 16 57 3.74 200 10 Madgula Madgula 8.62 1302 833 246 2.80 48 5 40 330 80 15 181 2.89 120

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III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: 3.1 pH

pH 2370

1460 1302 1081 1097 pH 849 992 793 740 583

Sampling areas :

Figure: 3.1pH in groundwater samples.

The pH in groundwater samples in the study area ranges from 7.6 to 8.2 during post monsoon period. The highest pH range was in Madgula village and the lowest pH range was in Shankarpallevillage. The high alkalinity of groundwater in certain locations in the study area may be due to the presence of bicarbonates and some salts. According to BIS permissible limit pH should range from 6.5 to 8.5.It was observedthat pH of all the samples fall within the required specifications which was depicted in (figure 3.1).

3.2 Electrical Conductivity

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY 2500 2000 1500 2370 Concetration 1000 1460 in micro 500 1081 1097 992 1302 793 849 740 583 siemens 0

Sampling areas

Figure: 3.2 Electrical conductivity of groundwater samples.

The electrical conductivity in groundwater samples in the study area ranges from 583 -2370 micro Siemens during post monsoon period. The highest EC was in Manchal village and the lowest EC was in Badakonda village. The highest value of conductivity may be due to high concentration of ionic constituents present in water bodies. According to BIS permissible limit EC should range from 750-3000 micro Siemens. It was observed that the EC of all the samples fall within required specifications which was depicted in (figure 3.2)

3.3 Total dissolved solids

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TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS 1600 1400 1517 1200 1000 Concentration 800 934 in mg/l 600 833 702 400 692 635 508 543 200 474 373 0

Sampling areas

Figure: 3.3 Total dissolved solids in groundwater samples.

The TDS in groundwater samples in the study area ranges from 474-1517 mg/l during post monsoon period. The highest TDS was in Manchal village and the lowest TDS was in Dharmasagar village. The presence of high values of TDS in certain locations of the study area may be due to the influence of anthropogenic sources such as domestic sewage, solid waste dumping, agricultural activities and the influence of rock –water interactions. According to BIS permissible limit TDS should range from 500 -2000 mg/l. It was observed that TDS of all the samples fall within required specification which was depicted in (figure 3.3).

3.4 Sodium

SODIUM 300 246 250 186 200 Concentration 150 99 in mg/l 100 72 45 40 32 43 50 24 20 0

Sampling areas

Figure: 3.4 Sodium in groundwater samples.

The sodium concentration in groundwater samples in the study area ranged from 20-246 mg/l during post monsoon period. The highest concentration of sodium was in Madgula village and the lowest was in Alur village which was depicted in (figure 3.4). The high concentration of sodium in groundwater might be due to erosion of salt deposits and sodium bearing rock minerals. According to BIS permissible limit sodium has no guidelines.

3.5 Potassium

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POTASSIUM 300.00 244.2 250.00 Concentration 200.00 150.00 in mg/l 100.00 50.00 2.06 1.38 1.24 1.65 2.31 3.68 4.10 1.12 2.80 0.00

SAMPLING AREAS

Figure: 3.5 Potassium in groundwater samples.

The potassium concentration in groundwater samples in the study area ranged from 1.12- 244.2 mg/l during post monsoon period. The highest concentration of potassium was in Madgula village and the lowest concentration was in Bodakonda village which was depicted in (figure 3.5). Potassium is common in many rocks. Many of these rocks are relatively soluble and potassium concentration in groundwater increase with time. According to BIS permissible limit potassium has no guidelines.

3.6 Calcium

CALCIUM

192 Concentration 136 in mg/l 112 96 96 80 72 48 64 48

Sampling areas

Figure: 3.6 Calcium in groundwater samples.

The calcium concentration in groundwater samples collected from the study area ranged from 48-192 mg/l during post monsoon period. The highest calcium concentration was in Shankarpalle village and lowest was in Dharmasagarvillage. The rapid industrialization and urbanization in the area contributed to high concentration of calcium in groundwater of the region. According to the BIS permissible limit calcium concentration should range from 75-200 mg/l. It was observed that calcium of all the samples fall within required specifications which was depicted in (figure 3.6).

3.7 Magnesium

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MAGNESIUM 70 60 50 Concentration 40 in mg/l 30 63 58 49 20 34 34 10 24 24 10 0 5 5

Sampling areas

Figure: 3.7 Magnesium in groundwater samples.

The magnesium concentration in groundwater samples in the study area ranged from 5-63 mg/l during post monsoon period. The highest concentration of magnesium was seen in Alur village and the lowest was in Moinabad&Madgula village. The high concentration of magnesium is due to collection of samples very near to solid waste dumping. According to BIS permissible limit magnesium should range from 30-100 mg/l. It was observed that magnesium in all the samples fall within required specifications which was depicted in (figure 3.7).

3.8 Carbonate

CARBONATE

50 40 40 Concentration 30 in mg/l 20 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sampling areas

Figure: 3.8 Carbonate in groundwater samples.

The carbonate concentration in groundwater samples present in the study area ranged from 0-40 mg/l during post monsoon period. The highest concentration of carbonates was in Madgula village and the lowest were in remaining sampling areas. The high concentration of carbonates in groundwater due to available carbonates in the rocks are dissolved and added to the groundwater system by way of rainfall. According to BIS permissible limit carbonates should range from 200-600 mg/l. It was observed that carbonates in all the samples fall within required specifications which was depicted in (figure 3.8).

3.9 Bicarbonates

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BICARBONATES 700 600 500 Concentration 400 in mg/l 300 623 200 360 330 100 268 216 291 169 199 114 156 0

Sampling areas

Figure: 3.9 Bicarbonates in groundwater samples. . The bicarbonate concentration in groundwater sample in the study area ranged from 114-623 mg/l during post monsoon period. The highest bicarbonate range was in Manchal village and the lowest was in Alur village. The high concentration of bicarbonate in groundwater is due to increase of residual sodium carbonate. According to BIS permissible limit bicarbonate should range from 200 -600 mg/l. It was observed that only one sample exceeds BIS limit and remaining all the samples fall within required specifications which was depicted in (figure 3.9).

3.10 Chloride

CHLORIDE

250 200 concentration 150 240 in mg/l 100 220 50 80 90 60 80 70 60 50 80 0

Sampling areas

Figure: 3.10 Chloride in groundwater samples.

The chloride concentration in groundwater samples in the study area ranged from 50-240 mg/l during post monsoon period. The highest was in Manchal village and the lowest was in Bodakonda village. The high chloride concentration may be attributed due to solid waste dumping which in turn is leaching from upper soil layers in dry climates and natural geochemical activities in the area. According to BIS permissible limit chloride ranges from 250-1000 mg/l. It was observed that chloride of all the samples fall within required specifications which was depicted in (figure 3.10).

3.11 Nitrate

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NITRATE 369

241 208 Concentration 181 in mg/l 111 127 73 78 57 18

Sampling areas

Figure: 3.11 Nitrate in groundwater samples.

The nitrate concentration in groundwater samples in the study area ranged from 18-369 mg/l during post monsoon period. The highest concentration of nitrate was in Alur village and the lowest was in Shahbad village. The high concentration of nitrate in groundwater is due to human activities, such as agriculture, industry, domestic effluents. According to BIS permissible limit nitrate should be below 45 mg/l. It was observed except one sample all the samples exceed the permissible limit which was depicted in (figure 3.1).

3.12 Sulphate

SULPHATE

50 42 40 Concentration 30 20 18 21 12 16 15 in mg/l 20 10 7 10 10 0

Sampling areas

Figure: 3.12 Sulphate in groundwater samples.

The sulphate concentration in groundwater samples in the study area ranged from 7-42 mg/l during post monsoon period.The highest concentration of sulphate was seen in Manchal village and the lowest was seen in Dharmasagarvillage. The high concentration of sulphate is due to the sulphide minerals add the soluble sulphate into the groundwater through oxidation process. According to BIS permissible limit sulphate concentration should range from 200 -400 mg/l. It was observed that sulphate of all the samples fall within required specifications which was depicted in (figure 3.12).

3.13 Fluoride

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FLUORIDE 3.74 4.00 2.89 3.00 1.96 Concentration 1.53 1.49 2.00 0.95 0.88 in mg/l 0.46 0.59 0.52 1.00 0.00

Sampling areas

Figure: 3.13 Fluoride in groundwater samples.

The fluoride concentration in groundwater samples in the study area ranged from 0.46 -3.74 mg/l during post monsoon period. The highest concentration of fluoride was in Bodakonda village and the lowest was in Shankarpalle village. Bedrock containing fluoride minerals is generally responsible for high concentration of fluoride in groundwater According to BIS permissible limit fluoride concentration should range from 1-1.5 mg/l. It was observed four samples exceed the permissible limit which was depicted in (figure 3.13).

3.14 Total Hardness

TOTAL HARDNESS

600 500 Concentration 400 300 580 in mg/l 500 480 480 200 300 340 320 280 100 200 120 0

Sampling areas

Figure: 3.14 Total hardness in groundwater samples.

Total hardness concentration in groundwater samples in the study area ranged from 120 -580 mg/l during post monsoon .The highest TH was observed in Shankarpalle village and the lowest TH was observed in Madgula village .Total hardness is caused primarily by the presence of cations such as calcium and magnesium and anions such as carbonates, bicarbonates, chloride and sulphate in water .According to the BIS permissible limit TH ranges from 200 -600 mg/l. It was observed that total hardness of all the samples fall within required specifications which was depicted in (figure 3.14).

IV. CONCLUSION The groundwater quality in villages of Ranga Reddy district has been analyzed in the present work. The concentration of physicochemical constituents in the water samples were compared with the Bureau of Indian standards to know the quality of water for irrigation purpose. The analysis result indicates that Alur and Badakonda villages groundwater samples are above BIS permissible limits and remaining villages are below the standards. The concentration of nitrate and fluoride are very high. The influence of solid waste dumping site, aquifer material mineralogy together with semiarid climate, other anthropogenic activities and increased human activities have adversely affected the groundwater quality in the study area.

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V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The Authors gratefully acknowledge the facilities provided by Telangana State Groundwater Department, Khairatabad, Hyderabad, Specially to Dr. Pandith Madhnure, Director, D. Lavanya, Hydrogeologist, TGSGWD and Professor. Nirmala Babu Rao, Coordinator, Department of Environmental Science, UCS, Osmania University.

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