DOCSLIB.ORG

Cryogenics for Superconducting Devices

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cryogenics for Superconducting Devices Cryogenics for superconducting devices Philippe Lebrun Director, Joint Universities Accelerator School JUAS 2019 Course 2 19 February 2019 Contents • Introduction • Cryogenic fluids • Heat transfer & thermal insulation • Thermal screening with cold vapour • Refrigeration & liquefaction • Thermometry Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 2 • 훋훠훖훐훓, 훐훖훓 το 1 deep cold [Arist. Meteor.] 2 shiver of fear [Aeschyl. Eumenid.] • cryogenics, that branch of physics which deals with the production of very low temperatures and their effects on matter Oxford English Dictionary 2nd edition, Oxford University Press (1989) • cryogenics, the science and technology of temperatures below 120 K New International Dictionary of Refrigeration 4th edition, IIF-IIR Paris (2015) Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 3 Characteristic temperatures of cryogens Normal boiling Critical point Cryogen Triple point [K] point [K] [K] Methane 90.7 111.6 190.5 Oxygen 54.4 90.2 154.6 Argon 83.8 87.3 150.9 Nitrogen 63.1 77.3 126.2 Neon 24.6 27.1 44.4 Hydrogen 13.8 20.4 33.2 Helium 2.2 (*) 4.2 5.2 (*): l Point Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 4 Useful range of liquid cryogens & critical temperature of superconductors Nb3Sn Nb-Ti Mg B2 YBCO Bi-2223 Helium Below Patm Above Patm Hydrogen Neon Nitrogen Argon Oxygen 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 T [K] Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 5 Cooling of superconducting devices LHe 1.9 K LIN ~70 K SCHe 4.5 K LHe 4.2 K Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 6 Contents • Introduction • Cryogenic fluids • Heat transfer & thermal insulation • Thermal screening with cold vapour • Refrigeration & liquefaction • Thermometry Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 7 Properties of cryogens compared to water Property He N2 H2O Normal boiling point [K] 4.2 77 373 Critical temperature [K] 5.2 126 647 Critical pressure [bar] 2.3 34 221 Liq./Vap. density (*) 7.4 175 1600 Heat of vaporization (*) [J.g-1] 20.4 199 2260 Liquid viscosity (*) [mPl] 3.3 152 278 (*) at normal boiling point Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 8 Specific heat of helium and materials Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 9 Specific heat of helium and materials Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 10 Vaporization of normal boiling cryogens under 1 W applied heat load Let ℎ be the enthalpy of the fluid At constant pressure 푄ሶ = 퐿푣푚ሶ with 퐿푣 = ℎ푣푎푝 − ℎ푙푞 [l.min-1] Cryogen [mg.s-1] [l.h-1] (liquid) (gas NTP) Helium 48 1.38 16.4 Nitrogen 5 0.02 0.24 Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 11 Amount of cryogens required to cool down 1 kg iron Assuming perfect heat exchange between iron and the fluid 푇푛푡푎푙 푓푛푎푙 푠푎푡 න 푀퐹푒퐶퐹푒푑푇 = 푚 퐿푣 + ℎ푣푎푝 − ℎ푣푎푝 ≈ 푚 퐿푣 + 퐶푝 푇푓푛푎푙 − 푇푠푎푡 푇푓푛푎푙 Latent heat and Using Latent heat only enthalpy of gas LHe from 290 to 4.2 K 29.5 litre 0.75 litre LHe from 77 to 4.2 K 1.46 litre 0.12 litre LN2 from 290 to 77 K 0.45 litre 0.29 litre Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 12 Phase diagram of helium 10000 SOLID 1000 SUPER- l LINE CRITICAL He II He I CRITICAL 100 POINT PRESSURIZED He II SATURATED He I (Subcooled liquid) Pressure[kPa] 10 VAPOUR SATURATED He II 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Temperature [K] Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 13 Helium as a cooling fluid Phase domain Advantages Drawbacks Fixed temperature Two-phase flow Saturated He I High heat transfer Boiling crisis Supercritical Monophase Non-isothermal Negative J-T effect Density wave instability Low temperature Second-law cost He II High conductivity Subatmospheric Low viscosity Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 14 Contents • Introduction • Cryogenic fluids • Heat transfer & thermal insulation • Thermal screening with cold vapour • Refrigeration & liquefaction • Thermometry Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 15 Typical heat transfer coefficients at cryogenic temperatures • Same basic processes as at temperatures above ambiant, but large variations in - absolute values - dependence on temperature • These variations can be exploited for - cooling equipment - thermal insulation of cryostats • Particular importance of two- phase heat transfer Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 16 Non-linear heat transfer to liquid cryogens Pool boiling nitrogen ~ 1.5 105 W/m2 Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 17 Non-linear heat transfer to liquid cryogens Pool boiling helium 104 W/m2 Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 18 Heat conduction in solids 푑푇 SA • Fourier’s law 푄ሶ = 푘 푇 퐴 T 2 푐표푛푑 푑푥 • Thermal conductivity 푘 푇 [W/m.K] Q c o n dx 퐴 푇2 Integral form 푄ሶ푐표푛푑 = ׬ 푘 푇 푑푇 • dT 퐿 푇1 푇 [Thermal conductivity integral ׬ 2 푘 푇 푑푇 [W/m • 푇1 • Thermal conductivity integrals for standard construction materials are tabulated T 1 Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 19 Thermal conductivity integrals of selected materials [W/m] From vanishingly low temperature 20 K 80 K 290 K up to OFHC copper 11000 60600 152000 DHP copper 395 5890 46100 1100 aluminium 2740 23300 72100 2024 aluminium alloy 160 2420 22900 AISI 304 stainless steel 16.3 349 3060 G-10 glass-epoxy composite 2 18 153 Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 20 Non-metallic composite support post with heat intercepts 5 K cooling line (SC He) Aluminium intercept plates glued to G-10 column Aluminium strips to thermal shield at 50-75 K Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 21 Thermal radiation • Wien’s law – Maximum of black-body power spectrum 휆푚푎푥 푇 = 2898 [μm. K] • Stefan-Boltzmann’s law 4 – Black body 푄ሶ푟푎푑 = 퐴 푇 with = 5.67 10−12 W/m2K4 4 – «Gray» body 푄ሶ푟푎푑 = 휀 퐴 푇 with 휀 surface emissivity Qrad1 T T > T – Between «gray» surfaces at temperatures 푇1 and 푇2 1 2 1 ሶ 4 4 푄푟푎푑 = 퐸 퐴 (푇2 − 푇1 ) 1 Qrad2 2 with 퐸 function of 휀1, 휀2 and geometry of facing surfaces Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 22 Emissivity of technical materials at low temperatures Radiation from 290 K Radiation from 77 K Surface at 77 K Surface at 4.2 K Stainless steel, as found 0.34 0.12 Stainless steel, mech. polished 0.12 0.07 Stainless steel, electropolished 0.10 0.07 Stainless steel + Al foil 0.05 0.01 Aluminium, as found 0.12 0.07 Aluminium, mech. polished 0.10 0.06 Aluminium, electropolished 0.08 0.04 Copper, as found 0.12 0.06 Copper, mech. Polished 0.06 0.02 Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 23 Residual gas conduction • Two different regimes, depending upon the relative values of heat transfer distance 푑 and mean free path of gas molecules 휆푚표푙푒푐푢푙푒 • Viscous regime – At higher pressure 휆푚표푙푒푐푢푙푒 ≪ 푑 푑푇 – Classical conduction 푄ሶ = 퐴 푘 푇 푟푒푠푑푢푎푙 푑푥 T1 T2 – Thermal conductivity 푘(푇) independant of pressure • Molecular regime d – At lower pressure 휆푚표푙푒푐푢푙푒 ≫ 푑 – Kennard’s law 푄ሶ푟푒푠푑푢푎푙 = 퐴 훼 푇 Ω 푃 (푇2 − 푇1) – Heat transfer proportional to pressure, independant of spacing between surfaces – Ω depends on gas species – Accommodation coefficient 훼 푇 depends on gas species, 푇1, 푇2 and geometry of facing surfaces Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 24 Multi-layer insulation (MLI) • Complex system involving three heat transfer processes – 푄ሶ푀퐿퐼 = 푄ሶ푟푎푑 + 푄ሶ푐표푛푡푎푐푡 + 푄ሶ푟푒푠푑푢푎푙 – With 푛 reflective layers of equal emissivity, 푄ሶ푟푎푑~ 1Τ(푛 + 1) – Due to parasitic contacts between layers, 푄ሶ푐표푛푡푎푐푡 increases with layer density – 푄ሶ푟푒푠푑푢푎푙 due to residual gas trapped between layers, scales as 1Τ푛 in molecular regime – Non-linear behaviour requires layer-to-layer modeling • In practice – Typical data available from (abundant) literature – Measure performance on test samples Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 25 Typical heat fluxes at vanishingly low temperature between flat plates [W/m2] Black-body radiation from 290 K 401 Black-body radiation from 80 K 2.3 Gas conduction (100 mPa He) from 290 K 19 Gas conduction (1 mPa He) from 290 K 0.19 Gas conduction (100 mPa He) from 80 K 6.8 Gas conduction (1 mPa He) from 80 K 0.07 MLI (30 layers) from 290 K, pressure below 1 mPa 1-1.5 MLI (10 layers) from 80 K, pressure below 1 mPa 0.05 MLI (10 layers) from 80 K, pressure 100 mPa 1-2 Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 26 Cross-section of LHC dipole cryostat Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 27 LHC cryostat heat inleaks at 1.9 K Measured 푄ሶ = 푚ሶ ∆ℎ(푃, 푇) He property tables LHC sector (2.8 km) Total S7-8 @ 1.9 K 600 500 400 On full LHC cold sector (2.8 km) 300 [W] - Measured 560 W, i.e. 0.2 W/m 200 - Calculated 590 W, i.e 0.21 W/m 100 0 Calc. Meas. Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 28 Contents • Introduction • Cryogenic fluids • Heat transfer & thermal insulation • Thermal screening with cold vapour • Refrigeration & liquefaction • Thermometry Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2019 Cryogenics for SC devices 29 Vapour cooling of cryostat necks and supports with perfect heat transfer Cross-section A • Assuming perfect heat transfer between solid and vapour, i.e. 푇푠표푙푑(푥) = 푇푣푎푝표푟(푥) = 푇(푥) . m vapour flow Cp(T) 푄ሶ푐표푛푑 = 푄ሶ푏푎푡ℎ + 푚ሶ 퐶푝 푇 (푇 − 푇푏푎푡ℎ) 푑푇 퐴 푘 푇 = 푄ሶ + 푚ሶ 퐶 푇 (푇 − 푇 ) T T 푑푥 푏푎푡ℎ 푝 푏푎푡ℎ x Qcon • 퐶푝(푇) specific heat of vapour • 푘 푇 thermal conductivity of support • 푄ሶ푏푎푡ℎ can be calculated by numerical integration for Tbath – different cryogens Qbath LHe – different values of aspect ratio 퐿Τ퐴 – different values of vapour flow Ph.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Helium Cryogenics the INTERNATIONAL CRYOGENICS MONOGRAPH SERIES
    Helium Cryogenics THE INTERNATIONAL CRYOGENICS MONOGRAPH SERIES General Editors K. D. Timmerhaus, Engineering Research Center University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Alan F. Clark, National Bureau of Standards U.S. Department of Commerce, Boulder, Colorado Founding Editor K. Mendelssohn, F.R.S. (deceased) Current Volumes in this series APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY, METALLURGY, AND PHYSICS OF TITANIUM ALLOYS • E. W. Collings Volume 1: Fundamentals Volume 2: Applications CRYOCOOLERS • G. Walker Part 1: Fundamentals Part 2: Applications 1HE HALL EFFECT IN METALS AND ALLOYS • C. M. Hurd HEAT TRANSFER AT LOW TEMPERATURE • W. Frost HELIUM CRYOGENICS • Steven W. VanSciver MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS AT LOW TEMPERATURE • D. A. Wigley STABILIZATION OF SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC SYSTEMS • V. A. Artov, V. B. Zenkevich, M. G. Kremlev, and V. V. Sychev SUPERCONDUCTING ELECTRON-OPTIC DEVICES • /.Dietrich SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIALS • E. M. Savitskii, V. V. Baron, Yu. V. Efimov, M. I. Bychkova, and L. F. Myzenkova KAPARCHIEF Helium Cryogenics Steven W. Van Sciver University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, W"ISconsin SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA. LLC Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Van Sciver, Steven W. Helium cryogenics. (International cryogenics monograph series) lncludes bibliographies and index. 1. Liquid helium. 2. Helium at low temperatures. 1. Title. Il. Series. QC145.4S.H4V36 1986 536'.56 86-20461 ISBN 978-1-4899-0501-7 ISBN 978-1-4899-0499-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-0499-7 This limited facsimile edition has been issued
    [Show full text]
  • Heat Transfer Correlations Between a Heated Surface and Liquid & Superfluid Helium
    Heat Transfer Correlations Between a Heated Surface and Liquid & Superfluid Helium For Better Understanding of the Thermal Stability of the Superconducting Dipole Magnets in the LHC at CERN Jonas Lantz LITH-IEI-TEK-A--07/00225--SE Examensarbete Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling Examensarbete LITH-IEI-TEK-A--07/00225--SE Heat Transfer Correlations Between a Heated Surface and Liquid & Superfluid Helium For Better Understanding of the Thermal Stability of the Superconducting Dipole Magnets in the LHC at CERN Jonas Lantz Handledare: Arjan Verweij CERN, Accelerator Technology Department Gerard Willering CERN, Accelerator Technology Department Examinator: Dan Loyd IEI, Linköping University Linköping, 19 October, 2007 Avdelning, Institution Datum Division, Department Date Division of Applied Thermodynamics and Fluid Me- chanics Department of Management and Engineering 2007-10-19 Linköpings universitet SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden Språk Rapporttyp ISBN Language Report category — Svenska/Swedish Licentiatavhandling ISRN Engelska/English Examensarbete LITH-IEI-TEK-A--07/00225--SE C-uppsats Serietitel och serienummer ISSN D-uppsats Title of series, numbering — Övrig rapport URL för elektronisk version http://www.ikp.liu.se/mvs/ http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10124 Titel Heat Transfer Correlations Between a Heated Surface and Liquid & Superfluid Title Helium For Better Understanding of the Thermal Stability of the Superconducting Dipole Magnets in the LHC at CERN Författare Jonas Lantz Author Sammanfattning Abstract This thesis is a study of the heat transfer correlations between a wire and liquid helium cooled to either 1.9 or 4.3 K. The wire resembles a part of a supercon- ducting magnet used in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) particle accelerator currently being built at CERN.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Cryogenics
    Introduction to Cryogenics Philippe Lebrun President of the IIR General Conference International Institute of Refrigeration 2018 Contents • Introduction • Cryogenic fluids • Heat transfer & thermal insulation • Thermal screening with cold vapour • Refrigeration & liquefaction • Cryogen storage • Thermometry Ph. Lebrun Introduction to Cryogenics 2 • 훋훠훖훐훓, 훐훖훓 το 1 deep cold [Arist. Meteor.] 2 shiver of fear [Aeschyl. Eumenid.] • cryogenics, that branch of physics which deals with the production of very low temperatures and their effects on matter Oxford English Dictionary 2nd edition, Oxford University Press (1989) • cryogenics, the science and technology of temperatures below 120 K New International Dictionary of Refrigeration 4th edition, IIF-IIR Paris (2015) Ph. Lebrun Introduction to Cryogenics 3 Characteristic temperatures of cryogens Normal boiling Critical point Cryogen Triple point [K] point [K] [K] Methane 90.7 111.6 190.5 Oxygen 54.4 90.2 154.6 Argon 83.8 87.3 150.9 Nitrogen 63.1 77.3 126.2 Neon 24.6 27.1 44.4 Hydrogen 13.8 20.4 33.2 Helium 2.2 (*) 4.2 5.2 (*): l Point Ph. Lebrun Introduction to Cryogenics 4 Cryogenic transport of natural gas: LNG 130 000 m3 LNG carrier with double hull Invar® tanks hold LNG at ~110 K Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2017 Intro to Cryogenics 5 Densification, liquefaction & separation of gases LIN & LOX Air separation by cryogenic distillation Capacity up to 4500 t/day LOX LIN as byproduct Ph. Lebrun JUAS 2017 Intro to Cryogenics 6 Densification, liquefaction & separation of gases Rocket fuels Ariane 5 Space Shuttle 25 t LHY, 130 t LOX 100 t LHY, 600 t LOX Ph.
    [Show full text]
  • Art of Cryogenics This Page Intentionally Left Blank the Art of Cryogenics Low-Temperature Experimental Techniques
    The Art of Cryogenics This page intentionally left blank The Art of Cryogenics Low-Temperature Experimental Techniques Guglielmo Ventura and Lara Risegari Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA First edition 2008 Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved The right of Guglielmo Ventura and Lara Risegari to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-08-044479-6 For information on all Elsevier publications
    [Show full text]
  • Cooling with Superfluid Helium
    Published by CERN in the Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School: Superconductivity for Accelerators, Erice, Italy, 24 April – 4 May 2013, edited by R. Bailey, CERN–2014–005 (CERN, Geneva, 2014) Cooling with Superfluid Helium Ph. Lebrun1 and L. Tavian CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Abstract The technical properties of helium II (‘superfluid’ helium) are presented in view of its applications to the cooling of superconducting devices, particularly in particle accelerators. Cooling schemes are discussed in terms of heat transfer performance and limitations. Large-capacity refrigeration techniques below 2 K are reviewed, with regard to thermodynamic cycles as well as process machinery. Examples drawn from existing or planned projects illustrate the presentation. Keywords: superfluid helium, cryogenics, superconductivity, refrigeration techniques. 1 Introduction Once confined to low-temperature physics laboratories, superfluid helium2 has become a technical coolant for advanced superconducting devices, to the point that it is now implemented in industrial- size cryogenic systems, routinely operated with high reliability. There are two classes of reason that call for the use of superfluid helium as a coolant for superconducting devices; namely, the lower temperature of operation, and the enhanced heat transfer properties at the solid/liquid interface and in the bulk liquid. The lower temperature of operation is exploited in high-field magnets [1, 2], to compensate for the monotonously decreasing shape of the superconducting transition frontier (the ‘critical line’) in the current density versus magnetic field plane, shown in Fig. 1 for some superconducting materials of technical interest. In this fashion, the current-carrying capacity of the industrial Nb–Ti superconducting alloys can be boosted at fields in excess of 8 T, thus opening the way for their use in high-field magnet systems for condensed-matter physics [3–5], nuclear magnetic resonance [6, 7], magnetic confinement fusion [8, 9], and circular particle accelerators and colliders [10–12].
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Cryogenics
    Introduction to cryogenics Ph. Lebrun CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Abstract This paper aims at introducing cryogenics to non-specialists. It is not a cryogenics course, for which there exist several excellent textbooks mentioned in the bibliography. Rather, it tries to convey in a synthetic form the essential features of cryogenic engineering and to raise awareness on key design and construction issues of cryogenic devices and systems. The presentation of basic processes, implementation techniques, and typical values for physical and engineering parameters is illustrated by applications to helium cryogenics. 1 Low temperatures in science and technology Cryogenics is defined as that branch of physics which deals with the production of very low temperatures and their effect on matter [1], a formulation which addresses aspects both of attaining low temperatures which do not naturally occur on Earth, and of using them for the study of nature or in industry. In a more operational way [2], it is also defined as the science and technology of temperatures below 120 K. The reason for this latter definition can be understood by examining characteristic temperatures of cryogenic fluids (Table 1): the limit temperature of 120 K comprehensively includes the normal boiling points of the main atmospheric gases, as well as of methane which constitutes the principal component of natural gas. Today, liquid natural gas (LNG) constitutes one of the largest—and fastest-growing—industrial domains of application of cryogenics, together with the liquefaction and separation of air gases. The densification by condensation, and separation by distillation of gases was historically—and remains today—the main driving force for the cryogenic industry, exemplified not only by liquid oxygen and nitrogen used in chemical and metallurgical processes, but also by the cryogenic liquid propellants of rocket engines and the proposed use of hydrogen as a ‘clean’ energy vector in transportation.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Control System for Superconducting Coils of LHD (H
    JP9705042 " •• * ISSN 0915 5348 JP9705042 NIFS-PR0C--28 NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR FUSION SCIFXCE Proceedings of the Symposium on Cryogenic Systems for Large Scale Superconducting Applications May 27 - 29, 1996 Ceratopia - Toki and NIFS Toki, Japan T. Mito (Ed.) (Received- Sep. 2, 1996 ) NIFS-PROC-28 Sep. 1996 2 8 N! 1 6 National Laboratory for High Energy Physics, 1996 KEK Reports are available from: Technical Information & Library National Laboratory for High Energy Physics 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken, 305 JAPAN Phone: 0298-64-5136 Telex: 3652-534 (Domestic) (0)3652-534 (International) Fax: 0298-64-4604 Cable: KEK OHO E-mail: [email protected] (Internet Address) Internet: http://www.kek.jp Proceedings of the Symposium on Cryogenic Systems for Large Scale Superconducting Applications Edited by Toshiyuki Mito May 27-29, 1996 Ceratopia-Toki and NIFS Toki, Japan Supported by NIFS Symposium and JSPS-DFG Seminar Keywords; Cryogenic system, Superconducting Application, Large Helical Device, Fusion Device, High Energy Physics "•V. A commemorative Photo of participants on the Symposium at the evening of the first day (May 27, 1996). Organizers Chairman Junya Yamamoto (NIFS) Members SadaoSatoh(NlFS) Toshiyuki Mito (NIFS) Peter Komarck (FZK) Collaborating Staffs T. Baba Y. Kato M. Shoji H. Chikaraishi R. Maekawa K. Sugiyama M. lima S. Moriuchi K. Takahata S. imagawa A. Nishimura H. Tamura A. Iwamoto K. Ohba S. Yamada S. Kato H. Sckiguchi N. Yanagi PREFACE It was twenty years ago that a high field superconducting magnet using a novel pressurized supcrfluid helium cryostat was dramatically reported by a cryogenics group of CEN Grenoble at the Sixth International Cryogenic Engineering Conference in Grenoble, France.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Cryogenics
    EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH Laboratory for Particle Physics Departmental Report CERN/AT 2007-1 AN INTRODUCTION TO CRYOGENICS Ph. Lebrun President, Commission A1 “Cryophysics and Cryoengineering” of the IIR Accelerator Technology Department, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland CONTENTS 1. LOW TEMPERATURES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.......................................................... 1 2. CRYOGENIC FLUIDS............................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Thermophysical properties ............................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Liquid boil-off .................................................................................................................................. 6 2.3 Cryogen usage for equipment cooldown.......................................................................................... 7 2.4 Phase domains .................................................................................................................................. 7 3. HEAT TRANSFER AND THERMAL DESIGN.................................................................................... 8 3.1 Solid conduction............................................................................................................................... 8 3.2 Radiation .......................................................................................................................................... 9 3.3 Convection.....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cryostat Design
    Cryostat Design V. Parma1 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Abstract This paper aims to give non-expert engineers and scientists working in the domain of accelerators a general introduction to the main disciplines and technologies involved in the design and construction of accelerator cryostats. Far from being an exhaustive coverage of these topics, an attempt is made to provide simple design and calculation rules for a preliminary design of cryostats. Recurrent reference is made to the Large Hadron Collider magnet cryostats, as most of the material presented is taken from their design and construction at CERN. Keywords: superconductivity, cryogenics, vacuum, heat transfer, MLI, construction technologies. 1 Introduction The term cryostat (from the Greek word κρύο meaning cold, and stat meaning static or stable) is generally employed to describe any container housing devices or fluids kept at very low temperatures; the notion of ‘very low temperature’ generally refers to temperatures that are well below those encountered naturally on Earth, typically below 120 K. The very first cryostats were used in the pioneering years of cryogenics as containers for liquefied gases. The invention of the first performing cryostats is generally attributed to Sir James Dewar (Fig. 1), and hence cryostats containing cryogenic fluids are nowadays also called dewars. In 1897 Dewar used silver-plated double-walled glass containers to collect the first liquefied hydrogen. Even though the heat transfer phenomena were not well mastered during his époque, Dewar understood the benefits of thermal insulation by vacuum pumping the double-walled envelope, as well as shielding thermal radiation by silver-plating the glass walls. H.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Flow Through Single Nanopipes and Spreading of Normal and Superfluid Helium Drops
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Water Flow through Single Nanopipes and Spreading of Normal and Superfluid Helium Drops DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Physics by David Joseph Mallin Dissertation Committee: Peter Taborek, Chair Zuzanna Siwy Jing Xia 2019 c 2019 David Joseph Mallin DEDICATION To all my friends and family who have supported me in my endeavors, especially: My parents, Michael and Susan, and brother, Sean, who have supported me since the beginning (literally) My grandmother, Ann, who has been a persistent voice of gentle encouragement Virginia Mac, who has been my refuge throughout the journey ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii CURRICULUM VITAE viii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION x 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Slip and Nanoflows . 1 1.2 Helium and Drops . 2 2 Water Flow Through Single Nanopipes 8 2.1 Theory: Poiseuille Flow and the No Slip Boundary Condition . 8 2.1.1 Laminar Flow Through a Pipe . 8 2.2 Direct Measurements of Water Flow through Single Nanopipes . 13 2.2.1 Measurement of Nanoscale Water Flow through Single Pipes . 14 2.3 200 nm Indistinguishable Flows . 30 2.3.1 10 µm Data . 30 2.3.2 2 µm Data . 32 2.3.3 200 nm Data . 33 2.4 Conclusion and Future Steps . 34 3 Spreading of Superfluid and Normal Helium Drops 38 3.1 Drops and Spreading . 38 3.2 Cryostat Design and Fabrication . 40 3.2.1 Cryostat Status Monitoring . 49 3.3 Experimental Setup . 52 3.4 Results and Discussion .
    [Show full text]
  • Liquid Helium: 100 Years  Superfluid Helium – Accelerator Examples
    Helium and Large Scale Cryogenics in Accelerator Sciences Christine Darve January 5th 2011 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (fo rme r Pro je ct Assoccatiate @ CERN) Headlines The Ingredients – HliHelium: The star of cryogenics Liquid helium: 100 years Superfluid helium – Accelerator examples CERN and the Large Hadron Collider – The LHC accelerator – The low- magnets systems Fermilab Accelerator Sciences – The Tevatron and its cryoo--plant – New cryogenic areas and era Headlines The Ingredients – HliHelium: The star of cryogenics Liquid helium: 100 years Superfluid helium – Accelerator examples CERN and the Large Hadron Collider – The LHC accelerator – The low- magnets systems Fermilab Accelerator Sciences – The Tevatron and its cryoo--plant – New cryogenic areas and era Few milestones of interest 1868 - Astronomers Janssen and Lockyer observed Helium 1908 - Kamerling Onnes Liquefied Helium (4.2 K) 1911 - KliKamerling Onnes Discovere d Supercond ucti vi ty (Hg) 1938 - Superfluid Helium properties by Kapitza, Allen and Misener 1949 – Landau & Tizsa introduced the two-fluid model for superfluid helium 1957 - BCS Theory 1980 - Tevatron, First Accelerator using SC Magnets, NbTi 1986 - High Temp. Superconductors (> 77 K), YBCO, BSCCO 2001 – High Temp. SC (MgB2) with High Tc (39 K) 2007 - LHC operation (Largest Cryogenics) The different facets of helium 3He phase diagram Helium (25 %) is the most common element in the Universe after Hydrogen (73 %) Two isotopes: 3He (fermion) & 4He (boson) 4He phase diagram 100000000 Helium II - Quantum
    [Show full text]
  • Helium Cryogenics, He I => He II
    Introduction to Cryogenics T. Koettig, P. Borges de Sousa, J. Bremer Contributions from S. Claudet and Ph. Lebrun CAS@ESI: Basics of Accelerator Physics and Technology, 7 - 11 Oct. 2019, Archamps 10-Oct-19 T. Koettig TE/CRG 2 Content • Introduction to cryogenic installations • Safety aspects => handling cryogenic fluids • Motivation => reducing thermal energy in a system • Heat transfer and thermal insulation • Helium cryogenics, He I => He II • Conclusions • References 10-Oct-19 T. Koettig TE/CRG 3 Overview of cryogenics at CERN - Detectors • Superconducting coils 9803026 - of LHC detectors @ DI - 4.5 K (ATLAS, CMS) rom: CERN F • LAr Calorimeter - LN2 - cooled • Different types of cryogens (Helium, Nitrogen and Argon) ://cms.web.cern.ch/news/cms design - From: http detector 10-Oct-19 T. Koettig TE/CRG 4 Overview of cryogenics at CERN - LHC • Helium at different operating temperatures (thermal shields, beam screens, distribution and magnets,…) 0712013 - • Superconducting magnets of EX - the LHC accelerator CERN CDS CERN • Accelerating SC cavities 10-Oct-19 T. Koettig TE/CRG 5 Safety aspects in cryogenics 10-Oct-19 T. Koettig TE/CRG 6 Cryogenic fluids - Thermophysical properties 4 Fluid He N2 Ar H2 O2 Kr Ne Xe Air Water Boiling temperature (K) 4.2 77.3 87.3 20.3 90.2 119.8 27.1 165.1 78.8 373 @ 1.013 bar Latent heat of evaporation @ 20.9 199.1 163.2 448 213.1 107.7 87.2 95.6 205.2 2260 Tb in kJ/kg Volume ratio gas(273 K) / liquid 709 652 795 798 808 653 1356 527 685 ----- Volume ratio saturated vapor 7.5 177.0 244.8 53.9 258.7 277.5 127.6 297.7 194.9 1623.8 to liquid (1.013 bar) Specific mass of liquid (at Tb) – 125 804 1400 71 1140 2413 1204 2942 874 960 kg/m3 10-Oct-19 T.
    [Show full text]