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Abstrak Countercultures

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Abstrak Countercultures Abstrak Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan masa depan Masyarakat Transformasional. Mereka melihat manusia di ambang sebuah revolusi yang luar biasa. Untuk teknologi tinggi ini adalah teknologi varietas seperti bahwa perubahan dalam teknologi fundamental akan mengubah sistem. Dikatakan bahwa kita akan melihat transformasi radikal. Aplikasi TIK (teknologi informasi dan komunikasi) akan menyebabkan demokrasi elektronik partisipatif dan antisipatif, kemajuan dalam kesehatan akan mengurangi penderitaan, dan masyarakat akan mencapai tahap keabadian. Kami akan berada di ruang, hidup waktu luang yang didukung oleh robot. Masalah pembangunan berkelanjutan akan dipecahkan; Kami saat ini, ia berpendapat, dalam gelombang ketiga. Yang pertama adalah revolusi pertanian, revolusi kedua industri dan sekarang adalah revolusi komputer / informasi, dan gelombang keempat adalah kemungkinan untuk Masyarakat Transformasional. Apa yang akan hasilnya akan menjadi masyarakat yang terdesentralisasi dan anarkis. Suplemen dengan orientasi teknologi kategori ini gambar masa depan tinggi-kesadaran varietas. Mereka melihat masa depan sebagai waktu perubahan mendasar - itu adalah "Zaman Aquarius", waktu perdamaian global, meditasi dan pengembangan kesadaran planet dan kosmis. Perubahan pribadi dan psikis, melalui kesatuan dan melalui perluasan pikiran kita, yang tak terduga untuk ilmu pengetahuan mainstream ini akan menjadi mungkin. Ini akan menjadi akhir dari militer dan akhir negara bangsa. Kajian ini mencakup perspektif masa depan baru countercultures transformasional dan untuk masyarakat hippie yang baru juga. Tidak seperti Masyarakat Transformasional, tiga kategori yang berbeda lainnya untuk gambar masa depan disajikan dalam penelitian ini: (1) Kelanjutan (biasanya "lanjut pertumbuhan ekonomi"), (2) Masyarakat Disiplin, (3) Penurunan dan Tutup. Mereka secara logis mengarah ke masa depan yang berbeda. Countercultures Ketika "Pembuatan Budaya Counter" diterbitkan pada tahun 1969, buku ini menangkap penonton besar pemrotes Perang Vietnam, putus sekolah dan pemberontak - dan tua-tua mereka bingung. Theodore Roszak menemukan kesamaan antara tahun 1960 mahasiswa radikal dan putus hippie dalam reaksi bersama mereka apa yang diistilahkan sebagai "teknokrasi" - rezim keahlian perusahaan dan teknologi yang mendominasi masyarakat industri. Ia menelusuri dasar- dasar intelektual dari dua kelompok dalam tulisan-tulisan Herbert Marcuse dan Norman O. Brown, Allen Ginsberg dan Paul Goodman. Pemberontakan mahasiswa menentang apa yang mereka anggap sebagai keserakahan orang tua mereka, yang dipaksakan dengan harga selangit sesuai perusahaan, memberikan kontribusi terhadap pengembangan tandingan berkembang. Berlebihan dan status-mencari tujuan mulai dipandang sebagai "cabul". Lingkungan bergabung dalam gerakan gaya hidup baru karena mereka memahami peran destruktif sumber daya-intensif produksi dan konsumsi pada lingkungan. Menguraikan pandangan masa depan, tandingan ingin menciptakan suatu masyarakat yang sama sekali baru dan budaya. Dalam pengenalan baru, Roszak mencerminkan pada bagaimana tandingan telah berkembang sejak ia menciptakan istilah dalam 1969 (Roszak, 1995). Bagian ini mengeksplorasi visi masa depan, di mana kemajuan dapat dilihat dalam bentuk spiritual, psikologis, atau teknologi, melalui pandangan Timothy Leary dan kelompok hippie William S. Burroughs menyebutnya sebagai "seorang visioner sejati dari potensi. pikiran dan jiwa manusia ". Allen Ginsberg menyatakan dia "pahlawan kesadaran Amerika". Leary disebut "Galileo zaman kita" oleh Tom Robbins. Menurut Mondo 2000 majalah, ia adalah "MVP" (Filsuf Paling Berharga) dari abad ke-20. Timothy Leary menerima gelar sarjana dalam psikologi di University of Alabama di tahun 1943, dan mendapat gelar Ph.D. psikologi di University of California, Berkeley pada 1950. Dia adalah asisten profesor di Berkeley (1950-1955), seorang direktur riset di Kaiser Foundation (1955- 1958), dan dosen psikologi di Harvard University (1959-1963). Dalam 27 buku dan monograf- Nya, 250 artikel, dan lebih dari 100 wawancara dicetak diterbitkan sejak awal 1950-an, Leary membantu untuk menentukan "Humanistik Revolusi" (Ronin Publishing, 2001) yang berdampak pada budaya dunia. Buku-buku dan kertas sebagai psikolog di tahun 1950 didukung awal yang muncul dari gerakan "Psikologi Humanistik" dengan penekanan pada hubungan interpersonal, penilaian kepribadian bertingkat, terapi kelompok, tubuh / pikiran interaksi, dan redefinisi dari pasien dokter- hubungan yang didasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip anarkis. Selama tahun 1960, penelitian dan aktivisme sosial Timothy Leary yang membantu untuk mendukung gerakan tandingan. The Hippie Masyarakat - Sebuah Jalan Kembali ke tahun 1960-an Revolusi enam puluhan menciptakan masyarakat yang didasarkan pada ekstasi, yaitu pengalaman kebebasan individu (Leary, 1998). Hippies adalah generasi dalam sejarah manusia yang belajar bagaimana untuk "mengubah realitas mereka sendiri". Mereka ingin mengalami ekstasi dan kebebasan - kebebasan dari diri-pembatasan yang dikenakan serta keterbatasan dikenakan pada mereka oleh masyarakat. Hippie milik gerakan individu-kebebasan yang tidak berdasarkan geografi, politik tradisional, kelas, atau agama. Publikasi Leary "The Psychedelic Experience" (Leary / Metzner / Alpert, 1964) adalah dikreditkan dengan memberikan kontribusi untuk meluncurkan gerakan hippie. Pengalaman kesadaran diperluas terjadi dalam berbagai cara (misalnya, latihan yoga, meditasi, spiritual atau ekstase estetika). Mereka juga menjadi tersedia untuk individu melalui konsumsi atau penggunaan obat-obatan psikedelik seperti mariyuana, LSD, psilocybin, mescaline. Leary ditemukan dan dipopulerkan slogan "Turn On - Tune In - Drop Out". "Turn On" berarti untuk pergi dalam, dengan bantuan obat, meditasi khusus, atau metode lain. Ini berarti untuk menjadi sensitif terhadap tingkat kesadaran yang lebih tinggi. "Tune In" didefinisikan sebagai "untuk berinteraksi secara harmonis dengan satu dunia ini dikelilingi oleh, untuk mengungkapkan perspektif baru satu internal". "Drop Out" adalah proses aktif dari detasemen dari masyarakat tradisional dan budaya didirikan. Secara umum, metode psikologis revolusioner dapat membantu untuk menciptakan sebuah "kesadaran baru" dan memotivasi orang untuk menolak politik tradisional, perang, kekerasan, militer, rasisme, kemunafikan erotis, seksisme, dan agama-agama mapan. Itu Allen Ginsberg yang dipengaruhi keyakinan Leary yang psychedelics dapat digunakan untuk reformasi sosial massa, bersikeras bahwa penggunaan LSD tidak boleh terbatas pada elite. Obat psikedelik dipromosikan oleh Leary memiliki potensi untuk membawa perubahan besar dalam kesadaran pribadi, dalam masyarakat Barat, dan dalam politik pada umumnya. Hippie menarik perbedaan antara "baik" dan "buruk" obat. Sangat umumnya mereka menyetujui zat seperti ganja, ganja, LSD psilocybin, mescaline, peyote, jamur psychedelic dan benih kemuliaan pagi tetapi biasanya ditolak jenis lain obat seperti kecepatan, barbiturat, opiat dan heroin dll Bahan yang dianggap memperluas kesadaran yang baik, obat yang membuat pengguna bodoh yang buruk. Obat mengambil terkait dengan ide menjadi penjahat. Penggunaan obat terhubung dengan ide bahwa dengan mengubah kesadaran individu, orang bisa mengubah dunia. Kekuatan "bunga" istilah, simbol dari ideologi non-kekerasan, diciptakan pada 1965 oleh Ginsberg pada protes anti-perang di Berkeley. Ini adalah strategi Ginsberg yang mendorong respons non-kekerasan pengunjuk rasa kekerasan ditemui. Sejak hippie yang menyukai memakai dan berbagi bunga, "kekuatan bunga" merupakan unsur penting bagi gerakan. Mereka disebut "anak-anak bunga" karena mereka mengenakan bunga di rambut mereka, pada warna-warni dan / atau pakaian individualistik, dan beberapa vegetarian dan / atau gaya hidup estetis telah terfokus. Hippie merupakan "generasi cinta", orang-orang damai, manis, bunga, cahaya, optimisme. Ide cinta bebas bukan hanya keadaan pikiran, tetapi juga masalah keyakinan etis. Mereka memiliki ide bahwa cinta dapat mengaktifkan aksi sosial. Bentuk-bentuk budaya tandingan muncul di. Mereka dianggap sebagai lawan yang lama, yang berevolusi untuk membentuk dan mencerminkan penekanan budaya baru pada transformasi dan eksperimen. Banyak anak muda memberontak terhadap sistem sosio-ekonomi. Keuntungan materi tidak lagi kompensasi bagi otoritarianisme politik dan sesuai kebudayaan yang dipaksakan oleh industrialisme. Media Underground muncul di kota-kota, melayani untuk mendefinisikan dan mengkomunikasikan berbagai fenomena countercultural. Aktor radikal mencakup kelompok-kelompok, beberapa di antaranya membentuk komune untuk hidup di luar sistem yang mapan. Kecewa dengan masa depan Pertumbuhan Lanjutan, hippies ini mencari inspirasi dalam berbagai bidang. Sementara banyak itu hanya percobaan gaya hidup, yang lain mencari sebuah alternatif revolusioner untuk modernitas. Tandingan ini terutama "laki-laki" didefinisikan. Sebuah kesenjangan besar antara retorika kesetaraan dan pembebasan dan perlakuan terhadap wanita ada dan dari ini muncul gerakan feminis radikal 1960-an dan awal 1970-an. Sebagian besar komune countercultural terbentuk di tahun 1960-an dan 1970-an berantakan. Orang-orang yang biasanya hancur adalah yang diselenggarakan terutama untuk tujuan psikologis - untuk memecahkan masalah kesepian, untuk memberikan keintiman, untuk mempromosikan sensitivitas interpersonal, dll Mereka tidak memiliki basis cybernetic-ekonomi dan memandang diri mereka sebagai percobaan utopis. Di sisi lain, komune yang telah berhasil dari
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