Dansk Dendrologisk Årsskrift 2013 Dansk Dendrologisk Årsskrift

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Dansk Dendrologisk Årsskrift 2013 Dansk Dendrologisk Årsskrift Dansk Dendrologisk Årsskrift 2013 Dansk Dendrologisk Årsskrift Udgivet af DANSK DENDROLOGISK FORENING Bind XXX Eget forlag · København 2013 Indhold Jens Peter Skovsgaard: Røn på Bornholm. En botanisk og forvaltningsmæssig udfordring ................ 7 Sorbus on the island of Bornholm: a botanical and management challenge Trine Sofie Nielsen og Marian Ørgaard: Stensbygaard have, Sydsjælland ........................................... 27 Stensbygaard Garden, South Zealand Bjarne Larsen: Brygger I.C. Jacobsens have på Carlsberg .................................... 53 Brewer I.C. Jacobsen’s garden at Carlsberg Ekskursion til Midt- og Vestjylland 22. - 23. september 2012 .................... 66 Formandsberetning for 2012 ............................................... 76 ANMELDELSE The Timberpress Encyclopedia of Flowering Shrubs Jim Gardiner ............................................................. 80 Til minde om Professor Helge Vedel (1922-2014) Røn på Bornholm EN BOTANISK OG FORVALTNINGSMÆSSIG UDFORDRING SORBUS ON THE ISLAND OF BORNHOLM: A BOTANICAL AND MANAGEMENT CHALLENGE JENS PETER SKOVSGAARD Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet Institutionen för Sydsvensk Skogsvetenskap S-230 53 Alnarp E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: Sorbus, conservation, management, silviculture Foto overfor: Sorbus intermedia SUMMARY SAMMENFATNING There are five naturally occurring Sor- Der er fem naturligt forekommende røn- bus species on the island of Bornholm: nearter på Bornholm: almindelig røn, mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.), finsk røn, seljerøn, klipperøn og tarm- Swedish service tree (S. hybrida L.), vridrøn. Formålet med denne artikel er Swedish whitebeam (S. intermedia (Ehrh.) at gøre opmærksom på røns potentiale Pers.), rock whitebeam (S. rupicola (Syme) som skovtræ og på de udfordringer, der Hedl.) and wild service tree (S. torminalis er med at forvalte den bornholmske gen- (L.) Crantz). The purpose of this article is ressource i røn. to draw attention to the potential of Sor- Der er røn overalt på Bornholm, på bus as a forest tree and the challenges of vanskeligt tilgængelige klipper langs kys- managing the genetic resources of Sorbus ten, ude i det åbne land og inde i skoven. on Bornholm. Almindelig røn forekommer i næsten alle Sorbus species can be found all over the habitattyper på øen. Finsk røn, som er den island, on inaccessible cliffs along the coast, sjældneste art, findes mest i klippeområ- out in the countryside and in the forests. der og kratskov. Seljerøn ses næsten ude- Mountain ash occurs in almost all habitat lukkende i det åbne land, hvor den ofte er types on the island. Swedish service tree, plantet. Klipperøn er en udkantsart, som which is the rarest species, occurs mainly kun findes på skrænter og i klippeterræn. on rocky cliffs and in scrub. Swedish white- Tarmvridrøn forekommer både på ekspo- beam is found almost exclusively in the nerede klipper, i krat og inde i skoven. open landscape, where it is often planted. Bortset fra almindelig røn er der ofte Rock whitebeam is an edge species occur- kun få individer i hver population, og po- ring only on slopes and rocky terrain. Wild pulationerne er ofte adskilte uden umid- service tree occurs on exposed rocks as delbar biologisk forbindelse. Der tale om well as in scrub and woodland. en vigtig genressource, både nationalt og Apart from mountain ash, each internationalt. Røn på Bornholm kræver population often consists of only few in- derfor særlig opmærksomhed i skovdrif- dividuals, and the populations are often ten og ved anden naturforvaltning. separated without direct biological con- Tarmvridrøn og seljerøn har umid- nection. These are important genetic delbart potentiale til skovdyrkning. Det resources, both nationally and interna- skyldes især deres vækstpotentiale og tionally. Sorbus on Bornholm therefore muligheden for at opnå en for røn for- requires special attention in forest holdsvis høj alder. Også almindelig røn, management and nature conservation. finsk røn og måske klipperøn kan under Wild service tree and Swedish de rette omstændigheder være egnede til whitebeam have an immediate poten- skovdyrkning. tial for silviculture due mainly to their growth capacity and potential longevity. Mountain ash, Swedish service tree and possibly rock whitebeam may in appro- priate circumstances also be suited for silviculture. 8 FEM RØNNEARTER tarmvridrøn. Det latinske navn interme- Bornholm er rønnenes ø og et mekka for dia, som betyder en mellemting, er derfor rønne-botanikere. Her findes naturbe- meget passende. Krydsningen er opstået stande af alle fem ’danske’ rønnearter: flere gange, og der findes et utal af morfo- almindelig røn (Sorbus aucuparia L.), finsk logiske varianter af seljerøn på Bornholm. røn (S. hybrida L.), seljerøn (S. interme- Finsk røn (tidligere S. fennica Kalm ex dia (Ehrh.) Pers.), klipperøn (S. rupicola Fr.) opfattes som et produkt af en eller (Syme) Hedl.) og tarmvridrøn (S. tormina- flere krydsninger mellem almindelig røn lis (L.) Crantz). og klipperøn og kaldes derfor også ba- Røns forplantnings- og slægtskabsfor- stardrøn, svarende til det latinske hybrida. hold er noget komplicerede. Nogle røn Klipperøn er nært beslægtet med aksel- har kønnet formering med almindelig be- røn (S. aria (L.) Crantz), som ikke fore- støvning og efterfølgende befrugtning af kommer naturligt i Danmark. ægcellen, andre kan udvikle frø uden be- Der er stor forskel på rønnearternes frugtning af ægcellen (boks 1). Ukønnet udseende – spændende fra almindelig frøformering kaldes også agamospermi røns opdelte, finnede blade til klipperøns eller apomiksis og betyder, at afkommets hele, fint tandede og tarmvridrøns lap- gener er identiske med modertræets. Røn pede blade (figur 1). Seljerøn og finsk røn er derfor en dynamisk slægt med mange ligger ind imellem disse, og man aner på arter og hybrider, som er opstået ved den måde deres oprindelse som kryds- krydsning, tilbagekrydsning, mutation ningsprodukter. osv. (boks 2). Almindelig røn er en af de mest ud- Almindelig røn og tarmvridrøn for- bredte træarter i Europa (figur 2). De fire merer sig ved kønnet formering. Selje- andre er blandt de sjældneste. røn, finsk røn og klipperøn er derimod Røn er generelt lystræarter og trives helt eller delvis apomiktiske. Man regner derfor bedst i det åbne land, skovkanter med, at de er opstået som krydsninger af og lysåbne skovtyper. De er samtidig, andre røn (boks 3). hvad man kan kalde klimarobuste, og tå- Seljerøn opfattes som en krydsning ler tørke, frost og andre klimaekstremer. mellem almindelig røn, klipperøn og Røn har en række pioneregenskaber, men Figur 1. Bladsilhuetter af de fem rønnearter på Bornholm. 9 BOKS 1 Formering og artsdannelse Røn (Sorbus) er taksonomisk en dynamisk slægt med mange arter og hybrider, som er opstået ved krydsning, tilbagekrydsning, mutation osv. Nogle røn har kønnet formering, andre kan udvikle frø uden befrugtning af ægcellen. Ukønnet frøformering kaldes også apomiksis (apomiksis betyder uden blanding (af arvemasse)). Kønnet frøformering foregår ved bestøvning og den efterfølgende dobbeltbefrugtning, hvor pollenkornets to sædceller smelter sammen med henholdsvis ægcellen og central- cellen. Den befrugtede ægcelle udvikler sig til en kim. Den befrugtede centralcelle udvik- ler sig til den omgivende frøhvide, som er næring for kimen. Det er kimen, som indeholder arveanlæggene til den plante, som kan udvikle sig fra frøet. Ved ukønnet frøformering (apomiksis) udvikles frøets kim uden befrugtning af æg- cellen. Apomiksis kan derfor også kaldes klonformering via frø. Hos røn skal der ske en befrugtning af centralcellen, for at der kan udvikles en frøhvide. Det kaldes pseudogam apomiksis (pseudogam, fordi der sker en befrugtning, men ingen sammensmeltning af kønsceller (gameter)). De ’rene’ arter med kønnet formering er diploide med et sæt kromosomer fra faderen og et fra moderen (kromosomerne er bærere af generne). Røn med kønnet formering har som udgangspunkt n = 17 kromosomer fra hvert forældreindivid og dermed i alt 2n = 2x = 34 kromosomer i de almindelige celler. Kromosomgrundtallet for røn er x = 17, og tallet foran x angiver antallet af kromosomsæt, som stammer fra de oprindelige forældrearter. En apomiktisk art har mere end to sæt kromosomer og kaldes triploid, hvis 2n = 3x = 51, tetraploid, hvis 2n = 4x = 68, eller eventuelt pentaploid, hvis 2n = 5x = 85. Diploide ar- ter af røn er de mest fertile, tetraploide er mindre fertile, og triploide er de mindst fertile. Bestøvningen kan foregå som fremmedbestøvning med pollen fra et andet individ eller selvbestøvning med egne pollen. Fremmedbestøvning har den evolutionsmæssige fordel, at ændringer i arvemassens sammensætning ved generationsskifte sikrer en høj grad af tilpasningsdygtighed til ændringer i miljøet. Selvbestøvning og apomiksis kan opfattes som en evolutionsmæssig fordel i forhold til fremmedbestøvning, fordi individet kan formere sig uafhængig af bestøvningspartnere og derfor er særlig tilpasset til at kolo- nisere nye områder og til at overleve isolation. Apomiksis har yderligere den fordel, at der ikke opstår indavlsdepression som ved selvbestøvning. Apomiktiske arter har generelt en smallere økologisk niche end arter med kønnet formering. Apomiksis kan derfor opfattes som en indsnævring af artens overlevelsesmu- ligheder, men indebærer på grund af den økologiske specialisering mulighed for en mere effektiv udnyttelse af økosystemet som helhed. Det er således karakteristisk, at de lokali- teter, hvor der er en stor diversitet af apomiktiske røn, er meget heterogene. Nogle plantearter
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