FINDINGS: Archaeological Resources: ● Two Archaeological Resources Are Located Within the Project Area

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR THE

CHEHALIS SCHOOL DISTRICT NEW ELEMENTARY

SCHOOLS PROJECT, LEWIS COUNTY, WASHINGTON

Prepared for Chehalis School District Chehalis, Washington

February 29, 2016

REPORT NO. 3607

Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc.

3510 NE 122nd Ave. ● Portland, OR ● 97230 Phone 503 761-6605 ● Fax 503 761-6620 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR THE CHEHALIS SCHOOL DISTRICT NEW ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS PROJECT, LEWIS COUNTY, WASHINGTON

PROJECT: Construction of two new elementary schools, including parking areas, bus loading/unloading zones, and play fields.

TYPE: Archaeological survey

LOCATION: Section 4, Township 13 North, Range 2 West, Willamette Meridian

USGS QUAD: Centralia, Wash. 7.5-minute, 1985 (minor revision 1993)

CITY: Chehalis

PROJECT AREA: 32 acres

AREA SURVEYED: 32 acres

FINDINGS: Archaeological Resources: ● Two archaeological resources are located within the project area. Site 16/2399-1 is a historic debris scatter and site 16/2399-2 is a pre-contact camp. ● AINW recommends that site 16/2399-1 does not contain significant archaeological deposits or meet the criteria for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). No further consideration of this site is recommended. ● Significant archaeological deposits have not been found at site 16/2399-2 but they may be present below the site surface. Impacts to this site should be avoided. ● If impacts to site 16/2399-2 cannot be avoided, AINW recommends evaluative subsurface testing of the site to determine whether significant archaeological deposits are present.

PREPARERS: Jason A. Cowan, M.A., R.P.A. and Terry L. Ozbun, M.A., R.P.A.

INTRODUCTION

Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc. (AINW) has performed an archaeological survey in support of the proposed construction of two new elementary schools in Chehalis, Washington. The project is located in Section 4 of Township 13 North, Range 2 West, Willamette Meridian (Figure 1). The project area is situated in a large, grass-covered field west of Bishop Road and directly south of Chehalis Middle School. This field has previously been used to grow agricultural crops. The proposed project includes the construction of an approximately 80,000 square foot grade K-2 primary school and an approximately 70,000 square foot grade 3-5 intermediate school. In addition to these structures, project plans include the construction of parking areas able to accommodate 200 cars with loading/unloading lanes, a loading/unloading bus area for 18 buses, outdoor play fields with

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-1- covered areas, and sidewalks and path between the building and Chehalis Middle School (Appendix A).

This investigation was performed to determine whether archaeological resources are present within the project area and to ensure that Washington State regulations pertaining to the identification and protection of cultural resources (e.g., 27.44 RCW and 27.53 RCW) are addressed. The proposed project will receive capital improvement funding from the state of Washington and therefore needs to be reviewed for cultural resources through the Governor’s Executive Order (EO) 05-05 process. This survey was conducted by AINW staff meeting the professional qualifications set by the Secretary of Interior’s Standards and Guidelines in Historic Preservation and was completed according to the guidelines set by the Washington Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP).

AINW conducted a pedestrian archaeological survey and excavated 20 shovel tests within the project area. Two archaeological sites (temporary site numbers 16/2399-1 and 16/2399-2), were found during the investigation. Site 16/2399-1 is an early-to mid-twentieth century historic debris scatter consisting of broken glass bottles/jars and broken ceramic tableware. Based on historical research and the information collected during field survey, AINW recommends that site 16/2399-1 does not meet the criteria for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). If DAHP agrees with this recommendation, no additional archaeological work is required for this site. Site 16/2399-2 is a large, pre-contact camp consisting of stone tools, lithic flakes, and fire-cracked rocks (FCR) within a disturbed plow-zone. Since development impacts are likely unavoidable for its proposed use, AINW recommends evaluative testing of site 16/2399-2 be conducted to determine whether significant archaeological features and/or other intact deposits are present and to develop a plan to minimize or avoid significant archaeological deposits if present.

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING AND LAND-USE HISTORY

The project area is located in Lewis County, Washington, approximately 2.6 kilometers (km) (1.6 miles [mi]) southeast of downtown Chehalis, Washington. The project area is bounded by Bishop Road to the east, residential homes and Chehalis Middle School to the north, a wooded hillslope and a BNSF Railway industrial spur line to the west, and agricultural farm fields to the south. The land within the project area is a relatively flat, grass-covered, fallow agricultural field, located on a terrace overlooking Dillenbaugh Creek and the Newaukum River Valley to the southwest.

This portion of the state is considered part of the Puget Lowlands physiographic province (Livingston 1969). The Puget Lowlands is a broad low-lying trough located between the Cascade Mountain Range to the east and Olympic Mountains and Willapa Hills to the west. The Puget Lowlands was formed by continental glaciers and glacial outwash during the Pleistocene Epoch. The Chehalis River Basin contains large amounts of glacial outwash originating from areas north of the basin. This glacial outwash resulted from rivers and streams that, today, flow into Puget Sound, being diverted south by the ice. The glacial outwash terrace upon which the project area is located was formed prior to the last glacial period and consists of alpine glacial outwash that travelled down the Newaukum River.

Soils mapped for the project area are Lacamas silt loam, Prather silty clay loam, and Scamman silty clay loam (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service 2016). Each of these three soil-types are very deep and moderately to poorly drained. Typically, these soils form on terraces, plains, and bottomlands in highly weathered glacial drift and glacial-fluvial parent material (Evans and Fibich 1987).

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The project lies within the Tsuga heterophylla vegetation zone, which is characterized by Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and western redcedar trees. Riparian flora and deciduous hardwood species such as alder, cottonwood, and bigleaf maple are common along rivers and streams in the area (Franklin and Dyrness 1973). Vegetation in the project area consists of a planted grass cover crop. On the west side of the project area, the hillslope leading down to the railway tracks contains oak trees and conifers and the edge of the field contains blackberry brambles. The northern and southern field edges also have small areas with blackberry brambles and there is a stand of mature conifers and deciduous trees at the northern edge of the project area between Chehalis Middle School and several residential houses.

CULTURAL SETTING

Native Peoples – Pre-contact Period

Numerous archaeological investigations have summarized the cultural history of the Northwest Coast including the southwestern interior of Washington State (e.g., Ames and Maschner 1999; Carlson 1990; Donald 2003; Matson and Coupland 1995; Moss 2011; Hajda 1990). The generally accepted interpretation of these studies is that humans have been occupying this area since at least the end of the Pleistocene/glacial period, approximately 12,000 years before present (B.P.) (Moss 2011). The earliest evidence of human occupation in western Washington comes from the Manis Mastodon Site located on the Olympic Peninsula (Waters et al. 2011). Closer to the project area, the earliest archaeological evidence is an isolated fluted point likely dating to between 11,200 and 11,000 years B.P., that was found in the Chehalis River Valley west of Olympia (Meltzer and Dunnell 1987). Archaeological information gathered from sites dated to this period indicate that the early inhabitants who occupied these sites practiced a highly mobile and very generalized hunter/gatherer subsistence strategy that relied on hunting large game.

The Archaic Period, which occurred between 11,000 and 5,000 years B.P., is characterized by more permanent settlements, broad-spectrum resource acquisition, and the beginning of changes to social organization. Very few sites have been found along coastal areas and riverine deltas during this period. The low number of such sites may be attributed to fluctuating sea levels following the end of the glacial period; as a result, many of the prime locations for these sites are now underwater. Flora and fauna were also in flux during this period as plant and animal communities spread northward adapting to the shifting climate (Moss 2011). Stone tool assemblages from this period include large leaf-shaped spear points, pebble tools, and flakes from cobbles (Ames and Maschner 1999).

Regional subsistence and settlement strategies along the Northwest Coast began to change approximately 5,000 years ago. These changes differed significantly from subsistence strategies of interior locations (Matson and Coupland 1995). These changes are likely tied to the stabilization of sea levels, which allowed coastal and riverine systems to develop more productive habitats. All along the Northwest Coast, there was an increased reliance on marine resources during this time-period. Sites dating to this period are marked by an increased number of salmon bones, large shell middens, ground stone implements, and bone artifacts (Ames and Maschner 1999). Evidence of woodworking with ground stone adzes and the remains of large rectangular plank houses first appears in archaeological assemblages dating to approximately 3,500 years B.P. During this time-period, a wide range of resources were being used and extensive storage of fish became widespread. This collector economic strategy is known as the Developed Northwest Coast pattern and extended into the ethnographic period.

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-3- Native Peoples – Contact Period

The project area is located within the traditional territories of the Kwaiailks (Upper Chehalis) and the Mountain Cowlitz Salish-speaking people (Ruby et al. 2010). These tribes were primarily inland groups with no direct access to the ocean, distinguishing them from many neighboring tribes (Hajda 1990; Ray 1966). The Kwaiailks lived in the mountainous upper reaches of the Chehalis River and its tributaries above Cloquallam Creek, which joins the Chehalis River near the town of Elma, Washington (Ruby et al. 2010). They, along with members from the Lower Chehalis tribes, now form the Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation.

The Cowlitz people, although culturally unified by geography, intermarriage, and customs, can be divided into several subgroups (Ruby et al. 2010). The Lower and Mountain Cowlitz spoke a Salishan dialect and occupied the Newaukum River drainage and the lower reaches of the Cowlitz River and its tributaries. Because of their proximity to the Columbia River, the Lower Cowlitz relied more heavily on salmon than did other Cowlitz groups. The Upper Cowlitz and the Lewis Cowlitz lived in the Cascade foothills along the upper reaches of the Cowlitz and Lewis river systems. These groups were Sahaptin speakers, a language group more commonly associated with Native peoples living on the Columbia Plateau. These groups maintained close relationships with Klickitat and Yakama tribes to the east.

In contrast with neighboring tribes who had access to very productive littoral and riverine environments, both the Kwaiailks and the Mountain Cowlitz relied heavily on terrestrial resources such as roots, berries, and deer. Fish, clams, and other littoral resources were obtained by trade or by travelling north to the Puget Sound, west to the Pacific Coast, or south to the Columbia River. To promote the growth of critical plant species, such as camas, and to enlarge premium deer habitats, both groups burned over prairie land every couple of years. Due to their emphasis on upland resources and the size of their territory, both of these tribes used horses extensively once they became available (Ray 1966; Ruby et al. 2010).

Historic Background

European and other non-native settlement began in the Pacific Northwest with the establishment of Fort Vancouver along the Columbia River in 1825, and Fort Nisqually on the shores of the Puget Sound, in 1833. Built by the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC), these forts initially served primarily as trading posts and central fur gathering locations. In 1839, the HBC built the Cowlitz Farm on the Cowlitz Prairie to provide additional agricultural supplies to each of the forts (Hajda 1990). The Cowlitz trail is a traditional overland route connecting the Columbia River and Willamette Valley with the Puget Sound; the trail was used to travel between Forts Vancouver and Nisqually. Parts of this trail are visible on an 1855 General Land Office (GLO) map of the project area; the map labels this trail the “Road from Olympia to Cowlitz Landing,” and depicts the trail passing northeast of the project location (GLO 1855).

Euroamerican settlement accelerated greatly after the treaty of Oregon between the United Kingdom and the United States was ratified in 1846 and the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 was enacted. The first settlers to arrive in the Chehalis area were Schuyler and Eliza Saunders. They built a farm in 1850 on the land where Chehalis now stands and the surrounding area was swiftly claimed by other pioneers. Land in the project area was claimed by Lewis Johnson and his wife Rachel in 1853 and a federal land patent (WAVAA 091038 Doc#519) was issued for the project area property in 1877 (Bureau of Land Management 1877; Washington State Digital Archives 1853). The 1855 GLO map shows a structure labeled, “Johnson,” just south of the project area and another structure labeled, “schoolhouse,” east of

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-4- the project area. A revised GLO map outlining claims in the area shows the project location within the Johnson donation land claim (GLO 1863).

The town of Chehalis was originally named Saundersville, but was renamed to Chehalis during the 1870s, when Obadiah B. McFadden presided over the local post office (City of Chehalis 2016). “Chehalis,” is a Salish word meaning “shifting and shining sands.” In 1873, the Northern Pacific Railroad was built through Chehalis and connected it to ocean ports and markets. Chehalis’s population subsequently grew, and it was officially incorporated as a city in 1883 (Ott 2008). Additional smaller railroads were then built to the Chehalis depot to connect smaller towns and timber areas not on the main rail route. The Chehalis and Cowlitz Railway built tracks just west of the project area in 1911 (Robertson 1995). The Cowlitz, Chehalis, and Cascade Railway Company operated these tracks between 1918 and 1955 and the tracks are still in use as an industrial spur line.

County maps created in the early-and mid-twentieth century show ownership of the land in the project area changing hands several times (Metsker Maps 1925, 1948, 1960). A U.S. Geological Survey topographic map produced in 1916 shows Bishop Road in its current configuration and several buildings adjacent to the project area (U.S. Geological Survey 1916). Aerial photography of the area, which began being produced in the 1950s, shows only agricultural fields at the project location (U.S. Geological Survey 1952, 1980). Most recently, the land was purchased by the Chehalis School District in 2014.

PREVIOUS CULTURAL RESOURCE STUDIES

AINW conducted a review of the records available online through the DAHP, as well as materials in the AINW library to determine whether resources have been identified in or near the project area and whether cultural resource surveys have been previously conducted in the project vicinity. GLO maps from the Bureau of Land Management and other historical maps and published secondary sources on file at AINW, were examined to determine the likelihood of pre-contact or historic-period resources being present within the project area. The statewide predictive model for archaeological sites maintained by DAHP indicates that the project area has a very high potential for archaeological resources, due to its location within the Newaukum River Valley.

No previously recorded archaeological sites have been found within the project area. The nearest archaeological site to the project location, site 45LE578, is a scatter of pre-contact lithic material located 0.57 km (0.35 mi) south of the current project area along the banks of Dillenbaugh Creek (Baldwin 2006). Three other pre-contact archaeological sites are located within 1.6 km (1.0 mi) of the project area. Each of these three sites (Sites 45LE570, 45LE586, and 45LE610) is also located near Dillenbaugh Creek on the side of I-5 that is opposite from the project area. These archaeological resources will not be affected by the current project.

Eight cultural resource investigations have been conducted within 1.6 km (1.0 mi) of the project APE. Most of these investigations were conducted in support of road improvements along I-5, located south and west of the project area (Durio and Bard 2005; Ives 2008; Mahelona 2007, 2009; Smith 2008). These investigations identified and evaluated sites 45LE586 and 45LE610. The earliest study near the project area, however, was a survey conducted in support of sewer and water system upgrades along several roads including Interstate Avenue southwest of the project location (Wilson 2002). This study identified no cultural resources within 1.6 km (1.0 mi) of the current project location. West-northwest of project area, an investigation was performed in support of the Dillenbaugh Creek mitigation bank project (Earley and Hodges 2005); site 45LE570 was identified during this investigation.

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-5- The most recent archaeological investigation occurring near the project was completed in support of road improvements along Bishop Road (Elder 2013). No archaeological material was found during this investigation.

In summary, no previously recorded archaeological resources are within the project area. Historical maps and aerial photography show that the project area is part of an 1853 donation land claim, but its development has been limited to agricultural uses. However, the project location is classified as having a very high probability for containing archaeological sites and four archaeological resources are within 1.6 km (1.0 mi) of the project. Potential archaeological resources could include pre-contact fishing/gathering sites, pre-contact campsites, and historic-era resources related to early settlement of the immediate area.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD SURVEY METHODS AND FINDINGS

AINW supervising archaeologist Jason A. Cowan, M.A., R.P.A., staff archaeologists Dave W. Cox, B.A. and Vernon (Joey) Veysey, B.A., and archaeological assistant Colin Skinner, B.S., conducted an archaeological pedestrian survey and shovel testing of the project area on February 10, 11, and 12, 2016. The project was under the overall supervision of AINW senior archaeologist Terry L. Ozbun M.A., R.P.A.

The pedestrian survey was performed across the entire project area by walking a series of east/west parallel transect lines spaced 15 meters (m) (33 feet [ft]) apart (Figure 2). The surveyed area is primarily a grass-covered agricultural field with good surface visibility (Photo 1). Along the southwestern and western edges of the field, the vegetation consists of blackberry brambles and knee-high grasses (Photo 2). The ground surface across the project area is almost level with the ground, rising gently to the southwest. Large drainage ditches have been built along the northern boundary of the project area and shallower drainage ditches radiate out across the field from the lowest elevation in the north central portion of the project area (Photo 3). Many of these ditches contained standing water. Modern trash was observed in the field near Bishop Road and several golf balls were also observed throughout the field. Historic- period glass and ceramic fragments were found in the northern part of the field and pre-contact archaeological material was observed in the western and southern portions of the project area. Additional closely spaced meandering transects were used to provide extra coverage of areas where archaeological resources were identified.

In addition to the pedestrian survey, 20 shovel tests were excavated throughout the project area to determine whether archaeological materials were present where no artifacts were observed on the surface (Figure 3). These shovel tests consisted of 30-centimeter (cm) (12-inch [in]) diameter cylindrical holes, excavated to a minimum depth of 50 cm (20 in) below the ground surface (Table 1). When archaeological materials were found in the shovel tests, excavation continued until at least 20 cm (8 in) of sterile soil had been encountered. All excavated soils were screened using nested 6.4-and 3.2-millimeter (mm) (¼-and ⅛-in) mesh hardware cloth. Five of the 20 shovel tests contained pre-contact archaeological material. Each of these five units were excavated within the western portion of the project area, indicating the dispersed surface artifacts are part of one large archaeological site. The artifacts found in these shovel tests were described, photographed, placed in plastic bags, and then reburied in the excavated units.

The sediments observed in the shovel tests are consistent with the soil series descriptions that are mapped for the area. These soils consisted of brown, grayish brown, and dark grayish brown silty loam and silty clay loam with very few gravels. Soils were wet-to-saturated in all of the shovel tests and several of the shovel tests in the northern portion

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-6- of the field filled with water during excavation (Photo 4). A change to lighter, more compact soil with higher clay content was noted in many of the shovel tests between 30 and 42 cm (12 and 16.5 in) below the ground surface. This soil change has been interpreted as marking the depth of the plow zone within the field.

The results of this survey revealed there are two archaeological sites within the project area: a small historic debris scatter is located in the northern portion of the project area and a large diffuse scatter of pre-contact material was found in the western and southern portions of the project area. Each of these newly identified resources is described in further detail below and in the site forms appended to this report.

Site 16/2399-1 Historic Debris Scatter

Site 16/2399-1 is a sparse historic debris scatter located in a 45x35-m (148x115-ft) area at the northern edge of a grass-covered fallow agriculture field (Photo 5). Near the site boundary, several ditches drain water from the field to the north and a deep drainage ditch surrounds the northern edge of the field. During survey activities at the site, the ground surface was very wet and water was flowing in all of the ditches. Approximately 70 artifacts consisting of small, fragmentary, domestic refuse (primarily ceramic tableware and glass-food storage-containers) were found on the ground surface. Several of these glass jars fragments were embossed with lettering; one such fragment included lettering identifying the jar originally held honey. Manufacture markings from the Hazel Atlas Company and California Packing Corporation were observed on a few of the glass fragments and a Homer Laughlin mark was observed on one of the ceramic fragments. Research into these manufacture marks show that these artifacts were produced in the early-and mid-twentieth century.

AINW’s review of historic maps and aerial photographs revealed no structures at the site location and indicated this area had only been used for agricultural purposes. The houses located northwest of the site were built in the 1970s. All of the artifacts observed were domestic refuse associated with food and beverage serving and storing (Photos 6 and 7). The makers marks found on the fragments date to the early- and mid-twentieth century. No nails or other architectural debris was observed, and no features were found at the site location; this suggests the observed debris had been used elsewhere and was later discarded at this location.

This historic-period debris scatter represents casual trash disposal practices common during the early to mid-twentieth century. There are no architectural features associated with the site and the artifacts observed are all common domestic refuse items. There are no known associations of this site to persons or events important to local history. The limited number and variety of artifacts means there is no evidence of potential for this site to contribute significant information to our understanding of the past. Therefore, the site does not meet any of the four criteria needed to be determined eligible for listing in the NRHP. A site form detailing the extent of the historic debris scatter found during the survey is attached to this report. No additional archaeological work is recommended for site 16/2399-1.

Site 16/2399-2 Precontact Camp

Site 16/2399-2 is a large scatter of pre-contact archaeological material. The site is situated on high ground in the western portion of a fallow, grass-covered agricultural-field, bordered on the south and west by a terrace slope leading to Dillenbaugh Creek (Photo 8). This scarp is covered by blackberry brambles, and west of the site there are also several oaks and conifers (Photo 9). The terrace tread slopes gently to the northeast and there is standing water in the field east of the site boundary. North of the site are several private residential homes.

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-7- The recorded site area was limited by the extent of the project survey; therefore, the site may extend to the north and south along the edge of the terrace.

Pre-contact archaeological material, including one small cryptocrystalline silicate (CCS) arrow-sized basal-notched projectile point, one small CCS dart-sized side-notched projectile point, one CCS core, one basalt core, one CCS worked flake, CCS and basalt debitage, fire-cracked rock (FCR), small fragments of charcoal, and a few small fragments of calcine-bone were observed on the ground surface of the site (Photos 10 and 11). Rounded fist-sized cobbles were also observed scattered sparsely throughout the site area. Artifact densities were low (averaging less than 1 artifact per 10 square meters on the surface of site). The most common artifact type observed was FCR fragments. Larger numbers of FCR and cobbles were seen in the topographical high spots of the site, along the southwestern and western edges of the field. Most of the CCS flakes were found on the ground surface in the southwestern portion of the site. Subsurface material found in five of the shovel tests includes eight pieces of FCR, two small calcine-bone fragments, and four CCS flakes (Photo 12). Most of this material was found in shovel test ST-15 near the western site boundary. Sediments observed in the shovel tests indicate that plowing has disturbed the top 40 cm (16 in) of sediment in the field.

The different types of archaeological material found indicates that at least two pre-contact activities were occurring at this location: First, the rounded cobbles, FCR, charcoal, and calcine bone suggest that cooking-hearths or ovens were used at this location. Second, the chipped stone material (stone tools and lithic flakes) implies the manufacture or maintenance of lithic tools. Both projectile points found at this site are small, suggesting the site was occupied during the Late Holocene. A completed site form for site 15/2399-2 is attached to this report. Based on the size of this site and the types and densities of observed archaeological material observed at site 16/2399-2, AINW recommends additional archaeological investigation in the form of evaluative testing occur at the site to determine whether significant archaeological deposits, especially intact hearths, earth-oven features, and/or stone tool-making workshops are present below the site surface.

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

AINW has completed an archaeological survey for the Chehalis School District New Elementary Schools project. The entire project area was surveyed using pedestrian transects, and 20 shovel tests were excavated to identify subsurface resources. Two sites, a historic debris scatter and a pre-contact camp, were found during the survey. Washington State DAHP archaeological site inventory forms have been prepared for these resources, describing the artifacts found and their locations within the project area.

AINW recommends that site 16/2399-1 does not contain significant archaeological deposits and is not eligible for listing in the NRHP, because it is not associated with any known historical events or people and there is no opportunity to gain significant scientific information from the artifacts found at the site. No further archaeological investigation is recommended for this location. Because of the size of site 16/2399-2, development impacts are likely unavoidable for the proposed use. Therefore, AINW recommends evaluative testing of site 16/2399-2 in order to determine whether significant archaeological features or other intact deposits are present and to develop a plan to avoid or minimize impacts to significant archaeological deposits, if needed.

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-8- REFERENCES

Ames, Kenneth M., and Herbert D. G. Maschner 1999 Peoples of the Northwest Coast: Their Archaeology and Prehistory. Thames & Hudson, New York.

Bureau of Land Management 1877 Land Patent for Lewis and Rachel Johnson. Electronic document, http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/details/patent/default.aspx?accession=WAOAA%20%2 0091038&docClass=SER&sid=byqacvtv.vk4, accessed February 18, 2016.

Carlson, Roy L. 1990 Cultural Antecedents. In Northwest Coast, edited by Wayne Suttles, pp. 60-69. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 7, W. C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

City of Chehalis 2016 History of Chehalis, Washington. Electronic document, http://ci.chehalis.wa.us/ sites/default/files/fileattachments/Chehalis%20History%20on-line.pdf, accessed February 18, 2016.

Donald, Leland 2003 The Northwest Coast as a Study Area. In Emerging from the Mist: Studies in Northwest Coast Culture History, edited by R. G. Matson, Gary Coupland, and Quentin Mackie, pp. 289-327. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.

Durio, Lori L., and James C. Bard 2005 I-5, Rush Road to 13th Street Project Environmental Assessment: Historic, Cultural, and Archaeological Resources Discipline Report. CH2M HILL, Prepared for the Washington State Department of Transportation, Olympia, Washington.

Earley, Amber, and Charles Hodges 2005 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Dillenbaugh Creek Mitigation Bank Project, Lewis County, Washington. Prepared for the Washington State Department of Transportation. Northwest Archaeological Associates, Inc. Report WA 05-86, Seattle.

Elder, J. Tait 2013 Cultural Resources Survey for the Bishop Road Improvement Project, CRP 2134, Chehalis, Washington. ICF International, Olympia, Washington. Prepared for Lewis County Public Works, Chehalis, Washington.

Evans, Robert L., and William R. Fibich 1987 Soil Survey of Lewis County Area, Washington. USDA Soil Conservation Service and Washington Agricultural Experiment Station. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Franklin, Jerry F., and C. T. Dyrness 1973 Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, Portland, Oregon.

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-9- General Land Office (GLO) 1855 Plat of Township No. 13 North, Range No. 2 West, Willamette Meridian. Electronic document, http://www.blm.gov/or/landrecords/survey/yPlatView1_2.php?path=PWA& name=t130n020w_001.jpg, accessed February 18, 2016. 1863 Plat of Township No. 13 North, Range No. 2 West, Willamette Meridian. Electronic document, http://www.blm.gov/or/landrecords/survey/yPlatView1_2.php?path=PWA& name=t130n020w_002.jpg, accessed February 18, 2016.

Hajda, Yvonne P. 1990 Southwestern Coast Salish. In Northwest Coast, edited by Wayne Suttles, pp. 503- 517. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 7, W. C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Ives, Ryan 2008 Results of Site 45LE586 National Register of Historic Places Evaluative Testing for the Washington State Department of Transportation I-5 Rush Road to 13th Street Project, Pond 4 Location, Lewis County, Washington. Archaeological and Historical Services, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Short Report DOT07-37.

Livingston, Vaughn E., Jr. 1969 Geologic History and Rocks and Mineral of Washington. State of Washington Department of Natural Resources, Division of Mines and Geology, Information Circular No. 45. State Printing Office, Olympia, Washington.

Mahelona, David 2007 I-5 Rush Road to 13th Street Monitoring-Investigations at proposed pond locations 2, 4, and 5. Archaeological and Historical Services, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Letter Report DOT07-34. 2016 I-5 Rush Road to 13th Street Widening Project – Cultural Resources Construction Monitoring, Lewis County, Washington. Archaeological and Historical Services, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Letter Report DOT09-05. On file, Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, Washington.

Matson, R. G., and Gary Coupland 1995 The Prehistory of the Northwest Coast. Academic Press, San Diego.

Meltzer, David J., and Robert C. Dunnell 1987 Fluted Points from the Pacific Northwest. Current Research in the Pleistocene 4:64-67.

Metsker Maps 1925 Metsker’s Atlas of Lewis County, Washington. Metsker Maps, Tacoma, Washington. 1948 Metsker’s Atlas of Lewis County, Washington. Metsker Maps, Tacoma, Washington. 1960 Metsker’s Atlas of Lewis County, Washington. Metsker Maps, Tacoma, Washington.

Moss, Madonna L. 2011 Northwest Coast Archaeology as Deep History. The SAA Press, Washington D.C.

Ott, Jen 2008 Chehalis – Thumbnail History. Electronic document, http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=8645, accessed February 18, 2016.

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-10- Ray, Verne F. 1966 Handbook of Cowlitz Indians. Northwest Copy Company, Seattle, Washington.

Robertson, Donald B. 1995 Encyclopedia of Western Railroad History, Volume III, Oregon Washington. The Caxton Printers, Ltd., Caldwell, Idaho.

Ruby, Robert H., John A. Brown, and Cary C. Collins 2010 A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest: Third Edition. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

Smith, Timothy J. 2008 Results of Test Excavations at Site 45LE610 for the Washington State Department of Transportation I-5 Rush Road to 13th Street Project, Retaining Wall #7 Location, Lewis County, Washington. Archaeological and Historical Services, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Short Report DOT08-09.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service 2016 Web Soil Survey. Electronic database, http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/ app/WebSoilSurvey.aspx, accessed February 18, 2016.

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 1916 Chehalis, Wash. 1:125,000 topographic map. Electronic document. http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/img4/ht_icons/Browse/WA/WA_Chehalis_240433_1916_1250 00.jpg, accessed February 18, 2016. 1952 Aerial Reconnaissance Photograph ID# 1QO0000010074. Available, http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/metadata/4660/AR1QK0000010096/, accessed February 18, 2016. 1980 Aerial Reconnaissance Photograph ID# 1VCOA00010196, Available, http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/metadata/4660/AR1VEYV00020020/, accessed February 18, 2016.

Washington State Digital Archives 1853 Washington Territory Donation Land Claim Patent for Lewis Johnson. Electronic document, http://www.digitalarchives.wa.gov/Record/View/DDD29645B03DA17AAB 9E24F38A4134CC, accessed February 18, 2016.

Waters, Michael R., Thomas W. Stafford, Jr., H. Gregory McDonald, Carl Gustafson, Morten Rasmussen, Enrico Cappellini, Jesper V. Olsen, Damian Szklarczyk, Lars Juhl Jensen, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, and Eske Willerslev 2011 Pre-Clovis Mastodon Hunting 13,800 Years Ago at the Manis Site, Washington. Science 334:351-353.

Wilson, Meredith 2002 Cultural Resource Assessment of the City of Chehalis Sewer and Water System Upgrade Project, Lewis County, Washington. Historical Research Associates, Inc. Report No. 880CGS, Seattle, Washington. Prepared for Gibbs & Olson, Inc., Longview, Washington.

Chehalis School District, New Elementary Schools Project February 29, 2016 Lewis County, Washington AINW Report No. 3607

-11- TABLE 1

RESULTS OF SHOVEL TESTS

ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS DEPTH OF DEPTH OF SHOVEL CULTURAL EXCAVATION TEST NO. MATERIALS (cm) CALCINE (cm) DEBITAGE FCR (BURNED) TOTAL BONE

ST-1 50 No Artifacts ST-2 50 No Artifacts ST-3 50 No Artifacts ST-4 52 No Artifacts ST-5 50 No Artifacts ST-6 50 No Artifacts ST-7 50 No Artifacts ST-8 50 No Artifacts ST-9 50 No Artifacts ST-10 52 No Artifacts ST-11 50 No Artifacts ST-12 51 No Artifacts ST-13 51 No Artifacts ST-14 50 No Artifacts ST-15 60 0 – 38 1 6 2 9 ST-16 53 No Artifacts ST-17 52 10 – 15 1 1 ST-18 50 10 – 20 1 1 ST-19 52 10 – 20 2 2 ST-20 50 10 – 20 1 1 TOTAL 4 8 2 14

Project Location

0 1 km mi 0 1

Figure 1. Chehalis School District New Elementary Schools project area. N

Centerline of four individual transects spaced at 15-m apart

Bishop Road

Centerline of four individual transects spaced at 15-m apart 0 50 m ft Centerline of three individual transects spaced at 15-m apart 0 250 Single transect

Legend

Survey Area Transect Direction Inaccessible Vegetation

Figure 2. Location of archaeological survey transects for the Chehalis School District, New Elementary Schools project. !P 1$ ST-12 N Point ST-13 !P $ ^_ 1 $ ^_^_ 1$1$ 1 ^_ 1$1$1$ Core 1$ ST-14 Worked 16/2399-1 !P Flake 1$ ST-11 !P !P !P Point ^_ ^_ ST-6 ST-4

ST-15 ! 16/2399-2 ST-1 !P ST-18 ! ST-10 !P ST-7 !P

ST-19 ^_ ! ST-9 !P ST-2 !P ^_ ^_ ST-8 !P 0 50 ^_ ST-17 Bishop Road ^_ m ! ft ^_ ST-5 0 250 ST-20 ^_ ^_!P ! ^_ ^_ ^_ ^_^_^_ ^_ ^_ ^_^_ Core Legend ST-16 ^_ Survey Area !P ST-3 Site Boundary ^_ ^_ ^_ ^_ !P ^_ Surface Prehistoric Flake ^_ Surface Prehistoric Tool $1 Surface Artifact Historic ! Shovel Test With Artifacts !P Shovel Test Without Artifacts

Figure 3. Location of shovel tests, surface artifacts, and identified sites within the project area.

Photo 1. Overview of northern portion of the project area. Photo 2. Overview of southern portion of the project area. Note the shallow drainage ditch running towards the trees The edge of the field has taller grass, blackberry brambles, north of the field. The view is towards the east. and young deciduous trees. The view is towards the east.

Photo 3. View of large drainage ditch that surrounds the Photo 4. Shovel test ST-11 excavated to 50 cm (19.7 in) below northern edge of the project area. The view is towards the the surface. Sediments consist of silty clay loam with very few south. gravels. The trowel points towards the north.

Photo 5. Overview of historic debris scatter (site 16/2399-1). Photo 6. Colorless glass bottle/jar base with embossed The view is towards the east. lettering “P...” and “CAL. PACK COR...” found on the surface at site 16/2399-1.

Photo 7. White porcelain fragment with a Homer Laughlin Photo 8. Overview of site 16/2399-2 from near the southeast maker’s mark found on the surface at site 16/2399-1. edge of the site. The view is towards the west.

Photo 9. Overview of terrace scarp south of the site boundary. Photo 10. Arrow-sized basal-notched CCS projectile point In the distance is vehicle traffic on I-5. The view is towards found on the ground surface as site 16/2399-2. the west.

Photo 11. Basalt core found on the ground surface as site Photo 12. FCR fragments, calcine bone, and a CCS flake 16/2399-2. observed in shovel test ST-15 between 0 and 38 cm (15 in) below the surface. APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

SITE PLAN OF CHEHALIS SCHOOL DISTRICT NEW ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS D®½^«ÊÊ½

^½ÝçÙùò ®Ý«ÊÖZÊ

WÙ<ͲϮÄ'Ù 3ÙͲϱã«'Ù

CAMPUS SITE PLAN CHEHALIS NEW ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS CHEHALIS SCHOOL DISTRICT SCHEMATIC DESIGN 06 JANUARY 16 Z/>s/tK&DWh^ CHEHALIS NEW ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS CHEHALIS SCHOOL DISTRICT SCHEMATIC DESIGN 06 JANUARY 16 s/tK&D/EEdZzdKϯZͳϱTH'Z^,KK> CHEHALIS NEW ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS CHEHALIS SCHOOL DISTRICT SCHEMATIC DESIGN 06 JANUARY 16 APPENDIX B

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE FORMS

SITE 16/2399-1 SITE 16/2399-2

STATE OF WASHINGTON ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM

Smithsonian No.: *County: Lewis

*Date: February 15, 2016 *Compiler: Jason Cowan Human Remains? DAHP Case No.: “Archaeological sites are exempt from public disclosure per RCW 42.56.300” SITE DESIGNATION Site Name: Field/ Temporary ID: 16/2399-1 *Site Type(s): Historic Debris Scatter SITE LOCATION *USGS Quad Map Name(s): Centralia, Wash. 7.5-minute, 1985 (minor revision 1993) *Legal Description: T. 13N R. 2W Section: 4 Quarter Section(s): SE ¼ of the SW ¼ of the NW ¼ *UTM: Zone 10 (NAD 83) Easting 504178 Northing 5165463 Latitude: Longitude: Elevation (ft/m): 62 m (203 ft) Other Maps: Type: Scale: Source: Drainage, Major: Chehalis River Drainage, Minor: Dillenbaugh Creek River Mile: Aspect: North Slope: 0 to 2 percent *Location Description (General to Specific): Site 16/2399-1 is located in western Washington, 2.6 kilometers (km) (1.6 miles [mi]) southeast of downtown Chehalis, Washington. The site is situated on a river terrace northeast of the Newaukum River, Dillenbaugh Creek, and Interstate 5 (I-5). The site is at the northern edge of a grassy field approximately 280 meters (m) (919 feet [ft]) west of the intersection between Bishop Road and SW Salisbury Avenue. *Directions (For Relocation Purposes): From the west Main Street overpass over I-5 in Chehalis, Washington, travel south 1.9 km (1.2 mi) on I-5 and take exit 76. Turn left at the end of the off- ramp onto SW Parkland Drive and drive 0.3 km (0.2 mi) to an intersection with SW Interstate Avenue. Turn right onto SW Interstate Avenue and travel 1.8 km (1.1 mi) to Bishop Road. Turn left and drive 0.5 km (0.3 mi) to the intersection with SW Salisbury Avenue. Park along the side of the road at this location and walk directly west approximately 280 m (919 ft) from the intersection past Chehalis Middle School. The site is situated in grassy field at this location with trees to the north and east.

*Mandatory Information for Official Smithsonian Number designation. Revised 2/2015 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Smithsonian Number: ______Page 2 of 7 SITE DESCRIPTION *Narrative Description (Overall Site Observations): Site 16/2399-1 is a sparse historic debris scatter located in a 45x35-m (148x115-ft) area at the northern edge of a grass-covered fallow agriculture field. The field has several ditches that drain water to the north and a deep drainage ditch surrounds the northern edge of the field. During the site visit, the ground surface was very wet and water was flowing in all of the ditches. Shovel testing performed outside of the site area in other portions of the field indicates that plowing has disturbed the top 40 cm (16 in) of sediment in the field. A review of historic maps shows that this field is part of an 1853 donation land claim, but the structures associated with that claim are not near the site location. All reviewed maps and aerial photos show that this area has only been used for agricultural purposes. All of the artifacts observed are domestic refuse associated with food and beverage serving and storing. Makers marks found on the fragments date to the early- and mid-twentieth century. No nails or other architectural debris was observed and no features were found at the site location. This suggests that the observed debris was used elsewhere and then discarded at this location.

*Site Dimensions (Overall Site Dimensions): *Length: 45 m (148 ft) *Direction: N/S x *Width: 35 m (115 ft) *Direction: E/W *Method of Horizontal Measurement: GPS *Depth: 0 cm * Method of Vertical Measurement: All items found on ground surface *Vegetation (On Site): Fallow agricultural field currently covered in grass Local: Conifers and oak trees border the field to east, young deciduous trees and manicured yards are to the north and northwest. Regional: Tsuga heterophylla Zone Landforms (On Site): Terrace Local: River Valley Water Resources (Type): Dillenbaugh Creek Distance: 475 m (1560ft) Permanence: Permanent CULTURAL MATERIALS AND FEATURES *Narrative Description (Specific Inventory Details): Approximately 70 artifacts consisting of small, fragmentary, domestic refuse (primarily ceramic tableware and glass food storage containers) were found on the ground surface. Several of the glass jars fragments have embossed lettering with one fragment identifying that the jar originally held honey. Maker’s marks from the Hazel Atlas Company (1920-1964) and California Packing Corporation were observed on the glass fragments and a Homer Laughlin maker’s mark (1908-1920s) was observed on one of the ceramic fragments.

Artifacts observed included: Artifact Type Count Artifact Type Count Glass Fragments Colorless Bottle/Jar 10 Ceramic Fragments Crockery 4 Colorless Flat 1 Porcelain Cup 3 Colorless Other 4 Porcelain Other 3 Amber Bottle/Jar 1 Decorative Plate 10 Aqua Bottle/Jar 12 Whiteware 10 Aqua Flat 7 Milk Glass lid 4 Milk glass other 3

*Method of Collection: Artifacts not collected *Location of Artifacts (Temporary/Permanent): N/A

*Mandatory Information for Official Smithsonian Number designation. Revised 2/2015 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Smithsonian Number: ______Page 3 of 7

SITE AGE *Component: Historic Period *Dates: Early to Mid-twentieth Century *Dating Method: Manufacture dates Phase: Basis for Phase Designation: (Only those historic sites that meet the minimum National Register (36CFR60) age threshold (50 years of age or older) will be retained as historic archaeological records and assigned Smithsonian Trinomials by DAHP.) SITE RECORDERS

Observed by: Jason Cowan, Dave Cox, Colin Skinner, and Joey Veysey Address: Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc., 3510 NE 122nd Avenue, Portland, OR 97230 *Date Recorded: February 10-12, 2016 *Recorded by (Professional Archaeologist): Jason Cowan, M.A., R.P.A. *Organization: Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc. *Organization Phone Number: 503-761-6605; Vancouver 360-696-7473 *Organization Address: Same as above *Organization E-mail: [email protected] Date Revisited: Revisited By: SITE HISTORY

*Previous Archaeological Work (Specify the previous archaeological work done at this location. / If none, please put N/A here.)::

Cowan, Jason A., and Terry Ozbun 2016 Archaeological Survey for the Chehalis School District New Elementary Schools Project, Lewis County, Washington. Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc. Report No 3607, Portland Oregon.

LAND OWNERSHIP

*Owner: Chehalis School District 302 *Address: 310 SW 16th Street Chehalis, WA 98532 *Tax Lot/ Parcel No: 017535000000 RESEARCH REFERENCES

*Items/Documents Used In Research (Specify the documents used in research/ If no research was conducted, please put N/A here.): N/A

*Mandatory Information for Official Smithsonian Number designation. Revised 2/2015 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Smithsonian Number: ______Page 4 of 7

USGS MAP

*Quad Name(s): Centralia, Wash. *Series: 7.5-minute *Date(s): 1985 (minor revision 1993)

SEE ATTACHED

*Legend: Known Boundary Symbology: Possible Boundary Symbology: Other Symbols (Other Than USGS):

*Scale: *North Arrow (Magnetic/True North): SKETCH MAP

*Sketch Map Description:

SEE ATTACHED

*Legend: Known Boundary Symbology: Possible Boundary Symbology: Other Symbols (Other Than USGS):

*Insert Legend here

*Scale: *North Arrow (Magnetic/True North):

*Mandatory Information for Official Smithsonian Number designation. Revised 2/2015 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Smithsonian Number: ______Page 5 of 7

PHOTOGRAPH(S)

*Photograph Description(s) (Include a representative sample of inventoried archaeological material and features, site location overviews, etc):

Overview of site 16/2399-1. The view is towards the east.

Overview of site 16/2399-1. The view is towards the west.

*Mandatory Information for Official Smithsonian Number designation. Revised 2/2015 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Smithsonian Number: ______Page 6 of 7

PHOTOGRAPH(S)

*Photograph Description(s) (Include a representative sample of inventoried archaeological material and features, site location overviews, etc):

Colorless glass bottle/jar base with embossed lettering “P...” and “CAL. PACK COR...” found on the surface at site 16/2399-1.

Aqua glass jar base fragment found on the surface at site 16/2399-1.

*Mandatory Information for Official Smithsonian Number designation. Revised 2/2015 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Smithsonian Number: ______Page 7 of 7

PHOTOGRAPH(S)

*Photograph Description(s) (Include a representative sample of inventoried archaeological material and features, site location overviews, etc):

Orange porcelain fragment found on the surface at site 16/2399- 1.

White porcelain fragment with a Homer Laughlin maker’s mark found on the surface at site 16/2399-1.

*Mandatory Information for Official Smithsonian Number designation. Revised 2/2015 16/2399-1

0 1 km mi 0 1 N

16/2399-1 $1 $1 $1 $1 $1 $1 $1

ST-11 ST-6 !P !P

Legend

Survey Area Site Boundary $1 Diagnostic Surface Artifact Historic !P Shovel Test Without Artifacts 0 25 Deep Field Drainage Ditch m Shallow Field Drainage Ditch ft 0 100

STATE OF WASHINGTON ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM

Smithsonian No.: *County: Lewis

*Date: February 17, 2016 *Compiler: Jason Cowan Human Remains? DAHP Case No.: “Archaeological sites are exempt from public disclosure per RCW 42.56.300” SITE DESIGNATION Site Name: Field/ Temporary ID: 16/2399-2 *Site Type(s): Pre-contact Camp SITE LOCATION *USGS Quad Map Name(s): Centralia, Wash. 7.5-minute, 1985 (minor revision 1993) *Legal Description: T. 13N R. 2W Section: 4 Quarter Section(s): S ½ of the SW ¼ of the NW ¼ NE ¼ of the NW ¼ of the SW ¼ NW ¼ of the NE ¼ of the SW ¼ *UTM: NW Zone 10 (NAD 83) Easting 503977 Northing 5165468 Center Point Zone 10 (NAD 83) Easting 504107 Northing 5165320 SE Zone 10 (NAD 83) Easting 504360 Northing 5165150 Latitude: Longitude: Elevation (ft/m): 62.5 m (205 ft) Other Maps: Type: Scale: Source: Drainage, Major: Chehalis River Drainage, Minor: Dillenbaugh Creek River Mile: Aspect: Variable Slope: 0 to 2 percent *Location Description (General to Specific): Site 16/2399-2 is located in western Washington, 2.6 kilometers (km) (1.6 miles [mi]) southeast of downtown Chehalis, Washington. The site is situated along the edge of a river terrace overlooking Dillenbaugh Creek and the Newaukum River floodplain. Currently the site is found along the western and southern edges of a large grass-covered agricultural field approximately 400 meters (m) (919 feet [ft]) west and southwest of the intersection between Bishop Road and SW Salisbury Avenue. Between the intersection and the site, the field is at a slightly lower elevation with areas of standing water. *Directions (For Relocation Purposes): From the west Main Street overpass over I-5 in Chehalis, Washington, travel south 1.9 km (1.2 mi) on I-5 and take exit 76. Turn left at the end of the off- ramp onto SW Parkland Drive and drive 0.3 km (0.2 mi) to an intersection with SW Interstate Avenue. Turn right onto SW Interstate Avenue and travel 1.8 km (1.1 mi) to Bishop Road. Turn left and drive 0.5 km (0.3 mi) to the intersection with SW Salisbury Avenue. Park along the side of the road at this location and walk southwest approximately 400 m (919 ft) from the intersection past Chehalis Middle School. The site is situated along the west edge of the field with deciduous trees and small terrace slope to the west and southwest. *Mandatory Information for Official Smithsonian Number designation. Revised 2/2015 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Smithsonian Number: ______Page 2 of 9

SITE DESCRIPTION *Narrative Description (Overall Site Observations): Site 16/2399-2 is a large scatter of pre-contact archaeological material. The site is situated in a fallow, grass-covered, agricultural field that is bordered on the south and west by a terrace slope leading down to Dillenbaugh Creek. The scarp is covered blackberry brambles and the slope west of the site also has several oaks and conifers. The terrace tread slopes gently to the northeast and there is standing water in the field east of the site boundary. North of the site are several private residential homes. The recorded site area was limited by the extent of the project survey and the site may extend to the north and south along the edge of the terrace. Pre-contact archaeological material including cryptocrystalline silicate (CCS) projectile points, CCS lithic tools, CCS and basalt debitage, fire-cracked rock (FCR), small fragments of charcoal, and a few small fragments of calcine bone were observed during archaeological pedestrian survey of the field. Rounded cobbles were also observed sparsely scattered throughout the site area. Artifact densities are low (averaging less than 1 artifact per 10 square meters on the surface of site) and the most common artifact type observed is FCR fragments. Most of the CCS flakes were found on the ground surface in the southwest portion of the site. Twenty shovel tests were excavated as part of the survey and five of them contained archaeological material in the upper 38 centimeters (cm) (15 inches [in]). Archaeological material found in the shovel probes includes eight pieces of FCR, two small calcine bone fragments, and four CCS flakes. Most of this material was found in shovel test ST-15 near the western site boundary. Sediments observed in the shovel tests indicate that plowing has disturbed the top 40 cm (16 in) of sediment in the field. The types of archaeological material found suggest that at least two different pre-contact activities were occurring at this location. The rounded cobbles, FCR, charcoal, and calcine bone suggest that cooking hearths or ovens were at this location and the chipped stone material (stone tools and lithic flakes) suggests manufacture or maintenance of lithic tools. Both projectile points found at the site are small, which suggest that the site was occupied during the Late Holocene.

*Site Dimensions (Overall Site Dimensions): *Length: 525 m (1720 ft) *Direction: NW/SE x *Width: 130 m (425 ft) *Direction: NE/SW *Method of Horizontal Measurement: GPS *Depth: 38 cm (15 in) below surface * Method of Vertical Measurement: shovel test *Vegetation (On Site): Fallow agricultural field currently covered in grass Local: Oak trees, conifers, and blackberry brambles. Grass and ornamental plants in manicured residential yards. Regional: Tsuga heterophylla Zone Landforms (On Site): Terrace Local: River Valley Water Resources (Type): Dillenbaugh Creek Distance: 475 m (1560ft) Permanence: Permanent

*Mandatory Information for Official Smithsonian Number designation. Revised 2/2015 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Smithsonian Number: ______Page 3 of 9

CULTURAL MATERIALS AND FEATURES *Narrative Description (Specific Inventory Details): Archaeological material observed on the ground surface includes one small arrow-sized CCS basal-notched point, one small dart-sized CCS side-notched point fragment, one CCS core, one basalt core, one CCS worked flake, 25 pieces of CCS and basalt debitage, three small fragments of calcine bone, FCR, fist-sized rounded cobbles, and small fragments of charcoal.

Fourteen additional archaeological items were observed in five shovel tests.

ST-15 contained six pieces of FCR, two calcine bone fragments, and one CCS flake from 0 to 38 cm (0 to 15 in) below the ground surface. ST-17 contained one piece of FCR between 10 and 15 cm (4 to 6 in) below the surface. ST-18 contained one piece of FCR between 10 and 20 cm (4 to 8 in) below the surface. ST-19 contained two CCS flakes between 10 and 20 cm (4 to 8 in) below the surface. ST-20 contained one CCS flake between 10 and 20 cm (4 to 8 in) below the surface.

* Method of Collection: Artifacts not collected *Location of Artifacts (Temporary/Permanent): N/A SITE AGE

*Component: Pre-contact *Dates: Late Holocene *Dating Method: Projectile Point Typology Phase: Basis for Phase Designation: (Only those historic sites that meet the minimum National Register (36CFR60) age threshold (50 years of age or older) will be retained as historic archaeological records and assigned Smithsonian Trinomials by DAHP.) SITE RECORDERS

*Mandatory Information for Official Smithsonian Number designation. Revised 2/2015 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Smithsonian Number: ______Page 4 of 9

SITE HISTORY

*Previous Archaeological Work (Specify the previous archaeological work done at this location. / If none, please put N/A here.)::

LAND OWNERSHIP

*Owner: Chehalis School District 302 *Address: 310 SW 16th Street Chehalis, WA 98532 *Tax Lot/ Parcel No: 017535000000

RESEARCH REFERENCES

*Items/Documents Used In Research (Specify the documents used in research/ If no research was conducted, please put N/A here.): N/A

*Mandatory Information for Official Smithsonian Number designation. Revised 2/2015 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Smithsonian Number: ______Page 5 of 9

USGS MAP

*Quad Name(s): Centralia, Wash. *Series: 7.5-minute *Date(s): 1985 (minor revision 1993)

SEE ATTACHED

*Legend: Known Boundary Symbology: Possible Boundary Symbology: Other Symbols (Other Than USGS):

*Scale: *North Arrow (Magnetic/True North): SKETCH MAP

*Sketch Map Description:

SEE ATTACHED

*Legend: Known Boundary Symbology: Possible Boundary Symbology: Other Symbols (Other Than USGS):

*Insert Legend here

*Scale: *North Arrow (Magnetic/True North):

*Mandatory Information for Official Smithsonian Number designation. Revised 2/2015 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Smithsonian Number: ______Page 6 of 9

PHOTOGRAPH(S)

*Photograph Description(s) (Include a representative sample of inventoried archaeological material and features, site location overviews, etc):

Overview of site 16/2399-2 from the southeast edge of the site. The view is towards the west.

Overview of site 16/2399-2 from the southwest edge of the site. The view is towards the north.

*Mandatory Information for Official Smithsonian Number designation. Revised 2/2015 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Smithsonian Number: ______Page 7 of 9

PHOTOGRAPH(S)

*Photograph Description(s) (Include a representative sample of inventoried archaeological material and features, site location overviews, etc):

Overview of terrace scarp just south of the southern site boundary. In the distance is vehicle traffic on I-5. The view is towards the west.

Arrow-sized basal-notched CCS projectile point found on the ground surface as site 16/2399-2. *Mandatory Information for Official Smithsonian Number designation. Revised 2/2015 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Smithsonian Number: ______Page 8 of 9

PHOTOGRAPH(S)

*Photograph Description(s) (Include a representative sample of inventoried archaeological material and features, site location overviews, etc):

Dart-sized side-notched CCS projectile point fragment found on the ground surface as site 16/2399-2.

Overview of shovel test ST-15 in progress. The view is towards the west.

*Mandatory Information for Official Smithsonian Number designation. Revised 2/2015 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INVENTORY FORM Smithsonian Number: ______Page 9 of 9

PHOTOGRAPH(S)

*Photograph Description(s) (Include a representative sample of inventoried archaeological material and features, site location overviews, etc):

Shovel test ST-15 excavated to 60 cm (24 in) below the surface. Sediments consist of brown silt loam that transitions to lighter brown silty clay loam at 38 cm (15 in) below the surface. The trowel points towards the north.

FCR fragments, calcine bone, and a CCS flake observed in

shovel test ST-15 between 0 and 38 cm (15 in) below the surface. *Mandatory Information for Official Smithsonian Number designation. Revised 2/2015 16/2399-2

0 1 km mi 0 1 Legend

Survey Area

16/2399-1 Site Boundary !P ^_ Surface Prehistoric Flake ST-13 Core !P ST-12 ^_ ^_ Surface Prehistoric Tool ^_^_ ^_ Point ! Worked Shovel Test With Artifacts !P Flake !P ST-14 Shovel Test Without Artifacts !P !P !P Point ST-11 ^_ ^_ ST-6 ST-4

! 16/2399-2 ST-15 !P ST-10 ! ST-1 !P ST-7 ST-18 !P ^_

! ST-9 Bishop Road ST-19 !P !P ST-8 ^_ ^_ ST-2 !P N ^_ ^_ ! ^_ ST-17 ST-5 ^_ ^_ !P ST-20 ^_ ^_ ! ^_ ^_ ^_ ^_ ^_ ^_^_^_ ^_ Core ^_ ST-16 !P

^_ ST-3 ^_ ^_ ^_ !P 0 50 m ft 0 250