DOCSLIB.ORG

Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services Economic & Social Affairs Manual on Statistics of international trade in services United Nations European Commission International Monetary Fund Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development United Nations Conference on Trade and Development World Trade Organization asdf United Nations ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/86 DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS STATISTICS DIVISION STATISTICAL PAPERS SERIES M NO. 86 MANUAL on STATISTICS of INTERNATIONAL TRADE in SERVICES United Nations European Commission International Monetary Fund Organisation for Economic United Nations Conference World Trade Organization Co-operation and on Trade and Development Development Geneva, Luxembourg, New York, Paris, Washington, D.C., 2002 NOTE Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/86 International Monetary Fund Publication Stock No. MSITEA ISBN 1-58906-128-4 United Nations publication Sales No. E.02.XVII.11 ISBN 92-1-161448-1 Inquiries should be directed to: United Nations Publications DC2-853 New York, NY 10017 e-mail: [email protected] Copyright © 2002 United Nations, European Commission, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and World Trade Organization All rights reserved Foreword The Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services has been developed and published jointly by our six organizations, managed through the mechanism of an inter-agency task force. The Manual sets out an internationally agreed framework for the compilation and reporting of statistics of international trade in services in a broad sense. It addresses the growing needs, including those of international trade negotiations and agreements, for more detailed, more comparable and more comprehensive statistics on this type of trade in its various forms. The recommendations, which will be promoted by our six organizations, will enable countries to progressively expand and structure the information they compile in an internationally comparable way. The Manual conforms with and explicitly relates to the System of National Accounts 1993 and the fifth edition of the International Monetary Fund’s Balance of Payments Manual. The Manual has benefited from strong cooperation among the international organizations, the advice of specialist consultants, the invaluable input of a large number of member countries’ experts and the many comments received during the worldwide review conducted by the United Nations and the International Monetary Fund in 1999-2000. It is intended for use by national and international agencies, and we commend it to countries for progressive implementation, taking into account their national information needs, priorities and resources. Hermann Habermann Director United Nations Statistics Division Yves Franchet Director General Statistical Office of the European Communities Carol S. Carson Director Statistics Department International Monetary Fund Enrico Giovannini Chief Statistician and Director of the Statistics Directorate Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Henri Laurencin Chief Statistician United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Roslyn Jackson Director of the Statistics Division World Trade Organization iii Contents Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................................... vii List of acronyms......................................................................................................................................................... ix Summary ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapters I. Foundations of the Manual: general introduction and overview.....................................................3 A. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 3 B. Set of recommended elements for phased implementation ........................................................................... 5 1. Recommended core elements ................................................................................................................. 5 2. Other recommended elements ................................................................................................................ 6 C. Shape of the Manual...................................................................................................................................... 7 II. Conceptual framework for the development of statistics on international trade in services.............................. 9 A. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 9 B. Need for a statistical framework on international trade in services............................................................... 9 1. Globalization and multilateral services trade negotiations ..................................................................... 9 2. The General Agreement on Trade in Services...................................................................................... 10 (a) Structure and guiding principles of GATS .................................................................................... 10 (b) The four GATS modes of supply................................................................................................... 11 (c) Services Sectoral Classification list - GNS/W/120........................................................................ 12 C. Statistical systems and classifications related to trade in services............................................................... 12 1. International.......................................................................................................................................... 12 (a) System of National Accounts, 1993............................................................................................... 12 (b) Fifth edition of the IMF Balance of Payments Manual.................................................................. 13 (c) Central Product Classification, Version 1.0................................................................................... 13 (d) International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Revision 3.............. 14 (e) International Merchandise Trade Statistics.................................................................................... 14 (f) International migration frameworks and the Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration ....................................................................................................................................... 14 (g) Tourism Satellite Accounts: Recommended Methodological Framework .................................... 14 2. Other statistical systems and classifications ......................................................................................... 15 (a) Joint OECD-Eurostat Trade in Services Classification.................................................................. 15 (b) OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment......................................................... 15 (c) OECD Manual on Economic Globalisation Indicators.................................................................. 15 D. Approach and framework of the Manual..................................................................................................... 15 1. Statistics on trade in services, labour and investment from BPM5....................................................... 16 (a) Main BPM5 standard services components ................................................................................... 17 (b) Labour-related flows of funds........................................................................................................ 17 (c) Foreign direct investment .............................................................................................................. 17 2. BPM5 extensions.................................................................................................................................. 18 (a) Analysis of balance of payments transactions by origin and destination....................................... 18 (b) Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification ................................................................ 18 3. Foreign affiliates trade in services statistics ......................................................................................... 18 (a) FATS statistics: concepts and classification .................................................................................. 18 (b) FATS statistics and other statistical frameworks........................................................................... 19 4. Statistical treatment of modes of supply: the simplified approach ....................................................... 20 (a) Simplified statistical criteria .........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Effects of ASEAN Free Trade Are to Its Members
    Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade Working Paper Series, No. 21, November 2006 Determinants of AFTA Members’ Trade Flows and Potential for Trade Diversion By Indira M. Hapsari and Carlos Mangunsong* *Indira M. Hapsari and Carlos Mangunsong are Research Assistant at the Department of Economics Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Economics, University of Indonesia, The views presented in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of CSIS, ARTNeT members, partners and the United Nations. This study was conducted as part of the Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade (ARTNeT) initiative, aimed at building regional trade policy and facilitation research capacity in developing countries. This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. The technical support of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific is gratefully acknowledged. Any remaining errors are the responsibility of the authors. The authors may be contacted at [email protected] and [email protected] The Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade (ARTNeT) aims at building regional trade policy and facilitation research capacity in developing countries. The ARTNeT Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about trade issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. ARTNeT working papers are available online at: www.artnetontrade.org.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 New Challenges to the Export Oriented Growth Model
    Chapter 2 New Challenges to the Export Oriented Growth Model Song Hong Institute of World Economics and Politics (IWEP), Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) December 2012 This chapter should be cited as Song, H. (2012), ‘New Challenges to the Export Oriented Growth Model’, in Zhang, Y., F. Kimura and S. Oum (eds.), Moving Toward a New Development Model for East Asia- The Role of Domestic Policy and Regional Cooperation . ERIA Research Project Report 2011-10, Jakarta: ERIA. pp.27-54. CHAPTER 2 New Challenges to the Export Oriented Growth Model SONG HONG Institute of World Economics and Politics (IWEP), Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) The export-oriented strategy played a crucial role for the successful development of East Asian economies after the World War II. They first exported low-technology manufactured goods, then gradually upgraded and transformed their export goods packages and finally caught up with the developed countries. Export oriented strategy in East Asia has been based on a series of internal and external conditions. Those conditions includes an open international environment, the existence of a certain size of external market, a stable supply of raw materials, as well as good and convenient navigation, and some internal conditions. Global financial crisis badly changed some of these conditions. For example, the external market was very unstable and was growing very slow; after the financial crisis, international raw material and energy prices experienced sharp volatility, which caused great challenges to the countries and enterprises seeking to implement an export oriented strategy. However, after the financial crisis the changes in international and domestic environments did not change the nature and trends of globalization, only temporarily slowed the pace of this process.
    [Show full text]
  • The Global Trading System
    COVER STORY • Global Governance at a Crossroads – a Roadmap Towards the G20 Summit in Osaka • 3 he Global Trading System: What Went Wrong & How to Fix It TBy Edward Alden Author Edward Alden Introduction in what will become a prolonged era of growing nationalism and protectionism. Gideon Rachman, the Financial Times columnist, has It has now been more than a quarter century since the United argued that the nationalist backlash symbolized by Trump’s election States, the European Union (EU), Japan and more than 100 other and the 2016 Brexit vote in the United Kingdom is likely to spread to countries came together to conclude the Uruguay Round global trade other countries and persist for several decades. But, he noted, those agreement and establish the World Trade Organization (WHO). It was movements will have to show that they can deliver not just promises a time of extraordinary optimism. Mickey Kantor, US trade but real economic results. So far – as the process of the UK representative for President Bill Clinton, had endured many sleepless government and parliament’s efforts to leave the EU show – real nights with his counterparts to bring the deal home by the Dec. 15, economic results have not been delivered. But champions of 1993 deadline. He promised the new agreement would “raise the globalization and the “rules-based trading system” cannot simply standard of living not only for Americans, but for workers all over the wait and hope that the failures of economic nationalism will become world”. Every American family, he said, would gain some $17,000 evident.
    [Show full text]
  • When Will an LLC's Trade Or Business Be Imputed to Its Members?
    When Will an LLC’s Trade or Business be Imputed to its Members? by Sheldon I. Banoff [Published in the Journal of Taxation, September 1997] The imputation of a partnership’s trade or business to all or some of its partners can be relevant whenever a taxpayer’s status as being involved in a trade or business has tax consequences. The growing popularity of LLCs provokes the question, when, if ever, on LLC’s trade or business will be attributed to its members. If imputation occurs, which of the members will be deemed engaged in the LLC’s trade or business? In making this analysis, does the sparse tax law relating to imputing a partnership’s trade or business to all or some of its partners provide meaningful guidance? It is submitted that, where a partnership’s trade or business would be imputed to all or some of its partners for certain operative purposes of federal tax law, attribution similarly should be made from an LLC to all or some of the LLC’s members, for the same purposes. Imputation in an LLC should be to those members who either have the authority to participate, or in fact actively participate, in the day-to-day management or operations of the LLC’s trade or business. Accordingly, imputation of the LLC’s trade or business should occur to the following members: 1. Where the LLC is a member-managed entity, to all members. 2. Where the LLC is manager-managed, to (a) those who have the authority to actively participate in the day-to-day management decisions of the LLC (i.e., typically those members who are the managers) and (b) those nonmanager members who in fact actively so participate.
    [Show full text]
  • A Citizen's Guide to the World Trade Organization
    A Citizens Guide to THE WORLD TRADE A Citizens Guide to the World Trade ORGANIZATION Organization Published by the Working Group on the WTO / MAI, July 1999 Printed in the U.S. by Inkworks, a worker- owned union shop ISBN 1-58231-000-9 EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW TO The contents of this pamphlet may be freely reproduced provided that its source FIGHT FOR is acknowledged. FAIR TRADE THE WTO AND this system sidelines environmental rules, health safeguards and labor CORPORATE standards to provide transnational GLOBALIZATION corporations (TNCs) with a cheap supply of labor and natural resources. The WTO also guarantees corporate access to What do the U.S. Cattlemen’s Associa- foreign markets without requiring that tion, Chiquita Banana and the Venezu- TNCs respect countries’ domestic elan oil industry have in common? These priorities. big business interests were able to defeat hard-won national laws ensuring The myth that every nation can grow by food safety, strengthening local econo- exporting more than they import is central mies and protecting the environment by to the neoliberal ideology. Its proponents convincing governments to challenge the seem to forget that in order for one laws at the World Trade Organization country to export an automobile, some (WTO). other country has to import it. Established in 1995, the WTO is a The WTO Hurts U.S. Workers - Steel powerful new global commerce agency, More than 10,000 which transformed the General Agree- high-wage, high-tech ment on Tarriffs and Trade (GATT) into workers in the U.S. an enforceable global commercial code.
    [Show full text]
  • Maine Unfair Trade Practices Act
    MRS Title 5, Chapter 10. UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES CHAPTER 10 UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES §205-A. Short title This chapter will be known as and may be cited as the Maine Unfair Trade Practices Act. [PL 1987, c. 307, §1 (NEW).] SECTION HISTORY PL 1987, c. 307, §1 (NEW). §206. Definitions The following words, as used in this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires or a different meaning is specifically required, shall mean: [PL 1969, c. 577, §1 (NEW).] 1. Documentary material. "Documentary material" shall include the original or a copy of any book, record, report, memorandum, paper, communication, tabulation, map, chart, photograph, mechanical transcription or other tangible document or recording wherever situate. [PL 1969, c. 577, §1 (NEW).] 2. Person. "Person" shall include, where applicable, natural persons, corporations, trusts, partnerships, incorporated or unincorporated associations and any other legal entity. [PL 1969, c. 577, §1 (NEW).] 3. Trade and commerce. "Trade" and "commerce" shall include the advertising, offering for sale, sale or distribution of any services and any property, tangible or intangible, real, personal or mixed, and any other article, commodity or thing of value wherever situate, and shall include any trade or commerce directly or indirectly affecting the people of this State. [PL 1969, c. 577, §1 (NEW).] SECTION HISTORY PL 1969, c. 577, §1 (NEW). §207. Unlawful acts and conduct Unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any trade or commerce are declared unlawful. [PL 1969, c. 577, §1 (NEW).] 1. Intent. It is the intent of the Legislature that in construing this section the courts will be guided by the interpretations given by the Federal Trade Commission and the Federal Courts to Section 45(a)(1) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 United States Code 45(a)(1)), as from time to time amended.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Trade and Supply Chain Management Sector Economic
    Connecting Industry, Education & Training Sam Kaplan, Director, Center of Excellence for Global Trade & Supply Chain Management The Mission of the Center of Excellence for Global Trade & Supply Chain Management is to build a skilled workforce for international trade, supply chain management, and logistics. 2 Defining the Supply Chain Sector “If you can’t measure it, you can’t improve it.” “You can't miss what you can't measure.” – Peter Drucker —George Clinton, Funkadelic 3 Illustrative Companies Segment Subsector/Activity Description and Organizations Domestic and international freight vessels, Marine cargo shipping e.g., Tote, as well as supporting operations Tote Maritime, Foss Maritime such as tugs. Movement of cargo from one mode to another BNSF, UP, SSA Marine, Transloading & Intermodal and consolidation and repackaging of goods, MacMillan-Piper, Oak Harbor including between container sizes. Freight Lines. Transportation, Distribution Air cargo jobs at Alaska & Logistics Freight airlines (e.g., Air China) and air cargo Air cargo shipping Airlines and Delta, Hanjin ground-handling operation. Global Logistics, Swissport. Freight forwarding Freight arrangement and 3rd Party Logistics Expeditors International Warehousing & storage Dry and cold storage facilities and packaging. Couriers Express delivery services DHL, FedEx, UPS Procurement and supply chain management Procurement, sales, import and export of Supply chain and Supply Chain Management across local manufacturers, wholesalers, finished and/or intermediate goods and procurement units within local shippers materials, customer service. manufacturers. Letters of credit and other short-term lending U.S. Bank, Bank of America, Trade finance for exporters and importers. Washington Trust Supply Chain Services Compliance ITAR and other regulatory compliance issues.
    [Show full text]
  • International Trade
    International Trade or centuries, people of the world have traded. From the ancient silk routes and spice trade to modern F shipping containers and satellite data transfers, nations have tied their economies to the rest of the world by complex flows of products and services. Free trade, which allows traders to interact without barriers imposed by government, can improve the living standards of people because it reduces prices and increases the variety of goods and services for consumers. It can also create new jobs and opportunities, and it encourages innovative uses of resources. However, even though free trade can benefit an economy as a whole, specific groups may be hurt. While certain sectors will experience job gains, others will face job losses. Still, societies throughout history have found that the benefits of international trade outweigh the costs. Why Trade? As consumers, all of us have an interest in trading they live, is because they believe they will be better with other countries. We often are unaware of trade’s off by trading. When we consider the alternative— influence on product prices and the quality and each of us producing everything for ourselves—trade availability of the goods we buy. But we all benefit simply makes more sense. from the greater abundance and variety of products and the lower prices that trading with others makes Trade is beneficial because it allows people to possible. Without trade, countries become isolated. specialize, or concentrate their work in the type of The quality of their goods and services lags behind production that they do best.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Growth Based on Export-Oriented Economic Strategy : the Bulgarian Case in an International Comparison
    ECONOMIC POLICY ANALYSES Sustainable Growth Based on Export-Oriented Economic Strategy The Bulgarian Case in an International Comparison Prof. András Inotai This paper aims at identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the Bulgarian economy’s transformation to a more dynamic and export-oriented growth model. By referring to two groups of countries – Central European EU member states as well as the Western Balkans, the study puts an emphasis on the impact the EU membership and the 2009 crisis year have on the Bulgarian foreign trade and export performance in particular. The first chapter gathers arguments in favour of the export-oriented growth model but also addresses potential risk factors of such long-term policy. Despite some drawbacks as increasing vulnerability and de- pendence on external factors, this development path is justified as the better way for achieving sustainable economic growth of small economies like Bulgaria. The second chapter deals with the global financial crisis and its influence on the exports and foreign trade in general. Then, the author focuses on Bulgaria’s export performance in the EU and on a regional compari- son by stressing on the role of foreign direct investments in the export orientation of the country. Finally, the paper concludes by summarizing measures and instruments for catching-up export-driven economic development and by formulating policy recommendations supporting the successful implementa- tion of such an export-led growth model. April 2013 Imprint Orders All texts are available online Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Economic www.fes.bg Office Bulgaria Policy Institute 97, Knjaz Boris I St. Yasen Georgiev The views expressed in this publication 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria are not necessarily those of the Responsible: e-mail: [email protected] Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung or of the Regine Schubert, Director Fax: (+359 2) 9522693 organization for which the author works.
    [Show full text]
  • International Trade: Who Is Left Behind and What to Do About It”
    Department of Economic & Social Affairs CDP Background Paper No. 45 ST/ESA/2018/CDP/45 Rev.1 December 2018 International trade or technology? Who is left behind and what to do about it* Ann Harrison** ABSTRACT We examine globalization’s effects on those left behind in both industrial and emerging mar- kets. While access to global markets has lifted billions out of poverty in emerging markets, the benefits have not been equally shared. Increased competition through globalization as well as skill-biased technical change has hurt less educated workers in rich and poor countries. While much of the rising inequality is often attributed to globalization alone, a brief review of the literature suggests that labor-saving technology has likely played an even more important role. The backlash has focused on the negative consequences of globalization in developed countries, and now threatens the global trading system and access to that system for emerging markets. We conclude by proposing some solutions to compensate losers from the twin forces of techni- cal change and globalization. Keywords: trade, “leaving no one behind”, globalization, inequality JEL Classification: F02, F16, D63 * This paper replaces a previous version entitled “International Trade: Who is left behind and what to do about it”. ** Member of the Committee for Development Policy (CDP); University of California, Berkeley Haas; research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). All errors remain those of the author. CONTENTS 1 Countries left behind by globalization ....................................................................... 3 2 Individuals left behind by globalization in emerging markets ................................................ 9 3 Individuals left behind in industrial countries: disentangling globalization and technology ..................
    [Show full text]
  • Has US Comparative Advantage Changed? Does This Affect Sustainability?
    3 Has US Comparative Advantage Changed? Does This Affect Sustainability? The evidence is overwhelmingly persuasive that the massive increase in world competition— a consequence of broadening trade flows—has fostered markedly higher standards of liv- ing . this surge in competitive trade has clearly owed, in large part, to significant advances in technological innovation. —Alan Greenspan, chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, “Technology and Trade,” remarks before the Dallas Ambassadors Forum, Dallas, Texas (16 April 1999) [T]he globalization system . is not static, but a dynamic ongoing process: globalization involves the inexorable integration of markets, nation-states and technologies to a degree never witnessed before—in a way that is enabling individuals, corporations and nation- states to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper and cheaper than ever before. —Thomas L. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree (1999) Why Trade? People trade because they want different things, have different skills, and earn different amounts of money. With individuals represented by their national aggregates, countries trade for the same reasons. Countries differ from one another in terms of resources and the techniques firms use to produce goods and services. People value goods and services differently, depending on their income and tastes. Investors in financial assets have different preferences for risk, return, and diversification. These differ- 29 Institute for International Economics | http://www.iie.com ences are reflected across countries as differences in costs of production, prices for products and services, and rates of return on and “exposures”1 to financial assets. Because costs, prices, and returns differ across countries, it makes sense for a country to trade some of what it produces most cheaply and holds less dear to people who want it more and for whom production is costly or even impossible.
    [Show full text]
  • World Trade Statistical Review 2021
    World Trade Statistical Review 2021 8% 4.3 111.7 4% 3% 0.0 -0.2 -0.7 Insurance and pension services Financial services Computer services -3.3 -5.4 World Trade StatisticalWorld Review 2021 -15.5 93.7 cultural and Personal, services recreational -14% Construction -18% 2021Q1 2019Q4 2019Q3 2020Q1 2020Q4 2020Q3 2020Q2 Merchandise trade volume About the WTO The World Trade Organization deals with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. About this publication World Trade Statistical Review provides a detailed analysis of the latest developments in world trade. It is the WTO’s flagship statistical publication and is produced on an annual basis. For more information All data used in this report, as well as additional charts and tables not included, can be downloaded from the WTO web site at www.wto.org/statistics World Trade Statistical Review 2021 I. Introduction 4 Acknowledgements 6 A message from Director-General 7 II. Highlights of world trade in 2020 and the impact of COVID-19 8 World trade overview 10 Merchandise trade 12 Commercial services 15 Leading traders 18 Least-developed countries 19 III. World trade and economic growth, 2020-21 20 Trade and GDP in 2020 and early 2021 22 Merchandise trade volume 23 Commodity prices 26 Exchange rates 27 Merchandise and services trade values 28 Leading indicators of trade 31 Economic recovery from COVID-19 34 IV. Composition, definitions & methodology 40 Composition of geographical and economic groupings 42 Definitions and methodology 42 Specific notes for selected economies 49 Statistical sources 50 Abbreviations and symbols 51 V.
    [Show full text]