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DOCUMENTI DI ARCHEOLOGIA Collana Diretta Da Gian Pietro DOCUMENTI DI ARCHEOLOGIA Collana diretta da Gian Pietro Brogiolo e Sauro Gelichi DOCUMENTI DI ARCHEOLOGIA 10 a cura di Gian Pietro Brogiolo EA R L Y MEDIEVAL TOWNS IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN Ravello, 22-24 September 1994 Centro Universitario Europeo per i Beni Culturali Editrice S.A.P. Società Archeologica Padana s.r.l. 1996,© S.A.P. Società Archeologica Padana s.r.l. Via R. Ardigò, 7 - 46100 Mantova Tel./Fax 0376-369611 In copertina: Barcellona, pianta della città tardoantica I N D I C E • Introduction di G. P. Brogiolo. Pag. 7 • Coscienza e immagini della città nelle fonti tra V e IX secolo, di A. M. Orselli. “ 9 • Topografia della civitas christiana tra IV e VI secolo, di G. Cantino Wataghin, J. M. Gurt Esparraguera, J. Guyon. “ 17 • The urban transition in the Mahgreb, di S. Roskams. “ 43 • Le città della Spagna tra romanità e islamismo, di S . Gutierrez Lloret. “ 55 • Note sulle città bizantine dell’Esarcato e della Pentapoli tra IV e IX secolo, di S. Gelichi. “ 67 • Aspetti economici e sociali delle città longobarde dell'Ita- lia settentrionale, di G. P. Brogiolo. “ 77 • Socio-economic aspects of food supply in Early Medieval Brescia; the zooarchaeological remains from Lombard S. Giulia, di P. Baker. “ 89 • Les villes des provinces d’Apulie-Calabre et de Bruttium- Lucanie du IVe au VIe siecle, di G. Noyé. “ 97 • Commerci nel Mediterraneo Occidentale nell’alto medioe- vo, di L. Paroli, C. Citter, C. Pellecuer, J . - M .P é n e. “ 121 • Urban survival and urban transformation in the Eastern Mediterranean, di B. Ward Perkins. “ 143 • Former Roman towns and new foundations in Central Europe, di G. Fhering. “ 155 • The river system of Eastern Europe and their role in the formation of towns and the Russian state, di E. Nosov. “ 175 • Conclusions, di S. J. B. Barnish. “ 181 EARLY MEDIEVAL TOWNS IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN (IV-IX secolo) Ravello-Centro universitario europeo per i Beni Culturali, 22-24 settembre 1994 programma del convegno a-Ideologia e urbanesimo • A. M. Orselli (Univ. Bologna): la città altomedievale (V-IX sec.) nell'ideologia dei contemporanei • G. Cantino Wataghin (Univ. Torino), J. Guyon (CNRS Aix en Provence), J.M. Gurt (Barcellona): topografia della "civitas christiana" tra IV e VI secolo b-Città di origine romana e città di nuova fondazione: urbanistica, società, economia • S. Roskams (York Univ.): late roman to early medieval in North Africa towns • L. Olmo Enciso (Univ. Madrid): towns in visigotic and byzantine Spain • S. Gutiérrez Lloret (Univ. Alicante): le città della Spagna tra romanità ed islamismo • A. Vallejo Triano (Delegacion provincial de cultura-Cordoba): città arabe di nuova fondazione in Spagna • S. Gelichi (Univ. di Pisa): note sulle città bizantine dell'Esarcato e della Pentapo- li tra IV e IX secolo • G.P. Brogiolo (Univ. Siena), P. Baker (London Univ.): aspetti sociali ed economici delle città longobarde dell'Italia settentrionale • S. Coccia (Univ. Pisa): il porto di Roma • G. Noyé (CNRS-Parigi): città di nuova fondazione in Italia meridionale • C. Citter (Univ. Siena), L. Paroli (Museo dell'Alto-medioevo-Roma), C. Pellequier, J.M. Péne (Service régional de l'Archéologie Languedoc-Roussillon): commerci nel Mediterraneo occidentale nell'alto medioevo c-Confronti • B. Ward Perkins (Oxford Univ.): urban survival and urban transformation in the Eastern Mediterranean • G. Fhering (Hamburg Univ.): former Roman towns and new foundations in C e ntral Europe • E. Nosov (Institute of the History of Material culture-St. Petersburg): the river system of Eastern Europe and their role in the formation of town and the Russian state d-Conclusioni • S. J. B. Barnish (Queen's college Oxford) Gian Pietro Brogiolo 7 Introduction The Ravello conference marks one further step (it is up to the reader to judge how significant a step) in a programmme initiated in 1988, which has brought toghether archaeologists and historians of different schools to compare and contrast points of view concerning the transition period between the Classical world and the Early Middle Ages. During the Monte Barro and Gardone Riviera conferences specific themes regarding central north Italy and the Alpine regions were discussed: fortification systems, the countryside, domestic architecture, the border territories, pottery types, and the end of the Roman villas. All of these topics have been considered since 1987 and all but the first conference, which is to be found in “Archeologia Medievale”, are available from the publishers of this volume. In some fields significant new discoveries have been presented, the fruit of recent archaeological exca - vations in many cases not yet published. The importance of the ‘castra’ from the IV-V century onwards, the crisis experienced in some of the border territories during the long conflict between Byzantine and Lom - bard, the use, in both town and country, of ever scantier building techniques, and the increasing rarity of imported fineware pottery and the slow evolution of local pottery production of simpler forms are only a few of the areas in which progress has been made as a result of recent research. The picture presented by archaeologists, drawing on stratigraphical sequences generally datable to the 5th-7th centuries, differ drastically from the much more optimistic story pieced together by historians reliant upon 8th and 9th century historical sources. However, the amount of archaeological material now available is such that, as Whickam stressed at the 1992 convention in Pontignano on Italy during during the early middle ages “in the light of archaeology”, a history of the transition period can be constructed on the basis of this alone, notwithstanding the inevitable limitations and problems due to the chance nature of discoveries, for the most part the result of rescue work. This element of randomness is rewarding on the one hand in that it provides a sample of life closer to everyday reality, whilst on the other the risk is great of missing those exceptions to the general rule to which the written records of the time pay much attention. The conferences of the last few years, including that dedicated to the early medieval economy of Rome, have brought to light the urgent need for comparison with the other regions of the Mediterranean, with which, despite the regionalism of the barbarian kingdoms, cultural and at times trading links were main - tained. It was this need that gave rise to the initiative to organize this conference in the beatiful setting of Villa Rufolo, kindly put at our disposal by the Centro Europeo per i Beni Culturali. The publication of these articles was delayed by an unfortunately fruitless period of waiting for certain other contributions, traces of which remain not only in the index, but also in Barnish’s conclusions. A few last minute withdrawal have led to the absence of papers on subjects of considerable interest. There is a resulting imbalance between contributions on the Western Mediterranean and surveys dedicated to the other regions (tha Eastern Mediterranean, Central Europe and Russia). Althought one third of the papers have been lost in transit, this volume provides new information on some general themes and on some regional topics. I hope, therefore, that even if it does not fully capture the spirit of the conference, it is in itself of value. I know for certain that the debate provoked by the papers pre - sented at the Ravello conference has stimulated both myself and other partecipants to continue our resear - ch into the role of the town, in keeping with the European Science Foundation’s “Transformation of the Roman World” project. One of the much discussed themes in 1994, that of the concept of the town, has, in fact, been at the centre of two consequent conferences in Oxford (1995) and Strasbourg (1996). (Gian Pietro Brogiolo) Alba Maria Orselli 9 COSCIENZA E IMMAGINI DELLA CITTÀ NELLE FONTI TRA V E IX SECOLO Alba Maria Orselli Università di Bologna “(Seleucia) è una città situata vicinissima ai ni della felice configurazione fisico-antropologica confini con l'Oriente; ha il primo rango e viene alla di Seleucia non sembrano differire da quelli che testa tra tutte le città della Isauria, è situata sul già nel 324 erano stati avanzati presso Costantino bordo del mare e in prossimità di un fiume... Città dalla “città” di Orkistos in Frigia, allora e da una mirabile e gradevolissima: la sua grandezza è rea- data di poco successiva al 237 oppidum dipenden- lizzata in modo tale che non le manca la grazia che te da Nacolia, come requisiti avvaloranti il suo viene dalle giuste proporzioni; tanto ricca di splen- diritto a riconquistare statuto di civitas5 - né diffe- dore e di fascino da eclissare la maggior parte delle riscono infine sostanzialmente dai termini impie- città, uguagliarne altre, e rivaleggiare con la bella gati da Gregorio di Tours, ancora alla fine del seco- Tarso per i confini, il sito, la dolcezza del clima, lo VI, per descrivere in un celebre passo della l'abbondanza di frutti, l'afflusso di merci, la ric- Historia Francorum Digione, già soggiorno caro al chezza di acque, il comfort dei bagni, la qualità dei suo avo Gregorio vescovo di Langres6. L'apparente magistrati, il bel parlare delle Muse, la gaiezza fissità del modello, iscritta in un orizzonte geocul- della popolazione, l'eloquenza dei retori, la pre- turale ampio e nella dimensione d'altra parte arti- stanza dei militari”1. colatamente dinamica e riccamente dialettica del Nell'elogio dell'anonimo autore della V i t a e - Tardo Antico, potrebbe giustificare i ripetuti giu- subito dopo, secondo la analisi di G. Dagron - dizi del Classen7 a proposito dello specchio della anche dei Miracoli di santa Tecla2, la vergine- identità urbana che non si modificherebbe tra martire discepola dell'apostolo Paolo che ha a Tardo Antico e Medioevo (uno specchio rappresen- Seleucia il centro del suo culto3, cioè a ridosso tato in primo luogo dalle Laudes civitatum, genere della metà del V secolo, tra il 430 e il 4704, i termi- letterario di lunga durata, non per questo, credo, 1 Vie et miracles de sainte Thècle (B.H.G.
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