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WESTERN LEGAL HISTORY THE JOURNAL OF THE NINTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT ISTORICAL SOCIETY VOLUN 13, NUMBER I 2000 Western Legal History is published semiannually, in spring and fall, by the Ninth Judicial Circuit Historical Society, 125 S. Grand Avenue, Pasadena, California 91105, (626) 795-0266/fax (626) 5830-7018. The journal explores, analyzes, and presents the history of law, the legal profession, and the courts- particularly the federal courts-in Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Western Legal History is sent to members of the NJCHS as well as members of affiliated legal historical societies in the Ninth Circuit. Membership is open to all. Membership dues (individuals and institutions): Patron, $1,000 or more; Steward, $750-$999; Sponsor, $500-$749; Grantor, $250-$499; Sustaining, $100- $249; Advocate, $50-$99; Subscribing (nonmembers of the bench and bar, lawyers in practice fewer than five years, libraries, and academic institutions), $25-$49; Membership dues (law firms and corporations): Founder, $3,000 or more; Patron, $1,000-$2,999; Steward, $750-$999; Sponsor, $500-$749; Grantor, $250-$499. For information regarding membership, back issues of Western Legal History, and other society publications and programs, please write or telephone the editor. POSTMASTER: Please send change of address to: Editor Western Legal History 125 S. Grand Avenue Pasadena, California 91105 Western Legal History disclaims responsibility for statements made by authors and for accuracy of endnotes. Copyright, 02000, Ninth Judicial Circuit Historical Society ISSN 0896-2189 The Editorial Board welcomes unsolicited manuscripts, books for review, and recommendations for the journal. Manuscripts (three copies, and one disk in Microsoft Word for Windows, if possible) should be sent to the Editor, Western Legal History, 125 S. Grand Avenue, Pasadena, California 91105. Texts, including quotations and endnotes, must be double-spaced. Notes must be numbered consecutively and appear in a separate section at the end of the text. Authors are requested to follow the style for citations used in this journal. Manuscripts that are no more than thirty pages in length, not counting notes, charts and tables, and photographs, are preferred. Also preferred are manuscripts not concurrently under consideration by another journal. Whether because of prejudice or custom, writers in earlier times often used language considered strange or offensive today. Because Western Legal History publishes articles that present the historical record as accurately as possible, it occasionally publishes quotations containing such language. The publication of such is not to be construed as representing the attitudes of either the authors or Western Legal History. Communication with the editor is encouraged before submission of any manuscript. At that time, other guidelines for the preparation and publication of an article may be discussed. Consultation upon punctuation, grammar, style, and the like is made with the author, although the editor and the Editorial Board are the final arbiters of the article's acceptance and appearance. Articles published in this journal are abstracted and indexed in America: History and Life; Historical Abstracts; the Index to Legal Periodicals;and the Legal Resources Index. NINTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT HISTORICAL SOCIETY BOARD OF DIRECTORS HON. JAMES R. BROWNING LAURIE L. LEVENSON, ESQ. Chairman Los Angeles San Francisco SHERMAN V. LOHN, ESQ. CHRISTINE W.S. BYRD, ESQ. Missoula President HON. EUGENE LYNCH Los Angeles Ross FORREST A. PLANT, ESQ. HON. M. MARGARET MCKEOWN Vice President Seattle Sacramento MICHAEL E. MCNICHOLS, ESQ. GERSHAM GOLDSTEIN, ESQ. Lewiston Treasurer HON. MARGARET M. MORROW Portland Los Angeles CHET ORLOFF HON. THOMAS G. NELSON Secretary Boise Portland RONALD L. OLSON, ESQ. JAMES P. KLEINBERG, ESQ. Los Angeles Immediate Past President HON. DIARMIUD F. O'SCANNLAIN Palo Alto Portland SETH ARONSON, ESQ. HON. MANUEL L. REAL Los Angeles Los Angeles LEROY J. BARKER, ESQ. HON. PAUL G. ROSENBLATT Anchorage Phoenix JEROME I. BRAUN, ESQ. HARRY H. SCHNEIDER, JR., ESQ. San Francisco Seattle JOHN FRANCIS CARROLL, ESQ. HON. MARY M. SCHROEDER San Pedro Phoenix CEDRIC C. CHAO, ESQ. MARC K. SELLERS, ESQ. San Francisco Portland RICHARD R. CLIFTON, ESQ. MARC M. SELTZER, ESQ. Honolulu Los Angeles GEORGE C. DALTHORP, ESQ. GERALD K. SMITH, ESQ. Billings Phoenix KATRINA M. DEWEY, ESQ. HON. CHRISTINA ANN SNYDER Los Angeles Los Angeles GARETH T. EVANS, ESQ. HAROLD B. THOMPSON, ESQ. Los Angeles Reno HON. DAVID EZRA WILLIAM E. TRAUTMAN, ESQ. Honolulu San Francisco JEFFREY M. FISHER, ESQ. D. BURR UDALL, ESQ. San Francisco Tucson PARKER C. FOLSE III, ESQ. ROBERT S. WARREN, ESQ. Seattle Los Angeles HON. LLOYD D. GEORGE MICHAEL A. WHITE, ESQ. Las Vegas Saipan HON. ALFRED T. GOODWIN Pasadena BOARD MEMBERS EMERITI HON. RONALD M. GOULD HON. JAMES M. BURNS Seattle Portland HON. PROCTER HUG, JR. SHIRLEY M. HUFSTEDLER, ESQ. Reno Los Angeles HON. SUSAN Y. ILLSTON ELWOOD S. KENDRICK, ESQ. San Francisco Los Angeles CURTIS A. JENNINGS, ESQ. HON. SAMUEL P. KING Phoenix Honolulu MICHAEL A. KAHN, ESQ. HON. JOSEPH T. SNEED San Francisco San Francisco FREDERICK K. KUNZEL, ESQ. SHARP WHITMORE, ESQ. San Diego Fallbrook WESTERN LEGAL HISTORY BRADLEY B. WILLIAMS, EDITOR JUDITH FORMAN, COPY/PRODUCTION EDITOR EDITORIAL BOARD JUDITH AUSTIN DAVID J. LANGUM Idaho State Historical Society Cumberland School of Law, GORDON MORRIS BAKKEN Samford University California State University, MARI MATSUDA Fullerton Law School Center, MICHAL BELKNAP Georgetown University California Western School R. JAMES MOONEY of Law University of Oregon HON. JAMES R. BROWNING Law School Circuit Judge, U.S. Court of CLAUS-M. NASKE Appeals for the Ninth Circuit University of Alaska, ELIZABETH J. CABRASER, ESQ. Fairbanks San Francisco KENNETH O'REILLY ERIC A. CHIAPPINELLI University of Alaska, School of Law, Anchorage Seattle University PAULA PETRIK LAWRENCE M. FRIEDMAN University of Maine Stanford Law School PETER L. REICH CHRISTIAN G. FRITZ Whittier Law School University New Mexico, JOHN PHILLIP REID School of Law New York University, DALE GOBLE School of Law University of Idaho HARRY N. SCHEIBER, PH.D. HON. ALFRED T. GOODWIN Boalt Hall, Senior Circuit Judge, University of California U.S. Court of Appeals MOLLY SELVIN, PH.D. for the Ninth Circuit Santa Monica PAUL BRYAN GRAY CAROLINE STOEL Claremont Portland State University MICHAEL GRIFFITH STEPHEN L. WASBY Archivist, U.S. District Court, State University of New York, Northern District of California Albany ARTHUR D. HELLMAN JOHN R. WUNDER University of Pittsburgh University of Nebraska JAMES W. HULSE University of Nevada, Reno WESTERN LEGAL HISTORY VOLUME 13, NUMBER 1 WINTER/SPRING 2000 CONTENTS Old Eminent Domain and New Scenic Easements: Land Acquisition for the Ozark National Scenic Riverways Will Sarvis Judge William J. Jameson: An Oral History George Dalthorp The Federal Courts and Indigenous Identity David E. Wilkins OO Book Reviews 121 Articles of Related Interest 133 Memberships, Contributions, & Grants 137 Cover Photograph:Participants in the Longest Walk in 1978 camped near the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C. The event was designed to symbolize the forced removal of Indians from their homelands and to draw attention to the federal government's abrogation of Indian treaty rights. (Courtesy of the Library of Congress, LC-V9-36364, frame 7a-8) OLD EMINENT DOMAIN AND NEW SCENIC EASEMENTS: LAND ACQUISITION FOR THE OZARK NATIONAL SCENIC RIVERWAYS WILL SARVIS The 1964 establishment of the Ozark National Scenic Riverways (ONSR) in southeastern Missouri entailed the transfer of some 65,000 acres of privately owned territory into public land under National Park Service (NPS) management. Land acquisition involved agreed-upon sale of private property, government condemnation of property through eminent domain proceedings, and the still novel concept of scenic easements as a selective alternative to fee simple acquisition. Just compensation for condemned lands became a prominent feature of eminent domain trials when wide discrepancies arose between government and private appraisals. Where utilized, scenic easements offered a largely successful and mitigating option to forced relinquishment of lands. INTRODUCTION During the nineteenth century, preservation-minded indi- viduals and government leaders established western parks such as Yosemite and Yellowstone out of the public domain. But as the public desire for more parks grew throughout the twentieth century, the NPS began adding "retro-parks" (not created out of the western public domain) such as the Will Sarvis received B.A. and M.A. degrees in history from Virginia Tech. 2 WESTERN lEGAi, HiSTORY VoL. 131 No. 1 9 WESTERN LFGAL HIsTORY Vot.. 13. No. 1 With the establishment of the Ozark National Scenic Riverways in 1964 in southeastern Missouri, 65,000 acres of privately owned territory were transferred into public land under National Park Service management. Shenandoah and Great Smoky Mountains national parks in the southern Appalachians.I Post-World War II prosperity only accelerated demand for outdoor recreation in America, and the NPS came to manage entirely new lands, including national seashores and national rivers. The Current and Jacks Fork rivers that comprise the ONSR became the first na- tional rivers. The Current River and greater Ozarks area had attracted visitors to its scenic natural beauty for many decades prior to