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Goggles, Anyone?! Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Dear Students, Welcome to AP Chemistry, a little early. We will have a fabulous year together in which you will be taught everything you need for success in the course and on the AP Chemistry Exam scheduled for Friday, May 07, 2021. I apologize for the summer assignment, but I want to have at least a month to review with you prior to the AP Chemistry Exam. The assignment is mostly review and NOT comprehensive of all material covered in honors chemistry. I would recommend that you start the assignment one week before school starts, as summer should be reserved for fun. Summer Assignment: 1. Complete the Math Mania sheet without a calculator. Part 1 of the APC exam is without a calculator. We will work on non-calculator math skills throughout the course. 2. Read the Chapter 1 notes provided. These notes, as well as the two other packets, correspond with an older textbook and do not match the chapters in your book perfectly. Complete problems from Hwk 1.1 (the homework for the three chapters has been packaged as a unit) on a separate sheet of paper that has your name in the top right hand corner and Clwk 1.1. 3. Read the Chapter 2 notes provided. Complete problems from Hwk 1.2 on a separate sheet of paper that has your name in the top right hand corner, and Clwk 1.2A and B (1.2B is NOT available online). Note: Organic chemistry is no longer assessed on the APC Exam but is assessed on the SAT 2 Chemistry Subject Test so I have included some information on this concept. Just hold onto it for now. 4. Read the Chapter 3 notes provided. Complete problems from Hwk 1.3 on a separate sheet of paper that has your name in the top right hand corner. We will review this section extensively, as stoichiometry is a critical component of APC! You already know how to determine LRs and theoretical yields, but there are tricks that will make the process less labor intensive and doable without a calculator. The advanced stoichiometry was not covered at the honors or pre-APC level. We will cover it together in class so please do not fret over this concept. 5. Memorize the chemical symbols for elements on the periodic table (PT). For example, Mg represents Magnesium. You can use a PT on every assessment, but the name of the element is NOT listed. The periodic table that you will use all year and on the AP Chemistry Exam is provided in this packet. Also included are formula sheets (provided on the APC Exam), polyatomic ions (not provided on the APC Exam), and other pertinent information. Please do not lose these reference sheets. You must memorize all of the polyatomic ions that have been provided. 6. Assemble all of your completed work into one packet, in the order listed above, which will be turned in the second day of school. You will take mini-quizzes through Google Forms the first week of school and Quiz 1.1 at the beginning of the second week of school. These quizzes will assess material from the summer assignment (i.e. compound naming, formula writing, stoichiometry, empirical formula, etc.). If you have any questions or concerns, please email me at [email protected]. Have a wonderful and safe summer. I look forward to working with all of you next year! Sincerely, Dr. Kalish ☺ Goggles, anyone?! Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Activity Series Polyatomic Ions Metal Ion Name Formula Ion Name Formula Ion Name Formula - - 2- Li Acetate CH3COO Dihydrogen phosphate H2PO4 Oxalate C2O4 + - - Rb Ammonium NH4 Hydrogen carbonate or HCO3 Perchlorate ClO4 K bicarbonate 3- - - Ba Arsenate AsO4 Hydrogen sulfate HSO4 Permanganate MnO4 - - 2- Sr Azide N3 Hydroxide OH Peroxide O2 - - 3- Ca Bromate BrO3 Hypochlorite ClO Phosphate PO4 2- - 3- Na Carbonate CO3 Iodate IO3 Phosphite PO3 - - 2- Mg Chlorate ClO3 Iodite IO2 Sulfate SO4 - 2+ 2- Al Chlorite ClO2 Mercury (I) Hg2 Sulfite SO3 2- + - Mn Chromate CrO4 Methylammonium CH3NH3 Thiocyanate SCN - 2- 2- Zn Cyanide CN Monohydrogen HPO4 Thiosulfate S2O3 Cr phosphate 2- - 2+ Fe Dichromate Cr2O7 Nitrate NO3 Uranyl UO2 - Cd Nitrite NO2 Co Ni Important Constants Formulas Sn Avogadro’s constant: 1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 atoms, particles, Density = mass Pb molecules Volume 8 H2 Speed of light (c): c = 2.998 x 10 m/s c = = frequency Sb Planck’s constant: h = 6.6262 x 10-34 J-sec E = h E = Energy Bi Universal Gas Constant R = 0.0821 L-atm/mole-K or Cu R = 8.314 L-kPa/mole-K or R = 62.4 L-Torr/mole-K Molar Volume (STP) Vm = 22.414 L/mole Hg Ag Subshell Tree Diagram Prefix Number Pt Mono- 1 Au 7s 7p Di- 2 Tri- 3 6s 6p 6d 5s 5p 5d 5f Tetra- 4 4s 4p 4d 4f Penta- 5 3s 3p 3d Hexa- 6 2s 2p Hepta- 7 1s Octa- 8 Start Nona- 9 Deca- 10 Electronegativities Atomic Number Element Electronegativity Atomic Number Element Electronegativity 1 H 2.2 28 Ni 1.9 3 Li 1.0 29 Cu 1.9 4 Be 1.6 30 Zn 1.6 5 B 2.0 34 Se 2.6 6 C 2.5 35 Br 3.0 7 N 3.0 37 Rb 0.8 8 O 3.4 47 Ag 1.9 9 F 4.0 48 Cd 1.7 11 Na 0.9 50 Sn 2.0 12 Mg 1.3 51 Sb 2.0 13 Al 1.6 53 I 2.7 14 Si 1.9 55 Cs 0.8 15 P 2.2 56 Ba 0.9 16 S 2.6 78 Pt 2.2 17 Cl 3.2 79 Au 2.4 19 K 0.8 80 Hg 1.9 20 Ca 1.0 82 Pb 1.8 25 Mn 1.6 83 Bi 1.9 26 Fe 1.8 84 Po 2.0 27 Co 1.9 Page 5 Page 6 Name: _______________________________________ Date: _____________ Period #: _X_ Math Mania 1 Directions: The AP Chemistry Exam requires superior pencil and paper math skills. To better hone your skills, please complete each of the problems below WITHOUT a CALCULATOR; show your work. 1. (3.0 x 10-4) (2.0 x 10-7) 2. (8.0 x 10-5) (7.0 x 10-8) 3. (2.0 x 10-3) (7.0 x 104) (3.0 x 10-4) 4. (8.0 x 10-12) / (4.0 x 10-5) 5. (2.0 x 10-12) / (6.0 x 10-4) 6. (1.0 x 10-2) / (4.0 x 10-3) 7. 4.0 x 10-4 = x2/0.0200 8. 6.0 x 10-6 = x2/0.0200 9. 8.1 x 10-8 = x3 10. 1.25 x 10-13 = x3 11. 0.3 x (5/6) x 8 12. 0.80 x (1/2) x 90 13. 0.25 x (3/8) x 64 14. 0.40 x (1/5) x 25 15. 18.0 grams Al x 1 mol Al/27.0 grams Al x 4 mole Fe/3 mole Al x ______________ = mass of Fe 16. 6.539 grams Zn x 1 mol Zn/65.39 grams Zn x 2 mole HCl/1 mole Zn x _________ = mass of HCl 17. 20.0 grams Ca x 1 mol Ca/40.0 grams Ca x 2 mole Al/3 mole Ca x _____________ = mass of Al Page 7 Page 8 Chemistry: Matter and Measurement I. Introduction: Chemistry enables us to design all kinds of materials: drugs (disease); pesticides; fertilizers; fuels; fibers (clothing); building materials; plastics; etc. A. Key Terms: 1. Chemistry: study of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter a. Matter: anything that has mass and occupies space Examples: wood, sand, water, air, gold, etc. 1) Mass: quantity of matter in an object a) use a balance to measure mass; the unit on a balance is the gram, but the fundamental unit is the kilogram (kg) 2) Volume: space that object occupies a) use a ruler to measure a regular solid, and a graduated cylinder to measure an irregular solid (water displacement) or a liquid b) the units vary: cm3, ml, L [1 ml = 1 cm3] 2. Atoms: smallest distinctive units in a sample of matter (building blocks) 3. Molecules: larger units in which two or more atoms are joined together a. The way in which matter behaves depends on the atoms present and the manner in which they are combined 4. Composition: types of atoms and their relative proportions in a sample of matter B. Properties: 1. Physical property: characteristic displayed by a sample of matter without it undergoing any change in its composition; what you can see or measure without altering the chemical nature of the material Examples: color, mass, density, state, Tm, Tf, Tb 2. Chemical property: characteristic displayed by a sample of matter as it undergoes a change in composition Examples: flammability, ability to react with acids C. Types of changes: 1. Physical change: change at the macroscopic level but no change in composition; the same substance must remain after the change Examples: Phase changes, dissolving Page 9 2. Chemical change or chemical reaction: change in composition and/or the structure of its molecules; one or more substances is altered--new substances are formed Examples: cooking and spoiling of foods; burning, digestion, fermentation a. Reactants → Products b. Evidence of a Chemical Change 1) Evolution of a gas 2) Formation of a ppt.
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