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Feature Article an Ambitious Monitoring and Restoration Effort At Feature Article Fortifying Fort Pike Lieca N. Brown - [email protected] Posted: 01/01/2005 An ambitious monitoring and restoration effort at one of Louisiana’s oldest sites calls for creative supplies. In response to attacks on our nation’s capital and New Orleans, President James Monroe ordered the placement of an extensive coastal defense system following the War of 1812. The seacoast fortifications protected ports along New Orleans and rivers such as the Mississippi. Six new masonry forts were built in coastal Louisiana at that time; Fort Pike was one. Completed in 1826, Fort Pike, which was named after General Zebulon Montgomery Pike, an explorer and soldier, was designed to withstand attack from land or sea. Along with its vital military purpose, the fort was also an impressive architectural structure. Featuring a unique casemate design including narrow exit tunnels, the pie-shaped facility overlooks the Rigolets, a narrow passage between Lake Ponchartrain and the Gulf of Mexico, and houses two pointed bastions (fortified areas) that face the land. The fort originally featured two protective moats around the main structure and a glacis (an embankment designed to expose attackers to defending gunfire) and a covered way between the moats. The fort’s extended functions were varied. It provided housing for many officers and troops along with their service buildings such as bakeries, and merchandise and clothing stores. It also functioned as a staging area for troops en route to Florida, and provided a holding site for prisoners and slaves being transported to Oklahoma in the 1830s. In the 1840s, Fort Pike was a stopover for soldiers bound for Texas and Mexico. The fort was renovated in the 1850s when its original one- story citadel, used as a barracks, received a second floor. In 1861, the Louisiana militia captured the fort; it changed hands from the Confederates to the Union forces, the latter of which used the fort as a training center for former slaves who were taught to use heavy artillery and later became part of the United States Colored Troops. The citadel experienced two fires—in 1862 when the Confederates torched it in retreat and again in 1887, which left the site standing as a mere shell. After a long stint protecting our coast, Fort Pike was officially abandoned in 1890. In 1972, it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Today Fort Pike stands as a fascinating chapter in Louisiana’s history and welcomes numerous tourists every year. Visitors stroll along the grounds of Fort Pike, taking in the authentic brick archways, enjoying picnics near the mess hall of the old soldiers and imagining the life of early war years. The fort’s 3-foot-thick walls are deteriorating, however, and the site is in need of monitoring and restoration. Funding through Save America’s Treasures, a federally funded, matching grant initiative dedicated to the preservation and celebration of America’s priceless historic legacy, provided for these efforts, and work began at Fort Pike in late 2003. The project called for traditional surveying and modern laser scanning applications—and included a couple of innovative provisions not seen on most surveying sites. Setting the Scanning Control Surveying and scanning of the Fort Pike structure was necessary to document its as-is condition near the Rigolet Bridge. The bridge is undergoing removal and construction efforts, which could disrupt the stability of the fragile Fort Pike structure. “We were called on to identify the conditions of life-safety issues related to the fort. Fort Pike is a visitor’s attraction and part of the Louisiana Department of Culture and Tourism, Office of the State Parks,” says Michael Lengyel, architectural conservator for John Milner Associates (JMA), a professional consulting firm providing architectural, historic preservation and cultural resources services. “It’s long been in a state of deterioration due to its location, its proximity to the water, and its construction and age. We were tasked with performing a direct survey of the site, identifying the structural issues, identifying the life-safety issues and determining a course of action to address any concerns that we identified.” “We’re collecting this information to document its as-is condition today and use it subsequently in the future as the fort is being impacted by future construction of the Rigolet Bridge [about a quarter mile away],” Lengyel adds. The nearby civil works project includes removal of the existing bridge and construction of a new, expanded bridge. Pounding pilings for the bridge into the channel bed may cause low-level vibration that could have an effect on the stability of the fort’s exterior walls. “We wanted to document how it [the fort] is today to identify the structural repairs necessary to stabilize the fort,” Lengyel says. JMA’s monitoring efforts at Fort Pike began in November 2003. In January 2004, Lengyel called on a local surveyor to provide control of the site. “We contract surveying services as we need them,” Lengyel says. “It’s the most cost-effective way of getting an overall plan of the site and being able to establish bench marks onsite using traditional surveying techniques.” Larry Porterfield, owner of MJ DeField & Associates of Baton Rouge, La., established bench marks for the site, but had another reason for taking on the job. “I’m interested in preservation of historical places from a surveying standpoint,” Porterfield says. “We [he and his crew members] went down and provided traditional survey work to assist in the scanning that he [Lengyel] lined up. We did conventional surveying to provide QC for the project.” Porterfield and his crew spent two days surveying points of the interior and exterior of the fort using two Topcon (Livermore, Calif.) 811 total stations and one Topcon 800. Data was collected on the historic archways, the tops of walls, all dimensions of the fort and any architectural features. Data files for almost 750 shots were provided to Lengyel. “Larry had the ability to do the general work that we asked for in the time frame that we needed it done, which was very short,” Lengyel says. But Porterfield offered more than just his surveying expertise: he supplied a key element for completing the project. “He owns special equipment that was essential to us being able to perform the laser scanning portion of the project,” Lengyel says. “That was the swamp buggy.” A Unique Scanning Vehicle The swamp buggy was essential to the Fort Pike project. The iQsun880 scanner was mounted to the top of the buggy, which rolled over the swampy, muddy ground. Porterfield’s swamp buggy was essential given the surroundings of the fort. “The area is a swampy, muddy mess,” Porterfield says. “I cured my marsh buggy and set it up where they could mount the scanner on top. If they had set it [the scanner] on a bank, they’d be beyond the range of the scanner. They needed to be closer.” Porterfield’s buggy is a motorized machine designed for marshy sites. He bought it from Coast Machinery (Baton Rouge) in 1993. “They do things that are beyond belief,” he says. It is a welded aluminum machine with hydraulic drive that looks like a bulldozer. It floats and can’t turn over, Porterfield says proudly. “It can go down an incline into water—almost a straight 4 ft drop, [and] up to 48 to 50 degrees. We’ve gotten into creek bottoms and areas where you literally can’t climb out, but we can throw a cable up on the bank and tie off to a tree. It’s got a hydraulic wench that can just suck you right on up. It’ll carry about 1,500 lbs of payload.” “We look for easier ways to do things,” Porterfield says. “One of the things we can do is take our GPS antenna and mount it on top of the rack on our marsh buggy. If it’s on solid ground, it’s like driving a bulldozer over briars and vegetation. Most survey companies spend days and days and days cutting and staking and lining, and we’re just out there driving around.” It’s this service vehicle that has Porterfield’s phone ringing often. “We’ve done everything from helping alligator hunters to finding eggs to surveying,” he says. “It’s pretty neat.” The buggy prevented problems from occurring on the Fort Pike project; any other setup for the laser scanner would have cost much more money and created a logistical nightmare. “Everybody knows that we wouldn’t have been able to do it had we not had that swamp buggy,” Lengyel says. Scanning with Stature Data skewed by the scanner's close position to the ground was avoided by elevating the scanner on scaffolding. Lengyel, Porterfield and Tom Satterley, vice president of North American Operations for laser scanner maker iQvolution of Richboro, Pa., set out on the mission to scan Fort Pike in February 2004. After adapting the scanner to the customized marsh buggy for the exterior shots, the team headed out shortly after midnight. The design of the iQvolution iQsun 880 scanner at that time required the team to scan in the night hours. Satterley says that the invisible red laser on the 10 mW scanner does not perform well in direct sunlight. Since the Fort Pike project, iQvolution has released a 22 mW scanner that withstands sunlight and also offers a model equipped with a Nikon camera to provide color overlays. “We ended up doing our scanning after dusk and before dawn,” Lengyel says. “There are advantages to that. We didn’t have people walking around, which was a great advantage.
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