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Donne Contro Il Nucleare

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Donne Contro Il Nucleare Corso di Laurea in Relazioni Internazionali Comparate ordinamento ex. D.M. 270/2004 Tesi di Laurea Donne contro il nucleare. Nascita e sviluppo dei movimenti anti- nucleari in una prospettiva transnazionale (1979-2011) Relatore Ch. Prof. Bruna Bianchi Correlatore Ch. Prof. Rosa Caroli Laureando Carolina Pugliese Matricola 847428 Anno Accademico 2017 / 2018 INDICE Abstract……………………………………………………………………………3 Introduzione……………………………………………………………………...12 1. I movimenti anti-nucleari: come nascono e come si sviluppano 1.1. Dal Trinity Test alla bomba su Hiroshima e Nagasaki…………………….18 1.2. l disastro della Lucky Dragon e la conseguente polemica dell’AEC……...24 1.3. La Crisi Missilistica Cubana……………………………………………….32 1.4. Il movimento Women Strike for Peace ed i primi successi in campo anti- nucleare……………………………………………………………………34 1.5. La Protesta di Wyhl in Germania del 1970 e il suo effetto sulla nascita dei movimenti europei…………………………………………………………39 2. Il disastro nucleare di Three Mile Island (1979): tra media e movimenti eco- femministi 2.1. La campagna mediatica a favore del nucleare dagli anni Quaranta al disastro di Three Mile Island……………………………………………….............47 2.2. La storia del disastro di Three Mile Island (1979): tra scienza ed esposizione mediatica…………………………………………………………………...61 2.3. Ecologismo e movimenti anti-nucleari di genere: dall’ambientalismo all’eco- femminismo di Three Mile Island…………………………………………72 2.4. Il Three Mile Island Memory Parade del 1980 e le altre marce anti- nucleari…………………………………………………………………….81 3. Il disastro della centrale nucleare di Chernobyl (1986) 3.1. Brevi cenni sul disastro di Chernobyl……………………………………...91 3.2. Effetti delle radiazioni sulla salute………………………………………...95 3.3. Eco-nazionalismo e attivismo anti-nucleare in Ucraina dopo Chernobyl...................................................................................................100 3.4. The Babushkas of Chernobyl e Preghiera per Chernobyl…......................107 1 3.5. Chernobyl a 15 anni dal disastro: il report UNDP e UNICEF…………...114 3.6. Eco-femminismo post-Chernobyl in Italia……………………………….119 4. Lo scenario nucleare nipponico: il disastro della centrale nucleare di Fukushima (2011) 4.1. I movimenti anti-nucleari precedenti al disastro nucleare di Fukushima………………………………………………………………..124 4.2. L’incidente nucleare di Fukushima Daiichi………………………………133 4.3. Lo scenario anti-nucleare post-Fukushima: la reazione delle madri……………………………………………………………………...138 Conclusione……………………………………………………………………..145 Bibliografia……………………………………………………………………..148 Sitografia………………………………………………………………………..152 Filmografia……………………………………………………………………...157 2 Abstract With this work, I would like to bring to the public attention the real progression of nuclear development through the eyes of local and global communities, especially focusing on the reactions of women inside their local reality and how their response to nuclear power has set the grassroots for the birth of anti-nuclear movements. The feminine figure has always been the key point in activism and it is especially fierce in the case against nuclear power. The debate on the nuclear interest has always been the center of both political and socio-economic themes, involving not only the local but also global communities. The reaction on the atom, however, does not only affect different communities around the world but also, inside those, there are dissimilar responses based on their local necessities. Usually, when talking about the atom and the nuclear power, our mind switches immediately to the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings, occurred in 1945 in Japan. These two events mark the birth of the usage of nuclear power for war purposes, presenting publically for the first time in history the power that the atom hold. Erroneously the public look at the bombings on Japan as the last step of a man- made disaster, when, instead, it is the beginning of the Nuclear Age. When talking about the Nuclear Age, the public tends to recognize the turning point after the big explosions of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, signing up 1945 as the year of the atom. On the other hands, we need to go back in time and analyze more strictly the "secret" project the scientific community had been planning beforehand. Before using the H-Bomb on the Japanese territory, American scientists started planning and experimenting to build a new type of destructive weapon under the so-called Manhattan Project, established in 1939. In July 1945, we have the first atomic test ever effectuated by the American government, known under the name of Trinity Test, a secret project born under the Truman administration. The test was easily covered to the public thanks to the proximity to one of the American military bases in New Mexico, disguising the atomic test as a simple military test gone wrong. Only after the explosion of the two atomic bombs, a month after the Trinity Test respectively first in Hiroshima and then in Nagasaki, pieces of information about 3 the previous atomic studies where leaked to the mass media and the public, now aware of this new destructive power in the hands of humanity. Numerous atomic tests took place after 1945, marking a new era of atomic power, although now, after seeing the real effects on humans of the atomic weapons, even the scientific community starts to reevaluate the power of the atom, fearing a wider disaster if this new weapon would have got into the wrong hands. In 1954 another major atomic accident occurred in the Pacific Ocean, where an H- bomb exploded near Bikini Atoll. At the time of the explosion, a Japanese fishing boat called Lucky Dragon was sailing near the cost of the Atoll, not knowing about the risk of radiations and contaminating all the workers on board. When the news about the accident reached the public, a more and more negative opinion about nuclear weapons started to spread around the world. Right after the Lucky Dragon incident news about USSR developing new nuclear technology started to spread a sense of general fear on the world population, implying that of USSR would be able to create its own atomic weapons, a nuclear war between USA and USSR could occur. From the 1950s new movements like the National Campaign For Nuclear Disarmament were created in favor of preserving the well-being of the population and the environment, in order to dismantle all the nuclear bases and every kind of weapon of mass destruction. The attention of the scientific community in these years also shifted toward a more in-depth analysis of radioactive elements examined in the fallouts of the atomic tests. The element that caught scientists attention was Strontium-90, the most frequently radioactive product relised by atomic fission during nuclear explosion. The alarming information about this atomic element was that this kind of radioactive particle could produce carcinogenic diseases, not only in the human body but in the animals exposed to Strontium-90. Between the scientific community, we can not exclude the way of thought of two of the most important mathematician and physic in the whole history around the theme of nuclear weapons and radioactivity: Bertrand Russel and Albert Einstein. In the famous Russell-Einstein Manifesto, these two scientists aimed to present to the public the problematic effects of nuclear weapons and the consequences of a possible nuclear war between the Sovietic and the American blocs. The fear of an 4 imminent war that could have led to a catastrophic outcome needs to be prevented as a result of a more mature and aware approach of international politics. After a more conscious approach and more data about radioactive waste, anti- nuclear movements started developing in every part of the world through the 1950s and the 1960s. One of the first anti-nuclear organization to create the first movement of American nuclear disarmament was the so-called SANE, created in 1957 in New York City, a pacifist and liberal movement to appeal to a common conscience regarding the nuclear matter. The most important goal of the SANE was when the British, American and Soviet goverments decided to limit the usage of nuclear weapon, with the creation of the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1967, to forbid the usage of atomic tests. People started to realize how the power of nuclear would not only affect their safety and health but also their everyday lives. One of the first ever marches to catch the public eyes was the one hold near London in 1958, called Aldermaston March, the first-ever anti-nuclear march to include more than a thousand activists, reaching his highest peak in 1963 with 100,000 persons. More researches were done over the consequences of radiations over human bodies and how these could develop serious and long-lasting illnesses. Thanks to the contribute of St. Louis scientific community and the help of numerous American citizens, the Baby Tooth Foundation was founded with the help of Dr. Eric and Louise Reiss, now explicitly focusing on the effect radiations had on children and how affected their health. The aim of this institution was to analyze children baby teeth donated by different communities of St. Louis and Washington between 1959 and 1962 to study how the radiations were absorbed by human bodies, finding an especially high level of Strontium-90. A lot of nuclear researchers found the results absurd, explaining that the high level of radiations was given by the quantity and quality of contaminated food children ate and it changed based on the level of radiations on the environment itself. When the results of these studies were published later on, the reactions of a large number of concerned mothers became the center of new female activism, represented by one of the most interesting anti-nuclear movements of the 1960s: The Women Strike for Peace. This movement was created by and for the women and it has been recognized as one of the largest non-organization ever coordinated 5 in history. Mothers had decided to found this movement to let them find their own voices and to become relevant for the socio-cultural scene.
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