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In the Ukrainian Immigrant Community

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In the Ukrainian Immigrant Community THBEE CASE STUDIES OF MUTUAL AID IN THE UKRAINIAN IMMIGRANT COMMUNITY OF WTNNIPEG, 19OO-1918 A Thesís Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies The University of Manitoba fn Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of SociaI Work by Maria N. B. Wasylkewyez 1987 Permission Ìras been granted L'autorisation a êtê accordêe to the Natlonal Library of à I-a Bibliothèque nationale Canada to nicrofil¡n this du Canada de nÍcrofilner thesis and to lend or sell cette thèse et de prêter ou copies of the film. de vendre des exenplaires du film. The author (copyright owner) Lrauteur (titulaire du droit has reaerved other d'auteur) se rêserve leè publlcation rights, and autres droits de publication; nelther the thesis nor nl Ia thèse ni de longs extensive extracte from tt extraits de celle-ci ne may be printed or otherwise doivent être inprimêe ou reproduced without hís/her autrement reprodults sana aon written pernission. autorisation écrite. rsBN 0-315- 442L5-8 THREE CASE STUDIES OF MUTUAL AID IN THE UKRAINIAN TMMIGRANT COMMUNITY OF WINNIPEG, 1900-1919 BY MARIA N. B. I,IASYLKEWYCZ A thcsis submittcd to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of thc univcrsity of Manitoba in partial furfiilmcnt of the requircments of thc degree ol MASTER OF SOCIAL I^TORK @ tLg87 Pcrmission has bcen granrcd to the LIBRARY OF THE UNIVER- SITY OF MANITOBA to lend or sell copies of this thesis. ro the NATIONAL LTBRARY OF CANADA ro microfitm this thesis and to lcnd or sell copies of the fitm, and uNlvERslry MICROFTLMS to publish an abstract of this rhesis. The author rescrves other publication rights, and neither the thcsis nor cxtcnsivc extracts from it may be printed or other- wisc rcproduccd without the author's written permission. i ABSTRACT Between 1896 and 1914 an estimated 170, OOO Ukrainians from the Austro-HunÉtarian provinces of Galicia and Bukov5rna streamed into Canada. Lured at first by the offer of the Canadian Élovernment of free homestead }and of 160 acres, few of the Ukrainian immigrants had the financial resources to immediately start up a farming operation. Consequently, at least 8O per cent entered the work foree for a brief period of time, and more than 20 per cent took up permanent residence in the urban centres. By 1905 the nature of Ukrainian immigration had changed. In plaee of the land-hung,îy Eeasant eager to work the soil came the inmigrant labourer in search of the myriad employment opportunities available in Canada as a result of the rapid industrial expansion taking place after the turn of the century. As the portal to the prairies and the clearinÊlhouse for Western labour, WinnipeÉÍ became home Èo the greatest number of Ukrainian-Canadian immigrants and the centre for many Ukrainian organizai-,ional efforts. For the Ukrainian immigrants who chose to establish themselves in an urban-industrial settin€!, the transformaùion from peasant-farmer to industrial-labcurer, and the relocation from a rural to an urban seùting in an al-ien country, was fraught with difficulties. Not only vrere ühere nativist hostilities and assimilationist pressures to contend with, but there were the financial insecurities 11 inherent in a wage-centered money economy. Because of the lack of government social wel-fare progra¡ns and the animosity of unions as well as the host society tor+ards Ukrainian labourers, Ukrainian immigrants were compelled to turn inward and look to traditional forms of mutual aid to assist them with their adjustment to the altered socio-economic circumstances they encountered. in Canad.a. This study examines some of the forms of mutuaL assistanee and welfare provision in existence in Galicia prior to the start of the emigration movement. It focuses on the role of the family, the commune, voluntary artisan associations, Orthodox church brotherhoods, readingf halls and enlightenment societies, and co-operative ventures. In the Canadian conte:cb it discusses three distinct modes of mutual aid employed by Ukrainian immigrants in Winnipeg the reading halls, mutual benefit org,anizations and emerÉlency relief committees. The Shevehenko and Prosvita Reading Halls and the ukrainian Nationar Home were the eases selected for discussion in the ehapter on reading hallsi the St. Nicholas Mutual Benefit Association was foeused on in the diseourse on mutual benefit organizations; and the Canadian Ruthenian ReIief Association of 1915 was anaLyzed in the section on relief committees. To facilitate the adaptation to the new set of socÍo-eeonomie cireumstanees and ethno-cultural milieu in Canada, Ukrainian immigranùs re-established those 111 institutions which \{ere effective in meeting eontingencies in their honeland and which coincided with their needs in Canada. Where no appropriate traditional struetures existed in Galicia, Ukrainian-Canadian immigrants were quick to borrow from Èheir countrymen in the united states who had preceded then to an urban-industrial environment and had already resolved some of the issues of this transition. Many of the mutual aid organizations established by Ukrainians as well as other immigrant Élroups were the forerunners of later government soeial v¿elfare prograns. 1V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to a number of people who assisted me during the eourse of my researeh and the writing of this thesis. To my advisor, Professor Len KamÍnski, for his comments, critiques, and Êluidance throughout the entire process; to Professor Gerald Friesen also for his suggestions and comments, âs well as the extension of his special expertise in the field of Western Canadian history; to Professor Dennis Bracken, for so kindly accepting a position on my eommittee and also offering me the benefit of his partieular observations; to Mr. Ivan Parkasevych of the St. Nicholas Mutual Benefit Association, who allowed me aceess to the documents of the organization and aLso those of the Canadian Ruthenian Relief Association; to Dr. Stella Hr¡¡niuk for loaning me her personal copy of her dissertation as well as other useful materials; and to any other ind.ivid.uats whom I may have neÊllected. to mention, but who have helped ne along the way, I extend my sincere EÍratitude to all. This thesis is dedieaÈed to my husband, Roman, wiühout whom this work surely would not been eompleted - who sat patiently nighù after night as I toiled over the research and the writing of this thesis; who lent me his special technical expertise in map-making and computer wízardry; who eneouraged. me to continue even when the obstaeles to completion seemed insurmountable at times; and above al-l else who stood by me, helped in any and every $Íay in which he could, and who finally got Èo share my happiness at seeing ùhe finished product. This ùhesis is also dedicated to my grandfather, who supported me in my bid to continue with my studies, who shared the joy of my small víctories and the sadness of the seùbacks...how I wish you could have lived to see this dayl "Didu, ia tebe nikoly ne zabudu And finally to all those dear to me who never lost, faith that one dqy this work would be completed. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Chapter 2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN GALICIA CONTRIBUTING TO EMIGRATION. 18 Footnotes 46 Chapter 3 THE ROLE OF THE UKRAINIAN CHURCH. 50 Footnotes 70 Chapüer 4 UKRAINIAN MUTUAL AID IN GALICIA. 74 Footnoües.... 119 Chapter 5 CANADIAN SOCIO_ECONOMIC CONDITIONS CONDUCIVE TO IIvIMIGRATION.. L27 Footnotes. 159 Chapter 6 UKRAINIAN READING HALLS IN WINNIPEG. 164 Footnotes. 239 v].1 Chapter 7: THE ST. NICHOLAS MUTUAL BENEFIT ASSOCIATION: A UKRAINIAN-CANADIAN ALTERNATIVE TO UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE AND WOBK}IEN' S COMPENSATION. 248 Footnotes.... 302 Chapter 8: RELIEF: A STUDY IN CRISIS MANAGEMENT BY THE UKRAINIAN CATHOLIC COMMUNITY OF WINNIPEG. 306 Footnotes. BA4 Chapter 9: CONCLUSION. 840 Footnotes.... g5Z B]BLIOGRAPHY. 355 CHAPTER 1 INTNODUCTTON Between 1891 and 1914 arr estinaüed 17O, OOO Ukrainian peasants from the Austro-Hungarian provinces of Galicia and Bukovyna made üheir way to Canada. Although the bulk of the pre-19O0 emigrants were agricultural settlers who were attracted by the offer of free lands and the possibility of economic betterment, well over 2O per eent remained in urban centres and at least 80 per cent were compelled to enter industrial employment for brief periods of time until sufficient capiüal was accumulated to enable them seÈtle on the land permanently. By 1905 the faee of the Ukrainian immigration movement had been transformed. In place of the farmer-colonist who arrived in Canada with wife and children in tow, ea€ler ùo set down roots on ùhe homestead as quiekly as possible was the sinÉÍle young male industrial wage earner who had heeded the call of mining and railway interests for unskilled labour, ar¡d who preferred the higher vrages of industrial employment and the amenities of ùhe urban centre over agricultural seùtlement. To the Ukrainian peasant, being a wage-earner was considered degrading for it, spelled ùhe end of self-suffieiency and a dependenee on a¡f external agent for one's livelihood. Even as late as the post-World War I period Ukrainians expressed the sentiment that farm life was 2 preferable to city living. In ühe ciùy one could never quite achieve the deelree of stability that \{as possible on the farmsüead. There was a (nawing! anxiety about employment, always having to be on the look-out for anoüher job, and there was the persistent expense involved with every Èransaction - "you have to buy everlôhing". "On the farm, " according to one Ukrainian, "you have your own grain, your own livestock, your own garden, you have almost all your food ar¡d your have time to make your clothing, you d.on't have to buy everythinÉ!.
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