1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 8059

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

It should be noted that; under the pro­ ble or which may appear to be uneconomic Serious Limitations of President's posal, all territorial claims in Antarctica to extract, as of 1958, may be both accessible Antarctic Proposals would remain in their present unresolved and economic to extract a few years hence. status. No new claims would be permitted. So why write them off as valueless? The White House pointed out that the Who would have predicted 20 years ago EXTENSION OF REMARKS United States has direct and substantial that a substance known as uranium would OF rights and interests including the right to be important? HON. ALEXANDER WILEY file territorial claims. And all the other miracle metals which NEED FOR CAUTION CITED have come to the fore in the war and postwar OF WISCONSIN decade show that we had best go very slowly In drafting the treaty suggested by the IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES in determining if any mineral is undesired, President we must use a particular large so to speak. Monday, May 5, 1958 degree of caution. There are many factors which the United States must consider be­ WE HAVE WASTED EXPERIENCE OF MANY Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I ask fore it enters into any agreement of this EXPLORERS unanimous consent to have printed in nature. 3. Another ironic fact about our record is the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a statement 1. First of all, we regard treaties as in­ that some of the American heroes who have which I have prepared in relation to the violable. made greatest contributions to Antarctic ex­ President's Antarctic proposals. However, one of the nations which is in­ ploration are not now engaged in Antarctic There being no objection, the state­ volved in the Antarctic treaty proposal is work. Soviet Russia. · I am not going to attempt an analysis of ment was ordered to be printed in the Time and again, this nation has shown her individual case histories involved. But I say RECORD, as follows: contempt for obligations established under that it is strange, indeed, that some of the SERIOUS LIMITATIONS OF PRESIDENT'S ANT• treaties and international agreements. great men who have devoted virtually their ARCTIC PROPOSALS We have no assurance that the Govern­ lifetimes to braving the elements and ad­ President Eisenhower last Saturday an­ ment of Russia will respect our rights under vancing the interests of our country's flag in nounced a most significant and historic pro­ this treaty any more than she has respected Antarctica are not now engaged in this posal for an 11-nation treaty to preserve her past commitments. work. Antarctica as a continent for research and to Are we therefore to write ourselves into a We are wasting their precious experience, prevent its becoming a battleground. trap of Soviet making? and I should like to know why. The announcement was sent to all the I trust not. WHY ARE WE GIVING UP OUR STATIONS? countries now engaged in Antarctic scien­ In any event, I certainly would not com­ 4. A further disquieting fact is that the tific work as a part of the International Geo­ mit myself to a treaty even before it has been physical Year, including the seven territorial United States is going to turn over some of written; much less before all of its ramifica­ its scientific stations to other countries. claimants there. tions are understood. Naturally, I welcome IGY or other scien­ l ENDORSE. THE SPIRIT, BUT QUESTION IMPLICA• I am glad that the Senate Committee on tific cooperatioi;l, but I ask: "Is the Govern­ TIONS Foreign Relations has heard testimony on ment of the United States so poor, are the At the present time, I should like to com­ this subject. people of the United States so disinterested, mend the high spirit in which the United To my way of thinking, we must find out a that we cannot afford even to·maintain our States has made these proposals, a spirit of great many more facts, as must other inter­ own stations? In all of the $40 billion budg­ good will and conciliation of what might ested committees of the Congress. et for the defense of the United States, is prove to be a most quarrelsome problem. WHY HAVE WE NOT AERIALLY PHOTOGRAPHED there not enough money to be found to at The White House announcement is in ANTARCTICA? least continue the stations which we have keeping with our President's continuing deep established?" interest in using science for peace. 2. As one reviews the record of America in the Antarctic, one sees, once again, that it NEEDLESS DUPLICATION OF UNITED STATES The proposal is also one of the most sig­ AGENCIES nificant examples of generosity on the part is a record marked by great deeds of valor on of one nation to other nations of the world. the part of outstanding explo~ers of many 5. The United States, although it has a The United States, as I have stated many nations. I am glad to say that Am~rican record for many years of work in Antarctica, times before, has done more actual work in heroes have written some of the most out­ still has no clear-cut, coordinated policy or exploration and discovery in Antarctica than standing chapters. program of its own in Antarctica. all the other nations combined. The United But as I read that record, too, I also note At the present time, there are 14 separate States has clearly established her rights to this fact: The United States has-I say very agencies of the Government, interested or territorial claims over wide areas of the Ant­ bluntly-been seriously negligent in not de­ conducting studies in this region. There is arctic continent, rights which we have thus termining exactly what there is of value in without doubt considerable duplication of far not asserted specifically. the Antarctic. effort on the part of these several organiza­ Despite all of the scientific work we have tions. There is almost certainly a high de­ WE HAVE DONE MOST OF EXPLORATION carried out, we still do not have anything be­ gree of administrative overlap and confu­ The Antarctic consists of some 5V2 million ginning to resemble complete data on two sion. square miles. Of that vast area, nearly 75 counts: In other words, Mr. President, we as aNa­ percent--around 4 million square miles­ (a) We have never completed an aerial tion really don't know where we stand. We have been seen by United States eyes alone. photographic survey, with adequate ground are, on the one hand, offering to establish So, in offering to enter into the type of control points, of all of Antarctica; and an apparently sensible program of interna­ treaty described by the President, we a.re (b) We do not have thorough geological tional utilization in Antarctica, while on the being most generous, indeed perhaps over­ surveys of the rock outcroppings on the other hand, our own national policies lack generous, for it is we who have made most continent. direction and coordination. of the sacrifices to date and it is we who pos­ And so we are in the dark as to the min­ That is why I have proposed S. 2189-to sibly have the most to lose. coordinate our policies through a Polar Com­ Yet we are basically interested in coopera­ eralogical and other values of these 5V2 million square miles. Why? mission. tion with nations, not quarrels, in minimiz­ I have spoken on many occasions concern­ ing of East-West disputes, rather than Why, I ask, have we spent tens of millions in Antarctica without these most funda­ ing our Government's unfortunate drifting widening them, in harmony within the West­ policies in Antarctica. I have repeatedly ern World, not disunity, if we can feasibly mental types of reports and charts? It seems elementary, but I know of no urged that we establish a special commis­ attain these goals, without undue risk to sion to administer and direct our Nation's our own interests. intelligent bargainer who would ever give up so much as a single inch of real estate, Antarctic program. · DON'T GIVE UP A SQUARE INCH AT PRESENT to which he is entitlea, if he didn't know Only 2 weeks ago, Mr. President, I told my At the same time, I should like to state what was on and under the real estate. colleagues in the Senate that time was run­ emphatically, as I stated on February 13, on And so I am opposed to the United States ning out with regard to our Antarctic pro­ the Senate floor, as recorded in the CoNGRES­ relinquishing a square inch of the continent, gram. Now, however, it appears we will have SIONAL RECORD, pages 2039 and 2040, that at least until we know exactly what we are an extension of time by virtue of the pro­ posed treaty. This time should be used to the United States had best look to the l'elinquishing. preservation of its own flag interests-! "get our own house in order," so that we emphasize its own flag interests-before it VALUE OF MINERALS CHANGES will be able to move forward with a coordi­ now or ever relinquishes title to as much as a Even then, the fact of the matter is that nated United States crystalized Antarctic single square inch of Antarctica. minerals which may appear to be inaccessi- policy. 8060 CONGRESSIONAL RE'CORD- HOUSE May 5 LET EARLY SENATE HEARINGS BE HELD spectacularly in recent years-from about Nothing illustrates this better than the Therefore, I urge once again that action $9 billion in 1948 to a peak of more than $34 automobile industry. The 4,000 automobiles be taken on my own and other bills calling billion last December. manufactured in this country in 1899 were for the creation of the Richard E. Byrd Com­ I hope that th.e answer to this question is sold only to the very rich. When they were mission. I respectfully request that the not a dramatically catastrophic one; I hope brought within the reach of the common Senate Education and Labor Committee that repossessions and failures to meet time man, first by Henry Ford and his concept of schedule hearings on this vitally important payments won't snowball the economic mass production, and then by installment bill in the immediate future, so that this downturn by dumping used consumer goods selling, the total output was fantastically Congress will not adjourn without some con­ onto a declining market. Time will tell, but multiplied. crete action. clearly that possibility is with us, for con­ As car sales increased, the whole national A great many of the Members of the Con­ sumer credit can curl our economic hair. economy benefited. New markets were made gress have been deeply interested in this To combat the recession, Washington ad- · not only for steel and copper and zinc, but subject. Without, in any way, underestimat­ visers call for a restoration of confidence. It for glass, for fabrics, for rubber and a vast ing the contributions of others I should like must be remembered that confidence and multitude of commodities without which the to single out, in particular, the notable work credit are not synonymous. A credit sys­ automobile could not be made. New jobs of the chairman of the House Committee on tem which is extended to the breaking point, were created not only for those operating the Interior and Insular Affairs, Congressman by no down payments and eons in which to machine tools on the production line but ENGLE, who has introduced a companion bill, pay, will destroy confidence and ruin sound also for those who built the tools arid sup­ H. R. 7869, and the work of my colleague, government. plied the raw materials which go into every the junior Senator from South Dakota [Mr. A clue to the danger we face lies in the car. CASE). fact that installment spending for con­ Clearly, the rise of the installment credit As I indicated recently on the floor of the sumer durables-the big things like cars, technique for increasing retail sales has been Senate, it appears--speaking very frankly­ refrigerators, TV sets-began dropping in as important as the general use of commer­ that Polar Commission legislation will be January and may well be contributing to the cial credit in the healthy expansion of our dead for the 8Gth Congress unless ,speedy recession. It is my personal hunch that this fundamental production and distribution action is taken by both Senate and House is the proof that people had overextended capacity. themselves on installment purchases and committees. After all, business cannot be conducted on Let the speedy action come. have had to retrench; it also serves to rein­ a cash basis. force my feeling that now is an important Let us not waste the time which provi­ Generally, however, the credit which makes dence has granted us. If we delay action time to take a keen look at the wholly install­ ment segment of the economy and to act to economic growth possible is the confidence this time, Mr. President, we may not be of society that those who borrow money have granted another chance. prevent future excesses. The fact that many antirecession moves the assets to repay the loan. In most lend­ CONCLUSION are being aimed at the consumer to stimu­ ing operations, the assets of the borrower­ All in au; the President's 11 nation pro­ late buying does not affect this situation. blue-chip securities, real property, the inven­ posal is a highly motivated program. But Certainly in an economy that is already sick, tory or stock of a corporation, and the like­ it has considerable limitations and is a long it does not help to stimulate it with phony are put up as collateral for the loan. They way away from being a United States ant­ buying-purchases without any cash pay­ are the guarantee to the lender that, come arctic program for our own flag purposes. ment by people whose income and jobs are what may, l;ie can get most of his money in jeopardy. Efforts to stimulate sound in­ back out of the possessions already owned by stallment purchases, using, for example, ex­ the borrower. This commitment also tends tra income from an excise-tax cut as a down­ to make the borrower more cautious. payment, are all to the good, of course, but In this fundamental respect installment Effect of Installment Buying on the such buying would in no way be dampened credit is different. Here the confidence of Economy by sound consumer credit regulation anyway. the lender rests upon the belief that the In recent years, several of my senatorial borrower will have the assets to pay up in colleagues, Republicans as well as Democrats, the future, when the time comes to pay the EXTENSION OF REMARKS have shared apprehension over the install­ installments. The only collateral posted by OF ment credit situation. We have watched the th~ buyer is the ~rti~le he is purchasing and growth of this form of money lending, and this is not really h1s, since in most cases, HON. \VILLIAI\t E. PROXMIRE we know that it alone was largely untouched he buys on a conditional sale and title does OF WISCONSIN by the anti-inflation credit restraints exerted not pass to him until his final installment by the Federal Reserve Board until very re­ payment is made. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES cently on the other major sectors of the In substance, then, credit for a time pur­ Monday, May 5, 1958 money market. We also know that install­ chase is granted by the lender in the faith ment credit, based on steady employment that the buyer's income will remain steady Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, one and payrolls rather than tangible collateral, enough to meet regular payments for 12, 24 of the outstanding economic statesmen may prove to be built on quicksand in a de­ or even 36 months; his security is the article in this country is the junior Senator clining economy. sold-the television set or automobile or from Wyoming [Mr. O'MAHONEYJ. Yes­ Now I, for one, feel strongly that a healthy washing machine-which drops enormously terday an article appeared in the New consumer credit market is essential to our in value the minute it leaves the retail store. York Times, written by Senator mass-production economy and the well­ No lender of commercial credit-say, mort­ being of our people, and that it is a national gage .money-accepts so ephemeral a guar­ O'MAHONEY, entitled "Do Installments responsibility to see that it is soundly based. anty for his largesse. Peril the Economy." This .article con­ Therefore, before I discuss the dangers in the For this very reason, the risk taken by the siders the explosive danger to our eco­ present situation and what ought to be done installment credit lender is greater than in nomic system of the Nation's hugh pay­ to correct things, let me make plain just how most other business loan operations. His ment debt. It is a remarkably wise and important installment credit is as a force interest charges, naturally, are likely to be perceptive analysis. for growth in the economy. greater, too. / I ask unanimous consent, Mr. Presi­ When the average person steps into his And this leads me to stress the noteworthy dent, that this article be printed in the gleaming new car to drive into the country, fact that installment credit was unrestricted CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. the chances are he will be traveling in a by the tight money policy pursued by the vehicle he calls his own but which, in fact, Federal Reserve Board for more than 2 years There being no objection, the article belongs to the seller. As he whirls along as a weapon to discourage inflation. The was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, the highways, he views clusters of new instrument for tight money policy is the as follows: homes from which television aerials spring power of the Federal Reserve Board to raise Do INSTALLMENTS PERIL THE ECONOMY?-A like trees in a grove; to most of them a debt or lower basic interest rates, that is to set CONGRESSIONAL SPECIALIST ON CREDIT DIS• tag is attached. And if this average driver a minimum price on the cost of bo;rowing CUSSES THE NATION'S HUGE TIME PAYMENT were to step into any of these houses, he money. Many commercial borrowers could DEBT AND ITS POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON THE RE• would find all kinds of luxurious items­ and often have deferred new funding opera­ CESSION dishwashers, clothes dryers, fUrniture, even tions when the high cost of money made the (By JOSEPH c. O'MAHONEY) the jewelry in madam's bureau-in use and transaction too expensive to be profitable. unpaid for, bought on time. The installment buyer does not measure WASHINGTON.-Now that the recession is Homes equipped with inventions for tak­ officially here, we may finally get an answer things that way. Here we have an individual ing the drudgery out of housework, speedy driven by the desire (self-generated or in­ to the troublesome question of whether in­ automobiles, the gadgets of modern living, spired by zealous salesmen) for some new stallment credit has gotten too high. It is even world tours on a pay-later basis-all no secret that Americans' installment debt, possession. He pays little or no attention these, and more, sold on credit, have helped to the rate of interest he is paying or whether or the amount of money people still owe for raise to record proportions the total output things they have bought on time, has risen it might be absurdly high in relation to the ·Of the American economy. cost of the article or his need for that article. 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 8061 His sole concern is whether the monthly pay­ Senator A. S. (MIKE) MoNRONEY, chair­ Russia is waging economic war against us? ments seem to fit within his income, and, o! man of a subcommittee of the Senate Inter­ What ki.nd of control or regulation should course, he presumes his income will not state and Foreign Commerce Committee on we have? The answer is simple-reestabli.sh­ shrink in the coming months. automobile marketi.ng practices, declared ment of the legal authority behind the old This lack of buyer-resistance to high in­ during hearings last year that "it was freely World War II regulation W. Thi.s au­ terest rates at the consumer-goods level has admitted that many destructive sales tac­ thority would enable the Federal Govern­ in effect negated the tight money policy in tics were practiced by the fringe of the in­ ment to require a minimum downpayment this sector of the economy; installment·credit dustry, and that while only a small per­ on any installment purchase, based on a has remained easy money. By the same centage of the trade engaged in gyp methods, percentage of the selling price, and a maxi­ token, installment credit is untouched now phony advertising, packed prices and mis­ mum length of time in which the debt must that the tight money policy has been leading offers, these things had a demoraliz­ be paid off. The fact that the monthly pay­ dropped. Psychologically, the relaxed mone­ ing effect on the automobile industry as a ments would be higher--over a shorter pe­ tary atmosphere may tempt installment whole.'' Even the ethical majority is being riod-would make the buyer more keenly sellers to offer even easier terms-smaller badly squeezed because dealers must pay aware of the debt he was assuming. Also, down payments and longer time periods­ cash for their stock and sell on credit, with the requirement of some downpayment but this probably will not add appreciably diminishing profit margins. would be an effective brake on many an to the already swollen installment credit The automobile industry is not alone in irresponsible consumer (and on the sales­ lists. · offering what can only be described as wildly man tempting him) because it would force Consumer credit is now a far larger sum unsound credit terms, but it presents some him to have some hard cash on hand. than all the cash in circulation. It is, in striking examples: "1958 model; no fixed These devices would quickly put install­ my view, a sum so enormously important in downpayment; your old car is all you need ment credit on a basis that the Nation could the Nation's economy that the question of. to offer; drive home the No. 1 deal-even i.f know was sound. They might, at least ini­ its soundness (L e., the probability that all you still owe on your present car." tially, curtail installment purchasing. But the huge debt will be repaid in full) becomes Even in 1955, according to the Federal Re­ those who argue that, in a declining econ­ a national issue. serve, 30 percent of those credit buyers of omy, nothing should be done that might Has the consuming public overextended new cars who had also bought the traded-in cut down consumer buying, I would say itself? car on credit had debt still outstandi.ng on simply this: Regulation W restraints need This is a frightening question. Let us look the car they traded in. It is doubtless true not lead to a measurable reduction in con­ for a minute at the reasons why it arises that many individuals are capable of taking sumer purchasing if the installment credit especially in the consumer credit field. on new debts before retiring old ones, but market is already soundly based. If, as 1. By and large, the individual consumer when this becomes a practice it would cer­ I suspect. the base is weak, it is far better determines for himself how much debt he tainly seem to be a warning of difficulties for the national economy to cut back in an can carry. Most installment sales retailers around the corner. orderly fashion to a healthy market than and their finance companies make no real 5. The final element I want to stress is to go on to a catastrophic collapse of a phony effort to find out whether the buyer about that the i.nstallment purchaser represents a market. to sign an installment contract might already segment of society at the bottom of the in­ Obviously, few factors are more important have a dangerous percentage of his pay check come scale. He is among those most likely to the economic stability of the country than committed to other credit purchases. Even to be laid off when jobs get scarce, and least the continued ability of the installment if they find a big commitment, the chances likely to have any financial reserves. Into debtor to meet his debt. In the past few are they will go ahead with the new condi­ this group fall the young people from 18 to 24 months· there have been distressing signs tional sale anyway. who are caught up in the desire to possess that installment credit collections are be­ 2. In many instances, the financing, be­ the conveniences and luxuries of the pres­ coming more difficult. We are told that cause of the risk, is at usurious interest rates. ent era-and have no first-hand knowledge banks are beginning to find a higher ratio The usury laws apply to loans of money. or recollection of the great depression after of delinquency among debtors. Since installment credit results from the 1929. . These are symptoms of trouble, or termites sale of goods, legal ceilings on interest rates So, in sum, this is our situation: by the eating away at the basic support of our eco­ are lacking and tb:e uninstructed purchaser nomic structure. It is the clear job of Con­ pays rates that are in higher brackets than latest figures available, there is a little more than $33 billion in credit outstanding, backed gress to study the situation and pass legis­ he often realizes. largely by faith in steady employment at a lation that will give the Government the As an example of this, let me cite a recent time when unemployment is rising, assumed power it needs to step in. credit offer made by a very reputable retail largely by people who never knew the great At this stage. r am personally uncom­ store. A housewife who wishes to make depression, unregulated by the Federal Gov­ mitted on the question of whether the Gov­ a major purchase may agree with the store's ernment because its users pay no attention ernment's power to issue credit regulations credit people that she can afford monthly to interest rates, and uncontrolled by nor­ should be mandatory or permissive; whether payments of. say, $20. The store then grants mal market caution because the sellers (or the power should be granted. to the Federal her credit to purchase 10 times that a.mount Reserve or to some other agency. This can lenders) take no responsibility for the sound­ be determined after hearing the experts and of goods, or $200 worth. Each month, she ness of the loans. pays her $20 plus a service charge of 1¥2 assessing the attitudes of those who would percent on the remaining balance; but she is Up to now, there seems to have been little admi.nister the controls. I am also not pre­ also entitled. to maintain her debt to the concern, either in the Government or pri­ pared to state just what the terms shoUld store at $200 and make $20 worth of new vate business, for the dangers inherent in all be, whether one-fifth. to one-third down and purchases each month to be paid for later. this. For example, the United States Cham­ 15 months to pay, as under the final stage If she does this, she continues paying 1y2. ber of Commerce reported recently to the of regulation W, or some other combination. percent a month on the balance--for an Federal Reserve Board that of approximately rn any case, r can only hope that the annual interest rate of 18 percent. 4,000 businessmen who replied to a question­ present tecession does not cause the . mar­ naire, about 50 percent thought consumer ket supported by installment credit to col­ 3. The rise of the credit finance company, credit might be too high for safety, and yet although a worthy institution in many ways, lapse before Congress can enact a protective presents another difficulty. Today, a great 70 percent opposed any Federal regulations law. deal of installment credit money is loaned, because ours is a time of peace. In candor, I do not think such a catastro• not by the seller of the article, but by a The Federal Reserve Board itself, having phe is impendi.ng unless we refuse to act. separate company in business solely to lend recently completed an exhaustive study of Delay can be disastrous. I believe even the money. In effect. these credi.t companies the consumer credit situation at the request threat of it should force immediate action pay the retailer for the article you pur­ of the President, concluded that regulation to save the great American consuming pub­ chase; you pay the credit company. Under or control was not needed, even though its lic from the blandishments of irresponsible this system, the company, seeking to make Chairman, William McC. Martin, previously supersalesmen and from the excesses of its a profit on its operation, charges a very had agreed that standby control powers desires for the luxuries of modern living. might be advi.sable. The Board seems to have. high interest rate~ On the basi.s of past experience. I. am sure been persuaded by such hoary arguments as: that Congressional interest in this vital mat­ Recently~ a Federal Reserve Board study of consumer installment credit found that "Self-regulation is a sufficient protection ter will be nonpartisan. automobile dealers pass on to finance com­ against abuse," "The. people should have the These are not times of peace and pros­ panies more than 95 percent of the debt on right to spend. their own money as they perity. They are times of scientific, military, the cars they sell, and that retailers in other please," and, finally, "The law of supply and and economic conflict on a. level mankind :fields pass on nearly half of thei.r customers' demand. will ta~e care of any excesses.•• has never before experienced. The cold war debts. In other words. this kind of problem lsn't in which we are eng.aged. especially with a 4. More Important that the high Interest the Government's business except in time domestic recession in progress, can be more rate is the fact that the system relieves the of war. Why shouldn't it be, if maintenance dangerous than any of the brush wars some retailer of any responsibility for the sound­ of a stable economy is-and it is-the Gov• of our military men talk about. The sur-· ness of his sale. And. this. in turn, is an ernment's business? vival of the system of private ownership is open invitation for the Irresponsible, :Cast­ What should the Government do, partfcu- the issue of our time; we cannot" afford to talking, fly-by-night dealer. larly now that it is realized that Soviet risk its stability. CIV--508 8062 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. HOUSE May 5 We Can Cure Our Economic Ills by Effec· and there is more money in our banks Senator Hill Speaiu on 25th Anniversary today than at any time in the history of tive Action in Using Good Sound Ameri· our country. Why? For the very simple of TVA-An Example of Democracy can Common Sense reason the owners of those dollars are in Action fearful of what this liberal Congress might do, and they have good reason EXTENSION OF REMARKS for their fears as they know what liberal EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF Congresses have done in the past, but I OF say in all sincerity that there is nothing HON. BEN F. JENSEN so wrong with our e·conomy that good HON. JOE L. EVINS OF IOWA American common sense cannot cure, OF TENNESSEE IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES for certainly all this Congress has to do IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, May 5, 1958 is to begin now, even at this late date Monday, May 5, 1958 to prove to the people with money to Mr. JENSEN. Mr. Speaker, the· best Mr. EVINS. Mr. Speaker, 25 years spend, that they can safely spend for ago the Congress sent to the President advice to all public servants is that you themselves and families and for business cannot fool the American people, and expansion. for his signature the legislation estab­ that doing the right thing and the lishing the TVA which has since result­ best thing for the people over the long You ask how can it be done? I say ed in one of the Nation's most remark­ pull is always the best politics. Far too just as many other conservative Mem­ abel achievements and the creating of often political expediency is _practiced bers of Congress and most thinking one of its greatest assets-not merely in by public servants, irrespective of its Americans are saying today, which is material terms but also in terms of the results on the future welfare of all the that by the simple procedure of Con. influence it has had on the attitudes of people, especially in an election year. gress beginning from this day to the the world toward our Nation and If a Member of Congress, for example, very last day of this session prove con­ toward our concept of democracy. One is swayed by the flood of letters from the clusively to the American people that of the fathers of that legislation is the many pressure groups who generally this Congress is primarily interested in Honorable LISTER HILL, the distinguished think only of the immediate welfare of keeping our United States Treasury sol­ senior Senator from Alabama. In the their own segment of our population, vent, and the people's personal invest­ May issue of the Progressive Senator then he is bound to be in trouble with ments protected. HILL in a very fine article eloq~ently re­ many other people in different vocations. The people know that since this ses­ counts the story of this legislation. I The only answer is to study the overall, sion of Congress has already spent over commend this article to all my col­ longtime effect of proposed legislation $2 billion more than should have been leagues, and believing that it will add to to determine whether it is good or bad spent up to this time. little if any tax a better understanding of the ideals and legislation, and does it or does it not relief can be expected or hoped for, but significance of this great national as­ square with the principles which have they certainly have a right to demand set, I insert it in the CONGRESSIONAL made America big and fine and strong that this spending spree be brought to RECORD under unanimous consent. The and free. Then after making such a a halt in order at least that another bur­ article follows: study, vote your honest convictions, densome tax increase will not be imposed upon them. TVA : DEMOCRACY IN ACTION which you can defend before your con­ (By Sena tor LISTER HILL) stituents face to face. The thing that will give people em­ ployment and keep them employed, and Twenty-five years have passed since the In my remarks in the House on last historic legislation creating TVA was en. January 20-see CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, thus save this Democrat controlled Con­ acted, and a new generation of Americans page 687-I urged that Congress reduce gress from their own follies, is for them has grown to maturity. A generation is the budget by at least $3 billion, and then to act promptly to return confidence to time enough to test the truth of an idea give an across-the-board reduction in in­ the people as I here recommended. By and the strength of a concept. It is also come taxes. Had Congress done that so. doing, private spending will replace time enough for people to forget what life we would by now have had the recession this ineffective Federal pump-priming was like before that concept was built into whipped. But no, the Democrats in con­ spending which must all sooner or later our Nation's life. be paid back with compound interest, or An anniversary is a time for remembrance trol of Congress embarked on a pump­ and for recognition. It 1s a time for re­ priming, reckless spending spree full else repudiation with its resulting after­ appraisal. For me TVA's arrival at the speed ahead, which has scared the in­ math, socialism. quarter-century mark is a moment of spe. dividual and business with money in the Yes, Congress must do that and more cial poignance, and of peculiar obligation. bank to the end that they are holding to make sure of the people's confidence My obligation to remember and to reap· onto their dollars, which now will do little in their Government. Before this ses­ praise is a deep and personal one, for I was to cure unemployment. We should have sion comes to a close, legislation must be one of the sponsors of the legislation which passed to curb the powerful union bosses created TVA, and of all the members of the learned a lesson from the last pump­ conference committee appointed to adjust priming spree which took place between who have so unjustly imposed on their the differences between the two Houses in January 1933 and Pearl Harbor. After own members, and on many Members 1933, I am the only one who is today a spending 47 billion tax dollars, there of Congress, such unreasonable demands Member of the Congress. I am the only were still according to the records 11,369,- do do their bidding, or else, and which to one who has had the privilege of participat­ 000 Americans unemployed, or about the a major degree has caused this r ecession ing year by year in legislation affecting exact number as were unemployed 7 years and the loss of employment and fright­ TVA, first from my seat as a member of the previous. Then came Pearl Harbor and ened the people from spending their Military Affairs Committee of the House, own dollars. Congress years ago had later as a member of the Appropriations over 12 million Americans were soon put Commit tee of the Senate. Alone of all the to work, in uniform, and hundreds of the courage to adopt an antimonopoly witnesses when the President signed the act thousands never returned. In 1945 law and that law has kept business cor­ in 1933, I have seen the dreams we wrote World War II ended and shortly there­ porations from becoming too large and Into the statute become reality. Dreams of after the unemployment rolls again be­ powerful and that law has proven to be a better future, of a widening economic op. gan to mount; and again, at the time our good for all the people. Let us now have portunity for the people, and faith that a boys were sent to war in Korea, approxi­ the courage to do likewise in respect to new kind of agency of Government could mately 5 million Americans were unem­ the huge powerful labor unions. I am help to provide it--all these are captured in the charter we wrote for TVA. ployed; and again millions of Americans sure most of the union members would This is a good time to tell the new gen­ were put to work, in uniform, and thou­ welcome such a law today. We must not, eration why TVA was established, and what sands of them never returned. we dare not fail in our responsibility as it has accomplished. Once more a troubled Now it may be that we have been on representatives of the people in this cri­ world is reminded that vision is required the brink of war several times during tical hour regardless of all pressures lest the people perish, and that the great the past 5 years, but the facts are that brought upon us daily just to please a imperative of government is to offer hos· not one American mother's son is being few at the expense of the best future pitality to dreams and then to find ways to shot at any place in the world today translate them into effective works. It is a welfare of all. good time to give to every American a sense 1958 CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD -HOUSE 8063 of pride in the vitality and the strength of dispose ot the properties most advanta­ use electricity in their homes and tn their TVA, and to explain, if we can, why this geously. barns. agency has been able to ·survive atacks and In the beginning only a few men had the The river is serving the people through· neglect, why it continues today valiantly vision to see that the properties were not out its length today because of the act of planning for the future, its spirit unbroken, surplus to the needs of the Government at Congress which created TVA. That is not facing its relentless adversaries with cour· all, that they were an asset which could pro­ all. The forest resource is coming back, the age, faithful to the vision written in its vide the beginning of a new approach to an cycle of devastation reversed. Since TVA statute. old problem. The fight, first to keep those began, almost half a billion pine seedlings It is important for the new generation to properties in the hands of the Government, have been planted and are growing to ma­ know that this dream of the unified develop­ and then to devise a method to promote turity. Slowly the scars of erosion are heal­ ment of all the resources of a great river their effective use, went on for more than ing. Where acres were brown and barren, basin for the people's benefit was not borne a decade. I came to Congress in the midst now pastures lie green beneath the sun and out of sectional interest nor parochial con· of that debate, and I shall be forever grate,­ the landscape is more beautiful, the land cern. It was born because statesmen from the ful that I have had a part in this great more productive. Great Plains, from the mountainous West struggle throughout my whole career in To~ay this region has started the long and the industrial East, saw this Nation as public service. Twice , bills to provide for road back to robust strength and abundant one and indivisible, and knew that the coun­ Government operation of the properties at productivity. This is a record for every try they loved and served would be strong Muscle Shoals were adopted by the Congress. American to view with pride. There is only as each region grew in strength. The Twice they received a Presidential veto. It nothing like it anywhere. This is the rec­ great and indomitable George Norris, of was not until 1933, under the dynamic lead­ ord which profoundly moves me as I recall Nebraska, was the leader in the Congress. ership of Franklin D. Roosevelt, that the the day when TVA began. This is the rec· A valiant band worked with him. TVA is statute creating TVA was approved by Con­ ord which makes me salute the management shaped in their image, indelibly marked with gress, the properties at Muscle Shoals were of TVA on this anniversary. For in this their integrity, their moral purpose, and turned over to the new agency, and the Presi­ region their performance has outstripped their vision of a Federal program which dent who had expanded the scope of the our dreams. This does not often happen. would never forget the people for whom it original proposals with his vision and his Every legislator grows weary with aware­ was enacted. Its survival, its growth. its dreams signed the enabling legislation. A ness of great concepts which grow meager in strength today is their memorial. great concept started along the road to reali­ execution, of noble ideas corrupted in ad­ Let me remind this new generation what zation. ministration. TVA is different. The new / life was like in the region when TVA was Twenty-five years have passed since that generation should find out why. I cannot created. There was a great river, its tribu· day. Today the Tennessee River is no longer give a simple answer, but I believe that part taries rising high in the mountains of North a menace and a problem. It has been put of the magic lies in the kind of statute Con­ Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. It flowed to work for the people. A series of majestic gress drafted. We did a better job than we south through the foothills of Tennessee, dams has transformed it. Now a chain of knew. turned west to meander across the sunbaked lovely lakes--its bars and shoals have van· - We were uncertain, as we strove to create fields of Alabama and of Mississippi, swung ished-and commerce moves in stately se­ this new agency to deal with old problems. northward to meet the Ohio in Kentucky, quence over a modern water highway. Last Reluctant rivers had been improved for navi· then to join the miglity Mississippi on its year more than 2 billion ton-miles of freiglit gation from the beginning of the Nation. course to the gulf. It was a moody and in­ was carried on the river, in contrast to less The problem of vanishing resources had been constant river, changing from season to sea­ than 33 million ton-miles which moved, with us a long time. But always rivers and son: an angry flood in spring and winter, a mostly in short hauls, in 1933. Grain comes resources, problems and opportunities had sluggish trickle in summer and autumn down from the upper Mississippi, oil and been considered piecemeal. In TVA we tried when shoals and sandbars held it almost sulfur move up from the gulf, automobiles, something new and bold. The heart of the useless for navigation. In flood and in tl·ucks, steel, and coal are carried for unload­ great concept lies in the fact that for the first drought, racing or heavy with summer's ing at thriving river ports on the Tennessee. time in· the history of Federal legislation languor, in every season the river was dark From the Great Lakes to the gulf the prod­ Congress accepted the unity of nature. In with the precious cargo it carried-the fertile ucts of other regions come to new markets this one river basin the interrelationship of soil oi the valley, to be wasted in the sea. in this valley, and the river serves the peo­ land and water, of trees and pastures, of For generations that soil, the priceless her­ ple. men and nature, received statutory recog­ itage of the people, had washed away. This The new generation has grown accus­ nition. This was a more startling innovation was an agricultural area, one of the oldest tomed to the interregional exchange of goods. than it sounds. For then and now the tra­ in the Nation, an area of small farms, grow­ And it is spared the terror of floods. Today ditional organization of the Federal estab· ing the cash crops for which the climate was the people know that when the rains come lishments divides responsibility for the re­ ideal but which left no cover to protect the and the water rushes down in angry torrents, sources of a river and its basin among a ground as it lay, bare and unfrozen, helpless the same dams which control the river to dozen bureaus and departments, each with against the pelting winter rains. Once ma­ create a navigation channel will stand watch a single purpose, a different head, working jestic forests had been denuded, a sacrifice through all the days and all the nights of under separate statutes. We gave TVA re­ to avarice, to ignorance, and to hunger. So perU, silent guardians of their safety. This sponsibility to inaugurate a total program the rains were unimpeded. They took the is the only United States river so controlled, committed to the full development of all soil to the river, and the river carried it to the only river where, under a single manage­ nature's resources for all the people. the sea, and every year the brown scars of ment, a whole system of dams and reservoirs At the same time we tried to build a bul­ erosion grew wider and deeper over the land­ can be mobilized l!n harmony to protect the wark against the steady tide of centralization. scape. Every year more farms were aban­ people and their property. Even then we knew too many decisions were doned. Every year fewer jobs became avail­ The new generation has never known made in Washington on the basis of papers able, and the youth of the land was exported what it was like before TVA, how anxious and reports; too much was decided by re­ along with the soil and the timber. Every watchers gathered on the river's banks, mote control. The experts were too far from year the people had less hope and less faith how desperate families moved their house­ the problems, the administrators too far in the future. In 1933 the people of this re­ hold goods to the hills. They do not know from the people. So we told the Board of gion had an average income only 45 percent how often this uncertain river held the lives TVA to make its headquarters in the region, of the national average, in spite of the and health and well-being of the people in close to the work to be undertaken. We wealth of resources with which nature had jeopardy. made it an independent agency, corporate in endowed it. The new generation does not know what form, removed as far as possible from cen· This was the region before TVA. This was life was like before transmission towers rose tralized control in Washington. We gave the the problem facing the Congress. And a. her­ high from valleys and mountains to carry power of decision to the men in the field. itage from World War I provided an oppor­ the lines that bring to the people power We wanted TVA to be efficient, and we ac­ tunity. Then, when German submarines generated at these multipurpose dams and cepted the basic principle of modern man· had halted the shipments of nitrates from in gigantic, modern steam plants built by agement, still rarely recognized in Govern• Chile, the Government had built facilities TVA. It was a different kind of region ment. We gave authority commensurate for munitions production at Muscle Shoals then. In 1933 there were only 225,000 resi­ with responsibility and we determined to in northern Alabama, and eonstruction of a dentia1 electricity consumers in the entire judge by results. By law we freed the agency dam across the Tennessee was begun to sup­ area where power from TVA now reaches from the rigidities of the classified civil serv· ply the power required for operation of the more than 1,300,000 domestic consumers, ice. We told the Board to select its own nitrate plants. The war was over before the project was completed, and Congress had to and they used small amounts of electricity employees, but barred for all time political decide what to do with the idle properties. in their homes and almost none at all on considerations in appointments. We au· The general assumption was that the prop· their farms. Only 3 percent of the farms, thorized the Board to buy or condemn the erties were "surplus" to the Government's just a few near towns or cotton gins,. were land and the equipment required in its pro• requirements, and should be sold. To most connected for electric service. All over the gram, and to sell whatever proved to be sur· people the question before Congress in the region the countryside was dark at twilight. plus. They could enter into contracts, and early twenties was relatively simple-how to Today more than 95 percent of the farms sue. and be sued. 8064 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 5

All these characteristics have proved to be There are new kinds of jobs in new m~nu- 1s revealed when the lights go on at night­ essential-the unified approach, the location facturing establishments. There are jobs be­ fall all over the region. They shine from in the region, the accountability which is cause of the development of the magnificent barns, and kitchens, and parlors, deep in the the counterpart of independence, the stern recreational resource which has already at­ coves and high on the hillsides. rejection of political manipulation. All have tracted private investment of more than When President Roosevelt sent his special been vital to TVA's success. But greater $60 million, as TVA has divested itself of message to the Congress urging prompt en­ than any one of those, I believe, is the fact area after area, and turned over to the pea­ actment of the TVA legislation, he said, "If that somehow the overriding purpose of the ple, for public and private development, the we are successful here we can march on, statute was clear on every page. It was clear land adjacent to the beautiful manmade step by step, in a like development of other in the legislative history of more than a lakes. In this region, as nowhere else, the great natural territorial units within our dozen years. These administrative innova- people have participated in a Federal pro­ borders.'' We have been successful here. tions were not to be ends in themselves, nor gram inaugurated to promote their well­ While we have not yet marched on to the were the projects and the programs they being. They have taken risks. They have creation of other valley authorites, we are would facilitate be objectives in themselves. had faith. They have shared the dream. moving step by step in the improvement of Every undertaking was seen as a means to The people have had a major part in the Federal administration of resource develop­ widen the economic opportunity and pro- development of the great regional power ment. TVA has had an important impact mote the well-being of the people. That is system. With the exception of direct sales on other Federal programs. I hear echoes of course the ultimate objective of every to agencies of the United States and a few of TVA when plans are now submitted to Government program, but the purpos.e for large industries, TVA is a wholesaler of the Congress on a river basin basis, when which projects are built is too often ob- power. Today 151 distribution systems with coordinating committees are established in scured by the projects themselves. Con- a total investment of almost $600 million the field as the central agencies of Govern­ struction becomes an end in itself. Some- deliver the power to the consumer. All are ment and try to achieve the shadow of the how, in some way, some ingredient in the locally owned and managed, two privately unified approach without the substance. I formula we devised for TVA has kept the owned, the rest rural cooperatives or munici­ see a trace of TVA when the potential recrea­ overriding purpose sharp and clear. Every pal systems. In contracts with TVA these tional value to the people is included in the report from TVA reveals it. It is clear every distributors agree to charge the rates estab­ benefits expected to be realized from con­ time a witness from TVA testifies before a lished to promote abundant use, and to dis­ struction of new Federal projects, and small committee of the Congress. _It accounts for pose of revenues in such a way as to achieve watersheds are brought to our attention. I the notable efficiency and the high morale the objectives in the statute. In the begin­ note with satisfaction improvement in the of the staff of TVA. They never forget the ning their participation in the program was land purchasing procedures of some Federal purpose of their labor. ' an act of faith, too, for when TVA's resale agencies as they adapt TVA experience to It was an act of faith wh.en, after so many rates were announced in 1933 no one knew their requirements. I am aware of better years of effort, Congress placed the destiny what revenues those rates would provide. The personnel practices as a result of TVA's de­ of this new agency in the hands of the three experts of the private companies serving the velopment of its independent merit system, men chosen for the Board. That faith area said the people would not use the power and I see modest efforts to follow its pio­ proved to be contagious, and early in its the dams would produce. The people of this neering in the adoption of effective and history TVA took the steps which have made region have proved them wrong. The high honest procedures of collective bargaining. the people of the region a part of the great use, low rate pricing policies which the pri­ I see the results of TVA's achievement when program. It mobilized their energies for a vate power companies had been too timid to I read the advertisements of the fertilizer total assault on the forces of resource devas- risk turned -out to be sound. At low rates, companies, as they begin to provide the tation. It was an act of faith in the people the volume of sales did rise, and increased farmer with new and better plant food for when TVA rejected such alluring proposals revenues resulted. It was a demonstration his land. I find it in the lowered rates for as the recommep.d~d purchase of great tracts that the public interest could be served with­ electricity charged by private companies to- of forest land, all abused and some aban- out the financial ruin predicted by the pri­ day. . doned, in order that a gigantic program of vate power companies. · The spirit of TVA echoes around the world. ·reforestation might be inaugurated 0n Gov- . I am proud when I survey the financial I hear the echo from India, from Ir_an, from ernment-owned land. It was an act of faith record of TVA. My colleagues of 1933 would Uganda, and from Wales. Everywhere, as free when TVA declined to begin the acquisition be proud if they could know that, from the men plan their future, they know their des­ of vast acreages of wornout cropland that beginning, revenues from power sales have tiny depends upon the effective development it might be devoted, unhampered by the covered all the costs of operation, including of all of nature's resources for the benefit of need to support farm families, to experi- depreciation, and in addition have provided all the people. To them TVA is a pace setter mentation in the application of the new fer- for the Government, the owner, a return and a symbol of hope. Its past is open for tilizers to be produced as Muscle Shoals. which has averaged 4 percent on the invest­ examination and for analysis. Its future lies It chose the slower, the harder way. TVA ment. I am proud to know that over $400 in the hands of the new generation. determined that the people who in the pe- million from proceeds has been reinvested in riod of their private ownership become trus- the system, enhancing the Government's in­ tees of the Nation's resources should them- vestment without requiring appropriation, selves ta~e part in the program. and that $240 million has been paid to the A new epoch in · Federal administration Treasury in cash. But I am proud that TVA Unemployment Statistics began. The experts got out of their offices, has never forgotten why it was created. It away from their papers. They went to the was created to serve the people, all the people EXTENSION OF REMARKS people, and the people joined them in a of the United States, to demonstrate what OF great demonstration program. Farmers happens to a region and to a power supplier joined and showed their neighbors what when power is used as a tool to develop the liON. JOHN W. BRICKER would happen to the land and to their in- economy of a region, to raise the standard OF OHIO comes as they began to use the new kinds of living of the people. of fertilizers produced by TVA as tools to TVA was not conceived as a military proj­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES change the management of- their farms. ect. But today TVA is in the forefront in Monday, May 5, 1958 Owners of woodlots and forest joined. Slowly the development of atomic weapons, missiles, the demonstrations spread over the valley vital light metals, and new chemicals. Al­ Mr. BRICKER. Mr. President, I ·ask and farther--demonstrations in tree plant- most three-fourths of TVA's power output unanimous consent that I may have lng, in selective cutting, in sawmill opera- goes to defense and defense-related indus­ printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD tiona; demonstrations in fertilizer use, in tries. More than half-a staggering 30 bil­ an article just released by the Secretary new farming practices, in the development lion kilowatt-hours in 1957-goes to the of Commerce concerning unemployment of recreational areas. Atomic Energy Commission plants at Oak statistics. Today the average income of the people Ridge and Paducah. These plants alone use has risen from 45 percent to 63 percent of the twice as much electricity as New York City, There being no objection, the article national average. There are more jobs for and more than is used by all the homes, bust­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD the new generation. There are jobs in cheese nesses, and industries in each of 41 States. as follows: - ' factories and in poultry procesS!ing plants The triumph of TVA is not recorded in the STATEMENT OF SECRETARY OF COMMERCE because the land has been turned from soil- excellent financial reports, or in its contribu­ SINCLAIR WEEKS exhausting to soil-conserving crops. There tions to the Nation's defense. It is recorded Senator JosEPHS. CLARK is reported in the are jobs in the forest products industries, in the homes and farms of the region-in press today as accusing me of releasing 50,000 of them, because tau trees stand on the installation of stoves and washing rna­ deceptive April unemployment statistics on land that was barren in 1933, and the people chines, refrigerators and freezers, milking Tuesday. plant and they plan for a stronger forest machines, pumps, water systems, and hay He is absolutely wrong. The facts clearly resource in the future, investing their pri- driers. It is recorded in the increased use disprove his reckless charge of distortion. vate funds in their faith. Last year alone of electricity by the people, not only in the new private investment in wood-using indus- region it serves but au over the Nation. The The figures were the regular official tries in the valley reached a total of more symbol of TVA is not a balance sheet, no monthly estimates of the Census Bureau, than $43 million. matter how impressive. The symbol of TVA honestly collected and honestly released in the same way as they have been for the past 1958· CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 8065 15 years. Becau~e the sample was increased will allow United States citizens to study in I am sorry that it is not possible to.re­ In 1956, 1t 1s even more accurate than 1n Poland. · · produce in this RECORD the informative previous years. Another purpose of the program is to Moreover, my release on Tuesday most cer· finance the purchase of American and West illustration of a typical naval nuclear tainly did state that the seasonally adjusted ~ropean textbooks, periodicals .for distri­ propulson plant referred to in Com­ rate of unemployment rose from 7 percent bution to Polish educational institutions. mander HosMER's article and accom­ of the labor force in March to 7.5 percent Likewise, as Senators well know, our Gov. panying it in tpe proceedings. in April and gave reasons for this rise. ernmerit has entered into an agreement for The article follows: The fact overlooked by the Senator is that a long-term loan of $95 million for the pur­ 600,000 more people were at work in April­ pose of purchasing wheat, fats, cotton, and NUCLEAR POWER FOR THE NAVY to a total of 62.9 m1llion-and 78,000 fewer mining equipment, thus assisting In (By Comdr. CRAIG HoSMER, USNR) people were unemployed. strengthening the economy and health of Fast becoming a reality is a powerful new Instead of playing politics with the plight Poland and lessening her dependence on nuclear-powered United States Navy-a Navy of the jobless, Senator CLARK should feel as Soviet Rus~ia. backboned by atomic-bomb-carrying 85,000- glad as I do that thousands are returning to These and other types of assistance, such ton supercarriers, fast-striking guided-mis­ work. He should join those of us who are as the hoped-for resumption of CARE ship­ sile cruisers and destroyers, and specially doing all we can to stimulate increased ments, are, I believe, in the best interests designed submarines for high-speed attack, employment. of the United States and the Free World. hunter-killer, radar-picket, guided-missile, However, we must never let it be misinter· and other new missions. preted as a support of Communist domina· Already more than $2 billion have been tion over Poland. Conversely, we must make spent or programed for research, develop­ Poland's Constitution Day it known to the world that we are support­ ment, and construction of such a Navy. The ing the hopes and the heartfelt desires of following table sets out what is on hand and the Polish people that they may continue what is on order. Another $500 million a EXTENSION OF REMARKS to weaken the chains which unfortunately year for at least 8 years ahead will be needed exist between their nation and the totali­ OF to bring it into full being. tarian authority in Russia. It began in 1948 with a small but am. The goals of the people and the people of bitious joint Navy-Atomic Energy Commis­ HON. ALEXANDER WILEY the United States are parallel. As symbolized OF WISCONSIN sion program aimed at submarine nuclear by Kosciusko and Pulaski and other death­ propulsion and later expanded to include de­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES less leaders, · both peoples believe in free­ sign and development of a full spectrum of dom-both believe in the dignity of the in­ Monday, MaY 5, 1958 naval nuclear propulsion plants for new dividual-both believe in independence and naval construction from small submarines to Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I ask self-determination. the largest · aircraft carriers. unanimous consent to have printed in When the people of Poland hold out their hands in friendship and supplication to us, By early 1954 the basic question of feasi· the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a state­ we would be betraying our common ideals bility of naval nuclear propulsion was af· ment prepared by myself, entitled "Po­ if we were to ignore them. firmatively answered by successful comple­ land's Constitution Day-A Reminder tion of all critical tests of the Nautilus land­ On Saturday's occasion of the anniversary based prototype plant. That answer made of Freedom-Loving People's Refusal To of the Polish Constitution and today and possible continuous cruising at top speeds, Be Dominated." every day, we salute the people of Poland unlimited cruising, radii, and practically ab­ There being no objection, the state­ who are continuing the struggle for their worthy objectives. solute freedom from fuel logistics. It has ment was ordered to be printed in the We also salute the more than 7 million revitalized the role of seapower and geopoli­ RECORD, as follows: patriotic Americans of Polish extraction of tics. POLAND'S CONSTITUTION DAY-A REMINDER the United States, including, of course, the At the beginning of naval reactor develop· , OF FREEDOM-LOVING PEOPLE'S REFUSM:. TO vast Polish-American segment which has ment 10 years ago, eve~ the most imagina­ BE DOMINATED contributed so much to my own State. tive nuclear propulsion enthusiasts hardly foresaw such a future. Nor did even the As we all realize, Saturday, May 3, when We further make known our solemn pledge most practical amongst them envisage the the Senate was in recess, marked the 167th to continue to offer all possible encourage­ full scope of diffi9ulties ahead. Neither the anniversary of the foundation of constitu­ ment to the Polish people in order that the technical problems nor their solutions were tional government in Poland. I join many day may soon come when they may once well understood. In fact, many of the prob· of my colleagues in paying tribute not just again enjoy the liberties for which brave Poles have sacrificed so much in ·so many lems were not even known. on that occasion, but throughout the year. The task was to devise a safe, reliable This anniversary serves to point out the uprisings, including the Poznan revolt, throughout Poland's history. plant within naval space and weight limi­ vital importance of Poland in the current tations. It began with an examination of struggle between East and West. Although various possible reactor cycles. Gas-cooled forcibly allled politically with Russia, the reactors were discarded as involving too overwhelming proportion of the people of much space and too many technical prob­ Poland are stanchly all1ed spiritually with Nuclear Power for the Navy lems. Other types were in turn rejected for the nations of the West. various reasons. Finally left as promising The same spirit of independence and love to meet naval requirements were but two: of freedom which was responsible for the EXTENSION OF REMARKS a reactor utilizing liquid sodium as its cool· drafting of the Polish Constitution 167 years ant, or one utilizing pressurized water. ago, still burns brightly in the hearts of the OF citizens of Poland today. The people of Liquid sodium seemed to offer the best Poland aspire to freedom and democracy. HON. JOHN F. BALDWIN, JR. approach because it permitted high steam We sympathize with and support these legit­ OF CALIFORNIA temperatures and pressures, with conse­ imate aspirations, and we are endeavoring quent greater efficiency. But the physics to assist these noble people in coming closer IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and chemistry of liquid sodium were little to the day when they may once again live Monday, May 5, 1958 known and insurmountable development under the provisions of their own cherished problems might be encountered. · Although constitution. Mr. BALDWIN. Mr. Speaker, the fas­ pressurized water involved lowering steam Recent actions by our Government and by cinating and heartening story of the de­ temperatures and pressures, more was private United States organizations have known of the characteristics of water. That velopment and prospects of our nuclear could mean fewer problems of basic research offered encouragement to the spirit of free­ powered Navy has been recounted in an and faster development of the plant. dom in Poland. article in the May 1958 issue of United One example of this encouragement was Decision was made to pursue both ap­ the grant--which I have previously com­ States Naval Institute Proceedings. The proaches and preliminary design began. So mended-by the Ford Foundation. It estab­ author is our own colleague and member dissimilar are the physics and chemistry o! lishes a program of scholarly and cultural of the Joint Committee on Atomic water and sodium that in effect two simul­ exchange with Poland and other East Euro· Energy, the Honorable CRAIG HOSMER~ of taneous but essentially independent projects pean nations .. These funds will enable re· California. However, as noted in the were involved. Both were carried success­ search scholars, professors, and experts in byline, the Congressman writes in his fully through land prototype and shipboard many fields from Poland to visit the United capacity as a commander in the Naval installation stages. States and nations of Western Europe. Liquid sodium leakage problems appeared Funds from the-first allocation are enabling Reserve, rather than as a Member of this 1n the Seawolf's land prototype plant which 40 Polish scholars to study in the United body. He obtained much of his back­ were not in themselves insurmountable. States. Many of these individuals are even ground material for the manuscript dur­ However, they were considered in combina­ now studying and doing research at our ing a recent tour of active training duty tion with other factors 1n an eventual de· leading universities. Similarly, this grant with the Navy. cision favoring the Nautilus' pressurized 8066 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 5 water type reactor system as the accepted actor technology to apply to the job. They Wholly new and workable administrative approach to practical naval nuclear pro­ created it as they went along. and funding relationships, to be discussed pulsion. From the beginning they applied a "can later in detail, had to be evolved and must of worms" description to their work, for be continuously perfected between tlle Navy The men who carried on the work had each component and function of a nuclear and the AEC, amongst naval personnel in no experience or rules of thumb to guide power plant, from tl1.e reactor vessel through and outside the reactors program, and be­ them. No power reactor had ever been de­ the turbine and all auxiliaries, are wholly tween the Government reactors group and signed before. They had no science of re- interrelated and interdependent. industry. As operations expand, new personnel Naval nuclear ships and reactors must be brought in; techniques must be developed for their rapid specialized train­ ing; and new facilities established for the Ship Purpose Builder Completion Reactor 1 Remarks basic research, design, and engineering func­ tions involved in the work. Progress from SlW •••••• Land prototype, design to construction of plants involves SSN5n Nautilus ••••••• Attack ______Electric Boat ______Arco Idaho. Sept. 30, 1954 .. s 2w ___ ~-- 1st nuciear-powered large-scale training of industry personnel. \ ship. The design and construction of new ships for SlG ..•• : •. Land prototype, the new plants brings in a w~ole new group West Milton, for specialized instruction; manning those SSN575 Seawolf------~--do •.••••••••..•••. do ______Mar. 20, 1957 __ N.Y. S2G ..••••. Preliminary account ships brings in another. for limited service. During the process a basic philosophy on SSNS78 Skate ••••••••••• ___ __ do ______do ______Dec. 3, 19S7 ... !S3W •••••. Twin screw, con- security of information had to be evolved, ventional hull. continuously adapted to an ever-increasing SSNS79 Swordfish ••••••• _____ do ______Portsmouth ______1958 ______S4W ------Do. Do. body of knowledge, and the mechanics of ~~~~ :§:~~ag~-n:::::: ==== =~~====::::: :: Wo~~~~~~g=:::::: ~~~g::::::::::: ~~; :::::: Do. implementing it amongst public and private SSGNS87 Halibut.. ••••• Guided missile.. Marc Island •.•.••. 1959 ••••••.• ~-- S3W ------Hull modification groups engaged in the program kept emci­ for Regulus. ently in motion. The approach has been to S3G ------Land prototype, West Milton, distinguish between specific designs and SSRNS86 Triton...... Radar-picket.... Electric Boat ••••.. 19S9. ------N.Y. dimensional characteristics which are clas­ S4G ______Twin screw and sified, and technology as such which is un­ twln reactor. classified. Communicating the latter has SSN58S Skip Jack •••••. Attack ______.....do ______19s9 ______!ssw ______Single screw, · Albacore hull. involved the writing of up-to-the-minute SSM588 ScamP------_____ do ______Mare Islrmd ______1960 ______ssw ______Do. technical handbooks" by scientific ' pers"onnel SSN589 Scorpion ______do. ______1960 ______Electric Boat. ..•.. sswssw- _____- ---- _ Do. engaged in the work ·concurrently as they Ingalls . _ ------~ ­ 1960. -·------Do. Newport News ..•. 1960 ______ssw ______Do. do it. Six such handbooks have been pub- -­ ~~~~:iSSN592 Snook:§Z~~t~:::::::: ______=====~g======_____ do ______Ingalls. ------­ 1960 ______Po. lished and another eight are currently in SSN593 Thresher ______do ______1960 ______ssw-----­ Portsmouth .•••••. 1961. ______ssw-----­ Do. preparation. SSGNS94 Permit______Guided missile .. Mare Island ______ssw------Fiscal year 19S8 pro­ Anotller essential task of those engaged in gram, Regulus, SSGN595 Pollack .•••••• .•••• do ______Portsmouth ______1961. ______S5W ______Do. the program has been to translate dimcult SSGNS96 Plunger------_____ do ______UnaSI)igned. ------1961.______S5W ------Do. scientific concepts into information mean­ SlC . •••••• Land prototype, ingful to the layman. It is fundamental to SSN597 Tullibee •••••••• Attack ______Elccttic boat...... 1961. ______{S2C ______Wlndsor, Conn. obtaining policy decisions from legislative Fiscal yem 1958 and executive leaders of Government under- · ~~f.ram, small lying financial support of the naval nuclear SSGN(P?)S98...... Polaris ...... do...... 1960 (?)______SSW(?)--- Fiscal year 1958 program. It is also vital to the public, supplemental which in a democracy ratifies those decisions SSGN(P?)599. ····-·--- .•.••do ..•..•.•... _.•.. do...... 1960(?) . ------S5W (?). -- Do. SSGN(P'/)600 .•. "------_____ do ______Mare Island ....•.. 1960(?) ______S5W(?) __ _ Do. at the polls. CLG(N)9 Long Beach.. Guided missile .. Bethlehem 1960 ..••••••••. ClW.••••. 2 reactors. The foregoing enumerations barely hint at (Fore River). the multiple technical and nontechnical A1W .••••• Land prototype, problems involved in the naval nuclear re­ CVA(N)65 Enterprise •• Supercarrier.. ••. Newport News ..•• 1961. •••••••••• Areo, Idaho. { 8 reactors. actors program from the beginning . and tn~::::: : .A:EC Knolls Labo­ which will continue to plague it for years ratory assigned ahead. Yet they are ample testimony to the DLG(N)...... Frigate...... ; ···-·: ·-·-···------~~- : -··- - - D W ------lightweight design. Not yet authorized. outstanding devotion and qualities of the. \ 2 omcers and civilians who carry it forward. Within 6 years from the start they produced 1 In naval reactor code 1st letter lndicates ship type, numerallndicates precedence in design series, 2d letter lndl­ the basic pressurized water nuclear propul­ cates developer: W, Westlnghouse; G, General Elcctric;-C, Combustion Englneerlng. All arc of pressurized, water­ cooled, water-moderated types except SlG and S2G, cooled by liquid sodiuin and moderated by beryllium. sion plant which is now standard for all new nuclear naval vessels. ·For example, raising turbine exhaust tern- might otherwise be wasteful overdesign and The plant arrangement shown approxi­ perature or back pressure in a conventional overtesting. mates that developed for submarine propul­ plant is felt primarily in fuel economy. Such Few, if any, off-the-shelf items exist which sion, and it will vary only in detalls for the a reduction in thermal emciency in a nuclear can be incorporated .into nuclear plants. supercarrier with four dual reactor power-· plant affects each of its complex components. Canned· pumps are but one entirely· new plants, and the cruiser Long Beach and sub­ The necessary increase in heat output re- concept brought into being to make nuclear marine Triton, each with dual reactors. quires size, capacity, and weight increases power possible. Prolonged successful effort The naval nuclear propulsion plant con­ in the condensate, feedwater, and heat- to develop as complex a component as this sists of a nuclear reactor core contained in generating systems and equipment. Size of often has to be discarded when efforts fail a pressu:re vessel; a primary coolant system the reactor, steam generator, coolant system to develop another which .ia interdependent. utilizing fast-flowing pressurized water to and auxiliaries is increased. Proportionate Fresh starts must be made on the problems remove the heat generated by nuclear fission increases in radiation shielding must fol- of both. in the core and transfer it via a steam gen­ low. These in turn affect the size, design, Reactor design develops the need to know erator to the secondary, or steam system; a and characteristics of the hull into which undiscovered properties of common sub­ steam machinery plant for propulsion and·· the plant is to be placed, or, as a practical stances under conditions of reactor chem­ auxi11ary1 electric power generation; and ra­ matter, thrust back upon the plant desi~ner istry and irradiation. Requirements are diation shielding. the necessity of selecting every character- generated for rare metals and alloys concern­ The reactor- consists of a pressure vessel istic of design in relation, not only to each · ing which the full spectrum of chemistry, housing a core of enriched uranium fuel en­ • function and component of his plant, but physics, and metallurgy need be researched cased in a protective metal, such as zirco­ in relation to hull space and weight llmita- and industries found or formed to produce nium, which passes heat to the coolant; a tiona as well. them in quantities .required. For example, moderator, ·In this case the coolant itself, Development of the two original naval such diverse enterprises as the Carborundum to slow down neutron emissions to emeient nuclear reactor plants, and to only a slightly Co., National Distlllers Corp., Wah Chang fission speeds; and rods of a neutron ab- . lesser extent today's plants, involves creation Corp., and National Research Corp. had to sorbing metal such as hafnium, together with not only of the total concept, but individu- be persuaded to engage in large-scale zir­ machinery to insert and withdraw them from ally of each of Its components. It demands conium production. the core, to control rate of fission and thus tremendous and concurrent basic research Not only has the naval nuclear reactors amount of heat produced. into unexplored fields of the new science. program faced mountainous technical prob­ The primary coolant system consists of one Maximum assurance that all parts individ- lema, but lt has been burdened from the or more loops, each having one or more cool­ ually wlll work and that they wlll work as beginning with a continuing necessity to ant pumps; a steam generator _(boiler); a a unit when coupled together, and function seek answers to a variety of nontechnical pressurizing vessel; and connecting piping with a high degree of safety, dictates what questions affecting its ultimate success. with appropriate valves. 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 8067, Since the coolant water becomes radio· establishment in 1955 of BuShips Code 1500 :finally accepted. Several Naval Reservists active in passing through the reactor core, designated as the Nuclear Propulsion Di­ selected have stayed on in headquarters as shielding is required around the portion of vision and headed by a new Assistant to the civilian employees on completion of their the plant containing the coolant in order to Chief of the Bureau for Nuclear Propulsion. duty tours. protect personnel from radiation. A sepa­ Code 1500, however, did not mean a sepa­ Once selected for headquarters duty, offi• rate reactor shield surrounds the pressure rate Navy reactors program paralleling the cers as well as civilians are given at least 6 vessel. It affords sufficient protection against AEC's program, because Code 1500 had by months' special training at schools and on radiation from the reactor core to allow ac­ this time also developed into the Commis­ projects, followed by assignments on the cess to the reactor compartment when the sion's Naval Reactors Branch, unofficially re­ basis of ability, not rank, and irrespective o! reactor is shut down. All shielding designs ferred to as the headquarters organization military or civilian status. "The best quali­ incorporate enough protection to meet civil­ by both Navy and AEC. Naval office;rs or­ fied man gets the job," Rickover states, "and ian radiation exposure tolerances established dered to the program report to both AEC in my opinion it is the only way you can by the AEC. and Bureau of Ships. Navy and AEC civil­ run any kind of technical organization." The steam produced in the separate sec­ ian employees are. utilized interchangeably. The organization also operates on a prin­ ondary circuit by the steam generator is Rear Adm. H. G. Rickover, United States ciple of retaining major control rather than nonradioactive, and the steam propulsion Navy, is both Ass'istant Chief of the Bureau assigning substantial areas of responsibility machinery need not be shielded. This ma­ of Ships for Nuclear Propulsion and Chief to contractors. This in effect draws con­ chinery and the .necessary auxiliaries for elec­ of the Naval Reactors Branch, Division of tractors into an integration with headquar­ tric power are ar·ranged in a conventional Reactor Development, United States Atomic ters which expands the naval nuclear pro­ way in the engineroom. However, arrange­ Energy Commission. So complete is the pulsion program from the "two hat" Navy­ ments within the reactor compartment must Navy-AEC integ;ration in this two-hat organ­ AEC concept to a "three hat" Navy-AEC­ of necessity be strongly influenced by con­ ization that neither AEC nor naval personnel contractor concept. Headquarters control siderations of accessibility in relation to ra­ need switch headgear during the course of extends even as far as employment decisions diation and the continuous necessity of re­ their work. on contractor personnel. "Anyone respon­ moving heat even after the reactor has been Possibly the only persons who can distin­ sible for a reactor program," Rickover ex­ shut down. The latter phenomenon, known guish the military from the civilian charac­ plains, "must take on the problem of see­ as radioactive decay heat, results from the teristics of headquarters organization are ing that his contractors hire the right sort constant breakdown of radioactive materials the Government accountants who must of people and train them. Unless he does, even under normal conditions. assess its cost of operations between the he is in for trouble." Penetrating to all parts of naval nuclear AEC and the Navy. Even here the line of The centralized method of headquarters powerplant design are intensified require­ demarcation is often blurred; but, in gen­ operation eliminates considerable redtape ments for ruggedness, reliability, and easy eral, nuclear research and development costs, and memorandum writing. It permits quick maintainability dictated by safety, the ex­ including construction of land prototype decisions. But it violates generally accepted treme endurance of nuclear plants, and powerplants, are paid for by AEC, while the sound management criteria by overburden­ higher average sustained ship speeds. Navy pays for research and development on ing key personnel with a large volume of These various special nuclear plant con­ steam parts of the plants and construction both technical and nontechnical minor deci- siderations also complicate the work of de­ of nuclear ships. During the cu;rrent fiscal -sions. Justification for it is claimed not signers of hulls into which they will fit. year 1958, research and development money only from the inherently complex design in­ Gone are the days when minor weight allo­ amounts to around $86 million from the terrelations within the powerplant itself, cation errors can be overcome by pumping Commission and around $11 million from but in another circumstance explained to fuel between tanks. Crew living and work­ the Navy. The prototype aircraft-carrier the Joint Atomic Energy Committee by ing spaces must be allocated with radiation propulsion plant has consumed the lion's Commander R. V. Laney, United States hazard in mind. Stacks are eliminated, but share of these current funds. Navy: vertical free spaces must be arranged for Inherent in the headquarters organization "Each naval reactor project has a specific removal and renewal of reactor cores. Stow­ setup is a flexibility and freedom in both end in view. It is intended to be installed age space for consumable supplies and am­ administrative and funding action essential in a definite ship at some definite time. Be­ munition must be enlarged to take full ad-_ to rapid progress in complex scientific op­ cause the building time for a ship and that vantage of the ship's longer range cruising erations. This has speeded civilian as well for a reactor and the reactor plant com­ capabilities. Many other specialized consid­ as naval reactor development. No new group ponents are different, the ship is partly built erations are involved. A byproduct of tack­ had to be organized from scratch to develop when the reactor and reactor equipment ling them has been experimentation with the $110-million civilian pressurized water are still being designed. Its characteristics, novel hull configurations that may substan­ reactor at Shippingport, Pa. Naval Reactors its length, beam, its speed-all are deter• tially increase ·speed/ power ratios of future Branch, long experienced in that type of mined, frozen. The task is very sharply de­ ships. reactor, was assigned the job and went to fined, and there is a very high premium on Another byproduct of naval nuclear pro­ work without delay. Additionally, the or­ success. The reactor designer must con­ pulsion has been the evolution of a unique, ganization's dual nature avoids duplication ceive, develop, design, and produce a reactor, hybrid military-civilian research and de­ of effort and facilities, such as purchasing which, when delivered to the ship, will fit velopment organization that may well set offices, inspection groups, and so on. For into the reactor vessel which it has never administrative patterns for successful missile example, purchase of nuclear cores on com­ seen before. That reactor vessel is resting research and development and any similar petitive bidding for which the Navy pays is in a ship which is a stranger, and the re­ future large-scale Government projects. done through AEC purchasing offices. actor, the vessel, the pumps, the heat ex­ Without it, there would probably be no The organization is unique in a number of changers, and the intricate control equip­ nuclear powered naval ships in existence other respects and bears substantially the ment must, the first time they operate in today. image demanded by its strong-minded chief unison, operate correctly, so the ship will Its antecedents are in the Atomic Energy and founder, Admiral Rickover. have the necessary amount of power to pro­ Act of 1946 assigning responsibility for re­ In discussing the qualifications of some duce the speed for which she was designed." search and development in the theory and 90 officers and civilians assigned to head­ Projects such as Laney describes, together production of atomic energy, including proc­ quarters, Rickover told the Joint Atomic with necessary basic research, are presently esses, materials, and devices related to such Energy Committee: carried on under close headquarters or­ production, to the newly created Atomic "By qualification I do not mean, neces­ ganization control at 3 development centers, Energy Commission. sarily, their technical ability, but their de­ 2 (Bettis Plant and Knolls Laboratory) op­ Soon after passage of the act, Navy com­ sire to work long hours and to be dedicated erated for AEC by contractors and 1 privately munications to AEC began setting out po­ to the job as well. We adopted the proce­ managed. tential nuclear propulsion requirement~> in dure of getting only young people. If we get The Commission maintains Bettis Plant at connection with the submarine program as in people with more experience, it takes too Pittsburgh, operated by Westinghouse Elec• defined by a small, cross-sectional group long to have them unlearn the bad things trlc,. employing some 1,300 scientists and en­ within the Bureau of Ships. AEC's response, they know. We haven't got time for that. gineers, and Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory in part, was to turn back to the very We don't try to get top-flight scientists. A at Schenectady, operated by General Electric BuShips' group that generated the require­ lot are top-flight scientists by reputation and employing another 500. Combustion ments for manpower assistance in meeting only. We can't afford to have people around Engineering, Inc., operates its own center them. who have reputations who don't work hard. near Windsor, Conn., employing approxi­ By 1949 the Commission's activities in this We would rather have people who work hard mately 200. field were sufficient to justify inclusion of a and don't have reputations." The centers, together with headquarters Naval Reactors Branch in its Division of New recruits for headquarters organiza• personnel, and close to 1,000 scientists and Reactor Development established that year. tion come from a number of engineering engineers on contractor payrolls, total nearly Also by that year it had become apparent in and scientific schools which recommend 3,000 highly skilled technicians at work on BuShips that the activities of the cross-sec­ their best graduates. After a series of 5 naval nuclear propulsion. Another 250 to tional group were sufficiently unique and interviews, . about 1 1n 4 is accepted. A 300 BuShips personnel engage in closely ill• unconventional to warrant special treat­ similar procedure applies to naval officers. terrelated work. ment. A period of organizational experi­ Some 40 engineering duty officer _appli­ Today bringing a new reactor concept Into mentation began, culminating in formal cants are screened annually and 4 or 5 being takes about half the 6 years needed to 8068 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 5 produce the original Nautilus and Seawolf In addition to regular training, prospec­ represent the United States of America ·plants. A year is consumed by preliminary t! ve commanding om.cers are assigned several on this mission. analysis and design studies to fix the es­ months' duty at headquarters organization Mr. Terzian is a former student body sential nature of the project; another year is and in the development centers. Each is president at the University of Southern needed for detailed design and analysis, in­ placed in contact with the designers and cluding mock-up critical experiment in the developers of the powerplant destined for California where he graduated last June physics, chemistry, and metallurgy of there­ his command and acquires the same inti­ with magna cum laude honors in polit­ actor. During the thh·d year engineering mate knowledge of its capabilities as the ical science. As an undergraduate, he ·construction and installation of the core, men who created it. was elected a senator at large and was components, and machinery completes the The policy of building a land prototype twice listed in Who's Who Among Stu­ work. of each naval nuclear plant type pays divi­ dents in American Universities. He was Throughout such a project weekly lists of dends, not only during development, but called 1 of the 10 most outstanding stu­ critical items delayed, in trouble, or needing during the careful and meticulous training help is submitted by the development cen­ program as well. Crews go aboard ship fully dent leaders in the Nation last year, and ter to headquarters for priority attention. experienced in operating a plant identical the most outstanding member of Theta Detailed monthly reports on each phase of to the one which they must safely control Chi fraternity's 123 national chapters. the project assist overall coordination. All to protect the lives of themselves and their He is a member of more than two dozen major design and technical decisions in a shipmates. These factors, as well as care in honorary and national organizations, program are made by agreement among the design, are responsible for the excellent including Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa principals, that is, AEC, the Navy, and the safety records of presently operating nuclear Phi, Phi Eta Sigma, Pi Sigma Alpha, Phi development center. If there is strong dis­ submarines. sent from any party, it is talked through The advent of naval nuclear propulsion Alpha Theta, and Blue Key. Currently until essential agreement is reached. Lesser has, indeed, brought about as major a Mr. Terzian is completing work on a technical decisions which derive from ma­ change in ~aval men, material, and meth­ graduate degree in political science. jor ones, extending even to the contractor ods as it has in concepts of naval tactics. Mr. Terzian has also been active in level, are made in somewhat the same way It bas placed on naval policy planners the community, church, and charity activi­ by being referred back to headquarters, the difficult burden of allocating available naval ties in Los Angeles. principal technical source of direction. funds to costly commitments for seapower This pattern of vertical relationships be­ in being to meet the crises of today and at tween the development centers, contractors, the same time carrying forward the bold and headquarters in its capacity as the nuclear research, construction, and training AEC's Naval Nuclear Reactors Branch, does programs needed to meet the crises of to­ Polish Constitution Day not, however, pertain to its intra-Navy re­ morrow. lationships as Code 1500. . These are sub­ But if Congress appropriates hoped for stantially horizontal, particularly with the funds, by 1966 the Nation will have in being EXTENSION OF REMARKS Preliminary Design Branch and with the 5 or 6 superfiattops, half a dozen guided OF Hull and Machinery Design Branches of the miooile cruisers, the beginning of a de­ Bureau of Ships, where discussions are in­ stroyer fleet, and some 45 submarines, all HON. ROBERT P. GRIFFIN formal and close. r..uclear powered. OF MICHIGAN The substantial shift over from steam to In general, Code 1500 is responsible for re­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES search, development, engineel'ing, and instal­ naval nuclear power will have been made lation of an entire nuc1ear plant of a new -during a brief 18 years. compared to more Monday, May 5, 1958 type. Reactors for subsequent plants remain than 50 years needed for the shift from a Code 1500 responsibility, but repeat ma­ sail to steam. Mr. GRIFFIN. Mr. Speaker, the Ninth chinery now comes under cognizance of Bu­ Congressional District of Michigan, Ships Machinery Branch, the same as which I have the honor to represent, in­ machinery for conventional ships. This shift cludes thousands of fine Americans of back to conventional from task group ad­ Carl R. Terzian, of Los Angeles, Ap­ Polish descent. I am very pleased to ministrative procedures as the program pro­ pointed United States Good Will Am­ join with them and with my colleagues gresses from its research and development in Congress in observance of the 167th to production is a wise one. bassador by State Department Just as the development of naval nuclear anniversary on May 3 of Polish Constitu- propulsion created demand for special ships tion Day. . to utilize it, so has it created demand for EXTENSION OF REMARKS The Polish Constitution of 1791 was specially selected and trained men to man OF designed to reduce the autocratic powers them. The intricacies involved inevitably of the monarch without impairing the drew BuShips into this field as a technical HON. GORDON L. McDONOUGH necessary authority of the central gov­ adviser to the Bureau of Naval Personnel. OF CALIFORNIA ernment. Under that document, the Large numbers of submariners have received the training and already some 200 men and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Polish Government was transformed to 12 officers are being trained in anticipation Monday, May 5, 1958 a limited, constitutional monarchy. The of commissioning nuclear-powered surface constitution eliminated certain class dis­ ships. Mr. McDONOUGH. Mr. Speaker, Mr. tinctions and class privileges and added Nuclear ship enlisted personnel are se­ Carl R. Terzian, of 3460 South Syca­ guaranties of religious freedom for the lected by forces afloat, but in accordance with more Avenue, Los Angeles, Calif., an out­ Polish people. strict standards of intelligence, ability, and standing young man who resides in my Down through the years, the Polish conduct. So outstanding is this group that district, has been selected by the Inter­ Constitution has remained a cherished about 6 percent are further selected each national Educational Exchange Service year as officer candidates-20 times the over­ declaration of belief in justice and free all Navy rate. Officers submit to a series of of the Department of State to go on a expression. comprehensive interviews by Admiral Rick­ 4-month good-will mission to Australia Despite almost constant encroachment over and others before final acceptance for and Soutbeast Asia to work with uni­ and domination by hostile powers, Poland training. · versity students as they participate in has a long and glorious history. It out­ Followll}g selection both officers and men local, national, and international polit­ lasted the rule of czarist, Hapsburg and undergo 6 months' intensive schooling in ical affairs. Hohenzollern empires, and it will also physics, mathematics, and various nuclear Mr. Terzian, who is just 22 years of age, outlast enslavement by Soviet interna­ subjects, followed by another 6 months' fur­ is ther study and practical operation of proto­ the only student selected to make this tional communism. type plants at the National Nuclear Reactor trip, and the Department of State made Although Poland still is a prisoner of Test Station. Arco, Idaho. their selection believing that Mr. Ter­ the Soviet system, the Polish people have Officers are more intensely trained than zian's helpful efforts will encourage the proved during the Poznan uprising in enlisted men. All officers must, and a num­ young people of the areas he visits to June 1956, and in the bloodless revolt of ber of enlisted ratings do, qualify as nuclear play a greater role in strengthening the October 1956, that they are not willing plant chief operators before completing the Free World. Mr. Terzian will . leave to prisoners of Soviet communism. The course. Qualification establishes proficiency make his trip from Los Angeles on June in all phases of reactor operation, particularly spirit of freedom and liberty continues in everything pertaining to safety. It re­ 18. to burn brightly in the hearts of the quires at least 1,000 hours practical work I am personally acquainted with Carl Polish people. on a prototype plant and is said to be sev­ Terzian, and ;r congratulate the Depart­ More than 7 milllon Americans of eral times as difficult as qualifying for sub­ ment of State for this excellent appoint­ Polish descent throughout our country marine command. ment of such a capable young man to are joining with Polish people all over 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE 8069 the world in the observance of Poland's come to expect from the Senator from to a full discussion of them in the months Constitution Day. The people of Poland Montana. I congratulate him on it. ahead. Let me, in the remainder of these have a right to be proud of their tremen­ Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ brief remarks, try to summarize some of these dous achievements against great odds, sent that the address, entitled "Politics issues as I see them. This administration Is trying to sell the and of their recent progress along the and Foreign Policy," delivered by the American people on the idea that there is difficult path to liberty. Senator from Montana before the 1958 peace in Korea, in Formosa, and Vietnam It is our sincere hope and prayer that Campaign Conference for Democratic in the Far East. It is not very modest, the brave Polish past will be a source Women, be printed in the RECORD. either, about claiming credit for this peace. of constant encouragement which will There being no objection, the address I tell you that there is no peace in those lead to a brighter Polish future. was ordered to be print&d in the RECORD, areas, and the administration knows there Two Polish heroes, Pulaski and Kos­ as follows: is no peace. What there is, is a tenuous truce. It was won not b.y any magic of this ciusko, helped America to win our own POLITICS AND FOREIGN POLICY administration but by the bloody sacrifices cherished freedom, and our Constitution As I look around the room I see the of thousand& of Americans and others and later became a model for the Polish con­ faces of very good Americans. I also see the by the expenditure of billions upon billions stitution. Throughout all the years of faces of very good Democrats. They are the of dollars. our freedom, Polish brain and brawn same faces. As a matter of fact, I cannot We made the effort in the Far East­ have contributed mightily to our litera­ detect a single American in the room who in Korea particularly-because Americans, ture, science and art, as well as to our is not a very good Democrat or a single Democrats and Republicans alike, believed farms and factories. Democrat who is not a very good ~merican. it was necessary to make it for our own secu­ The company could not be nicer. r ity and freedom. The Republicans will try In 1939, after just a few years of in­ As Democrats we want a victory at the to tell the American people that Korea was dependence, Poland made the world's polls in November and we are going to win a Democratic war but look back through the first stand for liberty against the on­ a victory. As Americans we want to secure records of 1950. You will find that the inter­ slaughts of naziism. Shortly after Po­ America in a peaceful world and we are go­ vention in Korea was just about the only act land was overrun by war machines of ing to get that kind of America and that of the Truman administration that Republi­ Germany and Russia, Winston Church­ kind of world. cans fully and wholeheartedly endorsed. As ill said, "The heroic defense of War­ We have not won the victory at the polls, a matter of fact, theY. were so enthusiastic saw shows that the soul of Poland is yet. We h ave not got a secure America or about it many of them even wanted to carry a peaceful world, yet. To achieve both re­ the war into China. That is where Ameri­ indestructible and she will rise again quires the ablest thought and the most dedi­ cans would be fighting now if the Demo­ like a rock." cated work of which we are capable. To crats had not restrained this Republican en­ For the long-suffering people of Po­ achieve both requires competent, concerned, thusiasm. land, Constitution Day is a day of hope. and consistent leadership. I am confident The job of peace in the Far East is not yet For us in America, it is an appropriate Democrats are capable of that kin d of finished. This administration has had 5 occasion to pay tribute to the freedom­ thought and that kind of work and that years to do it but it has merely sat with its loving people of Poland who continue lcin d of leadership. eyes closed on the brink, propped up by their brave and determined effort to lift I want you to have this thought on for­ American military commands on 24-hour eign policy in mind be-fore we plunge into alert within sight of the coast of China the heavy yoke of Communist oppreE'sion the 1958 political campaign. As Democrats, and by aid to others of a billion or more a and to restore their proud mantle of I know that you wm work and work hard to year. This is called peace and the Ameri­ freedom. defeat Republicans and to elect Democrats. can people are asked to thank the Repub­ As Americans, however, I call upon you to lican administration for it. cooperate, to cooperate responsibly with all That. is one issue of fore.ign policy. There Politics and Foreign Policy-Address by Americans regardless of party in the search are others. There is the whole question of for the peace that will give. us a secure na­ foreign aid and its maladministration. One Senator Mansfield · tion in a secure world. of the things we need to find out and find In an election year, cooperation with the out soon is whether the aid program is sup­ opposition on any issue is not easy. It will posed to serve the ends of foreign policy or EXTENSION OF REMARKS be difficult for Democrats and with good rea­ to provide a dumping ground for voluntarily OF son. We have seen in the past an irresponsi­ or involuntarily retired Republican politi­ ble opposition grow so reckless as to ignore cians and surplus colonels. HON. WILLIAM E. PROXl\URE the needs of the Nation on foreign policy. The world has changed drastically since We have seen members of that opposition OF WISCONSIN the days of the Marshall plan·. But except seize on international difficulties as the oc­ for the pressures that have been exerted by IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES casion to cast vi:le slurs upon the integrity Congress to re.duce expenditures and to im­ and the patriotism of our great party and the Monday, May 5, 1958 prove methods, this administration goes on tens of millions of Americans who have sup­ in foreign aid as though everything has Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, the ported the party through the years. remained the same. It has passed out arms relationship between politics and foreign The temptation is there to reply in kind. from Cuba to Japan, throughout the world, policy is always troublesome to patriots. It is an understandable temptation b-ut I witl1. inadequate thought to the ultimate urge you not to yield to it. I urge you not effects of these weapons. It has gone on No American who loves his country to follow the ugly precedent set a few years giving away aid when it is clear that other wants to play politics with its safety. back by the opposition in its desperate search countries and our own people would both be But there are differences between the for political victory. We want, as I said, a better off if we would put an equivalent parties on foreign policy which ought to victory in November. But I say to you in effort into helping these countries become be recognized, and the American people equal earnestness, that if we can win only by self -supporting. have a right to choose among the alter­ deliberate distortion of the truth, by willful That, too, is an issue of foreign policy on natives which are open to them in the destruction of the personal reputations of our which Republicans and Democrats differ. field of foreign relations. opponents, by ruthless sacrifice of the Na­ There are others. We have not yet got sta­ tion's position in the world, then we do not bility in the Middle East despite the so­ One of the most statesmanlike and deserve a victory. called Eisenhower doctrine. This adminis­ judicious statements I have seen on this We are going to win but we are going to tration has tilted with windmills in that subject is the address made by the dis­ win on the issues. Foreign policy is one of region. It has toyed with autocratic and tinguished junior Senator from Mon­ those issues. To cooperate responsibly with dictatorial movements and nations, while it tana [Mr. MANSFIELD] before the 1958 the opposition on foreign policy, as. I have overlooks with almost snobbish disdain urged, is not to bury this question. It means, countries like Lebanon and Israel which are Campaign Conference for Democratic simply that we do not distort the question Women. The Senator draws a clear dis­ struggling to. keep the concept of freedom for party advantage. It means that we act alive in an area that re.eks. of terrorism, mili­ tinction between endangering the wel­ with restraint, bearing in mind at an times tarism, and conspiracy. fare of the country by attacking the that what we say and do here is hearct_ round That, too, is an iss.ue on which Republi­ opposition for partisan advantage, and the world. It means that we do not slander cans and Democrats differ and there are debating the issues and offering viable the character, we do not, by innuendo or others. We Democrats do not believe that alternatives. One is the course of parti­ otherwise, cast- doubt on the personal integ­ public relations are a substitute for intelli­ rity or the patriotism of any member of the san recklessness and the other the course oppositi:on simply because we may disagree gent policy, that generalities on peace are of partisan :responsibility. with him, simply in order to win votes_ the actualities. of peace. We do not believe The address to the Democratic women In short, we stick t.o the issues in foreign that this country is remotely secure so long is the kind of wise and lucid analysis of policy. Believe me. there are issues in this as the weapons of mass destruction continue the problems of foreign pol~cy we have matter. The American people are entitled to pile up throughout the world. 8070. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 5 We Democrats do hold that peace can be most valuable real estate is preempted gram means in the exchange of scholars achieved and that it is going to be achieved by the machinery of running the park. in so many fields-in the humanities, in by a leadership which, first of all, believes Warehouses, garages, shops, heavy the social sciences, in the physical and peace is possible and, second, is willing to trucking, and housing for the employees natural sciences, and in other miscel­ work day and night, 7 days a week, to get laneous fields of endeavor. I am glad to sound and equitable agreements for its who oper&te them-and who year in and preservation. year out are but a few minutes from a say that each week brings news of addi­ Let me say, finally, Democrats in Congress chance to see Yosemite Valley almost tional scholars from my own State going will cooperate responsibly with leadership of anytime they want to--should make way abroad, or additional scholars coming that kind, regardless of its party label. By for the park visitors who are coming in from abroad to my own state; particu­ the same token, I know that all Democrats increasing numbers. larly to the University of Wisconsin. are going to work to see that this Nation gets If this mMhinery is to be relocated, it BASIC ACCOMPLISHMENTS that kind of leadership. needs a place to go. Not an isolated In House Document No. 164, published place, but space accessible to the main last April, the State Department, in its artery of transportation that must serve report on the 1956 operations of the pro­ these facilities. The Nation&! Park El Portal Acquisition for Yosemite gram, summed up the program's achieve­ Service now has the opportunity to ac­ ments in five basic categories: quire and develop just such space at El First. The constructive personal influ­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS Portal, 14 miles down the all-year high­ ence of grantees. OF way from the present location. With Second. The fostering of interests in this property acquired, an orderly move­ the United States abroad-interest in our HON. CLAIR ENGLE ment of this m&chinery can be begun, history, our literature, our culture. OF CALIFORNIA and a major conflict for space will be Third. The practical exchange of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES resolved. knowledge and skills. I believe, the key to the solution is the Monday, May 5, 1958 Fourth. The fostering of English lan­ acquisition of this property at El Portal, guage training and the general breaking Mr. ENGLE. Mr. Speaker, one of the to be used and administered by the Na­ of language barriers. most populous places in my State, and tional Park Service in accordance with certainly the most populous in my dis­ the progr&m I have outlined to assure Fifth. The raising of educational trict, is not in a city as you might expect, the protection and enjoyment of our standards. but in the upper end of Yosemite Val­ world-famous Yosemite Valley. At the present time, I will not attempt ley, in the heart of Yosemite National to develop any 1 of these 5 themes, eMh Accordingly, I have introduced here­ of which could be written upon at great Park. As many of you know, it is a with H. R. 12281 ~md hope · that it will beautiful valley of green meadow and move forward as promptly as possible, length. forests surrounded by mile-high cliffs before this long-sought and widely sup­ EXCHANGE OF HEALING SPECIALISTS and waterfalls unequaled anywhere else ported opportunity is lost. But I would like to point out a few on earth. It is a jewel in the crown of illustrations of what the program has our scenic resources. I think it is the meant in just one aspect of the exchange most valuable piece of real estate any­ of knowledge and skills. In this in­ where. The price does not matter be­ The Milwaukee Journal and the Nation stance, I refer to the exchange of knowl­ cause it is not for sale. It was set aside Salute the Fulbright Exchange of edge and skills in the healing arts. for all the people for all time back in I do so because, on this very day, I am 1864, by President Abraham Lincoln. Scholar Program _commenting on another phase of science Although we are happy that Yosemite for peace. Valley is within the exterior boundaries EXTENSION OF REMARKS I do so, too, because the President of of the State of California, I am not say­ OF the United States, Dwight D. Eisen­ ing what I have said merely to praise my hower, in his sixth state of the Union State, for Yosemite Valley belongs to the HON. ALEXANDER WILEY message so wisely referred to the tre­ world. A million people come each year OF WISCONSIN mendous opportunities available to this to visit this -place. F.uture years are go­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Nation through means of a joint attack ing to bring still more. If these future Monday, May 5,1958 by the scientists of the world against the visitors are going to get anything like scourges which amict mankind. the experience we have the opportunity Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, one of the 1956 TO 1957 STATE DEPARTMENT SUMMARIES to enjoy in that valley today, we must very finest United States foreign policy be very careful about how we use the programs, which I have been pleased to And so, after the Milwaukee Journal vital 7 square miles of the floor of that support from its very inception, has been editorial, I ask unanimous consent that valley. Nothing much is likely to happen the international educational exchange several additional items be printed, to the cliffs and waterfalls, but these program, as originally authorized by which illuminate this Fulbright category cannot mean much if we let harm befall Public Law 584, of the 79th Gongress. of exchange of knowledge and skills. the place where people will want to drive, This outstanding program, which helps The first consists of excerpts from the walk, rest, and look in the course of their us and helps our friends so effectively, 1957 Fulbright program summary, as Yosemite days and nights: rightly bears the name of the man who printed in House Document No. 164. The National Park Service is greatly conceived and brought it into being, and Included in these few paragraph ex­ concerned about retaining the park ex­ encouraged it step by step, our distin­ cerpts are a few figures from an overall perience in Yosemite Valley, and in not guished colleague from Arkansas [Mr. table of statistics for 1957, showing how letting the lure of the valley, and the FULBRIGHT]. healing experts have been exchanged. throngs that lure brings there, destroy Many splendid tributes have been paid The second consists of excerpts from the very thing the people came to see. to the program, both on the :floor of the a previous State Department report, that The Park Service, and conservation Congress, in the newspapers and maga­ for 1956, entitled, "Swords Into Plow­ groups outside the Government, have zines of this Nation, and in other me­ shares." This excerpt shows how Ful­ been studying long and carefully the diums. bright experts in rehabilitation of ·the means of rescuing for the Yosemite visi­ I was pleased to note, however, in the handicapped have nobly aided the cause tor the meaning of Yosemite Valley to Tuesday, April 29, issue of the Milwaukee of therapy abroad. that visitor, and of relocating certain fa­ Journal, one such editorial salute which But this is only the beginning. More cilities and activities that will get in the deserves particular reference because it needs to be done. way of the people who come there to see sums up so well the program's tremen­ More will be done. the valley, and to experience something dous achievements. I say this in this particular week, they can find nowhere else on earth. The editorial was entitled "Thirty­ when the hanqicapped committee of the Theirs is an enormous task, beset by three Thousand Fulbright Scholars," and People-To-People program is meeting many difficulties, and I believe they have I shall reprint it shortly. here in Washington on this very found the answer. The solution is to Previously, I have pointed out on the Wednesday, to be followed on Thursday make sure that a very minimum of their :floor of the Senate just what this pro 4 by a meeting of the President's Commit- 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 8071 tee on Employment ·of the Physically it has been found that associations between The Errors of Hawaiian-Alaskan Handicapped. Americans and their foreign colleagues in the same field of . interest become lasting Statehood GREAT INTANGIBLE VALUES ones. Furthermore, cooperation between I point out that this exchange of heal~ them is advancing the frontiers of knowledge ing and research -experts is but one to the mutual benefit of all. A few examples EXTENSION OF REMARKS small phase of the overall Fulbright pro­ will show the broad range of their study and OF gram. It is one of the tangible phases research projects: of an operation which has brought in­ HON. JOHN R. PILLION A physician from California conducted re­ OF NEW YORK calculable benefit, both tangibly and in­ search in Italy on an improved vaccine for tangibly. smallpox. Subsequently, he was asked by IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES I ask unanimous consent that all of the Ministry of the Interior to visit Italian Monday, May 5, 1958 these items be printed in the RECORD. pharmaceutical firms to help them get started There being no objection, the items in producing the refined vaccine. He was Mr. PILLION. Mr. Speaker, the bill referred to were ordered to be printed asked to address the second European bi~ proposing statehood for Alaska is pres­ in the RECORD, as follows: logical standards meeting in Rome last June ently scheduled to be acted upon in the to make the final recommendations on the THIRTY-THREE THOUSAND FULBRIGHT House on May 14. safety, purity, and potency of smallpox vac­ On February 14, 1955, I made a state­ SCHOLARS cine, which would form the basis for all Eu­ When the first Fulbright scholarships were ropean manufacturers for release of small­ ment on the subject of statehood for awarded just 10 years ago, they went to 65 pox vaccine and its testing by state agencies. Alaska and Hawaii before the House Americans and 36 foreigners. It was a • • • Committee on Interior and Insular Af- modest beginning for a program that since A neurologist from Kansas collaborated fairs. - has led to the largest international educa­ with the Belgian director of the Neurological This statement contains a summary tional exchange in history. Service and Laboratory of Neuropathology of most of the arguments on this com­ The program was founded August 1, 1946, of Bung Institute in Antwerp, in re­ plex problem. It is inserted for the pur­ when the 79th Congress passed Public Law search on sclerosis. Their findings have 584, originated by Senator J. WILLIAM FuL­ pose of reference and to give the Mem­ since been reported in medical journals in bers of Congress an opportunity to more BRIGHT, Democrat of Arkansas, for the pro­ Belgium, France, and the United States. motion of international understanding. Two An American doctor from Massachusetts fully and leisurely examine into the years of patient spadework followed before General Hm:F>ital was requested by the Vel­ facts and validity of the statehood bills. the program started to roll. lore Christian · Medical College in India to THE ERRORS OF HAWAIIAN-ALASKAN STATEHOOD By the fall of 1947, the first two educational strengthen its anesthesia department and exchange agreements had been signed. The help train Indian doctors in this field. He The controversial problem of state­ Fulbright Act, as it came to be known, au­ also gave generously of his time to the hood for the Territories of Hawaii and thorized the sale of American mili tar.y sur­ clinical work of the hoEpital and made a Alaska continues to challenge the wis­ plus goods to foreign governments for their lecture tour to Indian medical centers. dom of this Congress. My remarks own currencies, with the understanding that part of the funds would be set aside to fi­ Excerpt from 1956 report on the operations shall pertain to the bill, H. R. 2535, which nance educational exchanges. The program of the Department of State proposes to grant statehood to both Ter­ later was augmented by Congress with fur­ FIELDS OF STUDY AND TEACHINGS ritories and is now under consideration ther financial support. by this committee. As of this year, approximately 33,000 peo­ Fields American Foreign Total THE IMPORTANCE AND THE FINALITY OF ple have received Fulbright grants, including grantees grantees STATEHOOD some 4,000 in 1958. They include Americans for whom the program has financed graduate This momentous issue of statehood Medical sciences: compels us to give our most serious at­ study, advanced research, university lectur­ Dentistry------­ 12 12 ing or teaching abroad, and foreign citizens GeneraL_------4 101 105 tention to its consequences. We are for whom it has provided travel funds so Gynecology and obstet- rics ___ ------______------__ 12 12 confronted with a measure that has vast that they could come to the United States to Nursing______2 10 12 implications relating to the internal af­ study, teach and train. Occupational therapy___ 2 1 3 fairs of this Union. We must also con~ Fulbright scholarships this year are being Pediatrics______1 5 6 exchanged between the United States and Pharmacy------­ 5 5 cern ourselves with the finality of what­ PsychiatTy _------8 8 ever decision we may make. 31 other countries. Since the program's in­ Public health ______------2 2 ception, 39 different countries have partici­ Surgery, generaL ______------14 14 No other problem will, as vitally, af­ pated. Senator FuLBRIGHT said recently that Other specialties______17 52 69 fect and shape our future as statehood. he hoped there eventually would be Ful­ The seriousness of this subject is trans­ bright scholars in the Soviet Union and that EXCERPT FROM SWORDS INTO PLOWSHARES cended only by our struggle to survive Russian scholars would come here under the (ISSUED JULY 1956, P. 34) the Communist holocaust. program. Extending the program to Russia would A new venture in international understand­ The various domestic and foreign be in keeping with the stated purpose of ing-The story of the educational exchange problems of this Congress which relate the act: "To promote a better understand­ program authorized by the Fulbright Act to finance, defense, health, and foreign ing of the United States in other countries of 1946 aid, are of extreme importance. Yet, if and to increase mutual understanding be­ • .we find ourselves in error, our mistakes tween the people of the United States and 2. Social Rehabilitation can readily be rectified by Congressional the people of other countries." Both American and foreign grantees have action or by the flexibility of executive In just one decade the Fulbright Act helped to introduce American techniques for power. With one exception, even our has done much to widen the range of inter­ the rehabilitation of the handicapped. One Constitution and its amendments may be national contacts between scholars and young woman returned to organize Belgium's teachers. In its second decade it could be­ first center for reeducation of cerebral amended to conform with changing con­ come a potent force "for understanding be­ palsied ·children. Aided by an eminent Bel­ ditions or attitudes. The most recent tween the United States and Russia. gian neurologist, who also visited the United example of this change is the repeal of states, she is pioneering in a field in which the 18th amendment. EXCERPTS ON EXCHANGE OF MEDICAL Belgium was far behind. The one exception to the right to RESEARCHERS AND TECHNICIANS Similar work has been carried out in Nor­ change our Constitution applies to the EXCERPT FROM REPORT ON THE OPERATIONS OF way by American specialists. The Norwegian present proposal. Article V of our Con­ THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE UNDER PUBLIC Association for Aiding Cerebral Palsied Chil­ stitution provides that no amendment LAW 584 (85TH CONG., 1ST SESS., H. DOC. NO. dren noted, "There was no possibility of oo­ may be made to this clause: "and that 164, P. 3) taining specialists in Norway for this partic­ ular field. We shall always be grateful to the no State, without its consent, shall be • • • Fulbright Foundation for its help in finding deprived of its equal suffrage in the C. Exchange of knowledge and skills just those people who had the right instinct, Senate." The nature of ·the activities authorized by imagination, and initiative to break new The principle that no State can secede the Fulbright Act and the requirements that ground in this discipline in Norway." Oc- from this Union is established. The these pursuits be carried out at or in con­ -cupational therapy, introduced into Italy by corollary principle that this Nation can­ nection with a school or institution of higher an American ~antee, has resulted in the learning has meant that the program is con­ establishment of training centers in four not divorce any State from this Union ducted in an atmosphere of scholarship and Itallan cities. The demand for trained or restore it to the status of a Territory academic advancement. As far as gains in therapists by Italian hospitals has- since is equally accepted. Thus, the grant of international understanding are concerned, shown a marked increase. statehood becomes an irrevocable act. 8072 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 5 The finality of our decision as to state­ all segments of this country from the in­ Senate. The last State to be admitted hood gives us cause to approach this nuendo that any group or area of our was Arizona on February 14, 1912. matter not with a lighthearted gen­ people have a monopoly upon patriotism Following the admission of this 48th erosity: but rather with a somber realiza­ or bravery. There is no scientific ther­ State, the 17th amendment was adopted tion and precaution that any mistake mometer that can measure the warmth by final ratification on April 8, 1913. will burden us for the life of this of devotion for this great country. The mode of selection of Senators was Republic. The sacrifices on the battlefield do not ·altered from that of choice by the State THE EMOTIONAL, IRRELEVANT, AND MINOR constitute legitimate political, economic legislatures to that of election by popu­ ISSUES or social premises for the admission of lar suffrage. This change of election of There have been so many issues in­ these Territories to statehood. These Senators has resulted in representation jected into this debate that it has be­ highly emotional appeals could have by the Senators of the people of the come difficult to see the forest for the been, most properly, . left out of this States as individuals in substitution for trees. Almost every conceivable argu­ debate. representation by the Senators of their ment has been presented pro and con THE IRRELEVANCE OF FOREIGN PSYCHOLOGICAL respective States collectively and in their to a degree that has confused and con­ IMPLICATIONS corporate capacities. · founded rather than enlightened those ·The proponents of statehood claim The 17th amendment created a new who may be interested. that statehood would create good will for concept of senatorial representation. This appears a suitable time to at­ the United States in the Pacific area and No State has been admitted under these tempt to clarify and place the argu­ would avoid for us the stigma of colo­ fundamentally- altered conditions. ments into their true political perspec­ nialism. Thus, the admission of- other States tive. The leading arguments in favor The question of statehood is solely and furnishes :ho valid precedent for the of statehood which are grouped together wholly a domestic problem of our in­ admission, today, of Territories upon the here as being either emotional, irrele­ ternal affairs. It is a strange theory that same basis of representation in the vant, or of minor consequence are (a) would permit foreign opinion to influence United States Senate. Americanism and military service, (b) or decide the conduct of our domestic PARTISAN POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS the psychological impact of statehood affairs. The Communist line of charg­ The Democratic Party platform con­ upon the Asiatic peoples, the refer­ ing us with colonialism cannot be in­ tains a plank favoring 'immediate state­ ences to precedent in favor of state­ creased in volume nor will it be softened hood for· both Hawaii and Alaska . . The hood, (d) partisan political considera­ by any act of compliance. Republican Party platform favors im­ tions. We should not fear to disappoint those mediate statehood for Hawaii and state­ THE EMOTIONAL 4PPEAL OF AMERICANISM AND enemies. Our foreign friends need no hood for Alaska under an equitable en­ MILITARY SERVICE explanations. abling act. However, no responsible Re­ Every informed person will acknowl­ The psychological impact of statehood publican Party spokesman ·has, as yet, edge -the courage and sacrifices of the upon foreig·n peoples is irrelevant and given us an adequate detan:explanation Hawaiian veterans in both World War deserves no consideration here. of the meaning of the term "equitable II and the Korean conflict. This Na­ The height of irrelevancy was attained enabling act." tion is eternally indebted to them and in by a former Governor of one of the Ter­ · In the 1952 elections, the Republican an equal degree to all other American ritories. He advanced as an argument Party retained control of the Hawaiian veterans who fought so gloriously in in favor of statehood the delectation of Territorial Legislature by the eiection those wars. visitors, the sweetness of Hawaiian mu­ of 8 Republican Senators to 7 Demo­ The proponents of statehood have sic, and the rhythm of its dance. Cer­ crats. In the House there were 19 Re­ cited individual cases of heroism on the tainly, the muscular gyrations of the publicans elected to 11 Democrats. part of Hawaiian soldiers. They have hula dance is far· afield from the crux of In the same year, Alaskan Republi­ made comparisons of the Hawaiian cas­ the statehood problem. This sentimen­ cans won the Alaskan Senate by seating ualties and the numbers in military tality borders upon the frivolous. 11 Republicans and 5 Democrats. In service as against the casualties and THE PRECEDENTS FOR STATEHOOD the House, there were 20 Republicans the number of servicemen from the The proponents for statehood rely ex­ elected to 4 Democrats. United States as a whole. tensively t;.pon the use of precedent to Based upon these returns, it was pre­ The Alaska Statehood Committee has lend validity to their claims. dicted that in the event of statehood, published this claim: · The Northwest Ordinance was adopted Hawaii would elect 2 Republican Sen­ In two World Wars and in Korea they under the Articles of Confederation in ators and that Alaska would possibly have fought in number exceeding the na­ 1787. -This act, providing for the admis­ elect 1 or 2 Republican Senators. tional per capita average, and by so doing sion of that territory to statehood, is Two years ago the Republican admin­ have written a war record second to none cited as precedent and as the source of istration attempted to pass the bill giv­ in the Nation. the inherent right to every Territory to ing statehood to Hawaii and kill the The Library of Congress has fur­ become a State. This precedent is in­ Alaskan statehood bill. This writer op­ nished the following table of inductees valid for the following reasons: posed the immediate admission of these for World War II: First. The Articles of Confederation States either severally or jointly. The has been superseded completely by the Republican Party subjected itself to the constitutional provisions relating to the Population, Draftees in · charge of attempting to gain partisan State 1946 I Worlrl admission of new States. political advantage in its attempt to W ar II Second. The · Northwest Ordinance support the Hawaiian statehood bill I was limited in its application to the New Hampshire ______alone. Montana ______459, 000 32,430 Northwest Territory. 4.77. 000 38, 453 In 1954, the political picture reversed 507, 000 38, 612 Third. The framework of the Confed­ itself. The Hawaiian Legislature was ~:~~iC~~=:::::::::::::: ·: 460, 000 28,008 eracy, the division of powers, and the Alaska ___ -----_------____ _ 7!),000 won by the Democratic Party for the 3,482 scheme of representation was totally dif­ first time in the history of that Terri­ ferent from our present constitutional tory. The Democratic Party swept both Hawaii had 8,769 additional enlistees. government. houses overwhelmingly. The Demo­ No figures are available for other States. References by the Supreme Court to crats won a 9-to-6 majority in the Sen­ These figures do not substantiate incorporated Territories as inchoate and ate and a 22-to-8 majority in the House. claims of superiority in the number of embryo States are mere dicta and an A similar sweep was gained by the citizens from Hawaii and Alaska who attempted intrusion into the field of Democrats in the Alaskan Territorial served in World War II. Congressional legislative authority and Legislature. There, the Democrats The statements regarding casualties responsibility. gained control of the Senate by winning and bravery cannot support the infer­ The admission of other States is re­ 12 seats to 4, and in the House 21 seats ence that these soldiers were more loyal ferred to as precedent for the admission to 3. and more brave than the veterans from of Hawa.ii and Alaska upon the basis of Another political factor is the suc­ the other areas of this country. I defend equal representation in the United States cessive drop in the plurality of the Re- 1958· CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE .8073 . publican Delegate from Hawaii. T.lle n.wu on June 22, 1953, in Hawaii. The Party controls the ILWU,lock, stock, and Repubijcan pluralities for that office are facts, as reported there, are as follows: barrel. as follows: Twenty-four thousand employees on By means of union devices such as Republican the island went on strike in a mass pro- closed shops, union stewards and griev­ Year: plurality test aga.inst the conviction of Jack Hall ance committees, it is possible for the 1948 (approximate)--·------52, ooo and six other conspirators convicted of Communists to control the employment, 1950 (approximate)------31, ooo plotting to teach and advocate the vio:.. layoffs, firings, and hiring of labor. This 1952 (approximate)-----·------9• 000 lent overthrow of the United States Gov- control, and the use of cadres of union 1954 (official)------B90 ernment. officials and Communist stooges to prop­ Based on the 1954 election returns, it Two thousand of these employees are agandize, persuade and coerce, gives the appears that, in the event of statehood, stevedores, members of the International Communists a tight control over the Alasl{a would surely elect 2 Democrat Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's ideology and political action of its mem­ Senators and Hawaii would be likely to Union-ILWU-who refused to load mil­ bers. The individual laborer does not elect 2 Democrat Senators. itary cargo for Korea. Eighteen thou- have a chance to earn a living or to keep It is most obvious that the passage of sand out of nineteen thousand ILWU from being maimed by a premeditated the joint Hawaiian-Alaskan statehood union workers on the sugar plantations industrial accident unless he complies. bill by the Congress would place the joined in this strike. One thousand of It is a political axiom that each em­ Republican Party in a difficult position. these men refused to strike. Four thou­ ployee can be counted upon to deliver The President would be placed in a sand out of five thousand pineapple three votes in a political election. If the political dilemma. By approving state- workers also joined the strike. One ILWU can order 24,000 men to go out on hood for both Territories, he would risk thousand of these men refused to strike. a Communist sympathy strike sabotag­ the probability that these 2 Territories Now, these men went on strike not ing United States military transport, would return 4 Democrat Senators. If because of any legitimate labor dispute, can there be any doubt that they can he vetoes statehood, he assumes the but in protest a.gainst the conviction of deliver 50,000 votes to their political political onus of defeating a measure of these Communists for the advocacy of choice? popular favor. treason and revolution. These political objectives of the Com­ Partisan politics is a transitory con- The fact that 1,000 men in the sugar munist Party are reported in these hear­ sideration. This issue ought to be de- industry and 1,000 men in the pineapple ings. They are: cided upon American principles having industry refused to join this strike is First. Communists support statehood, a true political validity. The solution proof that it . was possible to refuse to page 1559, part 2, of the hearings. should pass the test of what will be join in this dastardly demonstration of Second. Development of a following permanently just for the peoples of both communist close order drill. in the Democratic Party to back Com­ munist causes, page 1570, part 2, of the majority and minority parties of the Those who refused, a pitiful minority hearings. whole Nation. of 2,000, demonstrated their Gourage and Third. Establish legislative caucus to GOVERNORS' CONFERENCE REJECTS STATEHOOD Americanism. The same Cannot be Said act as pressure group on Democratic At the hearing before this committee for the other 24,000. The refusal to load Party for Communist objectives, page on February 4, 1955, the impression was military cargo for Korea borders upon 1570, part 2, of the hearings. left that the governors' conference en- sabotage. The fact that statehood for Hawaii is dorses statehood for both Hawaii and If these men went on strike because of supported by. the Communist Party and Alaska. This is not so. threats or pressures, then a condition the ILWU does not per se make this Resolutions were adopted by the gov- exists in Hawaii so dangerous that Ha­ cause wrong or undesirable. However, ernors' conferences, for 6 years from , waii should not be granted statehood at one can be sure that their support for 1947 to 1952, favoring statehood for this time. If they went on strike will­ statehood is not actuated by the same Hawaii and Alaska. · ingly because of their sympathy for the motives for good government as those On March 2, 1953, the writer ad- Communist convicts and the Communist who sincerely believe that statehood is a dressed communications to each of the movement, then this type of citizen does just cause. The support of the Com­ 48 governors indicating the prospective not deserve statehood. This country munists is based upon their self-interest loss of voting power for the people of can well do without their voice and their in advancing· the Communist cause and each State in the senatorial and presi- vote in Congress. · that cause alone. dential elections upon the grant of state- This same union, ILWU, called an­ Can there be any doubt that the Com­ hood to Hawaii and Alaska. No claim other strike as recently as last December munist Party and the ILWU would not is made that the subsequent failure to 1954, while members of this Territorial make an all-powerful drive to elect two endorse stat~hood is due to these com- Subcommittee were attending hearings United States Senators in the event of munications. in Hawaii. statehood? And it makes no difference At the 1953 governors' conference, a The International Longshoremen's to them whether they bear the Republi­ resolution favoring Hawaiian statehood and warehousemen's Union, ILWU, can or Democratic label. By statehood, was presented. This resolution failed to has a membership of 25,000 and dam­ we not only open the door for 2 Commu­ receive a favorable report. No resolu- inates unionism in that Territory. · Its nist influenced United States Senators, tion for · either Hawaiian or Alaskan president is Harry Bridges who is one but we actually invite 2 Soviet agents to statehood was presented at the 1954 of the top three Communist leaders in take seats in the United States Senate. conference. The governors, perhaps, this country. Jack Hall is the Hawaiian OQ. June 19, 1953, Jack Hall, ILWU perceived the prospective loss of repre- spokesman for Harry Bridges and the regional director and Communist Party sentation to the people of their respec- leader of that union there. leader, was convicted of violation of the tive States. Failure to approve state- The unions in Hawaii controlled or Smith Act along with six other defend­ hood resolutions, under these circum- infiltrated by communists have a mem­ ants. A 1954 publication of the Hawaii stances, can be fairly . construed to bership of about 30,000. The names of Statehood Commission cited these con­ constitute rejection. the communists and those persons victions as proof of the unalterable and COMMUNISM, A MAJOR CONSIDERATION IN ClOSely related tO the CommUniSt Party aggressive opposition of the people of HAWAIIAN STATEHooD who occupy positions of power in the Hawaii to communism. The record of The extensive communistic influences unions, union locals and the top organ­ the 1954 election completely refutes this in Hawaii continue to present an alarm- ization of the . ILWU are contained in statement. ing condition for both Hawaii and the the hearings of the House Un-American In the race for the office of mayor of United States. A careful study of the Activities Committee for the year 1950. the city of Honolulu, Frank F. Fasi, the facts does not give hope that commu- These hearings regarding Communist Democratic candidate . was opposed by nis.tic power is on the wane. Commu- activities in Hawaii are contained in 3 Neal Blaisdell, the Republican candi­ nism remains a potent force permeating volumes and contain a startling revela­ date. During the campaign Frank Fasi the economic, political, and socia.l struc- tion of the infiltration of communism charged that Blaisdell was courting tures of this Territory. into both the ranks of unionized labor ILWU support. The New York Herald Tribune of June and in the political parties. These On October 15, 1954, the leading 23, 1953, reported a labor strike ·J:>y the volumes are proof that the Communist newspapers carried the charge by Frank 8074 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 5 Fasi, the Democratic candidate, that munists and the ILWU from United lands, fisheries, and subsurface re­ the big issue of this campaign is whether States control and jurisdiction. They sources. Although Congress has re­ a candidate for mayor can be elected now have the power and could immedi- served the right to disapprove Territo­ without the support of t~e Communist ately proceed without Federal interfer- rial legislation, no law passed by either leaders in Hawaii. ence to socialize and communize that Territory has ever been disapproved by The Honolulu Star-Bulletin, which is State. Congress. an outstanding newspaper of the highest The atmosphere in Hawaii is one of The executive power could very well be standards, reported on November 1,1954: tolerance, appeasement and encourage- transferred to the Territories. There ment for communism. The burden of could be no serious objection to any He (Fast) has struck out at Governor King proof that it can eradicate communism necessary extension of judicial powers and the ILWU leadership. properly rests with the peoplle of Hawaii. for these Territories. On November 3, this same newspaper That proof has not been presented. If However, neither of these Territories carried the following front-page head­ there is a reasonable doubt as to an ex- appears to seriously want these powers. line: tensive communistic economic and po- No reasonable proposal or request has ILWU sample ballot supports Blaisdell. litical control in Hawaii, then the party been made to Congress for the reorgani­ to suffer thereby is the United States. zation or an extension of the jurisdiction During this campaign, the Republican The people of the 48 StateJ are entitled of the Territorial courts. candidate did not once deny these to the benefit of possible doubt. State- There appears to be no sincere desire charges or repudiate and reject ILWU hood should be rejected now and de- upon the part of the Territories to elect support. The following legal maxim ferred for an appropriate time when their own governors and to assume exec­ certainly applies to this situation: communism no longer threatens the utive power. When one owes a duty to speak, silence well-being of either Hawaii or the While this committee has, over the implies consent. United States. course of years, considered many bills The electorate of Hawaii answered The 1954 election issues, the political relating to the control of fisheries min­ Mr. Fasi's issue by proving that a mayor maneuverings and the election results , erals and public lands it has not yet ap­ cannot be elected without the support of serve as a stop, look, and listen warning prov~d any overall proposal to grant communist leaders. Perhaps, the ILVvU to us. ·such power to Alaska. On the other support was unsolicited. However, there THE POLITICAL POWERS OF STATEHOOD hand, neither Territory has ever pre- can be no question that the ILWU sup­ Man'S struggle for liberty never stops. sented to Congress a comprehensive bill port was given with Mayor Blaisdell~ That goal is gained in the degree of ac- of particulars for an extension of legis­ knowledge and was accepted without.re­ ceptance of the proposition that all sov- lative power to enable it to govern its own pudiation by him of the ILWU leaders or ereign power rests with the people. affairs. the Communist principles. Constitutional government is an instru- The complaints made by these Terri­ The Honolulu Star-Bulletin made a mentality for carrying out this concept tories of a lack of power to administer survey of the Hawaiian election of No­ of freedom. Territorial matters can be interpreted in vember 1954 and reported its findings as Under our system of constitutional either of two ways. Either this com­ follows: representative government, sovereign mittee has failed to give adequate con­ The ILWU endorsed 71 candidates. Of power can be placed into three broad sideration to their needs for additional these, 58 won, a batting average of 81 per­ categories. First, the power inherent to power or the Territories have failed to cent. the people. This pewer can be generally present and press for a comprehensive In the senate, 5 ILWU candidates won out described as all sovereign power that re- program designed to obtain for them the of 6 candidates endorsed in contests for 7 mains after constitutionally conferring necessary power t'o govern. This writer seats. There are a total of 15 seats in the such political powers to the States and believes that the latter alternative pre­ senate. In the house, 22 ILWU -supported candi­ the Nation as are needed for the attain- vails. dates won out of 28 endorsed. There are ment of their purposes. Second, the It would appear that the concern of 30 seats in the house. power granted to the Federal Govern- the proponents of statehood lies not in In the county, 32 ILWU-supported candi­ ment. In a broad sense, this power is their 'Clesire or need for additional power dates won out of 38 contests which includes limited to the enumerated political pow- to conduct the affairs of the Territories Neal Blaisdell, Republican mayor of Hono­ ers granted ·to the Federal Government but rather in their drive for representa­ lulu. under our United States Constitution. tion in Congress and iri the election of The 1954 election was a complete vic­ The third category is the power re- a President. tory for the ILWU and the Communist served to the States. This consists of all the residual political POWer COnSti- THE POLITICAL POWER OF REPRESENTATION IN Party. They can now exercise either tutionally COnferred by the people and THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT control or a considerable influence over both houses of the legislature and the not granted to the Nation. The history of government is, in es- mayor of Honolulu. This victory is made In the present discussion, we are con- sence, a recital of the distributions of more impressive by the· fact that the cerned with the second and third cate- power. We are concerned here with an ILWU political influence can be exerted gories of political power. An analysis equitable apportionment of legislative in both Republican and Democratic of statehood reveals a dual concept. and executive power. Statehood would Parties. First. Statehood would grant to the transfer a share of these powers to the Mr. Jack Hall not only directed the Territories the same sovereign and polit- proposed States. Their participation in ILWU political activities but also ical powers as possessed by other states the Federal Government would consist claimed full credit for the victories of to conduct the affairs of these areas of the right to be represented in the the Republican mayor of Honolulu and without Federal supervision or control. United States Senate by two Senators, the Democratic victory in both Houses Second. Statehood would grant to the Indiana ______------United States Senate be chosen by State each 1,589,000 persons. Thus, Hawaii Iowa ______3, 934, 22~ 13 12.5 3.4 Kansas ______2, 621,073 10 8.3 2. 9 legislatures was enacted. and Alaska would become entitled to 1, 905,299 8 6.1 2.6 I cite the following statement made in representation in the United States Sen­ Kentucky------2, 944,806 10 9.4 3.3 Louisiana ______2, 683,516 10 8. 5 3.0 the Constitutional Convention by Dele­ ate 10 times greater than the average Maine ______913,744 5 2.9 2.0 gate Wilson of Pennsylvania: representation of the people of the 48 lVIaryland ______2, 343,011 9 7.8 2. 9 Massachusetts. __ 4, 690, 514 16 15.4 3. 2 The leading argument of those who con­ States. Each voter will have approxi­ Michigan ______6,371, 766 20 20.3 3. 5 mately 33 times the power of the vote of Minnesota ______2, 982,483 11 9.5 3.0 tend for equality of otes among the States Mississippi______is that the States as such being equal, and the people of California in the United 2,178, 914 8 6. 6 3. 0 Missouri.. ______3, 954,653 13 11.3 3.4 being represented not as districts of individ­ States Senate, 27 times the power of the Montana ______591,024 4 1. 9 1. 6 uals, but in their political and corporate vote of the people of Illinois, 32 times Nebraska ______1, 325,510 6 4.2 2.4 capacities, are entitled to equal suffrage. Nevada______160,083 3 .5 .6 the power · of the vote of the people of New Hampshire. 533,242 4 1.1 1. 5 Alexander Hamilton, supporting the Pennsylvania, and 47 times the vote of New Jersey ______4, 835,329 16 15.6 3. 3 New Mexico _____ 681,187 4 2.2 1. 9 adoption of the Constitution, stated in the people of New York. New York ______14,830,192 45 47.2 3. 6 the Federalist Paper No. 62: A comparison of the voting power of North Carolina .. 4, 061,929 14 12.9 3. 2 the voters of Hawaii and Alaska com­ North Dakota ___ 691,636 4 2.2 1.9 Ohio ______7,946, 627 25 25.2 3. 5 It (referring to appointment of Senators by Oklahoma ______State legislatures) is recommended by the bined with that of the people of the 48 2, 233,351 8 7.1 3.1 States in the election of United States Oregon. __ ------1, 521, 341 6 4.9 2.8 double advantage: of giving to th~ State Pennsylvania ____ 10,498,012 32 32.8 3. 6 governments such an agency in the forma­ Senator is contained in schedule A of Rhode Island ____ 791,896 4 2. 5 2. 2 tion of the Federal Government as must the accompanying table: South Carolina .. 2, 117,027 8 6. 7 2. 9 South Dakota ___ 652,740 4 2.0 1.8 secure the authority of the former and may TABLES COMPARING THE PROSPECTIVE VOTING 'l'ennessee ______3, 291,718 11 10.5 3.3 form a convenient link between the two sys­ POWER OF THE AVERAGE HAWAIIAN-ALASKAN Texas ______7, 711,194 24 24.5 3. 5 tems. VOTER IN THE ELECTION OF UNITED STATES Utah_------688,862 4 2. 2 1.9 Vermont ______377,747 3 1.2 1.4 It seems clear that the plan of repre­ SENATORS AND A UNITED STATES PRESIDENT Virginia.------3, 318,680 12 10.5 3.0 WITH THE VOTING POWER OF THE VOTERS OF Washington _____ 2, 378,963 9 7. 6 2. 9 sentation in the' United States Senate THE 48 STATES West Virginia ____ 2, 005,552 8 6.3 2.8 ' 1\l'isconsin. _---- - 3, 434,575 12 10.9 3.1 was implemented by the provision that METHOD OF COMPUTATION Wyoming ______the States in their corporate capacities 290,529 3 .9 1.1 Schedule A: Population of Hawaii and as States and as an organic whole be Alaska (combined) is 628,437 with 4 Sena­ secured in that right of equality by the tors; 1 Senator for 157,000 residents. Popu­ The representation in the United grant to them as States to choose their lation of Alabama is 3,061,000. One Senator States Senate for Hawaii and Alaska is Senators by vote of the St9.te legislatures. for 1,537,500 residents; 1,537,500 divided by acquired by a corresponding reduction of The provision for election: of Senators by 157,000 equals 9.8 representing the average the present power of representation of the State legislatures was an integral voting rights of the residents of Hawaii and the people of the 48 States in that body part of the compromise by which two Alaska as compared to 1 vote for the voter in today. The right of suffrage equal to Senators were provided to the States. Alabama in the election of the United States that of 6,356,000 persons is taken from Senate. the 152,572,000 residents of the 48 States The Convention would never have agreed Schedule B: Presidential electors for Ha­ upon this principle of Senate representa­ waii and Alaska (combined) will be 7, or 1 in varying percentage amounts and is tion if that right had not been secured for each 89,700 residents. Presidential elec­ transferred to the 628,437 residents of by this mode of selection, that of choice tors for Alabama is 11, or 1 for each 278,000 Hawaii and Alaska. by legislatures. residents; 278,000 divided by 89,700 equals Statehood will give Hawaii and Alaska The 17th amendment of our Constitu­ 3.1 representing the average voting rights of 4 votes in a Senate of 100 Members, or tion, ratified on April 8, 1913, destroyed residents of Hawaii and Alaska as compared one twenty-fifth of the membership, al­ the reason for the provision that each to 1 vote for the voter of Alabama in the though their combined population is only State shall be entitled to two seats in the election of a United States President. one two-hundred-and-forty-seconds of United States Senate. the population of the 48 States. This A B grant of one twenty-fifth of the member­ STATEliOOD BASICALLY SHIFTS SENATORIAL AND PRESIDENTIAL REPRESENTATION FROM THE 48 ship in the United States Senate dilutes Voting power of and diminishes by that fraction the rep­ STATES TO HAWAU AND ALASKA average Ha- Reduced to fundamental terms, state­ Num- waiian-Alas- resentation in that body of the people of ber of kan voter the 48 States. hood for Hawaii and Alaska grants rep­ State and Popula- prcsi- versus 1 vote resentation in the United States Senate Territory tion, 1950 dential for voters of POLITICAL POWER IN THE PRESIDENTIAL ELEC• census elec- other States TION A MAJOR CONSIDERATION and in the election of the President. In tors for- the Senate, they would be represented The disproportionate advantage of Alaska and Hawaii would also apply in by 4 Senators out of a prospective total United United of 100 Members. In the electoral col­ States States the presidential elections. Upon admis­ Senate Presi- sion, these States would have a total of lege, they would be represented by 7 dent 7 electoral votes, an average of 1 elec­ votes out of a prospective total of 535 --- Alaska ______--- toral vote for each 89,776 inhabitants. votes. 128,643 3 The 152,572,000 people of the 48 States The representation proposed for these Alabama ______11 ----9~8------a:i Arizona ______3,~~~: ~~~ 4 2.4 2.1 with a total of 531 electoral votes are Territories will be taken from the pres­ Arkansas.------1, 909,511 8 6.1 2.6 entitled to 1 electoral vote each for an ent representation possessed by the peo­ California ______10,586,223 32 33.7 3.6 Colorado ______1, 325,089 6 4. 2 2.4 average population of 287,300. Thus, the ple of the 48 States and shifted to the Connecticut _____ 2,007, 280 8 6.4 2.8 voter in Hawaii and Alaska would have people of these 2 Territories. This Delaware ______318,085 3 1. 0 1.2 an average voting power in the election Florida.------2, 771,305 10 8.8 3.0 transfer of sovereign power seriously and Georgia ______3,444, 578 12 10.9 3.2 of a United States President 3.2 times Hawaii-----·---- 499,794 4 correspondingly reduces the right of suf­ Idaho ______----i~ii- ----T6 greater than the average vote of the Illinois ______588,637 4 frage of the peoples of the 48 States in 8, 712,176 27 27.8 3.6 voter in the 48 States. 8076 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD- HOU-sE May 5 The comparison of the voting rights transferred to the 628,437 citizens of they do not now possess. It has been of the voters of Hawaii and Alaska com· Hawaii and Alaska? suggested that the present senatorial bined with that of the people of the 48 It is my conviction that neither al­ l'epresentation be rearranged. This is States in presidential elections is con­ ternative can wisely and justly solve this neither practicable nor constitutionally tained in schedule B of the accompany­ subverting dilemma. possible, since this protection of Senate ing table. POSSmLE SOLUTIONS IN PROPOSED suffrage is not amendable. The electoral vote of 2,011,100-7 elec­ CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS The farsighted statesmen who drew toral times 287,300 average population There have been a number of joint our Constitution were very careful to for 1 electoral vote-persons will be resolutions introduced in the House of make this Constitution flexible enough taken from the 152,572,000 residents of Representatives proposing constitutional to allow an amendment for the ad­ the 48 States and transferred to the amendments to deal with the problem of mission of States without the represen­ 628,437 residents of Hawaii and Alaska. statehood. tation of 2 Senators. The disfranchisement of the residents of One group proposes to empower Con­ The ciause of article V of the Consti­ the 48 States applies not only to the gress to determine whether the newly tution, that no State, without its consent, executive branch but also applies to the admitted State shall have either no rep­ shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in judicial branch of our Government be· resentation in the United States Senate, the Senate, carries a double connotation. cause the appointing power to the judi­ or 1 Senator or 2 Senators. While the First. The Constitution cannot be ciary lies with the President. intent of this resolution is laudable, the amended to deprive any State of equal The total electoral vote will be tem­ political pressures upon Congress would suffrage in the Senate, without its con­ porarily increased to 538 by the 7 elec­ probably prevent a nonpartisan consid· ·sent. toral votes of Hawaii and Alaska. After eration of this determination. Second. The Constitution cannot be the 1960 census, the House of Repre­ The second group would provide for amended to deprive a State of its power sentatives would be reapportioned to the admission of States by the same pro­ to consent to be deprived of its equal reduce the temporary membership of cedure that is required for an amend­ suffrage in the Senate. 438 to 435. With the Seng,te increased · ment to the United States Constitution. The farsighted vision of a possible to 100 members, the electoral college This proposal appears to be a procedural gross inequality of representation in the would be permanently increased to 535 and not a substantive amendment. It Senate is confirmed by a study of the members. would serve to erect an almost insur­ deliberations of the Constitutional Con­ Although the combined population is mountable barrier to statehood. The vention. In the considerations of the only one two-hundred-forty-second of proposal has the advantage of placing provision of article IV, section 3, that the population of the 48 States, Hawaii the final decision of statehood in the new States may be admitted by the and Alaska combined would enjoy one State legislatures which represent the Congress into this Union, the Convention seventy-sixth, or seven five-hundred­ people affected more closely than either deleted, by a 9-to-2 vote, a proposal to thirty-fifths of the total voting strength House of Congress. It offers no cure for the effect that new States be admitted on of the 48 States in the election of a the weakness of disproportionate repre­ the same terms with the original states. President. The right of suffrage of the sentation. The Constitution affords ample au­ 48 States in this respect is diminished The third, a resolution, House Joint thority to justify an amendment to by that fraction. Resolution 208, introduced by this writer, equalize, per population, senatorial rep­ resentation for States to be admitted. THE DILEMMA OF STATEHOOD proposes a limitation upon representa­ tion in the United States Sen·ate for STATEHOOD POSSIBILITIES FOR DISTRICT OF CO- Congress is confronted with the un­ newly admitted States. It would estab­ LUMBIA, PUERTO RICO, GUAM, VIRGIN ISLANDS, pleasant alternatives of continuing to lish an inflexible standard of representa­ SAMOA withhold statehood and Federal repre­ tion in the United States Senate on a sentation for the Territories of Alaska No one can accurately foretell what basis proportionate to population. By lands and peoples may seek statehood in and Hawaii or to grant statehood under its provisions, any State hereafter ad­ terms that would unduly reduce the Fed­ future decades. The holdings of the mitted, upon attaining a population of United States, in addition to the trustee­ eral representation of the people of the one-half of the average population rep· 48 States. Under present provision of ship of the trust islands in the Pacific resented by each Senator-1950 census: are the incorporated Territories of Ha~ the Constitution, a difficult choice must 794,646-would become entitled to 1 be made between the following alterna­ waii and Alaska, the vague Common­ United States Senator. Upon attaining wealth status of Puerto Rico, the unin­ tives: a population of 1% of the average pop­ A. By the denial of statehood: corporated but organized Territories of ulation represented by each Senator- the Virgin Islands and Guam, and the First. Shall 499,794 citizens of Hawaii 1950 census: 2,383,938-it would become unincorporated and unorganized posses­ and 128,643 citizens of Alaska continue entitled to 2 United States Senators. ·sion of American Samoa. to be denied representation in the United States Senate and be limited to repre­ JUSTIFICATION FOR HOUSE JOINT RESOLUTION The residents of these Territories all sentation in the United States House of 208-PROPORTIONATE POPULATION REPRESEN­ enjoy United States citizenship except­ TATION IN UNITED STATES SENATE FOR NEWLY ing those in Samoa who are classified as Representatives by a nonvoting Dele­ ADMITTED STATES nationals. gate? and The Senate, today, in terms of power Second. Shall these citizens continue The people of each of these posses· derivations, accountability and repre­ sions and the people of the District of to be denied representation in the execu­ sentation, constitutes another House of Columbia aspire to statehood. The Vir­ tive and judicial branches of the Fed­ Representatives. Since the reason for gin Islands hints for a Delegate to the eral Government by the lack of suffrage equality of senatorial representation no in the election of a President? or House of Representatives. Delegates to longer exists, there is no further need both Houses of Congress have been pro­ B. By the grant of statehood: for this constitutional provision. The posed for the District of Columbia. First. Shall the citizens of the 48 only other tenable apportionment for the Each of these political entities are States be disfranchised to the extent of exercise of senatorial power is that of edging toward statehood. In the coming one twenty-fifth of their representation representation proportionate to popu­ half century, Congress will be called in the United States Senate and shall lation. upon to decide their fate without any that share of representation-possessed The proponents for statehood contend on an average by 6,357,168 citizens of principle to guide it in relation to repre­ that Hawaii has a larger population sentation in the Senate and the electoral the 48 States-be transferred to the 628 - than a number of States. They contend 437 citizens of Hawaii and Alaska? an'd college. Certainly, the· detennination that it would be unfair to limit their should not rest upon the political ex­ ' Second. Shall the citizens of the 48 senatorial representation as a condition pediencies that may exist at that time. States be disfranchised to the extent of to statehood. An adequate answer to House Joint Resolution 208 would pro­ one seventy-sixth of their electoral col­ this contention is that while article v lege voting rights in the election of a vide Congress with an equitable basis for of the Constitution prohibits depriving the consideration of statehood and re· President and his appointment of the any State of its equal suffrage in the move the problem of representation from judiciary and shall that share of repre­ Senate, this protection does not apply to the strains of party politics. It would sentation-possessed on an average by Hawaii and Al~ska since they are not establish a just and inflexible standard 2,011,100 citizens of the 48 States-be States and cannot be deprived of a power of equal application to all States here· 1958. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 8077 after admitted. · It would iesseri the the fantastically excessive·disproportion­ their abuse by reason of the fact that clamor for statehood where it is sought ment of allowing 2. Senators to be elected these powers are not coupled with cor­ primarily for the political powers inher..: by the choiee of 27,000 voters. responding and balancing accountability ent in two seats in the United States LOSS OF INDIVIDUAL LmERTIES, THE GROWTH OP and responsibility. Senate. . NATIONAL 'POLITIC'AL POWER, THE REDUCTION' For example, Alaska, with 2 Senators, OTHER ASPECTS OF STATEHOOD-ECONOMIC OF STATES RIGHTS would possess one-fiftieth of the power DEVELOPMENT The past 25 years can be noted for the to determine the expenditure of more than $60 billion per year. That share The proponents of Alaskan statehood vast and alarming growth and concen­ tration of power in the National Govern­ of power to spend is $1,200,000,000. Yet claim that statehood would advance the Alaska's responsibility for the collection economic development of Alaska. This ment. A parallel concentration con­ tinues to take place in the executive ~f the amount to be spent, $60 billion~ hope does not conform to historical fact. as represented by her Federal taxes, is Hawaii and Alaska have had Terri­ branch of our Government. These in­ creasing concentrations of power coin­ only $48 million, or more than 1,000 times torial status for about the same length of less than the total national expenditure. time. Yet, Hawaii has progressed at a cide with a reduction of powers of the States, the loss of sovereign rights and Alaska's 2 Senators-would be account­ far more rapid pace, economically, than able to a population of 132,000-27,000 has Alaska. Hawaii's economy compares liberties of the people and the depriva­ tions of the legislative powers and re~ votes-although her 2. Senators would quite favorably with that of the States. enjoy the senatorial power possessed on It is not the political status that accounts sponsibilities of Congress. · Statehood for these Territories would the average by about 3 million people of· for the differential in the rate of their the Nation. economic growth. The growth of Hawaii accentuate the inequalities of senatorial can be principally ascribed to favorable representation. It would tend to REPRESENTATION IN THE UNITED STATES HOUSE physical characteristics, the temperate strengthen the national concept and • OF REPRESENTATIVES climate and her arable lands. weaken States rights. It would increase This problem poses a number of un­ the pace of nationalization of local gov­ pleasant alternatives. The present bill THE VOTE IN ALASKA ernment services and concentrate power would increase the Members of the House The office of Delegate is the highest in the Federal Government and in the by three seats allotted to the Territories. elective office in Alaska. The total vote executive branch. The membership of the House is in­ cast for that office in the 1954 election There is no standard of measurement creased from 435 to 438 Members. Al­ was 26,999. This compares with the of political power. There is, however, a though the membership of the House is latest estimated civilian population of to be increased, the increase is made not 132,000. No attempt will be made to standard for the measurement of the ex­ ercise of power. This standard is the because of any advantages or need to analyze the reason for the meager ratio increase the size. In fa·ct, the present of vote to that of population. percentage of the national product siphoned off by our Government. The limitation of 435 Members was a careful When compared to Congressional Dis­ decision as to the maximum desirable tricts which cast from 150,000 to 2oo·.ooo following table illustrates the increase membership. The proposed increase by votes, the voting differential is startling. in the Federal absorption of our national three seats is provided in this bill for This vote sharply and clearly shows up production: the purpose of accommodating the pro­ Government expenditures and gross national product posed new Members. It is intended to anticipate the necessity for reducing the [Dollars in billions] Representatives from other States-if the ~embership is permanently limited to Government expenditures 435 Members. . Hawaii bases her claim to 2 Repre­ Gross Amount As a percentage of gross national sentatives upon the United States census Calendar year national product product population figure of 499,794. The latest estimate of her population would indi­ 'l'otal Federal State, Total Federal State, local local cate that after 1960 her representation ~ould p~o"Qably be reduced to one Rep.;. resentat1ve. Yet the membership of the Hl29 _------___ _ $101.4 $10.2 ~2. 6 $7.5 9.8 2. 5 7.3 House is being permanently increased 1930 __------91.1 11. 02 2.7 8. 2 12. 1 3.0 9.1 100. G 18.4 10.08 8.3 18.4 10.0 8.3 by 2 seats to accommodate Hawaii's 1!)40 _------20.2 21.5 14.4 7. 1 1950_ ------285. 06 61.2 40.9 364.8 102.5 78.05 24.4 28.1 21.4 6. 7 proposed Representatives and 1 seat to 1953_------accommodate Alaska's Representative, although, as of today, Hawaii is only The above table indicates that Fed­ The. equitable measure of representa­ entitled to 1 Representative. eral spending of our national production tion for a dominant National Govern­ · If H. R. 2535 is amended so that the increased from_2.5 percent in 1929 to 21.4 ment is that of representation in pro­ increase of membership in the House is percent in 1953. An increase of more portion to population. That is the only temporary and will be reduced to 435 than eightfold. In the same period, the possible protection of the majority of after the 1960 census, then the addi­ spending by States decreased from 7.3 the people against the preponderant tional representation from Hawaii and percent to 6.7 percent of our national power of a minority of the people. Alaska will be included at the expense production. Statehood, by increasing the power of The founders of our Constitution en­ of representation from some other State. the minority, will tend to break down That reduction will probably be at the visioned a Government of limited na­ our two-party system. It leads to blocs tional power. The residuar~ r power of and coalitions based on sectional and expense of those States who have failed the States was conceived to be far great­ popular interests. The function of party to increase their population in pace with er quantitatively than the powers organization to compromise between the national rate. The States that have granted to the Federal Government. sectional and national interests is by­ shown a loss of population between the The grant of two Senators to each State passed. 1950 census and the July 1, 1952, esti­ was based upon these assumptions. Ap­ Instead of considering legislation in mates are: pointment by legislatures was devised -accordance with sound principle, exces­ Loss in to safeguard this objective. "Sive power encourages the consideration State: population ------22,000 The above table proves that the ex­ of legislation by political expediency and . ~aineNew Hampshire______1, 000 ercise of Federal power, 21.4 percent of 'the ·pressures of the electorate. Theories Vermont -----~------7,000 production, is more than 3 times the ex­ are evolved afterward to accommodate Iowa------~-- 13,000 ercise of State power, 6.7 percent. This North Dakota ______17,000 shift from State power to Federal power acts of political expediency. West Virginia______36, 000 · The senatorial ·powers to be assigned coincides with the alteration ·of our Tennessee------32,000 mode of selection of Senators from that by H. R. 2535 will not lie dormant. Mississippi ------15, 000 of the legislatures to that of popular The powers of senatodal representation Arkansas------65,000 suffrage. granted to these two Territories invite Oklahoma------9,000 C!V-509 8078 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 5 If the membership of the House is re­ membership on three major committees: This solution would strengthen and tained at 435 by an amendment in the Agriculture, Armed Services, and Inte­ unify this Nation in the years to come. House or Senate, then we commit our­ rior and lnsular Affairs. The Delegate It would help preserve the rights of the selves to reducing the representation of from Alaska, in addition, serves on the States and the liberties of our people. other States by either 2 or 3 seats to be Merchant Marine and Fisheries Com­ The cause of justice and freedom would allotted to these Territories. mittee. be advanced. The Federalist Paper No. 58 warns us Their service on these committees against a multitudinous representative gives them the advantage of an associa­ assembly. Excessive numbers leads not tion with fellow committee members to democratic processes but, on the con­ which no other Representative enjoys. Washington Report trary, to government by the few. This opportunity enhances their influ­ The latest United States census pop­ ence and power. ulation estimates-1954-for these Ter­ The great mass of decisions made by EXTENSION OF REMARKS ritories are: Congress are made without a vote. The OF Alaska, civilian------132, 000 influence upon legislation in Congress HON. BRUCE ALGER cannot be measured by the right to vote. Alaska, military------50, 000 OF TEXAS It is not a pleasant task to vote in oppo­ Alaska, total------182,000 sition to measures which have adverse IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES political repercussions for a fellow Mem­ Monday, May 5, 1958 Hawaii, civilian.:.------467, ooo ber of the House. It is not conducive Hawaii, military------55, 000 Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, under the to political good fellowship. The dis­ leave to extend my remarks in the REc­ tinguished Delegates are saved from this Hawaii, totaL------522, 000 ORD, I include the following weekly news­ necessity. When balanced out, the dis­ letter of May 3, 1958: Due to our military bases, the ratio of advantages of the lack of a vote are far military personnel to the civilian popula­ outweighed by the advantages accruing Legislative activity January 7 through April 30 in the House totals 217 hours of tion is far greater in these Territories to the Delegates. than exists in the - other States. The debate, 2,488 pages Of CONGRESSIONAL RECORD CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS proceedings, 3,045 measures (bills) intro­ military personnel consists of citizens duced, and 348 measures passed. and inhabitants of the 48 States. Yet, The following conclusions and recom­ The transcript of the s. M. U. meeting of the census makes no differentiation but mendations are respectfully submitted John Gates, former Communist Daily Worker adds the military population to the civil­ to this committee as an equitable dispo­ editor, and Herbert Philbrick, former FBI ian in computing their entitlement to sition of this problem: counterspy, is now a part of the CoNGRES­ representation. This method violates First. Statehood for Hawaii ought to SIONAL RECORD. Members of Congress and the intent of amendment 14, section 2, of be deferred until she has unquestionably people throughout America should enjoy the our Constitution. · eliminated communistic influences in her questions and answers. Article II, section 2, of the proposed political, economic, and social structures. Some unanswered questions remain. For example, (1) How does an atheist tell right Hawaiian constitution provides: Second. Statehood for both Hawaii from wrong? (2) How can democratic so­ No person shall be deemed to have gained and Alaska should be deferred pending cialism retain the features of our constitu­ or lost residence simply because of his pres­ the adoption of an appropriate constitu­ tional form of government, as Gates says ence or absence while employed in the serv­ tional amendment to provide .for repre­ (the mixing of oil and w:tter)? (3) Do ice of the United States. sentation in the United States Senate on others besides Gates believe the American a basis proportionate to population. labor movement to be the home of new Thus we find that both Federal civil­ American radicalism? ( 4) Is the American ian and military personnel are excluded Third. If statehood is . to be granted labor movement, whose leaders push liberal from the right of suffrage by this sec­ upon the basis of equal representation free-spending, even unconstitutional legis­ tion. Yet their numbers are added to in the Senate, then admission should be lation, now the result of earlier Socialists establish a base for Hawaii's entitlement approved by three-fourths of the States who think like Gates? (5) By what phi­ pursuant to a constitutional amendment losophy of government are now justified the to representation in the United States many legislative bills sponsored by the AFL­ House of Representatives. providing for the a~mission of States by the same procedure that is now required CIO (as, for example, this week's socialized This section would appear to consti­ dole) ? In AFL-CIO pressure on Congress tute an abridgement and denial of the to amend our Constitution. · can be found the answers to (a) the refusal right to vote. If so, then amendment Fourth. Congress should immediately of the House Democratic leadership to even 14, section 2, provides that the basis of grant to each Territory the autonomy of hold hearings on labor legislation, long representation shall be reduced in pro­ statehood with full power of self-govern­ pending and pigeonholed, and (b) the Sen­ portion. This writer suggests the desir­ ment in such form as may be recom­ ate's refusal last week to pass any legislation mended by the Territories. curtailing labor's monopolistic position. ability of Congressional action to con­ Will success crown Senator BILL KNOWLAND's form the apportionment of representa­ The autonomy would include (a) com­ valiant efforts to lead the fight for a work­ tion in Hawaii and Alaska with the re­ plete executive power with the right of ingman's bill of rights? The extortion of quirements of amendment 14, section 2, election of Governor; (b) full legislative money from union workers' pay checks by of the United States Constitution. power over all Territorial affairs, includ­ the power-hungry labor leaders, he labeled The Alaska Statehood Committee re­ ing public lands, fisheries, and subsur­ an example of collective bludgeoning. ports that Alaska is politically impotent face resources; and '- HQUSE May 5

Lord Hailes' role, as ou~lined, is being Northwest, the gentleman. from._ Wash­ ~inue, than ~hutting down for 1.day last week. criticized. ington [Mr. MACK] and the gentleman Lumber core plywood, as you ·know, is. our The cry is · going up that these powers from Oregon [Mr. NoRBLAD] on the bread and butter at the Marshfield mill in must be clearly specified so that this 5-year the plywood field. I shall keep you advised interim period will test the federation. It problem created by the imports of ply­ as to future developments on price and prod­ will be the usual struggle facing any new wood. I took the floor to advise the uct information from Japan. union-how much power to give the ce~tral gentleman from Oregon [Mr. PoRTER] With sincere regards, I remain, government. And when the constituent of the difference between fir and hard­ Cordhmy, states are islands, some of them mere specks wood plywood. In so doing, I men­ RODDIS PLYWOOD CORP .• in the Caribbean, the problem is further com­ tioned the Friday shutdown of the Rod­ DoN GOTT, plicated. Yet the · hurrahs that drifted dis Plywood Corp., a large produ.cer of Marshfield Sales Manager. through the Red House's open windows were promising that nationalism is a resistless hardwood plywood in my district. The On· April 28 the gentleman from force. · · very next day one Tom Blake called the Oregon [Mr. PORTER], with no prior Roddis Plywood Corp. and talked to Mr. notice to me, inserted in the· CONGRES• A sample of the hopeful reception Don Gott, Marshfield sales manager of SIONAL RECORD a correction of my re­ giving the newest of the world's legisla­ the Rod dis plant. -Mr. Blake was very marks of April 24. This is, of course, tive bodies by the press of the United mysterious in identifying himself to Mr. not in accordance with normal House States was found on the editorial page Oott. He asked if the plant was being procedure. The House on April 29 gave of the Washington Post ·and Times Her­ shut down on Friday and if the com­ me unanimous consent to correct . the ald on inauguration day. The editorial pany used or sold imported plywood. RECORD and I will insert at this point the said: Mr. Blake was told that the company statement I made on April 29. PARLIAMENT IN BIRTH was shut down on Friday, April 18, the SHUTDOWN OF RODDIS PLYWOoD PLANT The sun is shining with special brightness cause being the lack of orders. Mr. Gott today in Port of Spain, Trinidad. This Mr. LAIRD. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous buoyant little island. is the seat of govern­ immediately called me and informed me consent to address the House for 1 minute ment of our newest neighbor, the West of the call and his concern over Mr. and to revise and extend my remarks. Indies Federation, and today marks the for­ Blake being unwilling to properly iden­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the mal opening of the federation's first legisla­ tify himself. I decided to find out just request of the gentleman from Wisconsin? ture. Presiding at the festive occaston will · who Mr. Blake was and what interests There .was no objection. be Princess Margaret, whose last visit to the he represented. I found that Mr. Blake Mr . .LAIRD. Mr. Speaker, on page 7284 of island of calypso in 1955 was a rousing suc­ the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Of April 24, 1958, is associated with tl)e law firm ·of Sharp in the exchange between the gentleman from cess. Thus, amid pomp and playful song, & & the long-cherished dream of federating the Bogan. Sharp Bogan are the· attor­ Oregon [Mr. PoRTER] · .and myself, an error 13 British-administered islands in the Carib­ neys for the Imported ·Hardwood Ply­ was made. In the paragraph in the middle of bean will draw close to full realization. wood Association, the Japanese Plywood the page, I stated: The Federation's first prime minister wiil Trade Promotional Gommittee, of Tokyo, · "The largest hardwood plywood plant in be Sir Grantly Adams, an Oxford-educated Japan, and other groups which are in­ the world is going to be shut down on Fri­ moderate from Barbados, who was chosen terested in increasing the imports . of day." by a narrow margin last Friday. (Barbados, plywood from Japan. Quite obviously, This sentence should read: incidentally, is an island which has boasted Mr. Blake was representing the im­ "The largest hardwood plywood plant in its own representative institutions since porters and the members of the Japa­ the world was shut down last Friday." i627). S~r Grantley, a member of the Fed­ I regret very much that the error was eral Labor Party, will need all his energy and nese Plywood Trade Promotional Com­ made in the day of the shutdown of the skill to knit into union the widely separated mittee when he called the Roddis Ply­ Roddis plywood plant as the plant was shut and proudly individual cluster of islands. wood Corp. It seems that the lobbyists down on April 18, 1958, and not April 25, Some of the immediate problems facing the for the plywood importers and this Jap­ 1958. new government -will be the forging of a anese committee, are worried about the I did not have the many letters which I customs union and the development of a situation and will employ any means to have received about this shutdown before common citizenship which will permit free obtain information which they hope me on the fioor of the House on April 24, movement between the islands. The long­ 1958, and I had assumed the shutdown was range challenge will be to meliorate the pov­ they can use for the purpose of injuring to take place on April 25, but in reading over erty which afflicts so many of the islands this American industry. An industry by the correspondence in my omce, the shut­ and to develop fully the rich resources of the way which has been adversely af­ down date was April 18, 1958. Irrespective the area, which include bauxite, asphalt, fected by an increase of Japanese ply­ of what Friday the plant was shut down, it cocoa, sugarcane, banan as-and many en­ wood shipments of over 6,000 percent remains that the management has informed viable lures for American t m:rists. since 1952. me that it was necessary to reduce hours in To be sure, the feder at~ on is not yet fully this plant because of a reduction in orders. self-governing. But according to the time­ Mr. Speaker, I read into the RECORD I am advised that these orders have been table set in London, the 3 million subjects at this point a letter received from Mr. reduced not because of the lack of consump­ in the West Indies will arrive at dominion Don Gott of the Roddis Plywood Corp.: tion of hardwood plywood but because of the status in about 5 years. Surely the birth RODDIS PLYWOOD CORP., increase of Japanese imports. In corre­ of a new parliament is a proud moment for Marshfield, Wis., April25, 1958. spondence from the management . of the Great Britain and for the hemisphere. The Honorable MELVIN R. LAIRD, · plant, it is impossible to estimate with any Strong ties of legend and history link the House of Representatives, degree of finality whether additional shut­ United States to the West Indies-an area Washington, D. C. downs will be necessary. However, it is im­ which Columbus explored, George Washing­ DEAR MEL: Confirming our ccinv~rsation of portant to bear in mind that several of the ton visited, and in which Alexander Hamil­ this morning the Marshfield mill , did close plants in my District are operating on a regu­ ton was born. The progress of the new fed­ down Friday, April 18, for the 1 day. It is lar schedule of reduced hours. eration will be followed with affection and quite obvious that when shipments exceed a I ask unanimous consent that the per­ interest in the United States. slowup of orders received, adjustments must manent RECORD be corrected. take place to have the fiow of orders coincide The SPEAKER. Without objection, it is so with the flow of shipments. This is true in ordered. any business. There was no objection. Hardwood Plywood While there are a few other elements be­ This statement would have been made sides the Japanese import situation which on April28 if it were not for the fact that EXTENSION OF REMARKS . create this readjustment the information which I obtained from Philadelphia this I was speaking in Wisconsin on that OF morning is certainly considered the present date. and future problem. If you recall, I indi­ Sharp & Bogan, lobbyists for the ply­ HON. MELViN R. LAIRD cated that our manager of the Philadelphia wood importers, are mailing out some OF WISCONSIN operation told me by phone this morning very interesting propag~nda these days. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES that Japanese three-fourths inch full-length In a letter dated April 20, 1958, they spell basswood lumber core, 1-1 grade, in select Monday, May 5, 195·8 out their high-:-powered lobby technique red birch, is delivering Philadelphia at 41 very thoroughly. Mr. Sharp in his letter Mr. LAIRD. Mr. Speaker, on Thurs­ cents per square foot. This compares to our delivered price for rotary natural birch at 63 urges the recipients to write their Con­ day, April 24, the gentleman from Ore­ cents, Philadelphia, and select red birch at gressmen but tells them emphatically not gon [Mr. PoRTER] took the floor and for 76Y:a cents, Philadelphia. This, plus the in­ to send any of his canned material. Un­ a solid 40 minutes took after my distin­ flux of cheap Lauan from Japan, will create der unanimous consent I insert at this guished· colleagues from the Pacific more serious conditions·, if allowed to ·con- point in the RECORD the letter of Mr. 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD·- HOUSE 8081 Sharp dated April 20, 1958, and the at· The powerful propaganda lobby fighting 1m­ 80 percent of the United States plywood in­ tached enclosures: ports says they are. But the facts say no. dustry, on the other hand, produces only SHARP & BOGAN, And the unbiased Government · experts who softwood plywood, chiefly Douglas-fir. Washington, D. C., April 20, 1958. have investigated the effect of these plywood There has been a. substantial increase tn GENTLEMEN: As you know, our firm repre· imports have ruled that they are not hurting imports of hardwood plywood over the past sents the Imported Hardwood Plywood Asso· the American plywood industry. (If you 7 years. Between 1951 and 1955 total im­ ciation in its effort to defeat the enactment want more details, see the attached fact ports of plywOOd increased by almost 800 of the hardwood plywood restrictive quota sheets.) percent, from 74 million to 628 million bills now pending in Congress. These bills How can you protect your job? You are square feet. Imports from Japan alone in­ would cripple the import trade and require being threatened by a powerful and well­ creased almost 3,300 percent from 13 million serious curtailment -of the operations of financed lobby, but you have the power to to 429 million square feet. beat them. many manufacturers who utilize imported · Yet in 1955, after a.n exhaustive investiga­ plywood in the manufacture of doors, furni· YOU HAVE THE POWER OF THE PEN tion, the United States Tariff Commission ture, and other products. 1. Write your Congressmen and tell them found in a unanimous opinion that im­ One of your suppliers of imported hard­ to vote for a liberal trade bill and against ports of hardwood plywood were not injur­ wood plywood has asked us to furnish you any plywood import restrictions. Tell them, ing the United States hardwood plywood with copies of a communication which, if in your own words, how important this industry, or even threatening any injury to you see fit, is for the information of your trade is to your job, your company, your that domestic industry. employees. The purpose is to induce them, c.:>mmunity, the Nation. Don't send any of - Since 1955, the increase has continued, if possible, to write letters to their Senators the attached material, but use any of the but at . a much slower pace. Total imports and Congressmen in opposition to the ply­ facts or arguments that are of interest to rose from 628 million feet in 1955 to 847 wood quota legislation. Enclosed you will you. million feet in 1957, an increase of only 35 find copies of the communication and we Your Representatives should be ad­ percent. Japanese plywood increased from should be glad to furnish additional copies if Aressed: 429 -million feet to 686 million feet in 1957. you can make use of them; If you need addi­ The Honorable---, House Office Build­ an increase of about 60 percent. tional copies, either call, write, or wire us ing, Washington, D: C. and we will dispatch them to .you imme­ Why did the unanimous Tariff Commis­ Your Senators (remember there are two sion find no inj\.rry, in the face of such a. diately. for your State) as: The House Ways and Means Committee great incrE;Jase in imports? Because, in the The Honorable , Senate Office Commission's own words, the imports were is now in executive session on the Reciprocal Building, Washington, D. c. Trade Act and various quota bills, including "supplemental to the domestic supply of And if you can, send a carbon copy of hardwood plywood"; because "the avail­ plywood. It is important that as many let­ your letters to the Washington representa­ ters as possible be sent to the Members of ability of imports has helped to develop tives protecting this trade and your job: new markets" for plywood of all kinds; be­ Congress within the next 2 to 4 weeks. Sharp & Bogan, attorneys, 1108 16th You will undoubtedly realize the impor­ cause "the great expansion in the produc­ Stre~t. NW., Washington 6, D. C. tion of flush doors would not have been tance of immediate action. Adoption of this 2. Write a letter to your local newspaper, legislation will have a direct effect upon the possible if producers had been dependent explaining the importance of this import entirely on domestic. plywood"; because business of your company and the welfare trade to you and your community. Public of your employees, as well as .:the importers "domestic supplies would not have been interest and newspaper support are power­ adequate." on whose behalf we are acting. ful weapons on the side of the truth. Yours very truly, With this brief background, let's examine SHARP & BOGAN, YOU ALSO HAVE THE POWER OF ORGANIZATION the neweEt claims in the great plywood JAMES R. SHARP. 1. If you are a member of a union, tell hoax, which are for the most part the same your union officials to support this flgh t claims already investigated and rejected by the Tariff Commission: If you are employed in a door plant, fur­ against import restrictions. niture plant, or any other place of business 2. Your local clubs (Kiwanis, Lions, oth· I. The softwood plywood hoax that uses, ships, or handles imported 'ply­ ers) should be enlisted in the fight. The claim is made that the current eco­ wood, your job is being threatened by import 3. Don't forget your wife's organizations, nomic difficulties in the Douglas-fir plywood ·restrictions. such as the League of Women Voters, which industry are caused by imports. This is not What's happening in Washington right can be most effective. true, it cannot be true. Douglas-fir is a soft­ now is more than just a general news item If you want .. to keep your job, to grow · wood, used principally for cement forms and to you. It will determine whether you and with the company, to share in its prosperity, subsurface construction· in homes, buildings, your fellow workers can continue to hold your you're going to have to fight to protect that and furniture; while imports are of hard· jobs, because those jobs are being threatened job. And you're going to have to fight now. wood, use~ almost primarily for natural­ by what Congressman PORTER, of Oregon, has The next month will be decisive, because finish decorative surface doors and panels. called a campaign of massive misinforma­ Congress is now drafting the trade program The Tariff Commission in its report pointed tion. for the next few years. out that softwood plywood and hardwood The well-heeled lobby that is trying to Write your letters now. Get your organ­ plywood are not competitive, but are used throttle plywood imports is threatening the izational support now. Protect your job for entirely different purposes. very existence of your company-which and the national interest, now. Moreover, imported plywood costs at least means the very existence of your job. One THE PLYWOOD HOAX $35 more per thousand square feet at the California door manufacturer with his Con­ wholesale distributors' level than Douglas-fir gressman said that if these imports are The propaganda program of the Hard­ plywood, despite the lower wages paid stopped, "We are out of business." A Ten­ wood Plywood Manufacturers Committee abroad. While one-fourth inch, AD-grade, has been described by at least one Member nessee distributor wrote that if these imports Douglas-fir plywood has been selling from $64 are stopped, "We lose 40 percent of our busi­ of the Congress as a campaign of massive to $72 per thousand square feet at the whole­ ness." Furniture makers, boat manufac­ misinformation, an economic hoax. sale level, imported Japanese plywood of the turers, trailer-body producers, home-con­ This well-financed lobby has sought Con­ same grade has been selling for between $101 struction companies, and many others have gression}ll support for plywood import quota and $112. To .say that Douglas-fir plywood, said that if imports stop "our costs go up bills by claiming that: used for forming and subsurface construc­ and our sales go down." 1. Plywood imports are hurting the tion purposes at $72 a thousand feet; can be And what they are all t alking about is your Douglas-fir plywood industry. displaced by imported exotic panels selling job. 2. Plywood imports are made with Soviet for ·more than $100 is pure economic non­ Of course, to the Nation as a whole, this lumber. sense. problem of imports is more important than 3. Plywood imports hav~ shut down 28 This cold fact, that imported plywood Is your job. President Eisenhower and all the hardwood plywood plants. ·substantially more expensive than Douglas­ Democratic leaders have said that increased 4. International diplomacy has denied re­ fir plywood of similar grade, is met by the trade -is vital to our own economic growth, lief :to the United States industry. domestic propagandists with the claim that to the strength of our alliances, and to These statements are not true. They are, ·the average price· of all imported plywood, the defeat of the Soviet economic offensive. at best, economic nonsense, and at worst, _f. o. b. Japan, is lower than the price of Increased trade is not charity-it is good malicious distortion. - Douglas-fir plywood. This not only ignores United States business, it is buying and sell­ A summary of the facts slwuld prevent the costs of ocean freight, 20 percent duty, ing that helps us as much as it helps our any Member of the Congress or the public etc., that go into the United States price of friends. from being taken in by this plywood hoax. imported panels, but also compares an aver­ So, remember that in protecting your job age of dissimilar products. It is like ayer­ you are also protecting the national inter­ THE TRUTH ABOUT PLYWOOD IMPORTS aging the price of Fords, Edsels, Mercurys, est, the peace and prosperity of America Over 98 percent of the plywood imported and Lincolns to prove that Lincolns are and the free world. into the United States is made from hard­ cheaper than Cadillacs. Comparing similar But these imports which are so essential woods, less than 2 percent from softwoods. products, of the same grade and thickness, to your job and so beneficial to the Nation, All the plywood from Japan, the prh:~cipal imported plywood panels are at least 40 to are they hurting other American workers? supplier, is hardwood plywood. More than 50 percent. more expensive than Douglas-fir. 8082 CONGRESSIONAl:'· RECbRb - ~ MOUSE ' May 5 Every year from 1951 through 1957, Doug­ their hardwood plywood capacity- to fill las-fir . plywood production has shown at growing demands in this market. Know Your Congressman-Legislative­ steady growth from 2.9 billion square feet to IV. The injury hoax · Record, Duties and Responsibilities of 5.8 billion square feet in 1957.. In the first 12 weeks of 1958, Douglas-fir plywood pro· The claim has been made that tnterna-· Congressman Gordon L. McDonough duction increased 14.1 percent over the same tional diplomacy has denied the United States hardwood plywood industry the re· period in 1957, reaching the highest levels in EXTENSION OF REMARKS history. · lief it needs from import competition. This is not true. Imports have not been cur­ OF II. The Russi an lumber hoax tailed simply because the Tariff Commission The report that the Japanese are us~ng ~o:­ unanimously found that plywood imports HON. GORDON L. _McDONOUGH - viet lumber in producing their plywood ong­ were not injuring the domestic industry. OF CALIFORNIA inated with a union oHicial on the west coast There are some cases where a domestic IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and has been repeated by several Members of industry, having proven its claim of import­ the Congress. Basis of the story was ·no caused injury before the Tariff Commission, Monday, May 5, 1958 more than a news report that Japan had has been denied relief because of what the agreed to purchase a quantity of Russian President believed to be the broader national Mr. McDONOUGH. Mr.. Speaker, it'is coniferous logs. Coniferous, of course, interests. It is at least understandable that the desire of all Members of, Congress to means softwood, _and no one has attempted such an industry might be heard to com­ become intimately and personally ~c-: to explain how the Japanese can convert plain. But the United States hardwood quainted with all of the people they rep­ Russian softwood into hardwood. Moreover, plywood industry has not been denied relief resent and likewise for the people they the news report itself explained that the logs because of diplomacy or Executive discretion represent to know their.Congressman. we_re to be used in Japan for pulp and con· in the light of broad national policies. In· This is not always possible, as much as struction. stead, the Tariff Commission found -the the Congressman and the people he rep­ Not one foot of Russian lumber goes into industry was not being hurt by imports. any of the hardwood plywood shipped to the Unless and until such injury can be shown, resents try to become personally ac .. United States from Japan. This has been there is no basis for any kind of import quainted. certified by the United States Embassy in restriction, either legisl~tive or executive. However, through correspondence, the Japan after a carefully conducted investiga· THE NEED FOR PLYWOOD IMPORTS press, radio, TV, and other means of tion. It has also been certified by the Jap· communication, all Congressmen try to anese Government and the J apanese Ply­ Imports of hardwood plywood have ere~ ated more American jobs than th~y ever inform their people what they are doing; wood Manufacturers Association, and the the bills they sponsor, introduce and pro~ United States customs officials have reported could conceivably threaten. As the Tariff that they have found no Japanse plywood Commission reported, domef'tiC _supplies mote; the committees they are assigned shipped to the United States containing not have been adequate to permit the to; the major issues they have voted for; Russian softwood or any other kind of soft­ growth in the United 'states door manu· and their duties and responsibilities . . wood. facturing industry. Many door manufac­ In order to properly inform the people This Russian lumber story was made of turers have written to tell their Congress­ men that if these imports are stopped, we of the 15th District, I am submitting the whole cloth. It is being contin_uously re­ are out of business. Substantial segments following summary of my legislative rec­ peated as another aspect of the __plywood of our furniture, boat-building, trailer-body ord, my duties and responsibilities, and hoax, although proven utterly false. and other industries would be simila,rly af. some of the important bills I have intro­ III. The hardwood plywood hoax fected. These represent thousands of Amer­ duced and promoted. When . the plywood import quota bills ican jobs directly dependent on imports of MAJOR ISSUES CONGRESSMAN M'DONOUGH HAS were introduced in the Congress last year, the industrial raw materials processed and SUPPORTED AND VOTED FOR the principal claim offered in support of the consumed in American plants. legislation was that 28 named hardwood ply· In addition, since these imports provide The McDonough record speaks for 1t­ wood plants had allegedly been shut dow11 dollars that make Japan a major market for self. But the record of achievement in by import competition, since the time of the United States goods, and the world's best legislation initiated by him is but a small Tariff Commission report. cash customer for the products of America's part of the total record ·or accomplish­ This was the original plywood hoax. An farms, additional thousands of jobs iri our ment built by the consistent and vigor.:. investigation of these 28 mills, conducted export industries and on our farms are like­ ous efforts of the Congressman from the in large part by form,er employees of the wise dependent on maintaining this flow of · imports. 15th District in behalf of his constitu­ FBI, most of them former special agents, ency. revealed that 9 plants among the 28 n amed CONCLUSION had not shut down at all but were still It is a sound and an established principle He has supported legislation to estab­ operating, 3 had been demolished by fire, 3 that import restrictions should be avoided lish a strong adequate national and had never existed, 2 were named twice on except where Congres~ionally established civilian defense to meet any enemy the list, at least 1 produced container ply­ procedures have been followed and a clear attack. · wood (a type which is not imported at all) , need for relief has been shown. The facts He has urged legislation to outlaw the 1 was closed before there were ar.y sig!'lifi­ here show no need for import restrictions, whether by quota or otherwise. The expert Communist Party in the United States cant imports, 4 were consolidated with their and to combat ·communism both within parent companies resulting in g~eater !JrO· body created by the Congress to investigate duction, 2 failed because of undercapitalJza­ such claims has found no injury caused by the United States and abroad. tion, and the few remaining were closed for imports. If circumstances have changed He. stands firmly opposed to the ad­ a variety of reasons, including labor trouble, since that decision, there is n,o warrant for mission · of Red China to the United depletion of timber stands, etc._ legislative action until the domestic indus­ Nations. · Hardwood plywood sales were down in try has first established its case before the He has consis,tently supported new and 1957, as they were in the recession of 1954. Tariff Commission in a new in ves1;ig~ tion. improved veterans' hospitals and neces­ This is a natural consequence of a sharp This letter of Mr. Sharp's, with the en­ decline in housing starts and in industrial sary increases in pensions for service and production, including furniture and other closures, is of particular interest because non-service-connected veterans and war finished items using plywood. Hardwood an examination of Mr. Sharp's statement widows and dependents. plywood is also facing intensive competition conclusively demonstrates the source of He has supported lower downpayments from the mushrooming particle board indus­ the material for the speech of April 24 on new homes and liberal loans for al­ try in the United States and from increas­ of the gentleman from Oregon [Mr. terations and repairs of existing homes, ing uses of hardboard and other sturdy but PoRTER]. Indeed, Mr. Sharp and the and for slum clearance under housing inexpensive building boards. Yet despite gentleman from Oregon use the same legislation. this, over the past 3 years, 1955-57, United similes, . as in the mention of averaging States hardwood plywood shipments were 15 He has supported increased social se­ percent higher than in 1954, and at least the price of Fords, Edsels, Mercurys, curity payments that would provide 12 percent higher -than the prior 3-year and Lincolns in making a point relative adequate pensions to our senior citizens. period 1952-54. to the softwood and hardwood plywood McDoNOUGH believes in economy in In an industry dominated by a few giants, prices. This statement leads me to be­ Government through elimination of as is the United States hardwood plywood lieve that much, if not all, of what the waste, extravagance, and duplication of industry, it is inevitable that some of the gentleman from Oregon [Mr. PoRTER] services. He also believes in providing small marginal producers will be unable to had to say, must coma from Sharp ·& maximum service to our citizens for keep pace with the large integrated manu­ Bogan, .the Wa~hington attorneys who every dollar spent by Government. facturers. Many of ti1e smalls are losing represent the Japanese plywood users out to the bigs, and the financial reports -He believes in tax reduction, if such and Japanese producers. The insertion reduction can be achieved while we at of the bigs. show that .they are _not only in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of April competing successfully but are expanding the same time maintain our national 28 clearly comes from these lobbyists. defense and meet the technological chal- 1958 '.' CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- I-IOUSE 8083 lenge of the Soviet Union in the field of He also obtained reimbursement to the 81st Congress. The United States Air scienti:fic achievement. city of Los Angeles for funds which had Force Academy, now located in Colorado LEGISLATIVE RECORD OF CONGRESSMAN been expended on the east basin harbor was authorized with enactment of Pub~ GORDON L. :M'DONOUGH improvement for necessary immediate lie Law 325, 83d Congress. The record of achievement attained work prior to the Congressional author­ Po_st Graduate Naval Academy in Cali­ during his term of service to the people ization. forma: The McDonough bill to establish of the 15th Congressional District is out­ Air pollution control-smog: Recog­ an additional Naval Academy in Cali­ standing. It is a record of action rather nizing the serious threat of smog to the fornia and his fight to improve and ex­ than words-of accomplishment rather health and welfare of every citizen of tend facilities for the technical training than promises. It is the tesult of his Los Angeles, McDoNOUGH introduced a of officers for the United States Navy consistent efforts to act and work in the bill in the 84th Congress to provide for resulted in establishment of the Post best interest of all the people in his Dis­ research by the Federal Government Graduate Naval School at Monterey trict as well as for the Nation. into the causes of air pollution, its con­ Calif., December 22, 1951. ' During the six complete Congresses in trol and prevention. United States flag: McDoNOUGH in­ which McDoNOUGH has served, he has The Federal program for research on troduced House Joint Resolution 167 in introduced the following major bills air pollution now in progress under the the 80th Congress to assure that the flag which have resulted in ultimate action direction of the Department of Health, of the United States always shall receive and public law. Education, and Welfare was inaugurated proper respect and be placed in its proper Now let us have a look at the McDoN­ with enactment of Public Law 159, 84th position by providing that no foreign or ouGH record. Congress. supra-national flag shall be displayed in California ownership of tidelands: A · Marina Del Rey project: The McDon­ a superior position or . in place of the bill to establish the title of the States ough bill introduced in the 83d Congress ftag of the United States. to tidelands areas was introduced by provided for authorization of the Marina This protection of the fiag of the McDONOUGH in the 79th Congress. His Del Rey small craft harbor, a project United States was established with en­ fight to establish California's ownership urgently needed to supply a base for the actment of Public Law 107, 83d Con­ of tideland property which is so impor­ United States Coast Guard Air-Sea gress. tant to the citizens of our State culmi­ Rescue Unit, and which also will pro­ Scientific research: In the 80th Con­ nated in enactment of Public Law 31, vide additional small-craft facilities and gress, McDoNOUGH introduced a bill to 83d Congress; which recognized Cali­ a useful recreation area. Authorization provide a research program to develop fornia's ownership of tideland property. for this project was included in Public economical methods to convert sea vta­ Los Angeles post office expansion: A Law 780, 83d Congress. Congressman ter to fresh. This program is of vital bill for the expansion and remodeling of McDoNOUGH's vigorous efforts also ob­ importance to Southern California as a the Terminal Annex Post Office was in­ tained the following appropriations ·for practical ec_onomical method which will troduced by McDoNOUGH in the 80th the Marina Del Rey project: $25,000, convert sea water to fresh for indus­ Congress. The improvement and exten .. Public Law 163, 84th Congress; $355,000, trial, agricultural, and domestic use sion of facilities at Terminal Annex Public Law 641, 84th Congress. would help solve the all important prob­ which included an additional floor on Repeal of taxes: Congressman Mc­ lem of continuous adequate water sup­ the !:>U.ilding was necessary as this post DoNOUGH introduced legislation in the ply to meet continuing · needs of an in­ office hanqles the bulk of ingqing and 80t_h Cong~ess to repeal the excise tax on creasing population and industry. This outgoing mail for the Los Angeles area, _thea'~e r admissions. Partial repeal of bill also provided for establishment of and the tremendous population increase the admission excise tax was enacted demonstration plants. · in the Los Angeles area since World under Public Law 324 of the 83d Con­ The research program now .in prog­ War II resulted in a corresponding in­ gress and Public Law 1010, 84th Con­ ress by the Federal Government to con­ crease in the mail load handled at Ter­ gress. vert sea water to fresh was initiated minal Annex. The expansion and re­ Veterans: In the 79th Congress, Mc­ under Public Law 448, 82d Congress. modeling of Terminal Annex has .been DoNOUGH . introduced a bill to extend McDoNoUGH. also introduced a bill in completed as a result of Public Law 238, National Service Life Insurance for 5 the 80th Congress to provide for Federal 8lst Congress, and efficient mail service additional years thereby assuring life­ research into the causes· and treatment in the Los Angeles area has been main­ insurance benefits for all men in service of multiple sclerosis. This. program was tained. which otherwise would have terminated. initiated under Public Law 835, 84th Federal buildings for Los Angeles: The extension of National Service Life Congress. Congressman McDoNOUGH introduced a Insurance was established under Public Recognition of the American school­ bill in the 80th Congress for the con­ Law 118, 79th Congress. teacher: A bill introduced in the 82d struction of a new customhouse and McDoNOUGH introduced a bill in the Congress by McDoNOUGH provided for . Federal office bUilding to meet the 83d Congress to extend the 3-year pre­ the issue of a special postage stamp increased need in the Los Angeles met­ sumption of service connection to vet­ honoring our American schoolteachers ropolitan area, and to afford greater erans in all types of tuberculosis. This who receive so little recognition for the service and convenience to the public. bill was designed to bring relief to many service they render to our Nation. Congressional action providing approval veterans with types of tuberculosis other The special stamp honoring the Amer­ of this building was completed July 19, than pulmonary, which were contracted ican schoolteacher was issued July 1, 1956, and construction on the new Los as a result of service. The 3-year pre­ 1957. Angeles customhouse and Federal of­ sumption of service connection was ex­ Equal rights: A bill introduced by Mc­ fice building will soon be under way. tended to veterans in all types of tuber­ DoNOUGH in the 82d Congress provided Los Angeles harbor improvements: culosis under Public Law 241, 83d Con­ naturalized citizenship rights to all immi­ Los Angeles Harbor is one of the largest gress. grants having the right to permanent harbors in the United States, and with Armed service~: The McDonough bill residence ·in the United States, and pro­ constantly increasing commerce, facili­ introduced in the 82d Congress fixed vided quotas for Asian and Pacific peo­ ties for the loading and unloading of the personnel strength of the United ples. The provisions of this bill were in­ vessels must be expanded with channels States Marine Corps to assure full effi­ cluded in Public Law 414, 82d Congress. extended and enlarged to provide more ciency of the corps, and also gave the :M'DONOUGH BILLS UNDER CONSIDERATION BY space for vessels and to assure adequate Commandant of the Marine Corps a . 85TH CONGRESS channels for larger vessels to make port place on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. This House Joint Resolution 61: A resolu­ at Los Angeles. was accomplished with the enactment tion to revise the Status of Forces Agree­ Congressman McDoNOUGH introduced of Public Law 416, 82d Congress. ment regarding jurisdiction of foreign bills to improve the east basin of Los Air Force Academy: A bill to estab­ nations over American servicemen sta­ Angeles Harbor by dredging and enlarg­ lish an Air Force Academy to provide tioned within those nations, or the with­ ing, and to improve the west basin in- the highly specialized training necessary drawal of the United States from the cluding the removal of a drawbridge, to provide competent and efficient offi­ Status of Forces Agreement. and these harbor improvements were cers for the United States Air Force H. R. 1193: A bill to increase the pen­ authorized in Public Law 641, 84th necessary for the defense of our Nation sion of Federal and postal employees Congress. was introduced by McDoNOUGH in the under the Civil Service Retirement Act. 80S4 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 5 H. R. 4797: A bill to establish a Fed­ H. R. 12313: A bill to provide Federal office building for Los Angeles, and this eral policy concerning the termination, funds up to 98 percent of the cost of project has made progress in the face of limitation, or establishment of business­ cooperative housing projects to be occu .. many difficulties, and should be under type operations of the Government pied by elderly persons only at low rents construction this year. which may be conducted in competition under a cooperative nonprofit plan, and He has also been for many years an with private enterprise. · authorizing the FHA Commissioner to energetic supporter of general Los An .. H. R. 1176: A bill to exclude from advance up to $iOO million on 50-year geles and southern California interests gross income for income tax purposes all mortgages for this purpose. such as forest-fire prevention and ftood amounts up to $2,400 per annum received IMPORTANT DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF control, and played a major part fn the as annuities, pensions, or retirement CONGRESSMAN GORDON L. M'DONOUGH creation of the Playa del Rey small­ benefits. Congressman McDoNOUGH is chairman boat harbor and recreation development, H. R. 4·403: A bill titled the Self-Em .. of the 30-member California Congres­ as well as in the initiation of F'ederal aid played Individuals' Retirement Act sional delegation in which all the Con .. for air-pollution research and the con­ which will extend social security retire­ gressmen from California work together version of sea water to fresh water. ment coverage to attorneys, dentists, and in behalf of many issues of great im­ BANKING AND CURRENCY COMMITTEE other self-employed individuals not cov­ portance to our State. California's Con .. McDoNOUGH is a ranking member of ered by the present Social Security Act. gressional delegation is the second the powerful and important Banking House Joint Resolution 4: A proposal largest-New York is first-in the House and Currency Committee which has to amend the Constitution of the United of Representatives. jurisdiction over the Federal Reserve States to provide that no treaty or inter­ Very few of the larger State delega .. Board, the Federal Home Loan Bank national agreement shall nullify or abro­ tions meet together as bipartisan bodies Board, the Export-Import Bank, the In­ gate any of the civil rights guaranteed to consider and act upon problems of ternational Bank for Reconstruction, the to citizens of the United. States by the general interest to their respective International Finance Corporation, all Constitution. States. The California delegation, how­ legislation concerning the financing and House Joint Resolution 62: A proposal ever; has done so for many years, and rehabilitation of homes, and military to amend the Constitution of .the United acting as a unit, the delegation has made housing. States to guarantee equal rights for notable contributions to the solution of P-OUS ING SUBCOMMITTEE women. California problems. He is also a ranking member of the H. R. 3635: A bill to allow certain As chairman of the delegation, Con .. House Subcommittee on Housing which small business corporations an exemp­ gressman McDoNOUGH appoints commit.. has made a specific· and detailed study tion of $25,000 for income-tax purposes, tees of the delegation to deal with prob-. of the need for all types of housing and to provide that the combined nor­ lems of particular interest to California. throughout the United States, which in­ mal tax and surtax rate of 38 percent Committees have been appointed by cludes multiple housing, individual shall be. applicable to corporations hav­ McDoNOUGH on agriculture, air-pollu­ homes, slum clearance, and rehabilita­ ing taxable incomes of less than $50,000. tion control, forest-fire prevention, re­ tion, and reconstruction of blighted areas H. R. 331, H. R. 1175, H. R. 1177, H. R. som:ce development, and California in­ hi, the cities throughout the Nation. 1178, H. R. 1182, H. R. 1198: Bills to re­ dustry. A successful undertaking of the dele .. JOINT SENATE AND HOl;,JSE COMMITTEE ON peal the excise tax on admissions to DEFENSE PRODUCTION rodeos held for charitable purposes; the gation was that relating to the granting excise tax on purses, handbags, and cer­ of permission by the Mexican Govern­ I-::::e is also a member of the Joint Sen­ tain other leather articles; the excise tax ment for service by an American airline ate and House Defense Production Com­ on admissions to motion pictures; the between Mexico City and Los Angeles. It mittee, which has the responsibility of excise tax on cosmetics and toilet prep­ had been agreed by the 'two Governments making a · continubus study of the pro .. arations; and the tax on certain other some years ago that such service would grams authorized by the ·Defense Pro­ events conducted for charitable pur­ be introduced, but the necessary formal duction Act and of reviewing the prog­ poses. permission as contemplated under the ress achieved in the execution and ad­ agreement had never actually been ministration of these programs for the H. R. 1195: A bill to permit the taxa­ defense of our Nation. tion by local, State, county, and city gov­ granted by the Mexican Government. ernments of the private-interAst in per­ In February 1957, the California dele~ SELECT COMMITTEE ON ASTRONAUTICS AND SPACE sonal property and work in process, and gation conferred as a group with officials E XPLORATION inventories of materiai acquired by the of the Department of State and the Civil · He is a member of the Select Commit­ · Federal Government for military secu­ Aeronautics 'Board concerning the mat­ tee on Astronautics and Space Explora­ rity and the national defense but in pos­ ter and expressed strongly its desire .that tion, a new committee of the House session of contractors with the Federal energetic steps be taken_to complete the which has the duty and responsibility to Government. This bill is of vital impor~ matter. Within a few weeks, the grant .. pioneer the study of interplanetary tance to Los Angeles County tax revenue. ing of the necessary permission was travel and communication, and outer H. R. 5391: A bill to provide that the announced. space exploration. This committee will Secretary of Commerce shall furnish An important problem which also en­ conduct a thorough and complete study weather reports to certain air pollution gaged the attention of the delegation and investigation with respect to all control agencies. These weather reports ·was the proposed closing of the naval aspects and problems relating to the ex­ would assist in the important research hospital at Corona, Calif. The proposed ploration of outer space and the control, now in progress to determine the causes closing would involve a severe limitation development, and use of astronautical ·of smog and methods for its control and on the availability of medical care for resources, personnel, equipment, and elimination. service personnel, and With the delega­ facilities. · H. R. 6459. A bill to allow a deduction tion interest in the matter, the closing VOTING RECORD A;ND ATTENDANCE for income tax purposes of certain ex­ was postponed. With the multiple duties and responsi­ penses incurred by a taxpayer for the Among other duties as chairman of bilities required by the foregoing com­ ·higher education of a dependent. the California delegation, Congressman mittee assignments and delegation re­ · H. R. 9686: A bill to create a United McDoNOUGH appeared before the House sponsibilities, Congressman McDoNoUGH States Foreign Service Academy to pro­ Committee on Appropriations when it has one of the best records for being ·vide an efficient trained force for the held hearings on public works matters present and voting on important and ·Foreign Service of the United States. in the 1957 session to introduce the vital issues debated and voted upon in H. R. 10179. A bill to protect the right presentation by California . witnesses of the House of Representatives. of the blind to self-expression through the California requests for appropria .. He is also a member of the Inter­ organizations of the blind. tions for :flood-control projects. Parliamentary Union by appointment of H. R. 12312: A bill to amend the So­ Besides. his duties as chairman of the the Speaker and approval of the House. delegation, he is also active in district He was a United States delegate to the cial Security Act to allow a person receiv.. affairs, and is regarded as an effective ing State old-age assistance to earn $50 46th conference of the Inter-Parlia .. representative of his constituency. For mentary Union, which was held in'Lon.. per month without any reduction in the several years he has sought the construc­ amount of assistance received. don in September 1957, which 700 dele­ tion of a new customhouse and Federal gates from 46 countries attended.