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In the Funhouse Mirror: How News Subjects Respond to Their Media Reflections

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In the Funhouse Mirror: How News Subjects Respond to Their Media Reflections In the Funhouse Mirror: How News Subjects Respond to Their Media Reflections Ruth A. Palmer Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 Ruth A. Palmer All rights reserved Abstract In the Funhouse Mirror: How News Subjects Respond to Their Media Reflections Ruth A. Palmer Based on in-depth interviews with eighty-three people who were named in newspapers in the New York City-area and a southwestern city, this dissertation explores the phenomenon of being featured, quoted, or mentioned in a news story, from the subject’s point of view. Discussions of news subjects usually begin when the journalist comes on the scene and end with subjects’ assessments of accuracy in the articles in which they appear. But I find that news subjects perceive the phenomenon of “making the news” as a broader saga that begins with their involvement in an event or issue, often only later deemed newsworthy by journalists, and extends to the repercussions of the coverage in their lives, including feedback they receive from others and effects on their digital reputations. Subjects interpret their news coverage, including its accuracy, in light of the trigger events that brought them to journalists’ attention in the first place and the coverage’s ensuing effects. Individual chapters focus on subjects’ reasons for wanting or not wanting to speak to reporters; their interactions with reporters; their reactions to the news content in which they were named; and repercussions of news appearances. I conclude that the assumption that news subjects are all victims of the press is both reductive and, often, from the subject’s own point of view, inaccurate. While common wisdom suggests that people who seek news attention do so for petty or poorly considered reasons, I find that interviewees often did consider the pros and cons of speaking to the press before agreeing to do so. For most participants the attraction could be summarized as the opportunity to address or display themselves before a large audience, which they saw as rare and elusive, even in today’s web 2.0 world. At the same time, most subjects understood, at least in theory, the main risks involved: that they were giving up control over their stories to reporters, but would nonetheless bear the repercussions of having had their names in the news. But the majority concluded—even after seeing the, often imperfect, resulting articles—that the benefits outweighed the risks. Subjects were often pleased with their news appearances even despite inaccuracies in the content because they found that, unless they were portrayed extremely negatively, appearing in the news conferred status, which was often not just psychologically but materially beneficial. Those subjects who were left dissatisfied with their experiences appearing in the news only rarely felt misled or outright betrayed by journalists. It was far more common that subjects felt journalists were unacceptably aggressive or exploitative. Other subjects traced their discontent not to their interactions with journalists but to the content of the resulting news stories, whether because inaccuracies derailed their objectives for appearing in the news in the first place, or because the content had stigmatizing effects. This is the ugly obverse of status conferral: subjects who were portrayed as behavioral deviants—criminals for instance—found that not only was their status not enhanced by their news appearances, their social standing and professional prospects were badly damaged. I conclude that both the status and stigma conferred by the news media are magnified by the digital publication, circulation, and searchability of news articles, which can now continue to have profound effects on subjects’ lives far into the future. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ___________________________________________________________________ i List of Charts, Graphs, Illustrations ___________________________________________________ v Acknowledgements ________________________________________________________________ vi CHAPTER ONE: Introduction ________________________________________________________ 1 From Champs to Victims: What the Communications Literature Tells Us About News Subjects ____________________________________________________________ 4 Why This Matters ______________________________________________________________ 10 Chapters Two, Three, and Four: Responding to The Journalist and the Murderer _______ 14 Chapters Five and Six: News Subjects as Arbiters of Accuracy _______________________ 17 Chapters Seven and Eight: News as Norm Enforcer ________________________________ 18 A Note on Method ______________________________________________________________ 19 Prelude: How Much Do Events Really Matter in the News Production Process? _______ 22 CHAPTER TWO: What’s In It For Them? Weighing the Pros and Cons of Becoming a News Subject _____________________________________________________________________ 27 Evaluating Pros and Cons _______________________________________________________ 29 Awareness Raising, Witnessing, and Beyond: Why People Want to Be in the News ____ 30 1. Awareness raising: commenting publicly on an issue to voice an opinion, educate the public, or pressure for change ______________________________________________________ 30 2. Witnessing ________________________________________________________________________ 33 3. Publicity __________________________________________________________________________ 36 4. Help wanted! Casting the net wide ___________________________________________________ 37 5. Reputation Management ____________________________________________________________ 39 6. Social pressures: encouragement from reference groups _________________________________ 40 7. It’s fun! Social and emotional rewards ________________________________________________ 43 8. Other pros ________________________________________________________________________ 46 Risk! And Other Reasons for Not Wanting to Be in the News ________________________ 47 What’s so risky about being in the news anyway? ________________________________________ 47 1. Potential negative effects on one’s safety, reputation, and goals __________________________ 50 2. Potential negative effects on others ___________________________________________________ 52 3. Attention aversion _________________________________________________________________ 54 4. It’s intrusive or inconvenient ________________________________________________________ 54 5. Social pressures: discouragement from reference groups ________________________________ 56 6. Other cons ________________________________________________________________________ 57 i Weighing Pros and Cons and Calculating Risk ____________________________________ 57 When You Don’t Have a Choice: Being Written About Without Your Consent _________ 60. Conclusion ____________________________________________________________________ 62 CHAPTER THREE: The Interview Stage Part I: Encountering Journalists ________________ 65 Goffman’s Ritual Order _________________________________________________________ 67 The Ritual Order as Reason Enough (Or Not) To Agree To an Interview ______________ 72 A Tale of Two Frames: Encounter Frames and Story Frames _________________________ 81 The Trigger ____________________________________________________________________ 88 The Logistics ___________________________________________________________________ 91 The Journalists _________________________________________________________________ 96 “Like sharks attacking”: journalists in groups _____________________________________________ 7 Liking—and trusting—journalists ______________________________________________________ 99 Disliking journalists _________________________________________________________________ 102 Conclusion ___________________________________________________________________ 104 CHAPTER FOUR: The Interview Stage Part II: From Interaction to Story _______________ 108 “I just told him what happened”: Uncontested Story Frames _______________________ 114 Frames Align __________________________________________________________________ 119 Tug-of-War Over Story Frames __________________________________________________ 130 Help, I’m Being Miscast! _______________________________________________________ 135 Conclusion ___________________________________________________________________ 141 CHAPTER FIVE: Truth (Perceptions) and Consequences: How News Subjects Feel About Accuracy and Error _________________________________________________________ 146 Background ___________________________________________________________________ 148 Context Matters _______________________________________________________________ 154 Triggers and Goals __________________________________________________________________ 156 Expectations _______________________________________________________________________ 159 Feedback from Others: Status and Stigma ______________________________________________ 161 Types of Errors ________________________________________________________________ 164 “Objective” Errors __________________________________________________________________ 165 “Subjective” Errors __________________________________________________________________ 168 Corrections ___________________________________________________________________ 173 Why Errors Occur _____________________________________________________________ 175 Conclusion ___________________________________________________________________
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