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Policing Workers and the Consolidation of Police Power in Vancouver, 1918-1939

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Policing Workers and the Consolidation of Police Power in Vancouver, 1918-1939 CONSTlTUTl NG AUTHORITY: POLICING WORKERS AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF POLICE POWER IN VANCOUVER, 1918-1939 Lani Russwurm B. A. Simon Fraser University 2004 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the Department of History O Lani Russwurm 2007 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author Approval Name: Lani Russwurm Degree: Master of Arts Title of Thesis: Constituting Authority: Policing Workers and the Consolidation of Police Power in Vancouver, 19 18- 1939 Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. Mary-Ellen Kelm Associate Professor, Department of History Simon Fraser University Dr. Mark Leier Senior Supervisor Professor, Department of History Simon Fraser University Dr. Karen Ferguson Supervisor Associate Professor, Department of History Simon Fraser University Dr. Robert A. J.McDonald External Examiner Associate Professor, Department of History University of British Columbia Date DefendedIApproved: 22 August 2007 Declaration of Partial Copyright Licence The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulating collection (currently available to the public at the "Institutional Repository" link of the SFU Library website <www.lib.sfu.ca> at: <http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/l892/112>) and, without changing the content, to translate the thesislproject or extended essays, if technically possible, to any medium or format for the purpose of preservation of the digital work. The author has further agreed that permission for multiple copying of th~swork for scholarly purposes may be granted by either the author or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without the author's written permission. Permission for public performance, or limited permission for private scholarly use, of any multimedia materials forming part of this work, may have been granted by the author. This information may be found on the separately catalogued multimedia material and in the signed Partial Copyright Licence. While licensing SFU to permit the above uses, the author retains copyright in the thesis, project or extended essays, including the right to change the work for subsequent purposes, including editing and publishing the work in whole or in part, and licensing other parties, as the author may desire. The original Partial Copyright Licence attesting to these terms, and signed by this author, may be found in the original bound copy of this work, retained in the Simon Fraser University Archive. Simon Fraser University Library Burnaby, BC, Canada Revised: Fall 2007 Abstract Policing in Vancouver was transformed by the labour unrest of the interwar period, culminating in a campaign carried out by a new civic regime that assumed power in response to a general strike threat. Complicating the process was that police workers were considered unreliable for policing labour disputes, especially since they unionized under the threat of a general strike in 19 18. The challenge of "constituting authority" was therefore to render the police a reliable instrument against working class unrest. This study traces the development of policing through the postwar spate of waterfront strikes to the 1930s anticommunist campaign that carried the struggle into the political arena. Even as police power was being consolidated in the municipal police institution, rank and file police were undermined by tactics long used against other workers, namely labour spies and police specials. Like other workers, police resisted, modifying the process of change as a result. Keywords: anti-communism; general strike; industrial conflict; police power; police union; special constables; Vancouver Police Department Subject Terms: Anti-communist movements - Canada - History - 20th century; Industrial relations - British Columbia - Vancouver - History - 20th century; Labor unions - Police - British Columbia; Police power - Canada; Vancouver (B.C.) - History - 20th century; Vancouver (B.C.). Police Dept. - History; Police - British Columbia - Vancouver - History Acknowledgements Although research and writing tend to be solitary activities, the support, encouragement, and input of many people have helped make this thesis better than I alone could have managed. First, I would like to acknowledge my fellow students in the 800 level courses for creating the stimulating intellectual environment in which I began this journey. Michael Boudreau provided the generous encouragement to take the first step. My supervisor, Mark Leier, was exceedingly patient and enthusiastic throughout the entire process and gave consistently valuable feedback on my work. The many days I spent at the City of Vancouver Archives were both pleasant and productive thanks to the staff. Jeremy Duffin and others at the Vancouver Police Centennial Museum were exceptionally accommodating during my sometimes ill-timed research visits. Karen Ferguson and Robert A. J. McDonald of my examining committee enlivened my thesis defence with their challenging questions and astute comments. During two of several research tangents, I received thoughtful and prompt replies to my questions from Legion of Frontiersmen Geoffrey Pococlc and B. W. Shandro and from Floyd Rudmin regarding War Plan RED. Of the friends who put up with my ramblings on this subject, Anton Pilipa and Irwin Oostindie not only endured the most, but also made insightful comments and asked stimulating questions. Last but certainly not least, a big thank you goes to my daughter Sophia for her patience during this process and for showing me what it means to be a model student. Table of Contents .. Approval .............................................................................................................. 11 ... Abstract .............................................................................................................. 111 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .......................................................................................... v List of Photographs ............................................................................................ vi Introduction Policing Politics, Policing History................................................................. 1 Chapter One Policing Workers, 19 18- 1923 .................................................................. 16 Chapter Two Labour Spies and Communist Plots: Vancouver's Waterfront, 1934.. ...................41 Chapter Three A New Broom Sweeps Clean: The New Regime. 1934- 1935 ........................... .65 Chapter Four "A Modern System of Discipline, Training, and Intelligence": Consolidating Police Power, 1935- 1939 .........................................................90 Conclusions The New Police? ................................................................................ 116 Bibliography .............................................................................. 130 List of Photographs Figure I: A Vancouver Police constable guards Spencer's Department Store in 1938. The windows were smashed by riotous unemployed demonstrators after they were brutally evicted by the RCMP from the post office, ending a month-long occupation in protest of government inaction on the unemployment crisis.. .................................I Figure 2: Once the jewel of the Canadian Pacific Railway's fleet of luxury ocean liners and later a WWI merchant ship, the RMS Empress ofjapan (c. 192 1) was pulled out of retirement in 1923 to serve as one of three ships that housed over I000 strikebreakers during the waterfront strike of that year.. ....................................................... 16 Figure 3: Vancouver and District Waterfront Workers' Association members and their families embark on their annual picnic to Bowen Island in 1934. Around this time, Communist members in the union were planning a general strike scheduled to begin on Vancouver's waterfront in the spring of 1935.. .................................................4 1 Figure 4: Police disperse unemployed demonstrators in Victory Square in 1932. This photo was taken from the Dominion Building, home of a secret police branch set up in 1935 to spy on Communists and possibly the police rank and file. Victory Square was a popular location for Communist-led demonstrations in the depression years, including one that ended with the mayor reading the riot act .......................................... ..65 Figure 5: Special constables with the British Columbia Provincial Police, supplied by the fascist Canadian Guard as part of the response to the Communist plan to coordinate a general strike in 1935.. .............................................................................-90 Figure 6: Vancouver Police constables ride on the running board of an unmarked police car rushing to a protest of the unemployed in 1938.
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