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Colonial Ideology, Colonial Sciences and Colonial Sociology in Belgium
The American Sociologist (2020) 51:148–171 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-020-09455-z Colonial Ideology, Colonial Sciences and Colonial Sociology in Belgium Marc Poncelet1 Published online: 9 June 2020 # The Author(s) 2020 Abstract At the turn of the twentieth century, Belgian sociology and Belgian colonialism in Congo developed into a small political and academic elite that shared the same ideological stances. Colonialism played a more significant role. Colonization provided a new stage for emerging disciplines such as geography and sociology – which played their part in creating a brand new Belgo-African ethnology. Despite being a work in progress, sociology (which mainly involved jurists and lawyers) found a key place in the new institutional colonial sciences network. A colonial consensus was reached between Catholic and Liberal elites during the colonial crises and polemics that were also theoretical battles. Colonial sociology aspired to become the encyclopedic ethnol- ogy of the last African Terra incognita, as well as the government’smodernscienceof the indigenous people. Missionaries, colonial magistrates and administrators carried out field research. It gradually generates a significant output on the scale of the social sciences of the time. But it was more closely linked to the institutions of colonial power than to academic institutions. As colonial sociology partially freed itself from the colonial context during the 1950s, under the banner of professional ethnology, on the one hand, and the sociology of development on the other, it had to contend with a dramatic decolonization process. Quite rightly considered colonial sociology but not sociology of colonization, its success can, however, not be summed up in a single ideology. -
The Trouble with Tariffs. Customs Policies and the Shaky Balance Between Colonial and Private Interests in the Congo (1886-1914)
The trouble with tariffs. Customs policies and the shaky balance between colonial and private interests in the Congo (1886-1914) Bas De Roo TSEG 12 (3): 1–21 DOI: 10.5117/TSEG2015.3.DERO Abstract This article deals with a key constraint on the ability of African colonial states to tax international trade. In the Congo Free State and Belgian Congo, tariff policies were always the result of a difficult balancing act. On the one hand, the colonial state depended on customs receipts to make ends meet. On the other hand, policymakers feared the counterproductive effect of tariff poli- cies: excessive taxation would cause customs receipts to decline because it slowed down commerce and encouraged traders to smuggle or to relocate. Sometimes, this fear held back policymakers from increasing the tariff burden – even when the colony was in dire financial straits. On other occasions, budgetary necessity forced policymakers to implement customs measures which they believed would cripple the colonial economy and jeopardized future fiscal revenue. 1 Introduction Taxation played a key role in African colonial history1. Metropolitan govern- ments were reluctant to invest in the colonial endeavor, forcing colonial administrations to financial self-sufficiency.2 As a colonial state could only spend what it extracted locally, taxation limited the financial scope for policy- 1 I would like to thank Stijn Van De Perre and Frans Buelens for the helpful comments and suggestions. I would also like to thank Els Develtere for editing the article. 2 Crawford Young, The African colonial state in comparative perspective (London, 1994). VOL. 12, NO. 3, 2015 1 AUP – 156 x 234 – 3B2-APP flow Pag. -
Nouvelle Édition Revue Et Corrigée
Nouvelle édition revue et corrigée 1 Guy De Boeck Les Héritiers de Léopold II, ou l’anticolonialisme impossible 2 « Quand nous parlions, jadis, vous pouviez ne pas nous croire, vous pouviez suspecter nos intentions, vous aviez le droit d’ignorer ce qui n’était pas révélé par des documents officiels. Mais aujourd’hui vous savez, vous devez savoir, vous ne pouvez plus ignorer, vous ne pouvez plus rester sourds aux plaintes et aux protestations qui s’élèvent de toutes parts. » … «Je m’adresse à vous, catholiques. Je vous demande d’oublier vos attaches gouvernementales et de songer avant tout à ce que vous dicte votre conscience. En présence de pareils faits,.., vous n’avez pas le droit de rester impassibles, de vous laver les mains du sang versé; car si vous le faisiez, si vous refusiez la justice aux indigènes, si vous ne leur donniez pas le pain de vie qu’ils réclament, on pourrait vous appliquer le mot d’un des pères de votre Eglise ‘Ton frère te demandait aide et protection, tu es resté sourd à son appel; tu ne l’as pas secouru; donc tu l’as tué’ » Emile VANDERVELDE * « L'Etat du Congo, loin de s'acquitter de ce devoir primordial de colonisateur (d'enseigner a l'indigène a tirer de son sol natal un parti de plus en plus complet, a améliorer ses procédés de culture), interdit aux indigènes, d'après les constatations de la Commission (d'Enquête de 1904-1905), de tirer parti du sol qui lui appartient légitimement, dans une autre mesure que celle ou il l'utilisait avant 1885.. -
Gouverneur-Generaal Th. Wahis En De Anti-Kongolese Campagne
Gouverneur-generaal Th. Wahis en de anti-Kongolese campagne De rol van gouverneur-generaal Th. Wahis ten tijde van de woelingen in Kongo Vrijstaat (1885-1908) Fien Coopman Vakgroep Nieuwste Geschiedenis Universiteit Gent Academiejaar 2006-2007 Scriptie ingediend tot het behalen van de graad licentiaat in de geschiedenis Promotor: Prof. dr. L. François Co-promotor: Prof. dr. D. Vangroenweghe Commissaris: Drs. P. Vervust Inhoudsopgave Inhoudsopgave ........................................................................................................................... 2 0.1 Dankwoord .................................................................................................................... 7 0.2 Probleemstelling ........................................................................................................... 8 0.3 Methodologische nota ................................................................................................. 11 0.3.1 Verkennende literatuurstudie ........................................................................... 11 0.3.2 Oorspronkelijke opbouw van de scriptie .......................................................... 13 0.3.3 Archiefonderzoek: ‘de bronnen’ ...................................................................... 14 0.3.3.1 Archieven van het Museum voor Midden-Afrika. Dep. Geschiedenis: Papiers Wahis ................................................................................................................ 14 0.3.3.2 Archieven van het ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. -
BC and Berlin Act.Pdf
http://ia341008.us.archive.org/1/items/belgiancongoberl00keituoft/belg... From the Library of He?jry Tresaw?ia Qe7^ra?is Fello'vo of Worcester College^ Oxford lHS2-jg2I Given to\ix\\iexs\t\i of To COP '''o Library^ 'By his Wife THE BELGIAN CONGO AND THE BERLIN ACT OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE CAPE TOWN BOMBAY HUMPHREY MILFORD PL'BUSHEK TO THE UKIVERSITY THE BELGIAN CONGO AND THE BERLIN ACT BY ARTHUR BERRIEDALE KEITH D.C.L., D.LITT, OF THE INNER TEJIPLE, BARRISTER-AT-LAW REGIUS PROFESSOR OF SANSKRIT AND COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY AT THE UNI\T:RSITY OF EDINBURGH FORMERLT OF THE COLONIAL OFFICE AUTHOR OF ' RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT IN THE DOMINIONS,' ETC. OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1919 PREFACE It is the aim of this work to examine in the crucial instance of the history of the Independent State of the 1 sur 266 6/06/2008 21:59 http://ia341008.us.archive.org/1/items/belgiancongoberl00keituoft/belg... Congo the defects of the Berlin Act, and to indicate the amendments which must be made in that inter- national compact if it is to serve the high purposes for which it was destined, the extension to central Africa of the benefits of civilization and freedom of trade. This limitation of purpose has involved the omission in the historical sketch of the vivid detail of indi- vidual heroism and achievement in which the' record of the Congo State abounds, but it has also justified the decision not to enter into particulars of the acts of cruelty committed upon natives under the State regime. -
Colonial Ideology, Colonial Sciences and Colonial Sociology in Belgium
The American Sociologist https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-020-09455-z Colonial Ideology, Colonial Sciences and Colonial Sociology in Belgium Marc Poncelet1 # The Author(s) 2020 Abstract At the turn of the twentieth century, Belgian sociology and Belgian colonialism in Congo developed into a small political and academic elite that shared the same ideological stances. Colonialism played a more significant role. Colonization provided a new stage for emerging disciplines such as geography and sociology – which played their part in creating a brand new Belgo-African ethnology. Despite being a work in progress, sociology (which mainly involved jurists and lawyers) found a key place in the new institutional colonial sciences network. A colonial consensus was reached between Catholic and Liberal elites during the colonial crises and polemics that were also theoretical battles. Colonial sociology aspired to become the encyclopedic ethnol- ogy of the last African Terra incognita, as well as the government’smodernscienceof the indigenous people. Missionaries, colonial magistrates and administrators carried out field research. It gradually generates a significant output on the scale of the social sciences of the time. But it was more closely linked to the institutions of colonial power than to academic institutions. As colonial sociology partially freed itself from the colonial context during the 1950s, under the banner of professional ethnology, on the one hand, and the sociology of development on the other, it had to contend with a dramatic decolonization process. Quite rightly considered colonial sociology but not sociology of colonization, its success can, however, not be summed up in a single ideology. Colonial sociology never was an effective instrument of domination or tool for liberation; it has never entirely succeeded in influencing the dominant institutions and ideologies.