The Study on the Baseline for Afforestation and Reforestation Clean Development Mechanism

THE STUDY ON THE BASELINE

FOR

AFFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM

REPORT FOR 2007

March 2008

JAPAN OVERSEAS FORESTRY CONSULTANTS ASSOCIATION

The Study on the Baseline for Afforestation and Reforestation Clean Development Mechanism

Report for 2007

Table of Contents

1. Objective and outline of the study...... 1 1.1 Purpose of the study...... 1 1.2 Contents of the project ...... 1 1.2.1 Selection of the countries to be studied...... 1 1.2.2 Studies to collect basic information on AR CDM...... 2 1.2.3 Studies for maping of the candidate area for AR CDM projects...... 2 1.2.4 Studies to create tools for selecting AR CDM potencial areas...... 2 1.2.5 Studies for data collection of biomass...... 2 1.2.6 Creation of a system to provide information on AR CDM ...... 4 1.3 AR CDM Baseline Study Committee ...... 5 1.3.1 Composition of the AR CDM Baseline Study Committee...... 5 1.4 Intergrated Steering Committee for the Three CDM Projects ...... 6 1.4.1 Composition of the Comprehensive Measures Committee...... 6

ASIA INDONESIA...... 7 1. Procedure and results of mapping...... 7 2. Basic Information (INDONESIA) ...... 12 3. State of Baselines ...... 15 4. Data concerning biomass ...... 16 5. Explanation of Additionality...... 19 6. Information on Afforestation...... 20 7. Socioeconomic Information...... 21 8. Information on A/R CDM projects...... 23 10. Other links to related information...... 27 VIETNAM ...... 29 1. Procedure and results of Mapping ...... 29 2. Basic Information (VIETNAM)...... 43 3. State of Baselines ...... 46 4. Data concerning biomass ...... 47 5. Explanation of Additionality...... 57 6. Information on Afforestation...... 57 7. Socioeconomic Information...... 57 8. Information on A/R CDM projects ...... 58 10. Other links to related information...... 59 PHILIPPINES ...... 60 2. Basic Information (Philippines) ...... 60

i LATIN AMERICA ARGENTINA ...... 64 1. Procedure and results of mapping...... 64 2. Basic Information (ARGENTINA)...... 72 3. State of Baselines ...... 74 4. Data concerning biomass ...... 77 5. Explanation of Additionality...... 82 6. Information on Afforestation...... 82 7. Socio economic information ...... 84 8. Information on A/R CDM projects ...... 85 9. Tool for Selecting A/R CDM Potential Areas in Sandy Pampas, (west of Buenos Aires province, Argentina) ...... 90 10. Other links to related information...... 104 URUGUAY...... 105 1. Procedure and results of mapping...... 105 2. Basic Information (URUGUAY) ...... 111 3. State of Baselines ...... 113 4. Data concerning biomass ...... 114 5. Explanation of Additionality...... 115 6. Information on Afforestation...... 116 7. Socioeconomic Information...... 119 8. Information on A/R CDM projects ...... 125 9. The Tool for Evaluating A/R CDM Potential Areas in Uruguay ...... 126 10. Other links to related information...... 144 ECUADOR...... 146 1. Procedure and results of mapping...... 146 2. Basic Information (ECUADOR)...... 154 3. State of Baselines ...... 158 4. Data concerning biomass ...... 159 5. Explanation of Additionality...... 162 6. Information on Afforestation...... 162 7. Socioeconomic Information...... 163 8. A/R CDM Projects in Ecuador...... 163 9. Check List Tool to judge whether a land is eligible, additional and suitable for A/R CDM in Ecuador...... 170 10. Other links to related information...... 179 CHILE ...... 180 1. Procedure and results of mapping...... 180 2. Basic Information (CHILE) ...... 185 3. State of Baselines ...... 187 4. Data concerning biomass ...... 188 5. Explanation of Additionality...... 188 6. Information on Afforestation...... 188 7. Socioeconomic Information...... 191 8. Information on A/R CDM projects...... 194 9. The Tool for Evaluating A/R CDM Potential Areas in Chile...... 196 10. Other links to related information...... 206

ii BOLIVIA ...... 208 1. Procedure and result of mapping ...... 208 2. Basic Information (BOLIVIA)...... 215 3. State of Baselines ...... 217 4. Data concerning biomass ...... 217 5. Explanation of Additionality...... 218 6. Information on Afforestation...... 218 7. Socioeconomic Information...... 220 8. Information on A/R CDM projects...... 221 10. Other links to related Information...... 226 COSTA RICA ...... 227 1. Procedure and results of mapping...... 227 3. State of Baselines ...... 232 4. Data concerning biomass ...... 234 5. Explanation of Additionality...... 234 6. Information on Afforestation...... 234 8. Information on A/R CDM projects...... 235 10. Other links to related information...... 236 DOMINICA...... 237 1. Procedure and vesult of mapping...... 237 2. Basic Information (DOMINICA)...... 244 3. The Situation of Baselines ...... 246 5. Explanation of Additionality...... 246 6. Information on Afforestation...... 247 7. Information on the Society and Economy...... 247 8. Information on A/R CDM projects ...... 248 10. Other links to related information...... 251 PANAMA ...... 252 1. Procedure and results of mapping...... 252 3. State of Baselines ...... 254 5. Explanation of Additionality...... 254 6. Information on Afforestation...... 254 8. Information on A/R CDM Projects ...... 255 10. Other links to related information...... 258 HONDURAS ...... 259 1. Procedure and results of mapping...... 259 2. Basic Information (HONDURAS)...... 268 3. State of Baselines ...... 271 6. Information on Afforestation...... 271 8. Information on A/R CDM projects...... 272 10. Other links to related information...... 273

iii AFRICA TUNISIA...... 274 1. Procedure and results of mapping...... 274 2. Basic Information (TUNISIA) ...... 286 3. State of Baselines ...... 288 4. Data concerning biomass in grassland and shrub land...... 290 5. Explanation of Additionality...... 297 6. Information concerning forest plantation...... 298 7. Socioeconomic Information...... 299 8. A/R CDM Projects in Tunisia ...... 300 10. Other links to related information...... 310 BRUKINA FASO ...... 311 1. Procedure and results of mapping...... 311 2. Basic Information (BURKINA FASO) ...... 315 3. State of Baselines ...... 318 4. Data concerning biomass ...... 336 5. Explanation of Additionality...... 349 6. Information on Afforestation...... 349 10. Other links to related information...... 350 SENEGAL...... 352 1. Procedure and results of mapping...... 352 2. Basic Information (SENEGAL)...... 355 3. State of Baselines ...... 358 6. Information on Afforestation...... 358 10. Other links to related information...... 360 UGANDA ...... 361 2. Basic Information (UGANDA)...... 364 3. State of Baselines ...... 371 6. Information on Afforestation...... 379 8. Information on A/R CDM projects ...... 380 10. Other links to related information...... 388 KENYA ...... 389 2. Basic Information (KENYA) ...... 389 3. State of Baselines ...... 392 6. Information on Afforestation...... 392 8. Information on A/R CDM projects ...... 394 10. Other links to related information...... 396

iv List of Abbreviations

A/R: Afforestation and Reforestation BAKOSURTANAL: National Coordinating Agency for Survey and Mapping, Indonesia BAPLAN: Forestry Planning Agency, Indonesia BAPPEDA: Regional Development Planning Board, Indonesia CBFM: Community-Based Forest Management CDM: Clean Development Mechanism CEF: Cantonnement des Eaux et Forets, Madagascar CIFOR: Centre for International Forestry Research CIREF: Circonscription des Eaux et Forets, Madagascar COP: Conference of the Parties CSARD: Center for Soil and Agroclimate Research and Development, Indonesia DNA: Designated National Authority DOE: Designated Operational Entity FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FIPI: Forest Inventory and Planning Institute, Vietnam FORDA: Forest Research and Development Agency, Indonesia FSIV: Forest Science Institute of Vietnam FSSIV: Forest Science Sub-Institute of South Vietnam FTM: Foiben Taosarintanin Madagasikara GIS: Geographic Information System ICRAF: International Centre for Research in Agroforestry IGES: Institute of Global Environment and Society JBIC: Japan Bank for International Cooperation JICA: Japan International Cooperation Agency JIFPRO: Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Center JOPP: Japan Overseas Plantation Center for Pulpwood KLN: Bureau of International Cooperation and Investment, Indonesia LC: Land Cover LLDC: Least Less Developed Countries LU: Land Use LULUCF: Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry MARD: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Vietnam MGF: Malagasy Franc NGO: Non-Governmental Organization NSS: National Strategy Study ODA: Official Development Assistance PDD: Project Design Document PHBM: Collaborative Forest Management with Community RCFEE: Research Center for Forest Ecology and Environment, Vietnam TM: Thematic Mapper UTM: Universal Transverse Mercator

v 1. Objective and outline of the study

The Study on the Baseline for Afforestation and Reforestation Clean Development Mechanism (hereafter referred to as “the study”) is implemented with the following objective according to International Forestry Cooperation in the Forestry Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery of Japan from FY 2003 to FY 2007. This is a report related to the study conducted in the final year of this project plan.

1.1 Purpose of the study

In accordance with the Kyoto Protocol that was agreed in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the 3rd Conference of the Parties (COP3) that was held in December 1997 in Kyoto, with regard to Japan, a numerical target for emission reduction in greenhouse gases was set up. Specifically, the emission level shall be reduced by 6 % from 2008 to 2012 (First Commitment Period) compared to that in 1990 (Standard year). At the same time, the Kyoto Protocol admitted that CO2 removals by sinks due to sinks such as forest are included in the targets in order to achieve the reduction targets for the First Commitment Period. In addition, the Protocol adopted a Kyoto mechanism as a means to complement reduction within the country. This is a mechanism that makes it possible to reduce greenhouse gases through measures from the viewpoint of economic rationality including Joint Implementation, Emission Trading, and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). In the CDM among these measures, in which developing and developed countries take joint measures to tackle global warming, with regard to the CDM (sink CDM) through which greenhouse gases removals by sinks increase, afforestation and reforestation were determined to become subjects of the mechanism in COP7 held in November 2001. In addition, in COP9 held in December 2003, implementation rules for sink CDM as afforestation and reforestation were decided.

In implementing the afforestation and reforestation project activities under the CDM, the selection of forestation lands is one of the most important items. The calculation of the baseline that is a basis of credits acquired from afforestation and reforestation activities under the CDM is expected to require time and expense since social and economic factors in the areas significantly impact the calculation procedures. Therefore in order to facilitate participation in the afforestation and reforestation project activities under the CDM, this project offers information on items including the distribution of potential lands for afforestation and reforestation activities under the CDM and standard baseline values in such lands for participants in the project. Specifically, maps for the candidate land for AR CDM projects will be created to help entities that will undertake the projects to select land for AR CDM. Furthermore, information related to the candidate land is added to establish a comprehensive information system for AR CDM. This system will provide information on AR CDM in each country to entities that are interested in AR CDM.

1.2 Contents of the project

The studies below were conducted over five years from FY2003 to FY2007 through this study project.

1.2.1 Selection of the countries to be studied

Questionnaire surveys on CDM projects were conducted in about 60 countries selected from Asia, Latin America and Africa. These CDM projects were those especially suitable as carbon sinks as well as three CDM projects under the jurisdiction of the International Forestry Cooperation Office of the Forestry Agency: the baseline study project, the project for human resources development, and the project on technical guidelines. Based on the results of these surveys, the countries to be

1 studied were selected.

1.2.2 Studies to collect basic information on AR CDM

Studies were conducted to collect information for the preparations for AR CDM targeted at persons involved in forests and forestry as well as government departments and agencies related to CDM in the countries to be studied. The following were the study items.

y Agreements and concepts based on the UNFCCC methodology concerning AR CDM, such as policies for AR CDM and the definition of forests y State of the preparations for AR CDM projects (including the state of the preparation of project drafts) y Confirmation of the state of arranging the data for the creation of digital maps to select land for AR CDM projects and the collection of this data y Confirmation and collection of existing carbon fixation data concerning the five carbon pools that were to be measured for the AR CDM y State of candidate land for AR CDM projects estimated through observation

Target countries Asia: Vietnam, Indonesia, Laos, and the Philippines Latin America: Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Argentina, Panama, Honduras, and the Dominican Republic Africa: Tunisia, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Morocco, Madagascar, Kenya, and Uganda

1.2.3 Studies for maping of the candidate area for AR CDM projects

Data on the candidate land for AR CDM projects was collected and arranged to create digital maps by adopting the ArcGIS method in the target countries below.

Target countries Asia: Vietnam and Indonesia Latin America: Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Argentina, Panama, Honduras, and the Dominican Republic Africa: Tunisia, Burkina Faso, Senegal, and Uganda

1.2.4 Studies to create tools for selecting AR CDM potencial areas

In some Latin American countries, the tools for making a judgment on the candidate land for AR CDM projects were created to supplement data that was included in the maps of the candidate land for AR CDM projects.

Target countries Latin America: Ecuador, Chile, Uruguay, and Argentina

1.2.5 Studies for data collection of biomass

The CDM methodology indicates five carbon pools: biomass on the ground, underground biomass, litter, dead trees, and organic matter in soil. The amounts of four carbon pools out of the five except for organic matter in the soil were measured.

Since, in the actual AR CDM projects, the baselines are set for each project to conduct monitoring,

2 it is difficult to show all baseline values of the candidate land for AR CDM projects through this study project. In addition, seeking default values is not appropriate for the objectives of the study. Accordingly, the amount of biomass of the existing vegetation was measured in this study as the basis for the baseline scenario. Vegetation with possibility of the involvement of CDM projects was selected and studied in the countries concerned. The amount of biomass measured in this study is to be used as a standard when entities intending to carry out AR CDM projects need to judge whether they can carry out the projects. This study, however, was not conducted in countries where data on the amount of biomass of the candidate land for AR CDM projects could be obtained through the collection of documents. Ecuador, Chile, Uruguay, Costa Rica, and Argentina were such countries.

Target countries Asia: Vietnam Africa: Tunisia and Burkina Faso

3 Table 1.1 indicates the project items for each country in each year between FY2003 and FY2007.

Study area/year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Asia Indonesia 1 2 Laos 1 Vietnam 1,2,4 2 Philippines 1

Africa Burkina Faso 1 4 2 Madagascar 1 Mali 1 Morocco 1 Senegal 1 2 Tunisia 1 2,4 Kenya 1 Uganda 1,2

Latin America Argentina 1 2,3 3 Bolivia 1,2 Chile 1,2 3 3 Costa Rica 1,2 Dominican Republic 1 2 Ecuador 1,2 3 3 Honduras 1 2 Panama 1 2 Uruguay 1,2 3 3 1: Collection of basic information on CDM 2: Creation of maps for the candidate land for AR CDM projects 3: Creation of tools for judging the land for its appropriateness 4: Measurement of the amount of biomass of the existing vegetation

1.2.6 Creation of a system to provide information on AR CDM

In order to provide information widely to entities that are interested in AR CDM, a system to provide information on AR CDM has been created. This system contains maps of the candidate land for AR CDM projects as stated in section 1.2.3, and the information, data, and photographs that were collected during the five-year period of research. Accordingly, this system provides concrete images of the candidate land for AR CDM projects in each country.

The following are information items contained in this system.

4 (1) Area of the candidate land for AR CDM projects in each administrative unit (2) Basic information on each country collected through studies (3) State of baselines (4) Data on biomass (5) Explanation of additionality (6) Information on A/R (7) Socioeconomic information (8) Information on on-going AR CDM projects (9) Checklists for the selection of areas for AR CDM projects (10) Other information such as links to related information (11) Photographs

1.3 AR CDM Baseline Study Committee

The AR CDM Baseline Study Committee was established to seek guidance and advice from academics with regard to important matters such as how to develop this study.

1.3.1 Composition of the AR CDM Baseline Study Committee

This study committee consisted of the following persons.

Chair (General) Yasushi MORIKAWA (Professor of the School of Human Sciences, Waseda University)

Assistant Chair Hisashi WATANABE (Public opinions) (Deputy Chief Director of the Japan Paper Association)

Member (General) Masahiro AMANO (Professor of the School of Human Sciences, Waseda University)

Member Seiichi OTA (Environmental impacts) (Professor of the Graduate School of Kyoto University)

Member (Mapping) Shunji Ota (Assistant Professor of the School of Human Sciences, Waseda University)

Member Kei SUZUKI (GIS and the reading of (Forest Information Systems Development Room of the photographs) Japan Forest Technology Association)

Member Keiko NISHINO (Socioeconomic impacts) (Global Link Management Corporation)

* The posts of the committee members are those when they were commissioned as members in the initial year.

5 1.4 Intergrated Steering Committee for the Three CDM Projects

The intergrated Steering Committee for the Three CDM Projects was established to maintain links among the three CDM projects under the jurisdiction of the International Forestry Cooperation Office of the Forestry Agency and to coordinate activities developed through these projects. These three projects are (1) the project for studies on technical guidelines for AR CDM carried out by the Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Center and the Japan Overseas Plantation Center for Pulpwood; (2) the project for human resources development for AR CDM carried out by the Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Center; and (3) this project. The results of these projects were reported to and the schedules of these projects were coordinated in this committee. In addition, the project for improvements in basic data on AR CDM was added to the scope of this committee from its second meeting in FY2003. This project was carried out by the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute under the jurisdiction of the Research and Dissemination Section of the Forestry Agency. Accordingly, this committee has integrated the results of the four projects and ensured consistency between the directions of these projects.

1.4.1 Composition of the Comprehensive Measures Committee

The Comprehensive Measures Committee consisted of the representatives of the four CDM projects.

Chair Hisashi WATANABE (Deputy Chief Director of the Japan Paper Association)

Vice Chair Masahiro AMANO (Professor of the School of Human Sciences, Waseda University)

Member Yasushi MORIKAWA (Professor of the School of Human Sciences, Waseda University)

Member Tokunori MORI (Head researcher of the Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Center)

* The posts of the committee members are those when they were commissioned as the members in the initial year.

6 INDONESIA

1. Procedure and results of mapping

As for Indonesia, map data relevant to the selection of A/R CDM potential areas prepared by CIFOR (Center for International Forestry Research) was made available with the financial support of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in October 2005. This map shows suitable areas for A/R CDM projects in red and unsuitable ones in blue (Fig. 1.1). The preparation of this map is based on the vegetation map in “Tropical Moist Forest and Protected Areas” prepared by the World Conservation Monitoring Center (UNEP) in 1990 and “Tree Forest Cover Map of Insular Southeast Asia” jointly prepared by the JRC (Joint Research Center of the EU) and CIFOR in 2000. Naturally suitable areas were selected first and then finalized by combining information on forest fire risks and population censuses at the level of the kabupaten (regencies or cities as the administrative unit) for the whole of Indonesia.

Figure 1.1 CIFOR’s Map of A/R CDM Potential Areas for the Whole of Indonesia

Although this map covers the whole of Indonesia, it does not express the A/R CDM project sites on the actual scale of the projects since the suitability is judged at the level of the kabupaten, as noted above. When the study team planned to prepare a map of A/R CDM potential areas in Indonesia, the above-mentioned map data had already been made available at the national level for Indonesia. In this study, therefore, the study team considered it not significant to prepare a similar map and instead tried to prepare a map in more detail than at the level of kabupaten by narrowing the choice of suitable areas. In this area selection, the team considered that existing data had been accumulated to some extent in Kalimantan and Sumatra where A/R CDM-related activities were carried out more frequently compared with other areas in Indonesia. The team therefore planned to select areas comprising many sites judged to be suitable in the CIFOR’s map of A/R CDM potential areas. As a result, the team selected the province of East Nusa Tenggara in the eastern

7 part of Indonesia as a potential area. The team then tried to prepare a map of A/R CDM potential areas covering certain kabupaten judged to be suitable in the above-mentioned CIFOR’s map within the province in more detail by subdividing the extent of the kabupaten according to vegetation units. The coverage of the selection is shown in Fig. 1.2.

Figure 1.2 Coverage of the Selection of A/R CDM Potential Areas in Indonesia.

The province of East Nusa Tenggara is located in the Lesser Sunda Islands, which is one of the island regions of Indonesia. The Lesser Sunda Islands are mainly composed of volcanic or rising coral reef islands. The climate of Indonesia is dominated by the wet west monsoon and the dry east monsoon. The climate of East Nusa Tenggara is under the influence of the east monsoon originating in Australia. Unlike Sumatra and Kalimantan, this province has a clearly dry season for a relatively long period of about five months. The mean temperature is 27.0oC and the mean annual rainfall is about 2,000 mm in Kupang, the capital of this province. The dry season lasts from May to September, while the rainy season lasts from October to April of the following year. Indonesia, which has 88,495,000 ha of forest, is one of the countries with the most extensive area of forests in the world (FAO, FRA 2005).

The total area of forest in East Nusa Tenggara is about 1,809,000 ha, which accounts for 38.2% of the provincial land area.

Figure 1.3 Flow Chart of the Extraction A/R CDM Potential Areas (East Nusa Tenggara)

The procedures for extracting A/R CDM potential areas are illustrated in the form of a flow chart in Fig. 1.3.

(1) With regard to the distinction of forests from non-forests as of 1990, the study team identified Nos. 3 to 12 in the legend of the GeoCover LC data of 1990 as non-forest areas and identified equivalent areas in certain kabupaten that had already been chosen as suitable areas.

(2) As for the A/R CDM potential areas as of 2000, the study team considered that the A/R CDM potential areas would be the non-forest areas shown as No. 8 in the legend of the “Tree Forest Cover Map of the Insular Southeast Area (2000)” on which CIFOR’s map of A/R CDM potential areas was based. The team then identified such areas in certain kabupaten that had already been chosen as suitable areas as in Item (1).

9 (3) The final A/R CDM potential areas were selected by extracting the completely overlapping parts from the combination of non-forest areas as of 1990 in Item (1) and the potential areas in Item (2). The results are shown in Fig. 1.4.

Figure 1.4 Final A/R CDM Potential Areas in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

The area of the A/R CDM potential areas by province and by category in Fig. 1.4 above is shown in Table 1.1.

The land areas expected to be A/R CDM potential areas in East Nusa Tenggara can be classified by land use into the categories of barren land, grassland and shrub/bush. Of these, shrubs and bushes account for the largest area of 1.57 million ha followed by grassland with an area of 0.24 ha and then barren land with the smallest area of 0.04 ha . The total area is 1.85 ha. As for the area according to kabupaten, potential areas account for the largest area of 0.39 million ha in Sumba Timur and 0.28 million ha in Manggarai and the smallest area of 40,000 ha in Rote Ndao.

10 Table 1.1 Aggregated Area of A/R CDM Potential Areas by Category in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Total NAM (Ha) Province Barren Grassland Scrub/Bush Grand Ground Total ALOR 957 38 110,648 111,643 KUPANG 7,060 4,323 224,736 236,119 LEMBATA 240 65,461 65,701 NANGGARAI 12,130 18,796 251,931 282,857 NGADA 1,178 4,659 148,733 154,570 ROTE NDAO 3,427 2,786 31,484 37,697 SUBA TIMUR 122 149,546 237,107 386,775 SUMBA BARAT 600 56,744 108,544 165,888 TIMOR TENGHA SELATAN 5,654 102 208,457 214,213 TIMOR TENGHA UTARA 10,975 131 184,060 195,166 Grand Total 42,343 237,125 1,571,161 1,850,629

11 2. Basic Information (INDONESIA)

1 Forest definition

According to the forest definition for A/R CDM decided by COP 9, there are three items with a range of Fig.s, which are minimum canopy density from 10 to 30 %, minimum tree height from 2 to 5 m and smallest forest area from 0.05 to 1 ha. Each host country has been required to decide a point in range of each item, for example, 20 % for canopy density. Have you already decided the point in the range for each item?

Indonesian Government already decided points in a range of canopy density, tree height, and forest area related to “Forest” definition determined by COP9. The point has officially been referred to Ministerial Decree No.P.14/Menhut-II/2004 concerning Afforestation and Reforestation Procedure in the Frame of CDM. The point decided by government of Indonesia is:

x Minimum canopy density is 30% x Minimum tree height is 5 meters x Smallest forest area is 0.25 hectares.

2 Sustainable development

At present Indonesia, in particular the Ministry of Forestry, is preparing a set of criteria and indicators on Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) to comply with. The kinds of projects that can contribute to the Sustainable Forest Management must fulfil the following criteria:

a. The projects must be environmentally sustainable (must contribute to water, soil, and biodiversity conservation). b. The projects must be economically sustainable; it means that they can improve the welfare of the local people. c. The project must be socially sustainable; it means that they have to involve local participation.

Projects that are considered to have contribution to sustainable development are, inter alia:

x Large scale of un-even age forest plantation x Large scale of heteroculture forest plantation with indigenous species. x Agroforestry x Forest rehabilitation x Enrichment planting with indigenous species.

Large scale afforestation using exotic species is welcome and in fact Indonesia already have large scale Eucalyptus plantation.

3 Feasibility Study

12 site is suitable for A/R CDM project from point of view of natural condition, but the site may not be suitable from point of view of land ownership or usufruct, so the one of important point is to check land ownership and/or usufruct.

The followings are important things to bear in mind in terms of an implementation of a feasibility study, namely:

a. Afforestation and reforestation project sites must be in compliance with the Kyoto Protocol. b. The land ownership must be clear. c. The study must involve all relevant stakeholders.

In brief, points should be taken care when study is carried out are:

x A/R CDM criteria x Land ownership x Stakeholder involvement

4 Small scale A/R CDM

One of the requirements of small scale A/R CDM is participation and/or development of low-income people in host countries. What do you concretely image the participation and/or development of low-income people, in other words, what kind of projects can meet the requirement?

Low income people previously means the people that has income less than 132 kg equals rice per person per year. The definition has been developed by Dr Naik Sinukaban to be whom the income less than Rp 3 millions per person per year. (including for education, healthiness, clothing, recreation etc)

The projects that can meet requirement of participation of low income people if the projects involving people in/around the project, and they get benefits from it.

5 Environmental and Socio-economical impact assessment

If environmental and/or socio-economical impact are considered significant by the host countries or the project participants, the assessment on environmental and/or socio-economical impact is required according to the framework of A/R CDM stipulated in COP 9.

Regarding the impacts, what is important and/or judgment points that your country consider as a project that has significant impacts on environmental and/or socio-economical conditions?

In addition, does your country has procedure and/or standards for the assessment? If yes, please describe the procedure and/or standards.

The important point considered for the project that has significant impacts on environmental and/or socio-economical condition are:

x Level of run off and soil erosion x Biodiversity aspects x Carbon sequestration / the capacity of each species to absorb CO2 x Employment opportunity x Local income

The mechanism of environmental impact assessment, including its criteria and indicators, is

13 contained in a Decree of the Ministry of Environment.

6 Distribution of lCER or tCER (Certified Emission Reduction) credit

If your country already has ideas on distribution of CER between your country and Annex 1 countries after getting CER through the A/R CDM projects, could you describe the ideas?

The distribution of CER is much depend on an arrangement of each project. The arrangement may be carried out through cooperation between the buyers and suppliers.

We do not have any experience on the distribution of CER with Annex 1 countries, therefore we would like to get some information from Mr. Toyota (JOFCA). Based on the information, we will discuss in country to see which one is the most promising for Indonesia.

7 Restriction of afforestation projects

If there are any restrictions of afforestation project invested by foreign countries, for example plantations of 10 % of indigenous trees are duty in Brazil, could you explain the restrictions?

In addition, such restrictions will be applied to A/R CDM projects?

Basically, there is no restriction on species used in A/R CDM. It can be fruit, fibre, or mechanical wood trees. In accordance with Ministerial Decree Number: P.14/Menhut-II/2004, there are points to be bear in mind considered to be restrictions and will be applied, inter alia:

x The implementation of A/R CDM Projects must be based on indigenous tree and is compatible with Kyoto Protocol x Developer must engage in a concession of timber production and forest service utilization if the A/R CDM projects are implemented in production and/or protected forest area respectively x A/R CDM project implementation in Custom Forest (hutan adapt) must be supported by a special concession of Custom Forest management. x A/R CDM project implementation in private land should have a certificate of land ownership or explanation letter of land ownership from local authority.

All items above should also be compiled together with a special permit issued by Head of District (Bupati) or Municipal (Walikota).

14 3. State of Baselines

(1) Tumu Village in TTS Prefecture, East Nusa Tenggara Province (About 30 km east of Soe, the capital of TTS Prefecture)

Location of Tumu Village: S 09°51′305 E 124°29′194

There are about 250 households in Tumu Village in TTS Prefecture in West Timor. The villagers have been engaged in slash-and-burn agriculture for a long period. The land used by the villagers is national property. In this agriculture, cultivation is carried out on a piece of land for two or three years. After this cultivation, the land is laid fallow for two to four years, and subsequently, the land is cultivated again. The land productivity is low due to the excessive number of villagers and the land being sloped. The kinds of crop include upland rice, bananas, cassavas, and peanuts. The agricultural produce of these is not put on the market but is consumed by the producers themselves.

Natural vegetation observed currently includes Camara (Casuarina junghuhniana)，Kabesak(Acacia leucophloea)，Asam(Tamarindus), Kapok (Ceiba petandra)，and Taduk(this scientific name is unknown).

The stand density is 50/ha or below. The trees do not form groups, but grow separately. The tree height is 10 m for Kabesak, 15 m for Taduk, and about 20 m for Camara and Kapok. Since the residents are engaged in slash-and-burn agriculture, they cut even young trees. This has been the normal state since before 1989.

A man about eighty years old said that Tumu Village was established in 1910 when this area was a Dutch colony. That man, Zakarias Kebkole, who served as the head of this village between 1969 and 1978, also said that grassland already extended on the mountain ridge to the village in 1939. He remembered this fact clearly because he went to school through this grassland everyday. On the mountainside, however, there was a forest, where Beringin (Ficus spp.), Asam (T.indica), and Cendana (Santalum album) one or two meters in diameter grew naturally in abundance.

In forests around the village, tree cutting commenced in 1942, when the Japanese Army came to the village. The Japanese Army commandeered villagers to construct a road to the eastern part of Timor, and the forests were gradually cleared. After the Japanese Army left in 1945, the cutting of forest trees continued in order to use the land for slash-and-burn agriculture. Finally, natural forests disappeared around 1949. Since then, the cycle based on slash-and-burn agriculture - secondary forests, cutting, cultivation, and secondary forests - has repeated in this area from the viewpoint of vegetation. In administrative offices, however, there are no records or pictures that prove this process.

(2) East Sumba

Sumba Island is one of the islands that compose East Nusa Tenggara Province. The area of Sumba Island is about 11,000 km2. This island is administratively divided into West Sumba and East Sumba. In East Sumba, there is boundless grassland and no-vegetation land where bedrock is exposed. According to an official of the local forest office, the area of the grassland and no- vegetation land is about 2,500,000 ha. Villagers are engaged in careless grazing of horses and cattle, as well as slash-and-burn agriculture near communities. These activities use only a small portion of the grassland and no-vegetation land. Most of the remaining portions are left unused. Most of the land in East Sumba is national property. Private usefuruct is authorized for part of the land near

15 communities. One holder of this right told that he would welcome the planting of trees on his land.

With regard to the eligibility of lands, an official of the local forest office said that forest extended on the extensive grassland and no-vegetation land before the 1960s. All the trees in the forest were cut in the 1960s. Since then, the quantity of biomass has been limited in this area. Although there are target areas of the Gerhan Project, the Indonesian national afforestation project, in East Sumba, the area for one target is 50 ha at the largest, and the total area is about 1,300 ha. Accordingly, it is fully possible to select afforestation sites, excluding these target areas.

4. Data concerning biomass

The data concerning biomass and soil carbon (to a depth of 15 cm from the earth’s surface) in Cassava plantation and Imperata grassland measured in Jambi Province and Lampung Province is shown in Table 4.1. This data was obtained from the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF). Comparing Cassava plantation with Imperata grassland based on this table, with regard to biomass values, the value is 17.7tC/ha on average for Cassava plantation, while 2.67tC/ha on average for Imperata grassland. The value of Cassava plantation is far higher. In terms of Cassava by part, the biomass value of its tuber is 12.6tC/ha, which leads to the conclusion that most of the biomass of Cassava exists in its tuber part. On the other hand, with regard to the amount of soil carbon stocks, the amount is 27.9tC/ha on average for Cassava plantation, while 41.5tC/ha on average for Imperata grassland, thus the value is higher in Imperata grassland. With regard to the entire values, including both biomass value and the amount of soil carbon stocks, the values of Cassava plantation and

Imperata grassland are 45.6tC/ha and 44.2tC/ha respectively, almost the same values. Comparing both by province, the value of the entire amount of carbon stocks in both Cassava plantation and Imperata grassland is higher in Jambi Province than Lampung Province. The difference is clearer in Imperata grassland.

As for Imperata grassland, soil carbon is the major component factor of carbon sequestration in these lands since the most part of existing carbon sequestration is in soil. NSS has also calculated baseline values for eight areas that are regarded as potential lands for afforestation and reforestation activities under the CDM (See Table 4.2). These values are the ones adding the amount of carbon stocks to annual growth increment, targeted exclusively for above-ground biomass. The results of the measurement of biomass conducted around a potential land by university students in Bogor Agricultural University and the results of a survey by IGES have been referred to.

Data concerning carbon stocks in soil was obtained from Center for Soil and Agroclimate Research and Development (CSARD) in various sites in South Kalimantan (See Table 4.3). This data was provided by Dr. Subagyo, who is researcher in CSARD. Data of other areas concerning carbon stocks in soil was not confirmed in CSARD.

16 Table 4.1 Carbon stocks in Cassava plantation and Imperata grassland

53.1 46.2 49.7 53.6 27.5 47.5 42.9 45.6 60.0 52.0 56.0 42.4 45.5 23.4 41.7 38.2 44.2 total total tC/ha tC/ha 56.3 49.8 53.1 39.4 41.1 21.9 40.4 35.7 41.5 31.5 32.6 32.1 30.4 18.3 26.6 25.1 27.9 total total tC/ha tC/ha 31.5 25.0 28.3 23.9 26.0 14.3 27.6 23.0 24.7 15.6 20.8 18.2 21.8 12.6 15.5 16.6 17.3 soil soil tC/ha tC/ha 5cm-15cm 5cm-15cm 15.9 11.8 13.9 8.60 5.68 11.1 8.46 10.6 24.8 24.8 24.8 15.5 15.1 7.64 12.8 12.8 16.8 tC/ha tC/ha 0cm-5cm 0cm-5cm 21.6 13.6 17.6 23.2 9.26 20.9 17.8 17.7 3.72 2.23 2.98 2.96 4.35 1.43 1.32 2.51 2.67 total total tC/ha tC/ha 14.8 9.50 12.2 18.9 6.06 13.5 12.8 12.6 1.62 1.17 1.06 3.14 1.47 1.37 0.713 0.953 0.711 tuber tC/ha biomass biomass litter tC/ha 5.94 3.64 4.79 3.89 2.73 6.40 4.34 4.52 stem tC/ha 2.10 1.52 1.81 1.90 1.21 1.05 1.30 0.873 0.470 0.672 0.427 0.468 0.965 0.620 0.641 0.472 0.605 leaf grass tC/ha tC/ha Village Village Purwosari Purwosari Negara Jaya Negara Jaya Tegal Mukti Tegal Mukti Kaliawi Indah Bangun Hardjo Panaragan Indah Panaragan Indah Silvagama Forest District District Tebo Tengah Tebo Tengah Muara Bungo Muara Bungo North Lampung North Lampung North Lampung North Lampung North Lampung North Lampung North Lampung mean in Jambi Province mean in Jambi Province mean in Lampung Province mean in Lampung Province mean of both provinces combined mean of both provinces combined Jambi Jambi Jambi Jambi Province Province Lampung Lampung Lampung Lampung Lampung Lampung Lampung Imperata grassland Cassava plantation Cassava Source: International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)

17 Table 4.2 Estimated baseline values of the 8 locations considered as the potential A/R CDM sites

15 0.2 soil 119 307 1.79 3.38 14.16 10.78 Grass South Forest Office 15,000 quality quality, Ref (CF) Ref improved Kalimanta fertility, air 15 0.2 256 373 1.28 7.40 1.13 6.27 water 5,000 Grass Forest Office quality Ref (CF) Ref Maintain Yogyakarta 40 0.5 258 626 0.65 2.14 0.56 1.58 water 2,500 NGOs quality Shrubs- thickets Ref (CF) Maintain Kuningan M 40 0.5 soil 600 307 679 0.18 0.49 0.49 Bogor fertility Shrubs- thickets Improved Perhutani Ref (CBF 40 0.5 135 338 0.47 2.68 0.79 1.89 3,500 NGOs Shrubs- thickets Ref (CF) Ref Lampung air quality Watershed functin and M 40 0.5 2.5 250 118 1.67 0.45 1.22 Univ. Jambi 10,000 quality Shrubs- thickets Increase y and air Ref (CBF Ref biodiversit 15 0.5 soil 119 265 4.37 1.22 29.29 28.07 Grass 36,700 fertility Increase Pasaman Ref (CF) Ref Local Gov. 15 on 0.2 soil 119 265 1.26 8.46 0.48 7.98 Datar Grass Water Tanah NGOs 10,600 Ref (CF) rehabilitati quality and quality 1 Summary of portfolio for CDM-LULUCF projects Summary of portfolio for CDM-LULUCF area) critical areas (baseline the plant to proponent the theof ability on calculated based was source existing The 1 Note: multiply by planting cost per ha (US$450/ha). Local Government and Forestry Office in this case are separated mainly due to diffe Still require Social/Intangible benefit Project Proponent Project type Area (ha) Baseline -Description (tC/ha) -Stock (tC/ha/yr) -Growth (tC/ha) Potential Mitigation (MtC) Mitigation Total Life cycle cost (US$/ha) Project Finance million) (US$ Existing source Source: National Strategy Study on CDM for Forestry Sector, 2003

18 Table 4.3 Soil carbon stocks measured in various sites in South Kalimantan

depth bulk density soil carbon carbon stocks soil series （cm）（g/cm3）（%）（kgC/m2）（tC/ha） Batambai 14 1.4 1.26 2.47 24.70 Batumulia 18 1.12 2.58 5.20 52.01 Batutungku 16 0.84 2.8 3.76 37.63 Beraung 10 1.14 2.16 2.46 24.62 Bumiasih 24 1.17 1.23 3.45 34.54 Jatimulya 23 1.01 2.45 5.69 56.91 Pakul 12 1.18 1.89 2.68 26.76 Sabuhur 16 0.82 1.33 1.74 17.45 Sabuhurbawah 16 1.39 0.63 1.40 14.01 Samparan 11 1.4 0.3 0.46 4.62 Sandaran 18 1.26 0.93 2.11 21.09 Sarimulya 21 1.35 1.02 2.89 28.92 Sukaramah 9 1.24 1.99 2.22 22.21 Sumbersari 16 0.98 2.36 3.70 37.00 Sungaibatambai 16 1.26 0.48 0.97 9.68 Tanahasih 18 1.16 2.01 4.20 41.97 Source: Report of the Detailed Soil Survey of Sukaramah, Batumulia and Bumiasih Villages, Tanahlaut Regency, South Kalimantan Province, 2001

5. Explanation of Additionality

Most villagers in East Nusa Tenggara Province make a living by being engaged in agriculture and livestock farming. In this region, afforestation has been carried out as a policy of the Indonesian government for the purpose of creating conservation forests, rather than using forests for industry. The private sector has created teak forests in lowland that has good access. These teak forests, however, are exceptional cases, and afforestation with industrial purpose has not been carried out in most parts of this region.

19 6. Information on Afforestation

(1) Afforestation species in West Timor

Tree species for afforestation in West Timor in the East Nusa Tenggara region are listed in the table below.

Vegetation species Current state in this region Camara (C. junghuhniana) There are plantations where Camara grows excellently in Netpala Village in the Mutis Timau area, which is located in the inland part of West Timor. Mahogany (S. macrophylla) Mahoganies are frequently used for afforestation in the entire East Nusa Tenggara region. Kemiri (Aleurite moluccana) Kemiri is used for afforestation in the entire East Nusa Tenggara region. Oil is extracted from their nuts. This oil makes profit for the villagers. Gmelina (Gmelina arborea) Gmelina is used for afforestation in the entire East Nusa Tenggara region. Their natural regeneration is observed at the same time, and the Gmelina area has extended. Johar (C. siamea) Johar is frequently planted in the Laob Tunbesi Forest in West Timor as an afforestation species. The leaves are used as feed for livestock in this region. Jati (T. grandis) Jati is used for afforestation not only in East Nusa Tenggara but also throughout Indonesia. The growth increment varies considerably according to area. It is important to select planting sites. Asam (T. indica) Asam is frequently observed in Bayata and Koa forests in West Timor. This species is strategically important when afforestation is carried out on the initiative of the residents. The residents depend on the fruit of Asam for household income when a food crisis or food shortage occurs. Sources: Data Primer y Harvest of non-wood forest products

The trade of non-wood forest products makes profit for the communities, including white sandalwoods (Santalum album), tamarinds (Tamarindus indica), honey, and the nuts of Kemiri. For example, the fruit of tamarinds can be harvested between August and November. During this period, the trees yield profit. The result of surveys by Wiendiyati (1996) and Resik (1997) showed that the sale price of the net fruit (without seeds) was Rp. 550/kg. The income from the sales accounts for 19.84％ of all the income of the households that harvest the fruit of tamarinds.

Honey also brings significant profits to communities in this region. Honey is obtained mainly from hue trees (Eucalyptus alba). According to certain data, four to ten honeycombs can be obtained from one hue tree, and about five liters of honey is obtained from one honeycomb. Honey is collected in June every year. The average sale price of honey is Rp. 1500/ℓ, and accordingly, Rp. 30,000-Rp. 450,000 is obtained from one hue tree.

Nira, liquid extracted from Lontar palms, brings profit to communities in this region. Traditionally, local residents extracted nira to make alcoholic drinks to consume by themselves, and did not send

20 the liquid to commercial channels. Some residents, however, produce nira to make sugar balls and sell them as raw material for sugar. These residents extract nira between July and September, and obtain profit of Rp. 342,420 per person.

Kemiri is also profitable for communities surrounding forests. The 1996/1997 Annual Report on Forest in TTS Prefecture said that the yield of Kemiri amounted to 57,500 kg.

(2) Afforestation species in East Sumba

Main species for afforestation in East Sumba include Mahogany, Gmelina, and Falcata (Paraserianthes falcataria), which are generally used in the East Nusa Tenggara region. In addition to these species, cashew nuts and Kemiri (oil is extracted from their nuts) are candidate species as multi-purpose plants to be used by local residents. These species are practically planted in existing plantations in East Sumba. Since the climate in East Sumba is dry in some extent, the growth of trees cannot be expected as favorably as in Kalimantan and Sumatera. According to the local forest office, mahoganies grow to a height of 7 m with a diameter of about 50 cm breast height twenty years after planting, and Gmelina grows to a height of 6-8 m with a diameter of about 40-60 cm breast height twenty years after planting.

(3) There are data on artificial forests in Indonesia on the website of the Japan International Forestry Promotion & Cooperation Center.

http://www.jifpro.or.jp/web-content/indonesia.html

7. Socioeconomic Information y Agriculture, forestry and livestock industry

Residents in hilly and mountainous areas in West Timor on Timor Island make their living from livestock farming. They actively raise Bali cattle, which were introduced during the period of Dutch government. Extensive areas in mountains and hills are used as pasture to graze the cattle. With regard to agriculture, rice is grown on a comparatively large scale in lowland areas where irrigation facilities have been constructed. There is no other large-scale farmland. Vegetables and fruits are grown on a small scale near communities. In addition, traditional slash-and-burn agriculture has been carried out.

In communities in Mollo Utara, Pembantu Mollo Utara, and Mollo Selatan, which are located in the inland area of TTS (Timor Tengah Selatan) Prefecture in West Timor, garlic, onions, potatoes, azuki beans, coriander, carrots, pumpkins, and mandarin oranges are grown in general. In Amanuban Selatan and Amanuban Barat, corn, rice, beans, and cassava are grown to secure food. The residents, however, consider raising livestock to be the most important.

Most residents in the Mollo region are engaged in agriculture, considering profit making. They plan to send part of their agricultural produce to the market, and they calculate the quantity of produce to be sold into the total quantity of produce. In the selection of varieties, they study the economic value of each variety.

On the other hand, agricultural villages in the Amanuban region are at a stage of seeking a market-economy system. The villagers trade in livestock, but they consume most of their agricultural produce by themselves.

21 Production activities in communities

Place Items Villages in Mollo Upland field cultivation: garlic, onions, potatoes, ketumbar (seasoning, seeds Utara, Pembantu of Coriandrum sativum), azuki beans, pumpkins, carrots, petsai, avocados, Mollo Utara, and mandarin oranges; Agriculture in comparatively extensive areas: corn, Mollo Selatan upland rice, beans; Annually harvested crops: kemiri, coffee. Livestock: chickens, swine, goats, cattle．Forestry: honey, berries of kukui. Non-agriculture: trading, daily employment, workmen. Villages in Upland field cultivation: onions, mangos. Agriculture in comparatively Amanuban extensive areas: corn, upland rice, beans, potatoes and taros. Livestock: Seletan chickens, swine, goats, cattle. Forestry: tamarinds, white sandalwoods, fuel wood. Non-agriculture: trading, daily employment, agricultural tool making, workmen. Villages in Agriculture in comparatively extensive areas: upland rice, corn, beans, Amanuban potatoes and taros. Upland field cultivation: bananas, blossoms of papayas, Seletan and mangos. Livestock: chickens, swine, goats, cattle. Forestry: tamarinds, leaves Amanuban Barat of palms, white sandalwoods, fuel wood. Non-agriculture: agricultural tool making, daily employment, trading, workmen. Sources: Data Primer

Residents in agricultural villages adjacent to natural forests obtain non-wood forest products on a daily basis. These products include honey, tamarinds (a substitute for vinegar), Kemiri, white sandalwoods, nira (sweet sap extracted from Lontar palms), and fuel wood. The quantity of white sandalwoods has been decreasing, and currently the trees have value due to their scarcity. y Educational level

Except for urban districts, the educational level is low in general. Many adults are illiterate. The educational situation in Oel Bubuk Village in Mollo Selatan of TTS Prefecture in West Timor is tabulated below as an example.

Academic background (%) Preschoolers 7 Children Elementary school children 6 Elementary school graduates 80 Junior high school graduates 2 Adults Senior high school graduates 1 University graduates 0 Illiterates 4 100

y Land use

The table below presents the proportion of land use according to the land use classification in Oel Bubuk Village in Mollo Selatan, TTS Prefecture. This is an example of land use in the hilly and mountainous area. Since land in West Timor is widely covered with soil which originated from uplifted coral reefs, the productivity of the soil is low in general. Accordingly, farmland cannot be 22 used for more than one year, and villagers need to move to farmland in another place for cultivation in the following year. As a result, vast farmland is required for slash-and-burn agriculture in this region.

Land use classification Proportion in area(%) Paddy field 0 Non-irrigated farmland (Permanent upland field) 18 Residential land 13 Grassland (Mainly pasture) 7 National forest 7 Other land(Mainly farmland for slash-and-burn agriculture) 55 100

8. Information on A/R CDM projects.

NSS in Indonesia designated eight sites as lands potential for afforestation and reforestation activities under the CDM and conducted surveys on individual potential lands. The following is an outline of these eight sites targeted for NSS.1

(1) West Sumatra Province, Pasaman District

District of Pasaman Covers an area of 783,540 ha of which forest covers about 48.3 %, community forest 12 %, estate plantation 9 %, paddy field 4 %, settlement/villages 2 %, industrial area 0.1 %, and others 24.2 %. The critical land that is available for carbon sink project is about 39,424 ha or 5 % located spread out in the 14 sub-districts. The Carbon sink project will be implemented in the critical areas outside the boundary of Pasaman District and reforestation planned for the year 2002 – 2007 amounted to 2,700 ha. The potential area for Carbon sink project is predicted to be 36,725 ha; it is particularly in the framework of collaborative management with community (Community forest or CBFM). The species preferred are mahogany, coffee, and surian (Toona sureni). The mitigation potential of Pasaman district is about 3.47 Mt C if all critical lands are used as mitigation area.

(2) West Sumatra Province, Tanah Datar District

The total area of West Sumatra province is about 4,222,964 ha with dominant land cover of forest about 2,626,604 ha of which 259,890 ha is shrubs and thickets. Other land use found in the area is mixed plantation 407,916 ha, paddy field and upland crops about 339,141 ha. Sub-watershed Ombilin where Singkarak lake is located, covers an area of 167,740 ha (Forest Service Office West Sumatra, 2001).

Deforestation rate in this area is quite high resulting in unproductive lands such as grasslands. Analysis of the LANDSAT TM data year 2001 leads us to estimate that around 10,622 ha of Tanar Datar District is covered by grassland; that accounts for about 57 % of the total watershed area (18,664 ha) in the district, and about 36,648 ha is covered by secondary regrowth that is often considered as the unproductive land while the total area of the lake is

1 An outline of eight sites targeted for NSS was described according to the Technical Report, National Strategy Study on CDM in Forestry Sector by the Ministry of Environment, Republic of Indonesia. 23 around 10,857 ha. The appropriate species to be planted in this area are kemiri (Aleurites molucana), jati (Tectona grandis), jati putih (Gmelina arborea), kopi (Coffee), pala (Myristica fragrant), kayumanis (Cassiavera spp.), sawo (Manilkara kauki), cengkeh (Eugenia aromatica), durian (Durio spp.), mangga (Mangifera spp), and several cash crops such as peanut, red onion, chili, corn and water melon (Alimin, 2002).

(3) Jambi Province, Batang Hari District

Type of mitigation options used in the analysis is planting trees with 40 years rotation in the degraded/unproductive lands of Batang Hari District. The species selected are: Albizia (Paraserienthes falcataria), Meranti (Shorea spp.), Rubber (Havea braziliensis), candle nut (kemiri), pinang, durian (Durio zibentinus), duku, rambutan, mangga, and bacang. From this 28,572 ha degraded land in Batang Hari District, if 20,000 ha is allocated for mitigation option I (25 % from total critical land area) or only 10,000 ha is allocated for mitigation option II (12.5 % from total critical land areas), there will be 3,914,177 and 1,957,088.5 tones carbon sequestrated for mitigation option I and option II respectively in Batang Hari District (assuming that trees will be harvested at the end of rotation period). Cost for investment of fruit-tree-based agroforestry system, according to result of the survey in the six villages, varies from US$67 for pinang up to US$136 for oil palm to develop 1 ha fruit-trees-agroforestry system. In average, the investment cost is about US$104 per ha, much lower than the timber estate plantation that is about US$400 per ha.

(4) Lampung Province, West Lampung District

The project will be implemented in Sumber Jaya, West Lampung District in degraded areas of the state forest land with status as protection forest. Total area of degraded land in the district of West Lampung is about 49,000 ha. In 2001, 75 households obtained areas of about 175 ha to plant tree species for rehabilitation of the degraded land through the community forest (CF) program. The degraded land will be planted with mixed trees, in upper level with fruit tree species (avocado, durio, candlenut) and lower level with estate plantation (coffee and pepper). It is assumed that in the next 10 years, about 50% of these degraded lands will be reforested by the CF program. Thus, under the absence of CDM projects, 50% will remain as degraded land. If the 50% of the degraded lands (1,750 ha) is used for CDM project, about 175,000 tones of carbon will be sequestrated (if the tree were harvested at the end of the rotation period) or 350,000 tones of carbon will be sequestrated (if no harvesting took place).

(5) West Java Province, Kuningan District

The project will be implemented in Cileuya village, Cimahi Sub-district, Kuningan District in the degraded land within Perum Perhutani area (state forest land). Currently, total area of the degraded land in the district is about 15,721 ha, consisted of 5,844 ha bare land, 2,300 ha wild rangeland or grassland, and 7,577 ha unproductive land. About 30% of these degraded lands is within Perum perhutani area (4,851 ha). Only 20 % of the degraded lands have been rehabilitated by Perum Perhutani up to 2002. Since 2001, the rehabilitation of the degraded lands was implemented through PHBM program (Collaborative Forest Management with Community).

The project will rehabilitate degraded land in the Perum Perhutani area by about 2,500 ha. The land will be planted with teak by about 60% and pines 40% (based on current proportion). All the degraded area will be reforested within 10 years. Thus annual rate of planting for teak is about 150 ha while for pines 100 ha. In the first three years, the community will use

24 the land for annual crops or other cash crops (before the canopy of the trees developed).

The project will be implemented in the three types of the degraded lands, i.e. grassland, bare land and unproductive. Based on the last 10 years data, Perum Perhutani was only able to rehabilitate about 20% of the total degraded land. It is expected that through PHBM, the rate of planting in the rehabilitation program can be increased. It is assumed that in the next 10 years, about 50 % of these degraded lands will have been reforested by the company through the PHBM program. Thus, if the degraded lands (2,500 ha) are used for CDM project, about 250,000 tones of carbon will be sequestrated (if the tree were harvested at the end of the rotation period) or 500,000 tones of carbon will be sequestrated (if no harvesting took place).

(6) West Java Province, Bogor District

The project will be implemented in Babakan Madang Sub-District, Bogor in degraded state forest land within State Forestry Company (SFC) of Perum Perhutani areas. Currently, Perum Perhutani area includes production forest (40%), protection forest (3%) and conservation area (1%); the rest is community land (34%), and estate land (22%). In 2001 about 38 % of these degraded lands within Perum Perhutani have been rehabilitated through collaborative forest management with community and reforestation programs. The project will rehabilitate about 600 ha of the degraded lands within Perum Perhutani area. The land will be planted with fast growing species combined with fruits and foods crops, including white teak (Gmelina arborea), mindi (Meila azedarach) combined with avocado, mango and other food crops such as maize and sweet potatoes. The proportion of land allocated for wood and fruit or food crops about 60% and 40 %.

(7) Yogyakarta Province, Gunung Kidul District

Ministry of Forestry and Forest State Company (FSC) mainly take care of the state forest lands that account for about 5.36 % of the total area of Yogyakarta. The forest function is prioritized for conservation, production, ecotourism and education. The project will be implemented in Gunung Kidul District in the degraded lands within Ministry of Forestry and Forest State Company. Current total area of the degraded lands in the district is about 5,153 ha that consist of 1,288 ha grassland and 3,865 ha unproductive land. Only 25 % of the degraded lands have been rehabilitated by Ministry of Forestry up to 2002. Since 2001, the rehabilitation of the degraded lands was implemented through the Community Forest (CF) program (Collaborative Forest Management with Community or Community Forest). The mitigation potential of the area is about 1.28 MtC.

(8) South Kalimantan Province, Banjar Baru District

The project will be implemented in the degraded stated lands in Riam Kana catchment area, Aranio Sub-district, Banjar Baru District. Current total area of the degraded land in the district is about 29,768 ha that consist of 8,205 ha of very critical lands category, 17,167 ha critical lands and 4,396 ha moderately critical lands (Forest Rehabilitation Office, 2002). Area of the degraded lands that have been rehabilitated by the Forest Rehabilitation Office up to 2002 was only about 5,000 ha. Since 1995, the rehabilitation of the degraded lands was implemented through Community Forest.

The project will rehabilitate degraded lands of the state lands by about 15,000 ha. The land will be planted with meranti by about 50% and rubber 50% (based on current proportion). All the degraded areas will be reforested within 20 years. Thus annual rate of planting for meranti is about 375 ha while it is 375 ha for rubber. In the first three years, the community

25 will use the land for annual crops or other cash crops (before the canopy of the trees developed). After that, the crop plants should be changed with coffee. It is expected that through community forest (CF), the rate of planting in the rehabilitation program could increase. It is assumed that in the next 20 years, about 50% of these degraded lands will be reforested by the local government through the CF program. Thus, under the absence of CDM projects, 50% will remain as degraded land. If the 50% of the degraded lands (15,000 ha) is used for CDM project, about 1,500 tones of carbon will be sequestrated (if the tree were harvested at the end of the rotation period) or 3,000 tones (if no harvesting).

y Web site of NGO which will conduct A/R CDM project in SUMBA http://www.carbonpositive.net/viewproject.aspx?projectID=4&results=10

26 10. Other links to related information y Website of the DNA (designated national authority) ： http://dna-cdm.menlh.go.id/ y Website of the JICA project for the field demonstrative survey of forest management through carbon fixation in Indonesia： http://project.jica.go.jp/indonesia/0065045I0/ y List of the results of the JICA project for the field demonstrative survey of forest management through carbon fixation in Indonesia： http://project.jica.go.jp/indonesia/0065045I0/archives/pdf/result.pdf y Institute for Global Environmental Strategies prepared information of CDM situation in Indonesia. ： http://www.iges.or.jp/en/cdm/pdf/countryfact/Indonesia_final.pdf y Website of the Sumitomo Forestry Co.,Ltd. http://sfc.jp/english/information/jigyou/kaigai/ y Website of the FAO FRA2010 http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/pdf/fra/2010/Asia/Indonesia-2010-095.doc y Website of the FAO Forestry databases http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/databases/en/

References: y Ministry of Environment, Republic of Indonesia: Technical Report, National Strategy Study on CDM in Forestry Sector, 2003 y Perum Perhutani, Indonesia: Guideline of Wood Forest Product Share-out, 2002 y Perum Perhutani, Indonesia: Community Based Forest Resource Management, 2001 y Center for International Forest Research (CIFOR): A Shared Research Agenda for Landuse, Landuse Change, Forestry and the Clean Development Mechanism, 2001 y The World phosphate Institute (IMPHOS), Morocco/Center for Soil and Agroclimate Research and Development (CSARD), Indonesia: Report of the Detailed Soil Survey of Sukaramah, Batumulia and Bumiasih Villages, Tanahlaut Regency, South Kalimantan Province, 2001 y Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Bogor Agricultural University: Final Report on Improving Estimates of Annual Biomass Increment and Forest Aboveground Biomass in Southeast Asia using GIS Approach and Site- or Species- Specific Allometric Regressions, Indonesia, 2001 y D. Murdiyarso and H. Tsuruta (Edited by): The Impacts of Land-use/cover Change on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tropical Asia, Global Change Impacts Centre for Southeast Asia (IC-SEA) and National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences (NIAES), 2000

27 y Arne dalfelt, Lars Otto Naess, RTM. Sutamihardha, Ngaloken Gingings: Feasibility Study on: Reforestation of Degraded Grasslands in Indonesia as a Climate Change Mitigation Option, Center for International Climate and Environmental Research (CICERO), Oslo, Norway/Ministry of State for Environment, Indonesia, 1996 y Forestry Research & Development Agency (FORDA) and JICA, Manual for the preparation and implementation of AR¥CDM project activities in Indonesia. 2005 y Forestry Research & Development Agency (FORDA) and JICA, Case studies: Cost and benefit estimation of A/R CDM project: 4 simulation models in Indonesia.2005

nd y Forestry Research & Development Agency (FORDA) and JICA, Abstract proceedings of the 2 workshop on demonstration study on carbon fixing forest management in Indonesia.. How to increase the welfare of local people through the sustainable forest management.2005

nd y Forestry Research & Development Agency (FORDA) and JICA, Proceedings of the 2 workshop on demonstration study on carbon fixing forest management in Indonesia.. How to increase the welfare of local people through the sustainable forest management.2005 y Forestry Research & Development Agency (FORDA) and JICA, Joint coordinating committee IV, carbon fixing forest management project. Progress report and annual work plan.2005 y Forestry Research & Development Agency (FORDA) and JICA, Terminal report on carbon fixing forest management project in Indonesia. 2005 y Departemen Kehutanan, Pedoman penyusunan dokumen amdal bidang Kehutanan. 2002. y D. Murdiyarso and H. Tsuruta, Carbon Forestry: Who will benefit?, Proceeding of workshop on carbon sequestration and sustainable livelihoods.

28 VIETNAM

1. Procedure and results of Mapping

The A/R CDM potential area in Vietnam were selected by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development responsible for sink CDM according to the selection process flow chart in Fig. 1.1. The Ministry targeted the provinces of Hoa Binh and Thanh Hoa where the Ministry considers A/R CDM projects to be highly feasible. The process of selection is described as follows.

(1) In the absence of map data to distinguish forests from non-forests at the end of 1989 and alternative map data before and after 1989 in Vietnam, GeoCover-LC1 data possessed by GeoCover2 were used in selecting Classes 3 to 13, which belong to the non-forest category (See Fig. 1.2). For the definition of each class, see Table 1.1. For your reference, the description of definitions is not limited to Classes 3 to 13, but includes all classification codes.

(2) As for the latest vegetation and land use maps, the map of the year 2000 prepared by the Forest Inventory and Planning Institute (FIPI) was analyzed. Then, Gridcodes 80, 81 (Type IA) and 82 (Type IB) were selected as categories of land use and vegetation to indicate the feasibility of A/R CDM activity from Gridcodes 80 to 83, which represent bare land in the land cover classification (Fig. 1.3). The definitions of these gridcodes are shown in Table 1.2. This is non-forested land or presently is not considered as forest yet, that consists only of grass, bushes or scattered woody trees and bamboo with crown cover less than 0.3. Moreover, this bare land is further subdivided: e.g., Gridcode 81 is characterized by grass, reed or wild banana vegetation. Gridcode 82 is characterized mainly by bushes and also there may be some scattered woody trees or bamboo. Bare land that is difficult to subdivide is generally represented by Gridcode 80. Despite being the same bare land, Gridcode 83 (Type is IC) is characterized by regenerated woody trees with a considerable number of seedlings. Bare land considered as IC only when the number of regenerated seedlings of 1 m height reaches 1000 individuals per hectare. Gridcode 83 was excluded from potential categories in that it is considered to include young natural forest stands according to the definition of forest for the CDM and may possibly belong to the category of forest. For your reference, Table 1.3 describes the definitions of all gridcodes other than Gridcodes 80 to 82, so that the selection of Gridcodes 80 to 82 can be validated and transparent.

(3) The areas designated in (1) and (2) above were overlaid and those areas where they completely overlapped were selected as the final A/R CDM potential area (Fig. 1.4).

The areas of the selected potential A/R CDM land according to the province and vegetation type in Fig. 1.4 are shown in the following Table 1.3. According to this table, it is clear that bare land under Gridcode 80 that is difficult to subdivide accounts for an overwhelmingly large proportion of the total selected area. As stated in the following consideration item (2), Types IA and IB with more certain potential for A/R CDM projects account for an extremely small area. This is attributable to the fact that the area of sites that could be categorized as IA and IB was minimized in the process of preparing the latest vegetation and land use maps for 2000, as shown in Fig. 1.3. In other words, bare land was mostly classified into

1 GeoCover LC (Land Cover) is made up of orthorectified images using Landsat™ and features a description for land cover in the standard Class 13 that aims to facilitate basic understanding of the landscape. 2 This is a project for which NASA made an agreement with EarthSat, an artificial satellite company concerned with the production of orthorectified images using Landsat™ and multi-spectrum sensitive images covering most of the world in August 1998. This company produces two types of maps called GeoCover-Ortho and GeoCover-LC. 29 Gridcode 80 in the course of area calculations at that time.

Table 1.3 Area of A/R CDM Potential Lands according to the province and vegetation type Unit: hectares Gridcode 80 Gridcode 81 Gridcode 82 Grand Total (General Type) (Type IA) (Type IB) Hoa Binh Province 53,463 12 39 53,514 Thanh Hoa Province 83,649 25 31 83,705 Total 137,112 38 70 137,219

When participants in A/R CDM projects use the map of the A/R CDM potential area selected according to the above-mentioned results for their particular purposes, they need to give consideration to the following matters concerning the precision of the cartographic data.

1) Precision of GeoCover-LC

The 1990-version of GeoCover-LC, which was not necessarily based on the analysis of data in 1990, probably has a gap of at most five years from 1989 as the actual standard year under the CDM implementation rules. It should be noted that the definition of forest in GeoCover-LC data differs from that in the CDM implementation rules. This means that the former is not completely consistent with the definition of forests in each country’s CDM, or that of Vietnam in this case (Vietnam had not yet defined forest in terms of CDM implementation as of the end of March 2005).

2) Mixture of Young Forests

In item (2) of the above-mentioned methodologies, only Gridcodes 81 and 82 were tentatively selected as a first step from Gridcodes 80 to 83 that represent bare land in the land cover classification. However, Gridcode 80 was also subsequently included in the selection since the area of the sites falling under the initially selected gridcodes was very small. Since Gridcode 80 is regarded as being difficult to subdivide into Gridcodes 81 to 83, it is likely to include sites that could possibly be regarded as young natural forest under Gridcode 83. This means that permanent grasslands and shrub areas are not distinguishable from young forest areas on the Vietnamese vegetation map. According to the LULUCF’s definition of forest, “young natural stands and all man-made forests with a crown density of 10% to 30% and a height of 2 m to 5 m have temporarily no stock under human or natural influence, such as logging, in general. Nevertheless, they are included as forests since they are among the sites expected to revert to forest.” Therefore, it should be noted that such sites may be included in the A/R CDM potential area selected through the above-mentioned methodology in Vietnam.

3) Socioeconomic aspects

For instance, where a right to the use of land is problematic due to the difference between land ownership certified by the government and customary land occupation or use, or there are many small land owners and holders of usage rights in a potential area, it will take a considerable amount of time to obtain consent from the land owners and users prior to the implementation of an A/R CDM project. However, this type of difficulty due to socioeconomic factors was not taken into account in the process of mapping.

Year 2000 Year 1990

GeoCover LC Land Use/Land Cover Map

（Data from Earth Sat Ca.）（Data from FIPI）

Include Class Number 3-13 Include Gird code 80 - 82

Non-forst area 1990 Potential are 2000 （Fig. 2.2）（Fig. 2.3）

Overlapping of extraction result

Potential area A/R CDM

Figure 1.1 Flow chart of the selection of Sink CDM Potential Areas (Vietnam)

Legend

Figure 1.2 Map showing extraction of the non-forest areas from GeoCover-LC1990 in Vietnam (Hoa Binh and Thanh Hoa Provinces)

32 Table 1.1 Land cover legend of the GeoCover-LC map

Class Class Title Definition Number 1 Forest, Deciduous Trees > 3 meters in height, canopy closure >35% (<25% intermixture with evergreen species), of species that seasonally lose leaves. Includes deciduous tree species in the wetland environment. 2 Forest, Evergreen Trees > 3 meters in height, canopy closure >35% (≥25% intermixture with deciduous species), of species that do not seasonally lose leaves. Includes both broadleaf and needle leaf species, as well as evergreen tree species in the wetland environment. 3 Shrub/Scrub Woody vegetation < 3 meters in height, with at least 10% ground cover. Includes wetlands with woody vegetation < 3 meters in height. 4 Grassland (>10% ground Upland herbaceous grasses, >10% ground cover. cover) 5 Barren/Minimal Vegetation Land with minimal ability to support vegetation, (<10% ground cover) including rock, sand, beaches. 6 Urban/Built-Up Developed areas at least 60 meters wide. 7 Agriculture, General Cultivated crop and pasture lands, except paddy agriculture. 8 Agriculture Rice/Paddy Paddy croplands characterized by inundation for a substantial portion of the growing season. 9 Wetland, Areas where the water table is at or near the surface for Permanent/Herbaceous a substantial portion of the growing season. Vegetated wetlands consist of herbaceous species only. Also includes playas, salt flats, and non-tidal mud flats. 10 Wetland, Mangrove Sheltered coastal (i.e., estuarine tropical wetlands supporting woody species of Mangrove. 11 Water All water bodies of size greater than 0.08 ha (1 TM pixel). 12 Permanent or Nearly Land areas covered permanently or nearly permanently Permanent Ice and/or Snow with ice or snow. 13 Cloud/Cloud Shadow/No Areas where no land cover interpretation is possible Data due to obstruction caused by clouds and their shadows, smoke, haze, terrain shadow, or satellite or transmission malfunction. Source: GeoCover - Homepage

* Underlined boldface letters represent potential A/R CDM categories.

33 Legend

Figure 1.3 Map showing extraction of the A/R CDM Potential Categories from the Land Use/Vegetation Map 2000 in Vietnam (Hoa Binh and Thanh Hoa Provinces)

34 Table 1.2 Legend and definition of FIPI land cover mapping classification system

Gridcode Land cover class Type Definition Combined for map legend 10 Natural forest The land, which has woody tree and/or bamboo and/or species of special products with crown Evergreen cover not less than 0.3 forest

Note: It is classified as natural forest in the case of difficulty to be separated into more detailed classes with gridcode of 11, 12, 13, so they are combined together. 11 Rich forest IIIA3 Forests have been exploited at the medium level. These are close forests with two or more Evergreen stories. This forest type has a large number of individual trees and some of them having forest diameters more than 35 cm that should be harvested as big timber. IIIB These forests have been exploited by selective cutting. Some of precious timber of high Evergreen quality has been taken out from forests but the exploitation does not significantly influence on forest the originally stable structure of the forests and their capacity of providing timber products. These forests are still rich in standing volume with a big proportion of large timber. IV These are primeval forest or secondarily mature forests, which have not been exploited until Evergreen now. These forests have stable structure, multi stories, multi diameter classes but sometime forest lack of middle stories. 35 12 Medium forests IIIA2 These forests have been over exploited but already well rehabilitated. Middle storey of these Evergreen forests have been established and grown with ecological dominance of majority trees having forest diameter of 23-30 cm. These forests have at least two stories. The cover of the top storey is not continuous and close, that has been developed from trees of middle storey. These forests also have some scattered trees dominated in height. 13 Poor forest IIIA1 These forests exhaustedly exploited. Their forest cover largely destroyed. There are still some Evergreen big trees of top storey with the bad health condition. On the bottom storey, different types of forest bushes, liana, creeper and bamboo developed. 20 Young forest II This is rehabilitation forest with fast growing pioneer trees of small diameter Evergreen forest Note: It is classified as young forest in the case of difficulty to be separated into more detailed classes with gridcode of 21, 22, 23, 24 so they are combined together. 21 IIA This forest has been rehabilitated from forest fallow after shifting cultivation, characterized by Evergreen fast growing pioneer trees of small diameter, even age and one storey. forest 22 IIB This forest has been rehabilitated from exhaustedly exploited forest. This forest includes Evergreen young forest stand with quite high-light demanding tree species. Species composition is forest complex, uneven age. Dominance is not distinguished. The forests considered as IIB only when diameter of majority trees does not exceed 20 cm. 23 Stocked IIA These are both types of rehabilitated forests IIA and IIB with diameter of trees at the breast Evergreen and IIB height varying from 10 cm to less than 20 cm. forest

Gridcode Land cover class Type Definition Combined for map legend 24 Non-stocked These are both types of rehabilitated forests IIA and IIB with diameter of trees at the breast Evergreen IIA and IIB height is less than 10 cm. forest 31 Deciduous forest Semi-closed “Semi-closed" forests are dominated by various species of the Lagerstroemia genus and Deciduous forest represent a transition between closed evergreen forests and open forests. Lagerstroemia angustifolia but also L. macrocarpa, L. floribunda, L. duperreana and L. thorelii predominate, with Xylia dolabriformis, Sindora cochinchinensis and Vitex pubescens. Bamboos, particularly Oxytenanthera spp., often predominate in the undergrowth. This type of forest is very sensitive to clearing, as can be seen from the open-forest species. A pure combination of Terminalia tomentosa and Xylia dolabriformis is often found in valley bottoms 32 Semi-deciduous EO- share of evergreen (threshold more than 25% is confirmed by NC) and deciduous is Deciduous forest forest estimated on less than 75%. 41 Natural coniferous This is forest composed of coniferous forest tree species and number of coniferous trees Natural coniferous forest forest should be at least 75% 42 Mixed broad-leaved This is forest whose maximum number of broad-leaved trees or of coniferous trees dose not Mixed broad-leaved and and exceed 75%. Coniferous forest Coniferous forest 51 Bamboo forest The forest is formed by different species of bamboo but it is considered as bamboo forest only Bamboo forest

36 when the number of bamboo individuals varying from about 3000 to 10000 per hectare and their diameter is not less than 2 cm. 52 Mixed woody and This forest is formed by woody trees and bamboo species, but woody storey must satisfy Mixed woody and bamboo bamboo forest forest –becoming criteria and predominant compared to bamboo layer. forest 55 Reforested land Evergreen forest 60 Mangrove The forest grows under salty water on the coastal zones Mangrove 64 Deforested land Bare land with scattered woody trees 70 Plantation Artificial forest established by man with species such as Acacia, Eucalyptus, Teak … Plantation 71 Forest of special This forest is formed by tree species of special value such as cinnamomum, … Forest of special products products 80 Bare land General This is non-forested land or presently is not considered as forest yet, that consists only of Bare land grass, bushes or scattered woody trees and bamboo with crown cover less than 0.3.

Note: It is classified as bare land in the case of difficulty to be separated into more detailed classes with gridcode of 81, 82, 83, so they are combined together 81 IA This bare land type is characterized by grass, reed or wild banana vegetation. Grass land Ia 82 IB This bare land is characterized mainly by bushes and also there may be some scattered woody Bushes land Ib

Gridcode Land cover class Type Definition Combined for map legend trees or bamboo. 83 IC This bare land is characterized by regenerated woody trees with a considerable number of Bare land with scattered seedlings. Bare land considered as IC only when the number of regenerated seedlings of 1 m woody tress Ic height reaches1000 individuals per hectare. 91 Rocky land The rocky land having forest trees on the surface Evergreen forest with trees 92 Rocky land The rocky land without forest trees on the surface but there may be bushes. Rocky land no trees without tress 101 Forest garden This is land nearby with residential land. On this land, people plant trees or perennial crops. Agriculture

102 Nursery This is land designated for producing seedlings of different species. It may be located near to Nursery home and inside of the forest enterprises. 103 Industrial crops This is the land of different perennial crops, which can provide raw material for industrial Agriculture processing such as rubber, tea, coffee, and coconut, pepper, 104 Orchards The land of perennial orchard such as orange, lemon, longan, litchi, mango, mangosteen, Agriculture durian, …

37 110 Agriculture land Agriculture land is the land designated primarily for use in agricultural production such as Agriculture cultivation, animal husbandry, aquaculture, or experimental research on agriculture. 111 Rice and crop The land of paddy rice, terraces with one, double or three crops per year including land for Agriculture rice seeding. 112 Shifting cultivation Original forest cleared and use land underneath for cropping for some years, then it is Agriculture abandoned as forest fallow and people shift to clear forest in the other place to repeat cropping cycle. 121 Rural residential Rural residential land is the land designated primarily for housing construction and projects Residential land land servicing rural activities.

Residential of each rural household includes land for housing construction and other works servicing the family life. 121 Urban land Urban land is the land in inner cities, inner districts and commune towns unused for building Residential land houses and offices of government bodies and organizations, bases for production and business, and infrastructures bases servicing public interest, national defense, security and other purposes. 122 Special use land Special use land is land designated for purposes other than agriculture, forestry, and residential Military, cemetery... purposes. It includes land used for the construction of projects in the fields of industry, science and technology, transports, irrigation system, dykes, socio-culture, education, health, sports, public service; land for national defense and security; land for exploitation and exploitation of

Gridcode Land cover class Type Definition Combined for map legend mineral resources, rock, sand; land for salt production; land for the production of porcelain, bricks, tiles and other building materials; land of historical heritage, cultural relics and picturesque landscapes; land for cemeteries, and land with water surface used for purpose other than agriculture. 130 Other land This land has not been defined as any above land classes. Swampy land and not defined land 141 Swampy land This is wet land without crops Swampy land and not defined land 142 River, lake, Inland water bodies Water body Springs * Underlined boldface letters represent potential A/R CDM categories

Legend

Figure 1.4 Map of the A/R CDM potential area assumed from the cartographic data (Hoa Binh and Thanh Hoa Provinces)

39 Additional mapping of A/R CDM potential areas

As for Vietnam, in addition to Hoa Binh and Thanh Hoa provinces as mentioned before, a strong desire for the mapping of A/R CDM potential areas of Tuyen Quang province in the northern part has been expressed. Therefore, additional mapping was conducted. The procedure followed in this mapping is the same as in the case of Hoa Binh and Thanh Hoa provinces. Fig. 1.5 shows the flow of the selection of A/R CDM potential areas in Tuyen Quang province.

Legend

1990 Land use map 1990年土地利用図of 1990

Land use map of Selection 期末土地利用図the term end of the potential areas

Figure 1.5 Flowchart of the selection of A/R CDM potential areas in Tuyen Quang province

40 Fig. 1.6 shows the results of A/R CDM potential areas in Tuyen Quang province.

Figure 1.6 Results of A/R CDM potential areas in Tuyen Quang province

41 Table 1.4 shows A/R CDM potential areas according to land use and vegetation in Tuyen Quang province.

Table 1.4 A/R CDM potential areas according to land use and vegetation in Tuyen Quang province

Total: GIS_area Potential areas of 2000 Bushed land (IB) Grass land Grand total Agriculture-Rice 1,470 5,154,321 5,155,792 Built-Up Area 11 11 Cloud/Shadow/No Data 1,133 836,423 837,557 Cropland 117 117 Scrub/Brush 29,005 66,527,748 66,556,752 Water 435 1,110,685 1,111,120

Potential areas of 1990 Grand total (Ha) 32,171 73,629,178 5,895,220,658

42 2. Basic Information (VIETNAM)

1 Forest definition

We decided already the forest definition by ADM by considering our situation and the definition given by COP 9. The specific for our forest definition by ADM is that:

x Minimum crown cover is 30%; x Minimum area is 0.5 ha; and x Minimum tree height is 3m.

2 Sustainable development

We understand the sustainability has to be in into account whenever the AR CDM is proposed to implement. The sustainability in the context of Vietnam has to solve:

x Poverty alleviation of the areas x No negative impacts on the environment x Contribute to social-economic development of local area and/or country x Sustainable forestry production

Therefore I think we should focus on both large scale AR CDM project and also small scale (agro-forestry) AR CDM. However the tree species composition should be a combination of fast growing and indigenous tree species. So that we can contribute to solving the problem of poverty and environmental.

3 Feasibility Study

The mission suppose that Japanese bodies have to carry out feasibility study to identify real project sites when they really have intention to implement A/R CDM project. What are important points that they should be take care and bear in mind when they carry our the study? For example, some site is suitable for A/R CDM project from point of view of natural condition, but the site may not be suitable from point of view of land ownership or usufruct, so the one of important point is to check land ownership and/or usufruct.

I think first we should consider the natural condition to see whether or not the site is eligible

43 for AR CDM. Then land ownership and the participation have to be carefully checked.

4 Small scale A/R CDM

As mentioned above that tree species for AR CDM has to be accepted by the poor. It is meant that poverty reduction should be put in priority. Therefore if AR CDM models solving poverty is most suitable. The key point for this is to select right species and planting models. For example, short term benefit species to improve income and long term tree species for purpose of CDM.

5 Environmental and Socio-economical impact assessment

Regarding the impacts, what is important and/or judgment points that your country consider as a project that has significant impacts on environmental and/or socio-economical conditions?

It is stated in the environmental law 2005 that any project to be implemented has to carry out environmental and social-economic impact assessment. It not refers to the specific criteria for EIA for the specific project. By the requirement an EIA report has to be submitted before the project starts.

In addition, does your country has procedure and/or standards for the assessment? If yes, please describe the procedure and/or standards.

It stated in the law for the procedure for EIA as follows:

x Investor and/or project managing agency develop an EIA report. Investor can hire the specialized agency to prepare the EIA report. The EIA should be ready when the project feasibility is submitted. x The EIA report is submitted to Ministry of Environment and Natural Resource (MONRE) for appraisal. MONRE has to take full responsibility for appraisal of the EIA reports. x The EIA report after appraisal will be considered for approval.

6 Distribution of lCER or tCER (Certified Emission Reduction) credit

If your country already has ideas on distribution of CER between your country and Annex 1 countries after getting CER through the A/R CDM projects, could you describe the ideas?

44 We are now developing plan and/or financial mechanism for CER trading and this is being implemented by Ministry of Finance.

7 Restriction of afforestation projects

If there are any restrictions of afforestation project invested by foreign countries, for example plantations of 10 % of indigenous trees are duty in Brazil, could you explain the restrictions?

We have some restriction in forestry development in general but not specific for AR CDM. For example we have regulation on management of three types of forests: protection, production and special use forests. This regulates purpose, tree species for planting, felling, maintaining, etc for each type of forests.

In addition, such restrictions will be applied to A/R CDM projects?

As we have no specific restriction for AR CDM, I therefore think that AR CDM projects have to be in line with the existing forestry regulations and policies as well.

8 Suitable site

The mission would like to know idea about the sites where your country considers implementing an A/R CDM project. If possible, could you explain concrete name (administrative name) of the areas?

The site to be selected for AR CDM will be in accordance with definition of forests by CDM approved by MARD and potential bareland areas. Based on these the most potential sites are in the following provinces:

x North west region: Lai Chau, Dien Bien, Son La and Hoa Binh provinces x North east region: Tuyen Quang, Yen Bai, Ha Giang, Cao Bang, Lang Son and Quang Ninh provinces x Central region: Nghe An, Thanh Hoa, Quang Binh, Quang Tri and Thua Thien – Hue x Central highland: Kon Tum, Gia Lai and Dac Lac.

45 3. State of Baselines

Due to the farmland extension policy of the Vietnamese national government, all the forests had been cut down since 1980 in the northern part of Vietnam, including Tuyen Quang Province. Accordingly, all the forests observed currently in this region are secondary forests. As a result, there are many places consistent with the most fundamental eligibility for A/R CDM; that is, places which were not forest in 1990.

Most of the secondary-forest land is used for slash-and-burn agriculture. The rotation of the land use for this agriculture follows this pattern: burning secondary forests, cultivation for two or three years, leaving the land fallow for four or five years, the regeneration of vegetation, and burning and cultivation. Since the fallow period is short, the land is severely exhausted. In some areas, the fallow period is shorter. Therefore, if slash-and-burn agriculture is maintained, bushes observed currently will not develop into forests. The condition of bush and grass land that appear during the fallow period of slash-and-burn agriculture can represent the baseline in hilly and mountainous areas in the northern part of Vietnam.

Figure 3.1 Baseline situation I Hoa Bimh provnice

46 4. Data concerning biomass

In the study conducted in Viet Nam, It was conducted measurement by dividing grassland into five types and shrub land into two types, with the total of 48 plots as follows. From among five carbon pools including above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, litter, dead wood and soil organic carbon that are targeted for afforestation and reforestation activities under the CDM, we selected and measured three pools except for dead wood (we judged there would be no dead wood found in this survey) and soil organic carbon.

Grassland (5 types): Measurement was implemented in two survey sites for one grassland type, with three plots for one survey site (30 plots in total).

1) Co tranh (Imperata cylindrica) 2) Te guot (Asarum spp) 3) Co long lon (Eriachne pallescens)/co chi (Lophopogon intermedius) 4) Co la tre (Oplismenus compositus) 5) Lau lach (Erianthus arundinaceus)

Shrub land (2 types): Measurement was implemented in three survey sites for one shrub type, with three plots for one survey site (18 plots in total).

1) Forest stands with shrub height over 2 m in average 2) Forest stands with shrub height below 2 m in average

The results of measurement have been put together in Table 4.1 and Fig. 4.1. Taking a general view of the results, the average amount of carbon stocks in the shrub lands (excluding soil organic carbon) was 12.73tC/ha, while that in the grasslands was 10.08tC/ha. Comparing the shrub lands and the grasslands by species, the average amount of carbon stocks was 14.28tC/ha for the shrub lands with average shrub height 2 m or over, while the average amount was 11.35tC/ha for the shrub lands with average shrub height 2 m or below. The views of both types of the shrub lands are shown in Fig.s 4.2 a and 4.2 b.

In terms of carbon sequestration by part in the shrub lands, with regard to the trunk part of the shrub, carbon sequestration of the shrub lands with the average shrub height 2 m or over was 5.97tC/ha, while that of the shrub lands with the average shrub height 2 m or below was 2.97tC/ha, which showed the upper value to be approximately twice the lower value. With regard to the rest of the parts (leaves, grasses, roots, litter of the shrub), there was little difference between the two values. On the contrary, with regard to the root part, the value for the shrub lands with the average shrub height 2 m or below was 4.95tC/ha, which exceeded the value for the shrub lands with the average shrub height 2 m or over at 3.91tC/ha.

However, it is natural to think that as the amount of above-ground biomass increases, that of below-ground biomass also increases in general. In spite of this estimation, due to small absolute numbers of the sample, it is impossible to draw a conclusion from this measurement survey for below-ground biomass that shrub stands that have more carbon sequestration above the ground have less carbon sequestration under the ground compared to shrub stands that have less carbon sequestration above the ground.

Among five types of grasslands, the value of average carbon stocks in Lau Lach grassland (excluding soil organic carbon) was by far the highest at 20.96tC/ha. It also had the highest

47 value among the surveyed vegetation types even if shrub lands are added. Lau Lach is a perennial herb plant and grows up to the height of 2 m or more (See Fig. 4.3a). Erianthus spp. is thought to be an ancestral species of sugarcanes.

Te guot grassland showed the second highest biomass value among the grasslands, having an average amount of carbon stocks (excluding soil organic carbon) at 10.75tC/ha. The average biomass values of three types of grasslands, Co long lon/co chi, Co tranh, and Co la tre were almost the same at 5.06, 5.97, and 6.75 (tC/ha) respectively. In addition, in terms of carbon stocks in the shrub part in the grasslands, the average carbon stock value in Te guot grassland was 0.69tC/ha and the value in Lau Lach grassland was 1.14tC/ha. As a result, in these grasslands, biomass in the shrub part was confirmed to some extent. On the contrary, in grasslands in Co long lon/co chi, Co tranh, and Co la tre, the average carbon stock values were 0.02tC/ha, 0.03tC/ha, and 0.19tC/ha respectively, resulting in little biomass in the shrub part in these three types of grasslands. A view of each type of the grasslands is shown in Fig. 4.3a, b, c i/c ii, d and e.

Table 4.1 Carbon stocks of each plot

carbon stocks (tC/ha) plot vegetation shrub number grass root litter total stem leaf 1Shrubs < 2m 2.45 0.99 0.15 5.01 1.87 10.47 2Shrubs < 2m 2.51 0.79 0.34 5.51 1.94 11.09 3Shrubs < 2m 2.40 0.35 0.54 3.44 2.03 8.76 22 Shrubs < 2m 4.08 0.37 0.25 5.23 1.42 11.35 33 Shrubs < 2m 3.81 1.19 0.09 8.08 1.95 15.12 37 Shrubs < 2m 1.06 0.49 2.22 1.31 0.84 5.92 38 Shrubs < 2m 2.51 0.96 1.15 5.90 2.03 12.55 39 Shrubs < 2m 2.93 1.98 0.44 0.82 0.89 7.06 44 Shrubs < 2m 4.95 1.54 1.02 9.25 3.04 19.80 mean 2.97 0.96 0.69 4.95 1.78 11.35 6 shrubs > 2m 5.84 1.02 2.81 3.48 2.72 15.87 8 shrubs > 2m 13.62 1.83 0.47 9.70 1.79 27.41 27 shrubs > 2m 6.70 1.64 2.60 1.34 2.26 14.54 30 shrubs > 2m 3.02 0.96 1.41 1.11 0.72 7.22 32 shrubs > 2m 7.08 1.22 0.96 3.14 1.15 13.55 40 shrubs > 2m 2.58 0.59 0.96 2.65 4.45 11.23 45 shrubs > 2m 5.72 1.15 0.00 1.33 0.67 8.87 46 shrubs > 2m 3.23 0.89 0.85 8.55 2.06 15.58 mean 5.97 1.16 1.26 3.91 1.98 14.28

48 Table 4.1 Carbon stocks of each plot (continue)

carbon stocks (tC/ha) plot vegetation shrub number grass root litter total stem leaf 4 Te guot 0.89 0.05 1.84 5.89 2.01 10.68 5 Te guot 0.97 0.14 2.59 2.95 3.30 9.95 13 Te guot 2.46 2.56 1.67 6.69 15 Te guot 3.16 0.76 2.94 2.44 5.62 14.92 17 Te guot 0.35 1.90 1.67 3.92 34 Te guot 0.53 0.11 2.10 4.44 0.89 8.07 36 Te guot 3.67 13.93 1.62 19.22 41 Te guot 4.29 5.17 3.11 12.57 mean 0.69 0.13 2.53 4.91 2.49 10.75 7 Co chi 3.14 6.96 10.10 19 Co chi 0.91 1.36 2.27 21 Co chi 1.83 2.32 4.15 31 Co long lon 0.12 0.04 1.88 4.97 0.08 7.09 42 Co long lon 1.80 1.79 0.21 3.80 43 Co chi 1.62 1.34 2.96 mean 0.02 0.01 1.86 3.12 0.05 5.06 9 Co tranh 2.78 3.16 1.51 7.45 11 Co tranh 2.56 3.03 0.93 6.52 24 Co tranh 3.14 2.86 6.00 29 Co tranh 0.16 0.07 1.84 3.26 0.32 5.65 35 Co tranh 2.95 1.26 4.21 mean 0.03 0.01 2.65 2.71 0.55 5.97 10 Co la tre 0.45 0.15 3.57 1.19 1.50 6.86 16 Co la tre 0.08 0.01 1.57 0.24 1.78 3.68 20 Co la tre 0.61 0.08 2.21 1.25 2.91 7.06 23 Co la tre 5.02 0.75 4.57 10.34 47 Co la tre 4.03 1.36 1.45 6.84 48 Co la tre 4.10 0.18 1.41 5.69 mean 0.19 0.04 3.42 0.83 2.27 6.75 12 Lau Lach 3.51 0.10 8.57 6.82 4.83 23.83 14 Lau Lach 0.13 0.01 5.77 6.72 1.92 14.55 18 Lau Lach 1.27 0.04 23.47 11.87 3.04 39.69 25 Lau Lach 1.06 0.04 9.83 3.07 6.89 20.89 26 Lau Lach 11.71 2.81 0.15 14.67 28 Lau Lach 0.86 0.80 4.60 5.22 0.64 12.12 mean 1.14 0.17 10.66 6.09 2.91 20.96

49 25.00

20.00 stem 15.00 leaf grass 10.00 litter root

Carbon stock (tC/ha) 5.00

0.00 shrubs < shrubs > Te guot Co Co tranh Co la tre Lau 2m 2m chi/Co Lach long lon

Figure 4.1 Carbon stocks of each vegetation type

Figure 4.2a Overview of the Plot 2: shrub < 2m (Hoa Binh Province)

Figure 4.2b Overview of the Plot 27: shrub > 2m (Thanh Hoa Province)

Figure 4.3a Overview of the Plot26: Lau Lach grassland (Thanh Hoa Province)

Figure 4.3b Overview of the Plot 4: Te guot grassland (Hoa Binh Province)

Figure 4.3ci Overview of the Plot 21: Co chi grassland (Hoa Binh Province)

Figure 4.3cii Overview of the Plot 31: Co long lon grassland (Hoa Binh Province)

Figure 4.3d Overview of the Plot 24: Co tranh grassland (Thanh Hoa Province)

Figure 4.3e Overview of the Plot 10: Co la tre grassland (Hoa Binh Province)

In addition, the amount used as a guide of existing carbon sequestration for these types of grasslands can be totally estimated (See Fig. 4.4) since data were recorded on soil carbon from the earth surface to a depth of 20 cm in grassland types, Co chi/Co long lon, Co tranh, and Te guot. (The survey was not conducted according to the same plot of biomass.) As understood by comparison, the most part of carbon sequestration in these grasslands consists of carbon in soil.

There is no data concerning changes in the amount of soil carbon stocks in the process of shifting land cover into forest due to forestation in these grasslands, but soil carbon is still a major component factor of carbon sequestration in these lands.

54 100.00 90.00 80.00 stem 70.00 leaf 60.00 grass 50.00 litter 40.00 root 30.00

Carbon stock (tC/ha) stock Carbon soil 20.00 10.00 0.00 Te guot Co chi/Co long lon Co tranh

Figure 4.4 Carbon stocks of various grasslands

Data concerning carbon stocks in soil Based on an aggregation of the results of soil analysis surveys conducted in various areas in Vietnam in the past, we put together the data concerning soil carbon stocks by vegetation type in each area in Table 4.2.

Vinh Phuc, Yen Bai, and Thanh Hoa Provinces where soil carbon stocks were measured are located in the north part of Vietnam. In terms of vegetation by type, the amount of carbon stocks in soil of Co tranh (Imperata cylindrcia) to a depth of 20 cm from the surface of the earth is the highest at 82.38tC/ha on average, while that of Co long lon (Eriachne pallescens) is the lowest (to a depth of 20 cm from the earth’s surface at 41.61tC/ha on average). Te guot (Asarum spp.) and Co tra may (Chrysopodon aciclulatus) show approximately medium values between those above.

55 Table 4.2 Soil carbon stocks of various vegetation types

vegetation Co long lon (plot 1) Co long lon (plot 2) location Vinh Phuc Province Vinh Phuc Province carbon bulk density carbon carbon bulk density carbon soil depth (%) (g/cm3) (tC/ha) (%) (g/cm3) (tC/ha) 0-5cm 1.23 1.4 8.61 1.93 1.35 13.03 5-20cm 1.12 1.5 25.20 1.65 1.47 36.38 total 33.81 49.41 mean 41.61

vegetation Te guot (plot 1) Te guot (plot 2) location Vinh phuc Province Vinh Phuc Province carbon bulk density carbon carbon bulk density carbon soil depth (%) (g/cm3) (tC/ha) (%) (g/cm3) (tC/ha) 0-5cm 5.22 0.91 23.75 4.16 1.32 27.46 5-20cm 1.58 1.31 31.05 1.79 1.60 42.96 total 54.80 70.42 mean 62.61

vegetation Co tranh (plot 1) Co tranh (plot 2) location Yen Bai Province Yen Bai Province carbon bulk density carbon carbon bulk density carbon soil depth (%) (g/cm3) (tC/ha) (%) (g/cm3) (tC/ha) 0-5cm 4.95 1.03 25.49 5.88 1.03 30.28 5-20cm 3.47 1.13 58.82 2.96 1.13 50.17 total 84.31 80.45 mean 82.38

vegetation Co tra may* (plot 1) Co tra may* (plot 2) location Thanh Hoa Province Thanh Hoa Province carbon bulk density carbon carbon bulk density carbon soil depth (%) (g/cm3) (tC/ha) (%) (g/cm3) (tC/ha) 0-10cm 3.77 1.18 44.49 3.6 0.85 30.6 10-20cm 2.5 1.16 29.00 2.9 0.86 24.94 total 73.49 55.54 mean 64.51 Source: Humus Content in Different Grass and Bush Soils in Vietnam, 2004

56 5. Explanation of Additionality

In the northern part of Vietnam, relatively near Hanoi, in areas including Hoa Binh Province, Thanh Hoa Province, and Tuyen Quang Province, villagers make their living by being engaged in agriculture and livestock farming. A/R has been carried out mainly on national land as a policy of the national government. In some places where private usufruct has practically been established, A/R has not been carried out by the government because there is a risk of burning due to slash-and-burn agriculture and grazing. Accordingly, the introduction of small-scale CDM has additionality in hilly and mountainous areas in the northern part of Vietnam to replace slash-and-burn agriculture and careless grazing.

6. Information on Afforestation

Acacia mangium and A.hybrid(hybrid between A. mangium and A. auriculiformis)are the main species for afforestation in the northern part of Vietnam, including Tuyen Quang Province. These two species have actively been adopted by the Vietnamese national government for afforestaion on national land, and the afforstation area of these two has been increasing.

Acacia mangium is expected to grow to 13-14 cm in diameter breast height and the volume of 120 m3/ha 7-8 years after planting. A.hybrid is expected to grow to 16-17 cm in diameter breast height and the volume of 130-150 m3/ha 10 years after planting.

Table 6.1 below shows the area of forest and bush/grass land in Tuyen Quang Province.

Table 6.1 Forest and Bush/Grass land Area in Tuyen Quang Province (2006) (ha) Forest Land Bush and Grass Land Prefecture Total Natural Forest Plantation Total IA IB IC Others Total Toan tinh 445,848 284,984 81,197 366,181 28,553 14,424 31,159 5,531 79,667 Na Hang 123,571 97,242 4,177 101,419 8,569 2,953 10,015 615 22,152 Chiem Hoa 120,235 92,584 11,194 103,778 5,201 3,577 7,090 589 16,457 Ham Yen 66,510 33,567 21,551 55,118 1,733 2,494 5,153 2,012 11,392 Yen Son 87,121 44,105 23,440 67,545 10,114 3,512 5,341 609 19,576 Thi xa 1,240 496 515 1,011 18 6 117 88 229 Son Duong 47,172 16,991 20,320 37,311 2,919 1,882 3,443 1,617 9,861 Total 891,697 569,969 162,394 732,363 57,107 28,848 62,318 11,061 159,334

IA: This bare land type is characterized by grass, reed or wild banana vegetation. IB: This bare land is characterized mainly by bushes and also there may be some scattered woody trees or bamboo. IC: This bare land is characterized by regenerated woody trees with a considerable number of seedlings. Bare land considered as IC only when the number of regenerated seedlings of 1 m height reaches 1000 individuals per hectare.

7. Socioeconomic Information y Agriculture and livestock industry

Villagers in hilly and mountainous areas in the northern part of Vietnam make their living mainly by being engaged in agriculture. Rice is grown in areas that have good access to water, such as valleys. On mountainous and hilly land, slash-and-burn agriculture has traditionally

57 been carried out. The kinds of crop for this agriculture include corn and beans. The productivity is extremely low due to long-term slash-and-burn agriculture. Most of the harvest is consumed by the producers themselves. The agricultural produce is not commercialized due to poor access to the market.

Fruit is not actively grown currently. Agroforestry has been introduced to a limited extent. There is, however, a possibility of fully introducing agroforestry because the productivity of slash-and-burn agriculture has been declining.

With regard to livestock farming, cattle, buffalos, and chickens are actively raised. The cattle and buffalos are raised to sell or use for agriculture, but seldom to consume as food. The sale of the livestock is the only source of income for villagers in mountainous areas. Dairy products, such as milk, have not been produced.

Fish farming is not thriving in this region though it is frequently observed in other regions in Vietnam. y Tribe composition

There are some minority tribes in this region, including Hmong people, Thai people, and Dao people.

8. Information on A/R CDM projects y Rung Vang Reforestation Project： http://www.jifpro.or.jp/5promotion/disclosure/I-Forum_H18_P03_Vietnam_Doets_PP.pdf y JICA development study for A/RCDM in Vietnam： http://www.isgmard.org.vn/Information%20Service/News/newsDetail.asp?id=1655 http://www.jica.go.jp/press/2008/080221_1.html

Nissho Iwai Research Institute has implemented feasibility surveys concerning environmental forestation CDM projects in Vietnam making use of private funds for the objective of the acquisition of emissions credits. Based on the preliminary survey for global warming CDM by the Ministry of the Environment in FY 2002, in the process of implementing this project, in consultation with the Vietnam side (MARD), the Vietnam side has selected the following potential ten Provinces for A/R CDM.

Northern Vietnam 1) Hoa Binh Province 2) Quang Ninh Province 3) Yen Bai Province

Middle Vietnam 4) Thua Thien Hue Province 5) Ha Tinh Province 6) Gia Lai Province 7) Quan Binh Province

58 Southern Vietnam 8) Binh Phuoc Province 9) Binh Thuan Province 10) Ninh Thuan Province

10. Other links to related information y Website of the DNA (designated national authority): http://www.noccop.org.vn/index.html y Website of the Research Centre For Forest Ecology and Environment： http://www.rcfee.org.vn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=41&Itemid=4 8 y Website of the MARD： http://www.isgmard.org.vn y Website of the FAO FRA2010 http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/pdf/fra/2010/Asia/Viet-Nam-2010-229.doc y Website of the FAO Forestry databases http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/databases/en/

References：

59 PHILIPPINES

2. Basic Information (Philippines)

1 Suitable sites

The JOFCA mission would like to ask about sites where your country would consider implementing A/R CDM projects. If possible, could you please identify such areas on the basis of the administrative classification of the areas?

Any suitable sites in the Philippines would be favorably considered by the government. At present, FMB/DENR are waiting to receive proposals from interested parties. Meantime, KfW (German assistance) is forthcoming for an A/R CDM project in one of the provinces on the island of Panay. The Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA), a government agency, is considering a proposed AR/CDM site in Tanay, Rizal.

2 Forest definition

According to the forest definition for A/R CDM decided by COP 9, there are three items with a range of Fig.s: (1) minimum canopy density from 10 to 30 %, (2) minimum tree height from 2 to 5 m, and (3) smallest forest area from 0.05 to 1 ha. Each host country has been required to decide a point Fig. in the range of each item, for example, 20 % for canopy density, 5m of minimum tree height and 1 ha of smallest forest area. Has your country already decided the point Fig. in the range for each item? If yes, please describe them.

The Philippines is adopting the following standards (point Fig.).

- Minimum canopy density – 10% - Minimum tree height – 5 meters - Smallest forest area – 0.05 hectares

3 Sustainable development

According to the A/R CDM framework, A/R CDM projects have to contribute to sustainable development. However, the phrase “sustainable development” is subject to different interpretations. Therefore, what kinds of projects do you consider as those that contribute to sustainable development? For example, would your country consider a large scale afforestation project with one species (especially exotic species such as Eucalyptus) to qualify as a “sustainable development project”?

Forestry projects that contribute to sustainable development should (among others):

- Create sufficient income (wealth/production) to continue implementation with no or minimum external assistance from the government and/or donors after the expenditure of initial investment by the government or donors. The time frame for such initial investment would vary depending on the type of activity. For example, a reforestation project could be financially self-sustaining in approximately 20 years. An agroforesty project could be financially self-sustaining in approximately 10 years.

60 - Improve the living conditions of affected communities.

- Enhance and ensure effective conservation of soil and water resources.

- Be recognized by other sectors of society as beneficial to national socio-economic development.

Regarding large-scale monoculture plantations (e.g. Eucalyptus), non-government organizations (NGOs) are generally opposed to such projects. However, the government could consider the same to be “sustainable development” projects if:

- Affected communities are not displaced or lose their tenure over the land.

- The wood supplied by such plantations helps reduce the reliance on natural forests for timber and other forest products.

- The plantation establishment techniques that are applied include measures to ensure effective conservation of soil, water and genetic resources.

4 Feasibility Study

Japanese agencies are required to carry out independent feasibility studies to identify and assess project sites where countries definitely intend to implement A/R CDM projects. This is because the map prepared by JOFCA only shows potential A/R CDM project areas from the point of view of land use and land cover. What important points should Japanese agencies take care to include and bear in mind when they carry out their studies? For example, a site may be suitable for an A/R CDM project from the point of view of natural conditions, but the site may not be suitable from point of view of land ownership or usufruct. Therefore, one important point for the study teams to check would be land ownership and/or usufruct.

Yes, land ownership and/or usufruct must be considered. Additionally, the study team should be aware of government priorities. For example, the government places a high priority on the rehabilitation of degraded watersheds. A/R CDM projects that focus on this priority would be encouraged. Another point to consider is the potential for A/R CDM projects to increase production of important commodities needed by the country, but lacking at present. Timber is a good example. At present the Philippines is a net importer of timber. Another example would be rubber. There are only about 80,000 hectares of rubber plantations in the country. Studies conducted during the Ramos administration indicate that approximately 250,000 hectares or rubber are needed to satisfy local demand. Energy production is another important priority. Current plans envision establishment of Japtropha curcas plantations to produce fuel that replaces diesel fuel derived from imported oil. The financial viability of such plantations should be studied. Similarly, it would be useful to consider the potentials for wood-based energy such as from destructive distillation (pyrolysis) in connection with establishment of fuel wood plantations.

5 Small scale A/R CDM

One of the requirements for small scale A/R CDM projects is participation and/or development of low-income people in host countries. What do you consider to be essential project components that are required to achieve the participation and/or development of

61 low-income people? In other words, what kinds of projects can meet the requirement? In addition, please explain your country’s definition of low-income people?

The essential project components would include (among others):

- Measures (i) to ensure that affected communities are able to directly participate in formulation of development plans, (ii) that promote and facilitate dialogue to determine community needs and priorities.

- Tangible responses to the identified needs and priorities; e.g. (i) provide seedlings of the species community members want to plant that are suitable for the site and profitable to grow, (ii) improve access to and from the project sites by constructing graded trails, bridges, roads, etc. , (iii) training that enhances skills, community cooperation and management capability.

- Training and deployment of competent staff who are willing to live in the project sites and have the personal attitudes and attributes that are required to interact effectively with low-income people.

The official government definition of “low income people” is families that live below the “poverty line”. The National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) has established a poverty line of 5,111 pesos per month for a family of six persons. Any family earning less than that amount would be classified as “low income people”. Please note that this Fig. is revised from time-to-time based on inflation, price indices and other factors.

6 Environmental and Socio-economical impact assessment

If environmental and/or socio-economic impacts are considered significant by the host countries or the project participants, an assessment of environmental and/or socio-economic impact is required according to the framework of A/R CDM stipulated in COP 9. In this context, what are the important and/or judgment points that your country considers to have significant impacts on environmental and/or socio-economic conditions?

Please see the answers to Question number 4 and 5 above. These are important environmental and socio-economic and/or judgment points. In addition is the issue of bio-diversity and conservation of genetic resources.

In addition, does your country have procedures and/or standards for the assessment? If yes, please describe the procedures and/or standards.

The Philippines has procedures and standards for assessment. You may obtain copies of the documents describing these procedures from the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) during your mission.

7 Distribution of lCER or tCER (Certified Emission Reduction) credit

If your country already has ideas on distribution of CER between your country and Annex 1 countries after getting CER through the A/R CDM projects, could you please describe the ideas?

62 The issue of credits is still under discussion. In general, we would like to establish procedures and standards that are easy to understand and explain. This would help encourage organizations, companies and individuals to invest in the types of projects and activities that earn credits. FMB/DENR would appreciate receiving more information relevant to this issue during your mission. Some examples from other countries would be appreciated.

8 Restriction of afforestation projects

Are there any restrictions on afforestation projects financed by foreign investment? If so please explain the restrictions. For example, in Brazil indigenous trees must comprise 10% of the seedlings to be planted. In Indonesia, only joint ventures are considered acceptable and taxes imposed on foreign capital are higher than taxes imposed on capital investments by Indonesian entities. Would any such restrictions be applied to A/R CDM projects in your country?

The Philippines welcomes forest investment in afforestation projects. Tax laws on income earned from forestry projects apply uniformly whether for local or foreign investors. There are in fact some tax incentives available for investors such as lower or no duties on imported equipment used in implementation of such projects. Land ownership is restricted. Only citizens of the Philippines are allowed to own land. There are some exceptions insofar as urban property is concerned (e.g. ownership of condominium apartments). However, land for growing crops of any kind (including timber) should be owned by Filipino citizens. Joint ventures are encouraged and allowed. In such cases, local investors should own 60% of the venture with foreign investors owning the balance (i.e. 40%).

63 ARGENTINA

1. Procedure and results of mapping

According to the CDM Argentine Secretariat (OAMDL: Oficina Argentina del Mecanismo para un Desarrollo Limpio ) of the Climate Change Unit (UCC: Unidad de Cambio Climatico) in the Sustainable Development Agency (Secretaria de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustenable), Ministry of Health and Welfare (Ministerio de Salud) as the DNA for CDM projects in Argentina, it is considered that the CDM should target the states of Santiago del Estero, Chaco and Salta in the northwestern part of the country, and Neuquen, Rio Negro, Chubut and Santa Cruz in Patagonia, where relatively high rainfall can be assured along the Andes (with an annual rainfall of about 500 mm at a minimum).

Although the states of Misiones, Corrientes and Entre Rios are advanced in terms of forestry, this fact may conversely make it difficult to prove additionality. It is considered that on the whole each of these states cannot be judged to be eligible for the CDM.

From this point of view, the selection of A/R CDM potential areas should target areas with an annual rainfall of 500 mm or more along the Andes in the states of Santiago del Estero, Chaco and Salta in the northwestern part of the country (As far as Salta is concerned, only the eastern side of the state is suitable since there is no natural forest distribution map available for the western side) and Neuquen, Rio Negro, Chubut and Santa Cruz in Patagonia. These areas are shown in Fig. 1.1.

Figure 1.1 Coverage of the Selection of A/R CDM Potential Areas in Argentina

64 A flow chart of the procedures for the selection of A/R CDM potential areas is shown in Fig. 1.2. The procedures are slightly different between the area of three northern provinces and Patagonia.

Figure 1.2 Flow Chart of the Procedures for Selecting A/R CDM Potential Areas

In the following, these procedures will be described more specifically.

(1) A non-forest map for 1990 was prepared and the non-forest areas were extracted by visually interpreting the GeoCover Landsat data. The process is shown in Fig. 1.3 as follows:

65 Path Path

Row GooCoverOrtho data ＊The back and forth of year 1990. ＊7bands, 、25m resolution Order ＊Ortho rectified Row

Deliver to U.M.S.E.F by CD-ROM *10ha to 1ha units of forest are include to not forest area *Less than 2m tree height with 20% cover area are include to forest area

Import Image

Interpretation Mosaic by province

Forest 7m above and 20% more “Map of 1990” Forest distribution map 7m above and 20%to 5% Categories 7m below and 20%more (bush) and definition Less than 1000ha Non-Forest

※ Minimun unit size sets 10ha Unclassified

Figure 1.3 Procedures for Mapping Land Use and Land Cover in Argentina in the Base Year 1990

Visual interpretation by eye is employed for image analysis. The study team considers this method to be sufficiently precise and efficient in Argentina since the land use and land cover situation in this country is very simple and rarely forms a complicated mosaic. In Argentina, where agriculture prevails, interpretation by eye is effective since the classification of forest and non-forest areas using digital analysis methods is unlikely to result in the classification of farmland as forest land by mistake.

In Argentina, the study team carried out a field survey in order to ensure the precision of the image analysis and collected information at the coordinates of the survey spots and on the conditions of the surrounding area and local photographs. In this work, such information is utilized to achieve higher precision and the homogeneity of the classification.

The definitions of the categories are based on the natural forest distribution map administered by the Forest Department, Sustainable Development Agency, Ministry of Health, Welfare and Environment responsible for natural forest administration in Argentina as follows. The minimum area of the plot is defined as 10 ha.

¾ Forest (Subdivided into four) a) Height not less than7m and crown density 20% or more b) Height not less than 7 m and crown density 5%-20% c) Height under 7m and crown density 20% or more(Bush) d) Under 1000 ha

¾ Non-forest

66 ¾ Unclassifiable (Clouded or shaded parts of the image)

(2) Next, “other land” or “unclassified” was extracted as a category for A/R CDM potential areas from the legend for the latest natural forest distribution map data. Since there is some procedural difference between the northwestern region and Patagonia, this will be described as follows.

1) Three Northern Provinces (Salta, Chaco, Santiago del Estero)

With regard to the northern three coverage areas of this study, information has been updated in the 2002 and 2004 versions (Forest Regions Map 2002/2004), which was used. In certain areas (part of Salta Province), “unclassified” land can be subdivided into land for housing and agricultural land, etc. Accordingly, in areas where subdivided data is available, residential sites and watersheds, etc. are excluded from the category for potential areas into which grassland and farmland are classified. As for the unsubdivided areas, “unclassified” land as a whole comes under the category for potential areas as stated above (referred to as “unclassified” in the legend for Fig. 1.5).

2) Patagonia

As for Patagonia, the map of 1998 (Forest Regions Map 1998) was used. Patagonia is an area with an annual rainfall of 500 mm or more along the Andes, as stated above. However, the current natural forest distribution map does not cover the whole of this area. This is why the study team tried anew to interpret Landsat data by eye with respect to the part omitted from the map. In this area, “unclassified” land had already been subdivided. The team excluded residential sites, farmland, the summits, wetlands and watersheds from the category for potential areas, but included grassland.

(3) The existing artificial forests were excluded from the artificial forest distribution map administered by the Forestation Department, Agriculture, Stock Raising, Fisheries and Food Agency, Ministry of Economy and Public Works.

(4) The parts extracted in both Items (2) and (3) above were overlapped to obtain the completely overlapping parts and then the A/R CDM potential areas were extracted from the latest map data. This work is illustrated in Fig. 1.4.

(5) The non-forest areas as of 1990 extracted in Item (1) above were overlapped with the A/R CDM potential areas from (4) the latest map data to obtain the completely overlapping parts and then the final potential areas (For the three northern provinces, see Fig. 1.5 and for four provinces in Patagonia, see Fig. 1.6).

67 The area over 500mm in precipitation per year, along Patagonian Andes.

Forest Regions Map 1998

Potential Merge by Vector format area in 1998

Cultivated forest Map 1998

Salta,Chaco,Santia go delEstero

Forest Regions Map 2002

Potential area Merge by Vector format in 2002/2004

Cultivated forest Map 1998

Figure 1.4 Illustration of the Work to Extract Potential Areas from the Natural Forest Distribution Map and the Artificial Forest Distribution Map

potential_CDM_NOA LEGEN Agricultural lands

Grassland

Unclassified

Figure 1.5 A/R CDM Potential Areas in the Three Northern Provinces

The area of the A/R CDM potential areas shown in Fig. 1.5 and 1.6 is aggregated by province and by category in Tables 1.1 and 1.2.

Table 1.1 Aggregated Area of the A/R CDM Potential Areas by Category in the Three Northern Provinces

Total LEGEND (Ha) PROVINCE Agricultural lands Grassland Unclassified Grand Total Chaco 1,358,356 1,186,945 508,346 3,053,647 Salta 816,718 788,503 278,505 1,883,726 Santiago del Estero 1,020,801 818,252 730,083 2,569,136 Grand Total 3,195,875 2,793,700 1,516,934 7,506,509

LEGEND grassland

500 mm

Figure 1.6 A/R CDM Potential Areas in the Four Patagonian Provinces

The land areas expected to be identified as A/R CDM potential areas in the three northern provinces are classified into the categories of agricultural land, grassland and unclassified. Of these, agricultural land accounts for the largest area of 3.2 million ha followed by grassland with an area of 2.79 million ha and then unclassified land with the smallest area of 1.52 million ha. The total area is 7.51 million ha. By province, A/R CDM potential areas account for the largest area of 3.05 million ha in Chaco, an area of 2.57 million ha in Santiago del Estero and then the smallest area of 1.88 million ha in Saita.

Table 1.2 Aggregated Area of A/R CDM Potential Areas by Category in the Four Patagonian Provinces

Total LEGEND (Ha) PROVINCE Grassland Grand Total Chubut 278,137 278,137 Neuquen 1,152,258 1,152,258 Rio Negro 408,326 408,326 Santa Cruz 657,283 657,283 Grand Total 2,496,004 2,496,004

On the other hand, the only land areas expected to be identified as A/R CDM potential areas

70 in the four Patagonian provinces are only grasslands according to their land use category and account for a total area of 2.5 million ha for all these provinces. On a province basis, such potential areas account for the largest area of 1.15 million ha in Neuquen, 0.66 million ha in Santa Cruz, 0.41 million ha in Rio Negro and then the smallest area of 0.28 million ha in Chubut.

71 2. Basic Information (ARGENTINA)

1 Forest definition

x Minimum canopy density is 22.5% x Minimum tree height is 3 meters x Smallest forest area is 1.0 hectares.

2 Sustainable development

Since environmental NGOs have a certain amount of influence, it is possible in the process of public comment that they will develop a campaign against the approval of any proposal by a government agency for a large area of eucalyptus plantations as an A/R CDM project.

3 Feasibility Study

N/A

4 Small scale A/R CDM

It is difficult to reply to this question while no methodology has been determined.

(Answer in Second year) At this moment, the person in charge of A/R CDM has no views. However, he seems to presume that there would only be a few investors in these projects because few credits would be obtained.

72 A researcher at INTA Bariloche indicated that such projects are very feasible in Argentina since it is a large country with many poor people (the definition is not confirmed), especially small land owners.

5 Environmental and Socio-economical impact assessment

Regarding the impacts, what is important and/or judgment points that your country consider as a project that has significant impacts on environmental and/or socio-economical conditions?

In addition, does your country has procedure and/or standards for the assessment? If yes, please describe the procedure and/or standards.

The central government has no specific indicators for socioeconomic impacts. As for environmental impact assessment, each province has formulated standards. In the case of A/R projects, an EIA is normally a requirement for receiving a subsidy.

6 Distribution of lCER or tCER (Certified Emission Reduction) credit

If your country already has ideas on distribution of CER between your country and Annex 1 countries after getting CER through the A/R CDM projects, could you describe the ideas?

There are no special government criteria for this matter, which will be determined through the Conference of Parties.

7. Restriction of afforestation projects

If there are any restrictions of afforestation project invested by foreign countries, for example plantations of 10 % of indigenous trees are duty in Brazil, could you explain the restrictions? In addition, such restrictions will be applied to A/R CDM projects?

N/A

8. Suitable site

The mission would like to know idea about the sites where your country considers implementing an A/R CDM project. If possible, could you explain concrete name (administrative name) of the areas?

73 Although the government has not officially designated target regions for the A/R CDM, the person in charge at DNA referred to the northwestern provinces of Santiago del Estero, Chaco and Salta and areas with relatively little rainfall (a minimum of 500 mm per year) along the Andes extending from Neuquen to Rio Negro, Chubut and Santa Cruz Provinces in the Patagonia District.

9 Feasibility of environmental forestation CDM projects

It is considered that forestation along national roads (already submitted as an FIP), the forestation of buffer zones around national parks and forestation to develop biocorridors are sufficiently feasible as environmental forestation projects. It was not specifically mentioned which buffer zones or biocorridors would be potential candidates.

3. State of Baselines

(1) Potential areas to CDM projects in Argentina.

Argentina has around 18 millions hectares of soils suitable for forestation, of which 5 million do not compete for use with other alternative agricultural activities.

The main regions in terms of suitable forestry lands are Pampeana, Mesopotamia and Andean Patagonia.

Region Pampeana is integrated by the provinces of Buenos Aires, south on Santa Fe and south of Cordoba and east of La Pampa. Only Buenos Aires has about 6 millions hectares suitable for potential forest use.

Mesopotamia is integrated by the provinces of Entre Ríos, Corrientes and Misiones. It has 5 million hectares and the Andean Patagonia (Neuquén, Río Negro and Chubut) has others 4 million hectares suitable for forestation. The remaining is distributes in other places of the country.

However, only around 1 million hectares are occupied by planted forest. In the following table there are the surface planted by province actually and in 1988. We can see that 75 % is concentrated in Mesopotamia, in special in Misiones who has 36 % of planted area of the country. Buenos Aires has de 9 % mainly in the Delta of Paraná River. Others significant areas are Andean Patagonia (6 %) and Córdoba (3%).

From this planted area 50 % corresponds to broadleaves species (30 % to Eucaliptus, 16 % to Salix and Populus and the remaining 4 % to diverse species) and the other 50 % to conifers, mostly de Pinus genus.

The Mesopotamia is currently the region with the highest concentration of planted forest, nearly 800.000 hectares, where pines prevail.

Planted areas in Buenos Aires are mainly of eucalypts, pines and non irrigated poplars. Into the delta area willows and poplars prevail.

In Andean Patagonia and in highlands of Córdoba (Calamuchita Valley) there is typical pine plantation.

74 Table 3.1 Afforestation area in Argentina

ARGENTINA: AFFORESTATION AREA IN 1988 AND IN 2002 Province 1988 2002 Variation hectare % hectare % TOTAL of the country 719269 100% 1022686 100% 42% 1 Misiones 257236 36% 372165 36% 45% 2 Corrientes 123293 17% 283028 28% 130% 3 Buenos Aires 96400 13% 91717 9% -5% 4 Entre Ríos 79034 11% 113977 11% 44% 5 Córdoba 36685 5% 29649 3% -19% 6 Santa Fe 24419 3% 14703 1% -40% 7 Neuquén 23574 3% 35230 3% 49% 8 Jujuy 19582 3% 16346 2% -17% 9 Mendoza 17429 2% 11324 1% -35% 10 Río Negro 10691 1% 9839 1% -8% 11 Chubut 8940 1% 20398 2% 128% 12 Tucumán 6497 1% 3431 0% -47% 13 Salta 4329 1% 5008 0% 16% 14 San Juan 3478 0% 4218 0% 21% 15 Sgo. del Estero 3272 0% 802 0% -75% 16 La Pampa 2269 0% 2538 0% 12% 17 Chaco 1104 0% 4258 0% 286% 18 Formosa 478 0% 599 0% 25% 19 San Luis 362 0% 1684 0% 366% 20 Catamarca 111 0% 1274 0% 1045% 21 La Rioja 73 0% 478 0% 560% 22 Santa Cruz 14 0% 21 0% 48% 23 Tierra del Fuego 0 0% 0 0% 0% Patagonia Norte (7+10+11) 43205 6% 65467 6% 52% Source: National Agrarian Census of 1988 and 2002.

In Northwest Region (Jujuy, in special) there are planted forest of pines and eucalypts, while in the Cuyo Region (Mendoza) and the High Rio Negro Valley (irrigated areas of Rio Negro y Neuquén) are the largest forestations of poplars for production and protection purposes. Over 80 % of the new plantations were set up during the last few years in the provinces of Misiones and Corrientes.

The comparatively high rates of annual growth for planted forest in Argentina allow short rotations. Although rotations are variables according genus, species, sites, technologies and objectives to the plantation. They are between 8-10 years for willows, 10-12 years for poplars and eucalypts, and 20-35 years for pines.

75 (2) Andean North Patagonia: possible forestry cultivation within the CDM.

The North Patagonia consists of the provinces of Neuquén, Río Negro and Chubut. Westwards, next to the mountain chain of Los Andes, it’s The Andean Patagonia

The Andean Patagonia stretches from north to south as a narrow strip of land along 750 km. and has an average width of 40 km., from boundary of the steppe to the native forest. The Region´s height varies from 200 m over de sea level, in the steppe boundary, up to 1500 m a.s.l. in the precordillera. The climate is humid cold in this region, due to the winds from de Pacific. These condense humidity while trying passing over the Andes, and continuing dry and cold towards the east. The rain vary from 2000 mm in the west ‘till 400 mm. in the beginning of the steppe in the eastern area.

Native forests, spotted westwards over the mountain chain, represent a total of around 2.3 million hectares, in this area: 90 % are protection forest, and 10 % comercial forests.

Wetlands, valley land and pastureland extend out between the native forests and the steppe. The precipitation is between 750 and 600 mm and the area suitable for afforestation is more than 2,800,000 ha, which is now used for livestock farming.

Soils have developed over volcanic ash deposits in this area, with a moderate to high allophone content and a very well defines structure wich allows a high capacity of water retention.

In 1998, the areas of planted forests were only 43000 ha. The coverage of the planted forests in this area is over 65,000 ha, which is 3% or less of the total area of the country according to the data from the National Agrarian Census of 2002.

The species used in the mountain chain zone are exotic conifer, mainly Pinus ponderosa (pino ponderosa) and a minimum percentage of Pinus contorta (pino murrayana or contorta) and Pseudotsuga mensiezii (pino oregón).

These Fig.s show that the forestry activity isn’t the ordinary in the Andean Patagonia and that there are barriers that have to be remove for its development that it might be done through the CDM.

Technicians of the INTA Bariloche have carried out studies about the cuality of forestry sites in the whole area, of which they’ve classified as in three defined categories based on the dominant height (H) the age of twenty years to the height of chest (EAP) 19 m (very suitable sites, MA), 15 m (suitable sites, A) y 11 m (not very suitable sites, PA).

According to the cuality of the site, variable economic yields are calculated between IRR= 5 % and IRR= 18 %. for rotationes that go from 27 to 35 years. Estimated yield al turno vary between 480 and 882 m3/ha, with average annual growth of 14 a 25 m3/ha. This study calculates and analyzes the yield of the aforestations with pino ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa (Dougl.) Laws) under different use and in different cualities of site, those applicable to argentinian provinces such as Neuquén, Río Negro y Chubut. These studies may be consulted at the INTA Bariloche (not available in web page).

76 Most forest are private property, and are being used extensively for ranching actitivities. Large establishments of 2000 to 5000 hectares prevail. Although there is variation among the provinces an average of 25 to 30 % of the land within the forestry suitable, are public lands occupied by old residents. There are provincial programs directed to regularize this situation. The larger impact is in the province of Neuquén.

Seventy percent of the main rutes of the region are tarmaced but there are no suitable local nets for the forestry exploitation. The nacional route 40 is the spinal column of the forestry development and conects the region from north to south. At the same time, it comunicates with the Región de Cuyo on the north and with the Patagonia Austral on the south, the nearest potencial markets. The region also comunicates through the nacional route 22 and provincial routes with the Alto Valle de Neuquén and Río Negro and the port of the Atlantic. Towards Chile, the steps of the Pino Hachado, Mamuil Malal y Cardenal Samoré represents the main way of access to the markets of that country and overseas in the Pacific. In the region, technologies of production are investigated, developed and spreaded by the INTA, and the CIEFAP (Center of Investigation and Forestry Extention Andean Patagonic) and Universities. INTA investigates in cultivation forests (genetic, ecology, forestry and economic aspects) in the experimental Estación (season o station) of San Carlos de Bariloche and in the Forestry Field Gral. San Martín (Chubut). In the province of Neuquén, the Extention Agencies of San Martín de los Andes, Zapala and Chos Malal depend on this experimental Estación.

4. Data concerning biomass

(1) An extracts from “Economic analysis of afforestation projects for carbon sequestration : A case study in Patagonia, Argentina”

According to “Economic analysis of afforestation projects for carbon sequestration : A case study in Patagonia, Argentina (2004)” by G. M. Salvador, above ground and below graound biomasses of herbs and shrubs in forest suitable areas in Patagonia are shown in the Table 4.1

Table 4.1 biomass of different types of vegetation in forest suitable areas in Patagonia

Types of vegetation Biomass(t/ha) 1. Herb-steppe, sub-shrub-steppe and shrub/herb-steppe with less 3 - 13 than 20% shrub cover. 2. Herb-steppe and shrub/herb-steppe with shrub cover between 12 – 18 20% to 50%. 3. Herb/shrub-steppe and shrub-steppe 15 – 23 4. Shrub highest than 1 m. > 19

77 (2) An extracts from “Biomass and carbon sequestration of ponderosa pine plantations and native cypress forests in northwest Patagonia”

According to “Biomass and carbon sequestration of ponderosa pine plantations and native cypress forests in northwest Patagonia (2002)” by Pablo Laclau, F. Velolkamp, F. de Koenning and T. Schlechter, the mean estimated biomass carbon in pasture of festuca pallescens species, which can be baseline value, was 2.6 Mg ha-1(S.D.=0.8), including above ground and below graound biomass, dead foliage and litter (see Table－２). This value should be a little less (2.3 Mg ha-1), if only plots located in the 600-1200 mm rainfall range in the modal range conditions (regular and good)-the most common sites available for tree plantation-were considered.

Table 4.2 Soil and plant carbon means, standard deviations and standard errors of F. pallescens stands (Mg ha-1) for each paired plots

Variable F. pallescens Mean S.D. S.E. Annual precipitation 1071.0 305.0 48.0

Biomass carbon Live green biomass 0.3 0.1 0.01 Senescent yellow 0.3 0.1 0.02 Standing dead biomass 1.0 0.3 0.05 Total above ground 1.7 0.6 0.09 Total roots 0.8 0.3 0.04 Total biomass carbon 2.5 0.8 0.13 Root/shoot ratio(%) 47.2 2.1 0.3

Soil carbon Litter 0.2 0.05 0.01 Soil 92.7 55.2 10.5 Total soil carbon 92.8 55.2 10.4 Total carbon 95.5 55.5 10.5 Note) Biomass was estimated by a simulation of productivity based on annual mean precipitation, rangeland condition and forage consumption. A 0.5 coefficient was used for conversion to carbon. Biomass simulated fractions are: live above ground (green + yellow), standing dead and roots. Soil carbon corresponds to total C content. Also, precipitation (mm) and r/s ratio are shown, the latter calculated as the ratio between below and above ground biomass (standing dead fraction included).

(3) Extract from “Fijacion de carbono: Un beneficio adicional para proyectos forestales en Patagonia”

According to “Fijacion de carbono: Un beneficio adicional para proyectos forestales en Patagonia (2002)” by G. A. Loguercio, the amount of biomass is about 3.5 tons per hectare on average in areas of steppe (Defosse & Bertiller 1991; Defosee et al. (unpublished)), which is equivalent to 1.75 t-C/ha of carbon. In a recent study on soil

78 carbon, Buduba, et al. (unpublished) measured the carbon stocks in soil at different points 30 cm below the ground surface in Pinus ponderosa plantations of trees of various ages and compared the measurements with those in the peripheral pastures. As a result, it was concluded that there was no substantial difference in the direct increase or decrease in soil carbon at least in the first cycle of planting (See Fig. 4.1). However, it should be stressed that the carbon stocks in soil at the initial stage of planting reached as high a level as about 100 t/ha on average.

Figure 4.1 Comparison of soil carbon stocks between Pinus ponderosa plantations and the peripheral pastures according to the age of the trees

(4) Extract from “Evaluacion preliminary del contenido de carbono edafico en plantacions de pino ponderasa en el oeste del Chubut”

According to the “Evaluacion preliminary del contenido de carbono edafico en plantacions de pino ponderasa en el oeste del Chubut” report by C. G. Buduba et al., the carbon stocks of soil at a depth of 30 cm below the ground surface were measured inside and outside two plantations with trees of a different age. The total carbon stocks were high at both sites and in the range from 90 t/ha to 110 t/ha (See Table - 3). This is due to the nature of the soil (consisting of volcanic ash) containing rich organic matter in the topsoil (Egawa 1980). The organic content of the soil reaches a proportion that is 15% to 20% higher than other types of soil (Duchaufour 1984). Amorphous clay (loam) is formed from the weathering of volcanic ash and combines with organic matter to form mixed soils with a very stable bond (silicon dioxide- Al3+ and Fe3+ - fulvic acid). Moreover, the maturing process of humic substances is facilitated by the factors of the clearly seasonal weather, the soil neutralization, flora, and stabilization minerals (Ca2+ and Mg2+) that are favorable for soil conservation, which delays the process of soil modification by bacteria (Mussini et al. 1984).

79 Table 4.3 Comparison of average soil carbon stocks

Depth from Young Forest Mature Forest ground surface Conditions x x (cm) n S2 Valu P N S2 Value P (t/ha) (t/ha) Inside the 33.25 112.09 41.89 218.40 forest 0-10 9 0.48 7 0.99 Outside the 35.76 66.52 41.88 157.79 forest Inside the 31.01 137.31 34.66 105.40 forest 10-20 9 0.66 7 0.42 Outside the 29.70 50.74 32.77 77.02 forest Inside the 28.08 70.78 32.89 127.95 forest 20-30 9 0.80 7 0.07 Outside the 28.68 20.91 28.89 75.85 forest Inside the 92.35 874.69 109.45 1172.12 forest 0-30 9 0.82 7 0.39 Outside the 94.14 433.46 103.53 841.94 forest

Measured inside and outside two Pinus ponderosa plantations of different ages in Chubut

(5) An extracts from“Evaluation of the CO2 sequestration potential of afforestation projects and secondary forests in two different climate zones of South America”

From ”Evaluation of the CO2 sequestration potential of afforestation projects and secondary forests in two different climate zones of South America” by Free de Koning, Roland Olschewski, Edzo Veldkamp, Pablo Benitez, Pablo Laclau, Magdalena Lopez, Mercedes de Urquiza, Tomas Schlichter published by GTZ, the following data for soil organic carbon in grassland and forest systems in Argentina are extracted.

39 sites as survey plots for this study were selected in Neuquen and Rio Negro provinces of Patagonia region in Argentina. Precipitation of the sites ranges from 550 mm to 1,700 mm with the exception of the Quechuquina site, which has a precipitation of 2,450 mm. No clear soil groups can be distinguished for the sites.

In terms of carbon inventories for the top 50 cm expressed as t/ha, the average amount of total carbon in pastures is 88.5 t/ha, in cypress forests 117.6 t/ha, and in pine forests 85.1 t/ha (Fig. 4.2). This means that the amount of soil carbon in cypress forests is on average 33% higher than in pastures, while the amount of soil carbon in pine forests is on average 4% lower than in pastures.

80 土壌有機炭素 25-50 cm

0-25 cm Organic carbon in the soil soil the in carbon Organic

（t/ha）

Pasture Cypress Pine

Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. 6 pasture sites were excluded because of inundations.

Figure 4.2 Average total soil organic carbon (t/ha) in 0-25 cm and 25-50 cm layers of pasture, cypress and pine, Argentina.

In addition, Multivariate stepwise regression was applied to investigate the relative importance of biotic and abiotic site characteristics for the dependent variable soil carbon differences (forest carbon minus pasture carbon). The regression models are indicated in table 4.4.

Table 4.4 Multiple regression models for predicting differences in carbon content (t/ha) between pastures and forests, Argentina

Forest Model p-value model R2 Dif C (t/ha) = -413.37* (Alp) + 0.19 * Cypress 0.001 0.52 (Cypress biomass) + 66.2 * (Alo-Alp) Dif C (t/ha) = -149.56 * (Fep) + 18.6 * Pine 0.002 0.27 (Feo) - 15.58 Note) n = 25 for cypress、n = 34 for pine. Dif C is SOC in the top 50 cm soil layer of forest minus pasture. Unit: Biomass: Mg/ha. Alp, Alo-Alp, Fep, Feo: ％.

(6) INTA-CIRN’s soil carbon data

INTA-CIRN carried out a soil survey on a district basis (limited to a small proportion of the total national land area). The absolute value of the weight of the carbon cannot be calculated from the results of this survey since the value of the organic matter in the soil is shown as a percentage of the unit weight, but not as the absolute dry volume weight.

81 5. Explanation of Additionality

Argentina has an extensive territory, ranking eighth largest in the world and second in Latin America. The natural environment features diverse climates ranging from the tropical dry climate in the northwest to the subtropical wet climate, the pampas temperate climate, the Patagonian dry climate and Patagonian cold wet climate in the northeast.

Man-made forests are mainly distributed in the states of Misiones, Corrientes and Entre Rios in the Mesopotamia District, the delta along the Parana River, the state of Cordoba, the sandy soil district and the hilly area of the Buenos Aires State, and the Patagonian mountainous area. Those areas where forestry has been promoted are deemed to have no additionality. In other areas, especially in the central part of this country where a huge area of pampas extends, livestock raising and agriculture prevail. Although additionality can be explained in this area, there is little possibility of shift from agriculture to forestry. Judging from the above-mentioned situation, areas with some precipitation (generally 500 mm a year or more) but lower productivity of grass than other areas are possible to have additionality. Specifically, they are areas with relatively high precipitation along the Andes in the states of Santiago del Estero, Salta and Chaco in the northwestern part of Argentina (for which a map was prepared this time), the states of Neuquen, Rio Negro and Chubut in the Patagonia District, and the state of Santa Cruz. Of Salta in the northwestern part of this country, the western half has more precipitation and is called “Yunga”, while the eastern half has less precipitation and is called “Chaco”, the same as Chaco State. Thus, a line is clearly drawn between these areas in terms of land use and other factors. Of these two areas, Chaco (with less precipitation) is regarded as having higher additionality.

6. Information on Afforestation

(1) Situation in Patagonia

This section will describe the situation of forestation in the Patagonia Region of Argentina from the results of the field survey in Rio Negro, Patagonia.

Suitable areas to be reforested in the Neuquen, Rio Negro and Chubut provinces of the Patagonia region is more than two million hectares, and form a North-South strip unning from the 37°to 44°South parallels and from the isohyet of 500 mm in the East to the Andean-Patagonian native forests in the West, at an altitude ranging from 200 to 900 m above sea level and receiving precipitation between 500 to 1,500 mm per year. In this narro 750 km long and 40 km wide strip along the Andes, ancient soils have been covered by deep volcanic ash deposits (allophane), originating young, fertile soils with high contents of minerals such as phosphorous, calcium, pstassium, and magnesium, along with great water storage capacity and also great stability. Only 2.6% of these two million hectares of suitable areas are afforested as of year 1997.

Land suitability for afforestation has been classified in each Province according to mean annual increment (m3/ha/year) into three groups: Moderately Suitable, Suitable and Very Suitable.

82 Table 6.1 Suitable areas for the afforestation by each Province unit：1,000 ha

Moderately Suitable Suitable Very Suitable Province (MAI: 12-18) (MAI: 19-21) (MAI: 22-25) Neuquen 600 500 150 Rio Negro 60 80 60 Chubut 70 430 300 730 1010 510 Total (32％) (45％) (23％) Source: Direcciones de Bosques Neuquen, Rio Negro and Chubut. CIEFAP(1997)

Afforestated area is about 53,000ha as of year 1997 and main species are Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir and Lodgepole pine. Table 6.2 shows afforested areas by main species and ownership in each Province.

Table 6.2 afforested areas by main species and ownership in each Province

afforested areas(1997) unit：1,000 ha Distribution of species Ownership Douglas fir, Private Ponderosa pine Lodgepole pine State ownership ownership and others Neuquen 26 6 20 12 Rio Negro 4 3 1 6 Chubut 10 4 3 11 40 13 24 29 Total (75％) (25％) (45％) (55％) Source: Direcciones de Bosques Neuquen, Rio Negro and Chubut(1997)

Information on the afforastation of Ponderosa pine and Douglas fir is as follows,

Ponderosa pine Initial density: 1,111 seedlings/ha Soil suitability: Suitable to moderately suitable Precipitation: 500 to 800 mm/year Mean annual increment: 20 m3/ha

Douglas fir Initial density: 1,111 seedlings/ha Soil suitability: Suitable to very suitable Precipitation: 700 to 1,200 mm/year Mean annual increment: 25 m3/ha Source: INTA-CIEFAP-UNPSJB 1997

Internal rate of return (IRR) is estimated as 12.5 % by CIEFAP based on the financial analysis of afforeatation enterprise for Ponderosa pine in “Suitable” of soil suitability.

83 (2) The growth rate of tree species for afforestation in forestry regions of Argentina

Table 6.3 Growth rate of tree species for afforestation in forestry regions of Argentina

Tree species Growth rate Average rotation ㎥/ha/year period (years) Pinus taeda 35 18-25 Pinus elliotti 30 18-25 Misiones province Araucaria augustifolia 18 40 Eucalyptus grandis 42 7-12 Eucalyptus dunnii 42 7-12 Pinus taeda 35 18-25 Corrientes province Eucalyptus grandis 38 7-12 Pinus taeda 35 18-25 Entre Ríos province Eucalyptus grandis 38 7-12 Paraná Delta region Populus deltoides 22 12 Pinus patula 30 20-25 Northwestern region Pinus taeda 21 20-25 Cuyo region Populus spp. 20 10-12 Santa Fe province Eucalyptus salgna 30-35 10-12 Populus deltoides 22 12 Buenos Aires province E. globules, E. dunnii 30 10-15 E.tertecornis 25 12 Pinus ponderosa 18-25 35 Populus nigra 29 12 Patagonia region Populus euroamericana 29 12 Psendotzuga menziesii 30 35 Salix spp. 15-20 10-15 Source: Fundación Okita (2003) Study of the Industrial Cluster Development Plan in Argentina: forestry and forest products (furniture) sector, executive summary

7. Socio economic information y The problem of the default on Argentine government bonds in December 2001

This section will describe the problem of the default on Argentine government bonds in December 2001, which is unavoidable when considering the Argentine climate for investment. This is undoubtedly one of the greatest problems for Argentina.

There was a delay in the payment of over ten trillion yen in the total amount of principal and interest in Japanese currency at the time of this default. In this prolonged serious economic crisis, the fixed exchange rate of 1 peso relative to 1 US dollar was abolished and the shift to a floating exchange rate system depreciated the peso (about 3 pesos to 1 US dollar as of January

84 2005). When exports began to increase in mid 2002 and the GDP rose 8.8% in real terms in 2003 and the Argentine economy improved. As the GDP increased 9% in provisional terms in 2004, the fundamental trend towards a business recovery has continued. The proposed rescheduling of the repayment of private debts basically employed the method of exchanging the old bonds under a moratorium for new ones (including a partial waiver of credit). When the reception of applications was closed in February 2005, the proposed rescheduling was accepted by bondholders who accounted for about 75% of the old bonds in value. However, the remaining creditors are still reluctant to accept this and there is a possibility that negotiations with them will be brought to court. Thus, it remains unpredictable how this problem will develop in the future. At any rate, the Argentine economy is still fettered by the problem of the moratorium on the huge amount of external public debts, including the problem of trust. This also has an adverse effect on investment in forestry. Although the progress mentioned above has been made with regard to private debts, no plan has yet been proposed for dealing with public debts. Under this situation, it is presumed that the JBIC or other institutions for financial aid will not be able to resume financing. If the Argentine government opts to defer repayments, there will be good prospects for a resumption of financing. If the government opts to curtail debts, the prospects will not be good. Other financial institutions seem to take a more or less similar attitude. Accordingly, this is certainly the greatest problem for CDM projects in utilizing assistance from financial institutions.

8. Information on A/R CDM projects

(1) Youth and Environmental Project organized by the Santiago del Estero Youth Environmental Group

This project is designed to promote A/R CDM projects with financial aid from Italy’s Ministry of Environment and Land. However, it has been explained that on the part of Italy this aid comes not from the organization in charge of ODA but the Ministry’s own funds.

The project has the overall objective to increase the capacity of implementing sustainable development policies, particularly related to the UNCCD process under the National Action Programme to Combat Desertification and Drought (NAP) of Argentina. Through the afforestation of 3,000 hectares with native species, the project mainly aims at:

¾ Sequestering carbon dioxide and mitigating climate change, ¾ Creating job opportunities and improving socio-economic conditions within the area of influence of the forest, and ¾ Increasing environmental awareness, particularly among the youth.

The implementation of this project is planned to start with ten areas in the province of Sandiago del Estero in October 2004 with the following two components, each of which has two subprograms.

1) Youth Organization and Capacity Building

i) Subprogram to organize youth groups

ii) Subprogram to develop social and work programs

85 2) Nurseries, plantations and carbon stocks

i) Subprogram to create nurseries for the production of Algarrobo blanco, Quebracho Colorado and Quebracho blanco

ii) Subprogram to afforest an area of 3,000 ha with Algarrobo blanco, Quebracho Colorado and Quebracho blanco

This project targets a sandy area (almost a desert where there is no vegetation) with much salt content and low land productivity and which has been almost abandoned at this time. It is assumed that the demonstration of additionality is not difficult in this case since the present conditions seem likely to continue unless this project is launched. This project is also considered to be eligible as a CDM project since it aims to contribute to sustainable development using indigenous tree species and improving the earning capacity of low-income communities and small-scale producers.

Although the scale of this project is as small as 3,000 ha, it is expected that as a model afforestation project it will be extended to neighboring areas that have no intention of preventing various entities and enterprises from investing in other afforestation projects.

This project is expected to have an impact on the social and natural environment and economy as follows.

(2) Forest project by La Carolina Co., Ltd.

This is an afforestation project on the sustainable model, which aims to have a positive effect on the comprehensive development of the local society and economy, including environmental protection and improvement, the production of timber of commercially high value and the provision of work opportunities.

(3) Delta Project for Clean Development

This project aims at forest creation approved by the FSC and the production of honey, walnuts and forage. The latter are secondary activities.

(4) Forestation along National Roads with the effect of CO2 sequestration

This project aims at the development of local communities and economies and the creation of employment opportunities through the beautification of the landscape, the fixation of carbon dioxide and environmental improvement, including sinks for exhaust gases.

(5) El Simbolar project in the irrigation area near Santiago del Estero City.

Name of the project: “Afforestation for fighting the desertification, to mitigate the climatic change and to protect the biodiversity”

1) OBJETIVES of the Project:

a) Afforestation of 3.000 hectares with Prosopis nigra in degraded irrigation area.

86 b) Development of technical documentation for the forestry CDM (new methodology of baseline monitoring, and PDD) c) Training of environmental young people groups.

2) Relevant Organizations

There is a cooperation agreement signed between the governments of Italy and Argentina for the technical assistance and the project’s financing. The institutions who participate are:

y Department of Environment and Sustainable Development. y Ministry of Environment and Territory (Italy)

3) The executants agencies

y South Foundation (Fundación del Sur –Argentina) y Enviromental Group for Development (Grupo Ambiental para el Desarrollo -Argentina) y Santiago del Estero Government (Gobierno de la Provincia de Santiago del Estero) y La Tuscia Univerity (Italy) y National Institute of Agricultural Technology (Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria) y Cathólic University of Santiago del Estero

4) Condition of project area

The project is developed in irrigation areas, which were degraded for salts and abandoned for the agricultural use.

5) Planting species

Planted specie: Prosopis nigra Expected growth is 55 – 60 m3/year. It is supposed to be cut down in 30 years.

6) Project components

The plantation tasks have begun. The oldest plots are two years old. Nursery plants areas have been planted.

Technical documentation development for forestry CDM:

y There has been prepared a new methodology for abandoned agricultural lands or in the process of abandonment, y There has been prepared a provisory PDD. y There are going to be considered 4 carbon pools (air biomass, subterranean biomass, fallen leaves and soil) y There has been chosen a period of fixed credit of 20 years. y There has been applied the tool for demonstrating the project’s additionality. (barriers) y There has been established different base lines:

87 - cotton, - mixed ischivil, - dominant ischivil - russian grass - sunchal

- Direct beneficiaries y Small farmers who have degraded soils plots, affected by salts. y Medium and big farmers decided to develop an initiative of CDM.

- Indirect beneficiaries y Young residents in which community the project is carried out. y Technicians from National and Providential Institutes. y Community involved.

- Summery of Land Activities. y Nursery y Installations constructions y Preparation of plants y Health control y Identification of producers y Socioeconomic description y Signing of agreements y Afforestation y Description of lots. (biophysical, different scenarios (pdd) y Plough and marking of lots. y Ants control y Plantation y Georeference of the afforestation. y Remove undergrowth. y Cutting and seedling control y Faults reposition y Prune y Young people and producers training y Forestall handling y Global and local environmental problems y Sustainable production

- Training y To producers: Techniques of forestall handling Marketing of forestalls products Techniques of irrigation and soil maintenance Carbon market

y To young people: Environmental problems Training for sustainable productive alternatives.

7) Challenges of the Project

y Create a positive impact in the standards of life through the use of soil.

88 y Change the soil use and forestall projects, struggling against desertification, using the conditions offered by MDL. y Appreciation of environmental services. y Show the new socioeconomic development opportunities offered by the carbon market; such as the aforestation in degraded areas. y Increase the forestall surface in the province. y Generate new economic assets. y Favour the possibility of direct and indirect jobs. y Promote economic activities associated to the forestall producers, timber forests and non-timber forests

89 9. Tool for Selecting A/R CDM Potential Areas in Sandy Pampas, (west of Buenos Aires province, Argentina)

Source for the judgment Check No. Question Judgment And/or to get answers to questions mark Eligibility Part 1 Was the land forest in end of 1989? ¾ Satellital images LANDSAT. The Yes □ Yes: not eligible resolution is 30 m./pixel. It needs one No x No: eligible mosaic per province. The unit price is 330 US$ per mosaic. Available in Climate & Water Institute of INTA CASTELAR, ¾ National Census in 1988: Aggregated data are available in publications at the INDEC. Only Books. This information is not in webpage. 2 Is the land forest at present? ¾ Result of Field observation. Yes □ Yes: not eligible ¾ Satellitaire images LANDSAT 5M. No x No: eligible Scene: 180 x 180 km. Available at the CONAE, The resolution is 30m/pixel. The unit price is US$ 165 per image. ¾ Forestry Inventory. Forestry Project of Development. Available at SAGPyA. Partly available at webpage and partly in documents. ¾ National Census in 2002: Aggregated data are available at INDEC. Publications and webpage. Additionality part 3 Does the land likely have any alternative The main use of the land is the agricultural Yes: there is scenarios other than afforestation? and cattle farming. Information Available Yes x additionality at National Census (INDEC ) and Statistics No □ No: no Register of the SAGPyA. additionality

Partly Available at publications and partly at webpage. ¾ Studies made by the INTA Center of CASTELAR and INTA Bordenave. 4 In case that expected investors and/or ¾ Counter in Banks: No loans of long Yes □ Yes: No implementers of the proposed or term to buy land are available in banks No x additionality considered project do not have enough in Argentina. And no long term credit No: there is capital for the implementation, is debt for forestry plantations either. The additionality funding is available for the money costs are not compatible with the implementation? rentability of the aforestation and reforestation projects. Information available in BNA and BAPRO. ¾ There’s a government subsidy (Law 25080) for cultivated forest’s plantations that covers a very significant portion of the costs. Nevertheless, its effectiveness is limited by systematic delays in the payments of the engaged resources. In addition, there are legal problems, through lack of a statutory decree, that stops the plantations with CDM destiny from benefiting. Information available at the SAGPyA, (FORESTRY) even in its webpage.

90 Source for the judgment Check No. Question Judgment And/or to get answers to questions mark 5 In case that expected investors and/or ¾ The users themselves have to find out Yes □ Yes: No implementers of the proposed or the possibility whether or not the No □ additionality considered project do not have enough investors and/or implementer can access No: there is capital for the implementation, can the to them. It sometimes depends on additionality investors and/or implementers access to investors’ and/or implementers’ capital international capital markets due to real condition. or perceived risks associated with domestic or foreign direct in vestment in Argentina? 6 Is there a risk related to changes in ¾ At present there aren’t any risks of that Yes □ Yes: there is government policies or laws to kind. The renegotiation of the national No x additionality implement the proposed or considered foreign debt and the high growth rate of No: no project? the economy give a climate of stability. additionality ¾ There are no unfavorable changes expected regarding the government politics for the forestry sector. SAGPyA 7 Is there lack of enforcement of forest or ¾ No, there aren’t. Yes □ Yes:there is land-use-related legislation to implement No x additionality the proposed or considered project? No:no additionality 8 Is there lack of access to planting ¾ Sometimes depending on the Yes: there is materials to implement the proposed or plantation scale there may be material Yes x additionality considered project? shortage. Forestry Station of 25 de No □ No: no Mayo, additionality 9 In case that proposed or considered ¾ There may be not being enough Yes:there is project includes a new kind technology infrastructures, depending on the Yes x additionality in Sandy Pampas (Argentina) in its geographic sector. Information of field No □ No:no project component, is there a lack of observation. additionality infrastructure for implementation of the technology? 10 Does traditional knowledge, technology ¾ It may be because there is not a Yes: there is or equipment hamper the implementation traditional forestry area. Yes x additionality of the proposed or considered project? No □ No: no additionality 11 Is the proposed or considered project ¾ Checking in the Forestry Direction of Yes: there is activity the “first of its kind” (“first of its SAGPyA Yes x additionality kind” means that no project activities of No □ No:no this type is currently operational in additionality Argentina) 12 Is the proposed or considered project site ¾ In the considered region there are Yes: there is under condition of degraded soil (e.g. degraded areas due to excessive Yes x additionality water/wind erosion, salination, etc.)? agricultural use and overgrazing. Also No □ No:no in suitable forestation areas there is a additionality serious risk of wind erosion. Information available at Soils Institute of INTA 13 The proposed or considered project site ¾ Yes: there is was and/or will be attacked by Yes □ additionality catastrophic natural and/or No x No:no human-induced events (e.g. land slides, additionality fire etc.)? 14 Is the proposed or considered project site ¾ There’s early/late frost hazard. Yes:there is under unfavorable meteorological Information available at Climate & Yes x additionality conditions (e.g. early/late frost, drought)? Water Institute on INTA CASTELAR No □ No: no www.intacya.org.ar additionality 15 Have pervasive opportunistic species ¾ Source: Soils Institute of INTA Yes □ Yes: there is preventing regeneration of trees (e.g. CASTELAR No x additionality grasses, weeds) broken out in the No: no proposed or considered project site? additionality

91 Source for the judgment Check No. Question Judgment And/or to get answers to questions mark 16 Have biotic pressure in terms of grazing, ¾ Source: Soils Institute of INTA Yes: there is fodder collection, etc. broken out in the CASTELAR Yes □ additionality proposed or considered project site. No x No: no additionality 17 Have demographic pressure on the land ¾ Source: Soils Institute of INTA Yes □ Yes: there is (e.g. increased demand on land due to CASTELAR No x additionality population growth) broken out in the No: no proposed or considered project site? additionality 18 Have social conflict among interest ¾ Source: Soils Institute of INTA Yes □ Yes: there is groups broken out in the region where CASTELAR No x additionality the proposed or considered project takes No:no place? additionality 19 Have widespread illegal practices (e.g. ¾ Result of field observations Yes: there is illegal grazing, non-timber product Yes □ additionality extraction and tree felling) been done in No x No: no the proposed or considered project site? additionality 20 To implement the proposed or considered ¾ It is usually necessary to train the local Yes □ Yes:No project, are skilled and/or properly workers to perform aforestation and No x additionality trained labor available? deforestation. Result of field No:there is observations additionality 21 To implement the proposed or considered ¾ Sometimes. Result of field Yes: there is project, is there lack of organization of observations and other information Yes x additionality local communities? available at Soils Institute of INTA No □ No: no CASTELAR additionality 22 Does Communal land ownership with a Yes □ Yes:there is hierarchy of rights for different No x additionality stakeholders limit the incentives to No:no undertake the proposed or considered additionality project? 23 Is there lack of suitable land tenure ¾ Source: CIVIL CODE Yes □ Yes:there is legislation and regulation to support the No x additionality security of tenure? No:no additionality 24 Are there any absences of clearly defined ¾ Source: CIVIL CODE Yes □ Yes: there is and regulated property rights in relation No x additionality to natural resource products and service No:no in the proposed or considered project additionality site? 25 Are there formal and informal tenure ¾ Information in INTA Bordenave. Yes □ Yes: there is systems that increase the risk of and in the Ministry of Production of the No x additionality fragmentation of land holdings in the Province of BUENOS AIRES. No: no proposed or considered project site? additionality 26 Are there any barriers relating to ¾ There are Market barriers due to the Yes x Yes: there is markets, transport and storage to fact that they are not close enough to No □ additionality implement the proposed or considered the center of consumption and also No: no project? economic barriers due to the cost of additionality transportation. 27 Do unregulated and informal markets for ¾ Yes □ Yes: there is timber, non-timber products and services No x additionality prevent the transmission of effective No: no information to proposed or considered additionality project participants? 28 Do remoteness of A/R activities and ¾ That is true, but there are not studies Yes x Yes: there is undeveloped road and infrastructure about this issue. No □ additionality incur large transportation expenditures, No: no thus eroding the competitiveness and additionality profitability of timber and non-timber products from the proposed or considered A/R CDM project activity?

92 Source for the judgment Check No. Question Judgment And/or to get answers to questions mark 29 Are there possibilities of large price risk ¾ Interviews to qualified informants Yes x Yes: there is due to the fluctuations in the prices of (forestry workers, technicians of the No □ additionality timber and non-timber products over the INTA Bordenave, provincial No: no project period in the absence of efficient employees) additionality markets and insurance mechanisms? 30 Does absence of facilities to convert, ¾ Source: Soils Institute of INTA No x Yes: there is store and add value to production from CASTELAR additionality CDM activities limit the possibilities to No: no capture rents from the land use under the additionality proposed or considered A/R CDM project activities? 31 Is IRR less than 10-12 % without benefit ¾ Result of Feasibility Studies of the Yes x Yes: there is by CER? (Base of 10-12% of IRR is that Soils Institute of INTA CASTELAR No □ additionality the discount rate in Argentina is usually No: no 12%. Source of the data: MECON additionality Ministry of Economy. The following question No. 11, 12 and 13 are indicators for getting answer of question No.10. If users can answer “yes” in questions No. 11, 12 and 13, it seems IRR is lower. 32 The land is further than 500 km distance ¾ Result of survey to measure the Yes x Yes: there is from main ports such as Bahía Blanca. distance No □ additionality (Unit transportation cost is different ¾ Road map by which distance can be No: no depending on distance and road measured: It can be available through additionality condition. In case of average road the webpage of ACA condition, examples of unit price are as www.aca.com.ar follow: truck around U$S 5 cents/t/km. Railway unit cost is 2 cents/t/km) 33 Is road condition between the land and ¾ Result of field observation Yes x Yes: there is main road bad? No □ additionality No: no additionality 34 Is land purchase cost high or medium? ¾ Information by local real estate agents. Yes x Yes: there is (The range of price of land is between CAT recommended. No □ additionality 400 and 1,500 US$ per ha and the No: no average is about 800 additionality Suitability Part 1 (Natural Condition) 35 Does the soil in the land have more than ¾ Result of sampling soil survey Yes x Yes: suitable 30cm in deep? Soils Map of the República Argentina. No □ No: not suitable Scale 1:2500000 (ATLAS) available for U$S 150 and others different Area Soils Maps scale 1:50000in Soil Institute of INTA Castelar. 36 Is the land suitable for plantation species ¾ Precipitation map and temperature Yes x Yes: suitable to be expected? map: Available in Climate & Water No □ No: not suitable Institute of INTA CASTELAR, ¾ Suitable species there is a plan to be prepared by SAGPyA.

37 In case that the investors and ¾ Precipitation map and temperature Yes x Yes: suitable implementers of the proposed or map: Available in Climate & Water No □ No: not suitable considered project consider Eucalyptus Institute of INTA CASTELAR, spp. plantation, is the land affected by ¾ Result of field observation frost? ¾ “Capture of C by forestalls plantations in center west of the province of Buenos Aires” Investigation work in Soils Institute of INTA CASTELAR, Suitability Part 2 (Socio-economic condition) 38 Is the land classified in the category of ¾ Information available in Forestry Yes x Yes: suitable suitability for afforestation determined Direction of SAGPyA No □ No: not suitable by the Forestry Direction? ¾ Available study in SAGPyA Forestry Journal N° 16

93 Source for the judgment Check No. Question Judgment And/or to get answers to questions mark 39 Do landowners of the land have intention ¾ Result of interview to the landowners Yes x Yes: suitable to sell the land? No □ No: not suitable (It depends on the specific cases, but there’s movement in the land Market) 40 In case of difficulty to buy the land ¾ Information by local real estate agents Yes x Yes: suitable and/or investors and implementers of the No □ No: not suitable proposed or considered project do not have intention to buy the land for the implementation of the project, is it possible to rent the land? 41 In case of difficulty to buy the land ¾ There are Rural Societies in some Yes x Yes: suitable and/or investors and implementers of the towns in the west of Buenos Aires. No □ No: not suitable proposed or considered project do not Results of observation fields. have intention to buy the land for the implementation of the project, does some local organization such as CAF (Cooperativas Agrarias Federadas) have intention to carry out A/R CDM by agreement method?

94 CONTACTS LIST: o Institute of Statistics and Census INDEC . National Census in 1988: Aggregated data are available in publications at the National. www.indec.mecon.gov.ar o CONAE: National Commission of Spaces Activities (CONAE, www.conae.gov.ar ) in the Ministry of Foreign Offices. o SAGPyA: State Department of Agriculture, Stockbreeding, Fishing and Food. SAGPyA. o INTA (National Institute of Agricultural Technology) www.inta.gov.ar o Climate & Water Institute of INTA CASTELAR, Research Center of Castelar, www.intacya.org.ar Remotes Sensors Area. Contact: Lic. Mora Gabriela Herrera, [email protected] o Soils Institute of INTA CASTELAR, www.insuelos.org.ar, contact: Ing. Ftal. Ana M. Lupi. [email protected], I.A. Vincent NAKAMA [email protected] and Ing. Agr. Paula Ferreres [email protected] o INTA BORDENAVE (National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Experimental Station of Bordenave www.inta.gov.ar/bordenave/index.htm o Provincia de NEUQUÉN, Ministerio de Producción y Turismo; www.neuquen.gov.ar, [email protected] o CIP Corporación Ínter estadual Pulmarí. Aluminé, Neuquén, [email protected] o CORDECC Development Corporation of Curri Leuvú, Chos Malal, Neuquén. (+542948) 421551 o Provincia de RÍO NEGRO, Ministerio de Producción, www.rionegro.gov.ar/produccion o Provincia de CHUBUT, Ministerio de Minería, Agricultura y Ganadería, www.chubut.gov.ar o BNA. Banco de la Nación Argentina www.bna.com.ar o BAPRO. Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires www.bapro.com.ar o CIVIL CODE (only in spanish) www.redetel.gov.ar/Normativa/Archivos%20de%20Normas/CodigoCivil.htm o Feasibility Studies www.insuelos.org.ar: - Nakama, V, Lupi, A. M, Ferrere, P et all. 2004. “Potential carbon sequestration in forestry plantations of the center west region of the Province of Buenos Aires”. CIRN, INTA CASTELAR (only book, not in webpage) o SAGPyA Forestry Journal N° 16, www.sagpya.mecon.gov.ar/forestacion : Nakama,V.; Alfieri A., Rodríguez Traversa J., et all: “Land’s aptitude for eucalyptus in the Province of Buenos Aires”. (in spanish)

95 o ACA – Automóvil Club Argentino (Argentine Car Club) www.aca.com.ar o CAT. Compañía Argentina de Tierras (Argentine Lands Company). www.cadetierras.com.ar o Forestry Station of 25 de Mayo, www.25virtual.com.ar

96 9. Tool for Selecting A/R CDM Potential Areas : Andean North Patagonia, Argentina.

Source for the judgment No. Question Check mark Judgment And/or to get answers to questions Eligibility Part 1 Was the land forest in end of 1989? ¾ Satellital images LANDSAT. The Yes □ Yes: not resolution is 30 m./pixel. It needs one No x1 eligible mosaic per province. The unit price is No: eligible 330 US$ per mosaic. Available in Climate & Water Institute of INTA CASTELAR, ¾ National Census in 1988: Aggregated data are available in publications at the INDEC. Only Books. This information is not in webpage. 2 Is the land forest at present? ¾ Result of Field observation. Yes □ Yes: not ¾ Satellitaire images LANDSAT 5M. No x2 eligible Scene: 180 x 180 km. Available at the No: eligible CONAE, The resolution is 30m/pixel. The unit price is US$ 165 per image. ¾ Forestry Inventory. Forestry Project of Development. Available at SAGPyA. Partly available at webpage and partly in documents. ¾ National Census in 2002: Aggregated data are available at INDEC. Publications and webpage. Additionality part 3 Does the land likely have any alternative ¾ The main use of the land is the cattle Yes x Yes: there is scenarios other than afforestation? and sheep farming. Information No □ additionality Available at National Census No: no (INDEC) and Statistics Register additionality (SAGPyA). Partly Available at publications and partly at webpage. ¾ Studies made by researchers of INTA Bariloche ¾ Register available at the Ministry of Production of the Provinces of Neuquén, Río Negro and Chubut.

1 Planted nearly 43.000 hectares over 2.500.000 hectares available approximately. 2 At present, almost 65.000 hectares planted. 97 Source for the judgment No. Question Check mark Judgment And/or to get answers to questions 4 In case that expected investors and/or ¾ Counter in Banks: No loans of long Yes □ Yes: No implementers of the proposed or term to buy land are available in banks No x additionality considered project do not have enough in Argentina. And no long term credit No: there is capital for the implementation, is debt for forestry plantations either. The additionality funding is available for the money costs are not compatible with the implementation? rentability of the aforestation and reforestation projects. Information available in BNA and BAPRO. ¾ There’s a government subsidy (Law 25080) for cultivated forest’s plantations that covers a very significant portion of the costs. Nevertheless, its effectiveness is limited by systematic delays in the payments of the engaged resources. In addition, there are legal problems, through lack of a statutory decree, that stops the plantations with CDM destiny from benefiting. Information available at the SAGPyA, (FORESTRY) even in its webpage. 5 In case that expected investors and/or ¾ The users themselves have to find out Yes □ Yes: No implementers of the proposed or the possibility whether or not the No □ additionality considered project do not have enough investors and/or implementer can access No: there is capital for the implementation, can the to them. It sometimes depends on additionality investors and/or implementers access to investors’ and/or implementers’ capital international capital markets due to real condition. or perceived risks associated with domestic or foreign direct in vestment in Argentina? 6 Is there a risk related to changes in ¾ At present there aren’t any risks of that Yes □ Yes:there is government policies or laws to kind. The renegotiation of the national No x additionality implement the proposed or considered foreign debt and the high growth rate of No:no project? the economy give a climate of stability. additionality ¾ There are no unfavorable changes expected regarding the government politics for the forestry sector. SAGPyA 7 Is there lack of enforcement of forest or ¾ No, there aren’t. Yes □ Yes: there is land-use-related legislation to implement No x additionality the proposed or considered project? No: no additionality 8 Is there lack of access to planting ¾ Sometimes depending on the Yes x Yes: there is materials to implement the proposed or plantation scale and the considerate No □ additionality considered project? specie there may be material shortage No: no additionality 9 In case that proposed or considered ¾ There may be not be enough Yes x Yes: there is project includes a new kind technology infrastructure, depending on the No □ additionality in Patagonia (Argentina) in its project geographic sector. Information available No: no component, is there a lack of at the Provinces of NEUQUEN, RIO additionality infrastructure for implementation of the NEGRO Y CHUBUT, and in field technology? observations. 10 Does traditional knowledge, technology ¾ It may be in case of the small Yes x Yes: there is or equipment hamper the implementation producers. No □ additionality of the proposed or considered project? No: no additionality 11 Is the proposed or considered project ¾ Checking in the Forestry Direction of Yes x Yes: there is activity the “first of its kind” (“first of its SAGPyA (State Department of No □ additionality kind” means that no project activities of Agriculture, Stockbreeding, Fishing No: no this type is currently operational in and Food). additionality Argentina)

98 Source for the judgment No. Question Check mark Judgment And/or to get answers to questions 12 Is the proposed or considered project site ¾ In the considered region (North es x Yes: there is under condition of degraded soil (e.g. Patagonia) there are degraded areas No □ additionality water/wind erosion, salination, etc.)? due to excessive shepherding. No: no Information available at Soils Institute additionality of INTA CASTELAR, www.insuelos.org.ar 13 The proposed or considered project site ¾ In the whole considered areas there’s Yes x Yes: there is was and/or will be attacked by forestry and pasture land fire hazard No □ additionality catastrophic natural and/or during the summer, which is warm and No: no human-induced events (e.g. land slides, dry. Information on fires available at additionality fire etc.)? SAGPyA and at the Ministry of Production of the Provinces of NEUQUEN, RIO NEGRO and CHUBUT. 14 Is the proposed or considered project site ¾ There’s drought hazard in summer. Yes x Yes: there is under unfavorable meteorological There’s rain in winter when the low No □ additionality conditions (e.g. early/late frost, drought)? temperatures limit the growth of the No: no trees. Information available at INTA additionality Bariloche (Books, no in webpage) 15 Have pervasive opportunistic species ¾ Information available at INTA Yes □ Yes: there is preventing regeneration of trees (e.g. Bariloche (Books, no in webpage) No x additionality grasses, weeds) broken out in the No: no proposed or considered project site? additionality 16 Have biotic pressure in terms of grazing, ¾ The main factor is the over Yes x Yes: there is fodder collection, etc. broken out in the shepherding. There are (available) No □ additionality proposed or considered project site. studies carried out by INTA Bariloche No: no and Ministry Productions of the additionality Provinces NEUQUEN, RIO NEGRO and CHUBUT. 17 Have demographic pressure on the land ¾ No, it hasn’t. Only in some specific Yes □ Yes:there is (e.g. increased demand on land due to areas in Neuquén CIP, CORDECC No x additionality population growth) broken out in the No:no proposed or considered project site? additionality 18 Have social conflict among interest ¾ Pablo Laclau INTA Bariloche Yes x Yes: there is groups broken out in the region where No □ additionality the proposed or considered project takes No: no place? additionality 19 Have widespread illegal practices (e.g. ¾ In some areas, specially in cases like Yes x Yes: there is illegal grazing, non-timber product shepherding and wood extraction of No □ additionality extraction and tree felling) been done in the native forest. Information in No: no the proposed or considered project site? INTA Bariloche and Forest Direction additionality in the Ministries Productions of the Provinces NEUQUEN, RIO NEGRO and CHUBUT. 20 To implement the proposed or considered ¾ It is usually necessary to train the local Yes □ Yes: No project, are skilled and/or properly workers to perform aforestation and No x additionality trained labor available? deforestation. Result of field No: there is observations additionality 21 To implement the proposed or considered ¾ Sometimes. Result of field Yes x Yes: there is project, is there lack of organization of observations and other information No □ additionality local communities? available in the Production Ministries No: no of the Provinces. additionality 22 Does Communal land ownership with a ¾ Only on the north of Neuquén. Yes x Yes: there is hierarchy of rights for different Information available at Direction of No □ additionality stakeholders limit the incentives to Lands of the province. NEUQUEN No: no undertake the proposed or considered NO available en webpage. additionality project? 23 Is there lack of suitable land tenure ¾ Source: CIVIL CODE Yes □ Yes: there is legislation and regulation to support the No x additionality security of tenure? No: no additionality

99 Source for the judgment No. Question Check mark Judgment And/or to get answers to questions 24 Are there any absences of clearly defined ¾ Source: CIVIL CODE Yes □ Yes: there is and regulated property rights in relation No x additionality to natural resource products and service No:no in the proposed or considered project additionality site? 25 Are there formal and informal tenure ¾ Information in INTA Bariloche and Yes □ Yes: there is systems that increase the risk of Forest Direction in the Ministries No x additionality fragmentation of land holdings in the Productions of the Provinces No: no proposed or considered project site? NEUQUEN, RIO NEGRO and additionality CHUBUT. 26 Are there any barriers relating to ¾ There are Market barriers due to the Yes x Yes: there is markets, transport and storage to fact that they are not close enough to No □ additionality implement the proposed or considered the center of consumption and also No: no project? economic barriers due to the cost of additionality transportation. 27 Do unregulated and informal markets for ¾ Yes □ Yes: there is timber, non-timber products and services No x additionality prevent the transmission of effective No:no information to proposed or considered additionality project participants? 28 Do remoteness of A/R activities and ¾ The long distance to the Yes x Yes: there is undeveloped road and infrastructure consumption centre and the lack of No □ additionality incur large transportation expenditures, infrastructure and local industrial No: no thus eroding the competitiveness and development decrease the rentability of additionality profitability of timber and non-timber the production of forestry products. products from the proposed or considered A/R CDM project activity? Information available at the INTA Bariloche and in the Ministries of Production of NEUQUEN, RIO NEGRO and CHUBUT. (Personal contacts, and documents, NO webpage. 29 Are there possibilities of large price risk ¾ Interviews to qualified informants Yes x Yes: there is due to the fluctuations in the prices of (forestry workers, technicians of the No □ additionality timber and non-timber products over the INTA Bariloche, provincial employees) No: no project period in the absence of efficient additionality markets and insurance mechanisms? 30 Does absence of facilities to convert, ¾ Source: INTA Bariloche Yes x Yes: there is store and add value to production from No □ additionality CDM activities limit the possibilities to No: no capture rents from the land use under the additionality proposed or considered A/R CDM project activities? 31 Is IRR less than 10-12 % without benefit ¾ Result of Feasibility Studies Yes x Yes: there is by CER? (Base of 10-12% of IRR is that No □ additionality the discount rate in Argentina is usually No: no 12%. Source of the data: MECON additionality Ministry of Economy. The following question No. 11, 12 and 13 are indicators for getting answer of question No.10. If users can answer “yes” in questions No. 11, 12 and 13, it seems IRR is lower. 32 The land is further than 700 km distance ¾ Result of survey to measure the Yes x Yes: there is from main ports such as San Antonio distance No □ additionality Oeste and Comodoro Rivadavia. ¾ Road map by which distance can be No: no (Unit transportation cost is different measured: It can be available through additionality depending on distance and road the webpage of ACA condition. In case of average road condition, examples of unit price are as follow: truck around U$S 5 cents/t/km. Railway unit cost is 2 cents/t/km)

100 Source for the judgment No. Question Check mark Judgment And/or to get answers to questions 33 Is road condition between the land and ¾ Result of field observation and ACA Yes x Yes: there is main road bad? information. No □ additionality No: no additionality 34 Is land purchase cost high or medium? ¾ Information by local real estate agents. Yes x Yes:there is (The range of price of land is between CAT is recommended. No □ additionality 400 and 1,500 US$ per ha and the No:no average is about 800 additionality Suitability Part 1 (Natural Condition) 35 Does the soil in the land have more than ¾ Result of sampling soil survey Yes x Yes: suitable 30cm in deep? ¾ Soils Map of the República Argentina. No □ No: not suitable Scale 1:2500000 (ATLAS). Available in Soils Institute INTA Castelar for U$S 150 ¾ Different Area Soils Maps, scale 1:50000 available for consulted in INTA Bariloche and INTA Castelar.

36 Is the land suitable for plantation species ¾ Precipitation map and temperature Yes x Yes: suitable to be expected? map: Available in Climate & Water No □ No: not suitable (In north Patagonia the whether Institute of INTA CASTELAR, conditions are favorable for conifers in ¾ Suitable species there is a plan to be the area before the mountain chain which prepared by SAGPyA. is the considered one. In irrigation zones we can find poplar and willows (Populus sp.). However these plantations probably don’t qualify for CDM.. 37 In case that the investors and ¾ Minimum temperature map Yes x Yes: suitable implementers of the proposed or available en INTA No □ No: not suitable considered project consider Eucalyptus ¾ Result of field observation spp. plantation, is the land affected by frost? (In the patagonia the whether conditions are not suitable for eucalyptus)

Suitability Part 2 (Socio-economic condition) 38 Is the land classified in the category of ¾ Information available in Forestry Yes x Yes: suitable suitability for afforestation determined Direction of SAGPyA No □ No: not suitable by the Forestry Direction? ¾ Afforestation Suitability Map: available in INTA Bariloche, NO in webpage 39 Do landowners of the land have intention ¾ Result of interview to the landowners Yes x Yes: suitable to sell the land? No □ No: not suitable (It depends on the specific cases, but there’s movement in the land Market) 40 In case of difficulty to buy the land ¾ Information by local real estate agents Yes x Yes: suitable and/or investors and implementers of the (CAT) No □ No: not suitable proposed or considered project do not have intention to buy the land for the implementation of the project, is it possible to rent the land? 41 In case of difficulty to buy the land ¾ There are Rural Societies in Río Negro Yes x Yes: suitable and/or investors and implementers of the and Chubut. Local information in No □ No: not suitable proposed or considered project do not Bariloche and San Martín de los have intention to buy the land for the Andes. implementation of the project, does some local organization such as CAF (Cooperativas Agrarias Federadas) have intention to carry out A/R CDM by agreement method?

101 CONTACTS LIST: o Institute of Statistics and Census INDEC . National Census in 1988: Aggregated data are available in publications at the National. www.indec.mecon.gov.ar o CONAE: National Commission of Spaces Activities (CONAE, www.conae.gov.ar ) in the Ministry of Foreign Offices. o SAGPyA: State Department of Agriculture, Stockbreeding, Fishing and Food. SAGPyA. o INTA (National Institute of Agricultural Technology) www.inta.gov.ar o Climate & Water Institute of INTA CASTELAR, Research Center of Castelar, www.intacya.org.ar Remotes Sensors Area. Contact: Lic. Mora Gabriela Herrera, [email protected] o Soils Institute of INTA CASTELAR o INTA BARILOCHE (National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Experimental Station of Bariloche www.inta.gov.ar/bariloche/index.htm Contact researches Tomás Schlichter and Pablo Laclau [email protected] o Provincia de NEUQUÉN, Ministerio de Producción y Turismo; www.neuquen.gov.ar, [email protected] o CIP Corporación Ínter estadual Pulmarí. Aluminé, Neuquén, [email protected] o CORDECC Development Corporation of Curri Leuvú, Chos Malal, Neuquén. (+542948) 421551 o Provincia de RÍO NEGRO, Ministerio de Producción, www.rionegro.gov.ar/produccion o Provincia de CHUBUT, Ministerio de Minería, Agricultura y Ganadería, www.chubut.gov.ar o BNA. Banco de la Nación Argentina www.bna.com.ar o BAPRO. Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires www.bapro.com.ar o CIVIL CODE (only in spanish) www.redetel.gov.ar/Normativa/Archivos%20de%20Normas/CodigoCivil.htm o Feasibility Studies [email protected]

- Laclau P., L.M. Pozo, G. Huerta, E. Andenmatten y F. Letourneau. 2002. Forestry Profitability with Pines ponderosa in the northwest of the Patagonia.

- Laclau P. 2003. Biomass and carbon sequestration of ponderosa pine plantations and native cypress forests in Northwest Patagonia

102 - Laclau P., Pozo L.M., Huerta G., Mazzuchelli M., Andenmatten E. y F. Letourneau 2002. Análisis de Rentabilidad de Plantaciones con Pino ponderosa en Neuquén, Río Negro y Chubut. Planilla de cálculo y flujo de información. Comunicación Técnica Nº4, Economía y Sociol.Rural, INTA EEA Bariloche.

- Schlichter T., Laclau P., Dalla Salda G., Fernandez M.E., Raffaele E., y J. Gyenge 1999. Viabilidad ecológica y económica de la forestación con coníferas en sistemas silvopastoriles. Informe final, 1ª. Etapa. Programa Nac. Forestal (INTA) / PFD (SAGPyA, PIA 26/96).

- Laclau P., Pozo L.M., Huerta G., Mazuchelli M., Andenmatten E., y F. Letourneau 1999. Rentabilidad de la forestación con coníferas en Patagonia. Informe final. Programa Nac. Forestal (INTA) / PFD (SAGPyA, PIA 25/96)/ Dir.Gral. Bosques de Neuquén

- Laclau P. 2002.Financing evaluation of the forestry management of mountain cypress (Austrocedrus chilensis) Fund.Vida Silvestre Argentina/ Fund.Turner, Bariloche, abril 2002. o ACA – Automóvil Club Argentino (Argentine Car Club) www.aca.com.ar o CAT. Compañía Argentina de Tierras (Argentine Lands Company). www.cadetierras.com.ar

103 10. Other links to related information y Address of the DNA (designated national authority)： Oficina Argentina del Mecanismo para un Desarollo Limpio Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable San Martín 451, Piso 1, oficina 130, C1004AAI, Buenos Aires, Argentina Ms. Eugenia Magnasco ( [email protected] )

Phone: (54-11) 4348-8330 y Website of the DNA (designated national authority)： http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/ y Website of the Direccion de Cambio Climatico ： http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/?idseccion=29 y Website of the Direccion de Bosque Nativo： http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/?idseccion=2 y Website of the NGO in Santiago del Estero： http://cc.msnscache.com/cache.aspx?q=72935083218024&mkt=ja-JP&lang=ja-JP&w=420 78f55&FORM=CVRE3 y Website of the FAO FRA2010 http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/pdf/fra/2010/South-America/Argentina-2010-009.doc y Website of the FAO Forestry databases http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/databases/en/

References: y Chidiak M. et. Al., (2003) ：Captura de carbono y desarrollo forestall sustentable en la Patagonia, Argentina y Gasparri I and Manghi E. (2004) ：Volmen, biosa y contenido de carbono de las regions forestales Argentinas y Proyecto forestall de desarrollo (2001) ：Argentina invenario national de plantaciones forestales y Direccion de Bosques (2004) ：Atlas de los bosques natives Argentinos y Secretaria de Agricultura, Ganaderia, Pesca y Alimentacion (2001) ：Argentina investment opportunities in plantation forests

104 URUGUAY

1. Procedure and results of mapping

The national land area of Uruguay, with an area of about 18,000,000 ha, is not very large. The promoted sites for forestation, which are spread almost evenly over an area of about 3,500,000 ha in total, have been identified on a non-selective basis throughout the country without prioritizing specific departments for promoting CDM projects. Accordingly, it is considered that the land areas potentially suitable for the CDM need to be selected from this total area of about 3,500,000 ha.

It has been determined that potential sites for A/R CDM projects should be selected according to the following procedures. As mentioned above, this selection will target the whole of the national land area.

(1) Non-forest areas as of the end of 1989 were selected by digitally analyzing the Landsat satellite data as of around 1990, which was purchased from GeoCover. The NDVI was used to distinguish forests from non-forest areas.

(2) Then, in order to select the potential regions for CDM sites, the promoted sites for forestation from the map of forestation-promotion (See 1 below) were selected under the categories of potential A/R CDM sites. In addition, an area of about 400,000 ha graded as in a state of “serious erosion” in the soil erosion grading map, which depicts the state of soil erosion divided into five grades from “No Erosion” (Sin Erosion) to “Serious Erosion” (Severa), were added to the potential A/R CDM areas.

(3) The existing plantations and natural forests from the forest distribution map, in other words, the non-forest areas on the forest distribution map were selected.

(4) The non-forest areas extracted in (1), the promoted sites for forestation or seriously eroded sites extracted in (2), and non-forest sites extracted in (3) were overlaid, and those areas where they completely overlapped were selected as the final potential A/R CDM areas (Fig. 1.1). In Fig. 1.1, the green colored areas indicate the potential sites selected from the promoted sites for forestation, and the red areas indicates the potential areas selected from the seriously eroded areas.

105

Figure 1.1 Potential A/R CDM areas in Uruguay

The area of potential A/R CDM sites (shown in Fig. 1.1) by department and by category, including the seriously eroded areas and sites promoted as protected areas for forestation, are shown in the Table 1.1 According to this table, the area of potential project sites from within the seriously eroded areas totals 399,000 ha, and 2,397,000 ha is taken from the sites

106 promoted for forestation, which makes a total area of 2,797,000 ha. By department, the seriously eroded areas are concentrated in the south and the northwest of Uruguay. Areas greater than 60,000 ha are distributed in the departments of San Jose, Montevideo, Canelones, and Florida in decreasing order of the area accounted for by this category. As for the sites promoted for forestation, the department with the largest collective area is Durazno with 248,000 ha, and Lavalleja, Tacuarembo, Paysandu, and Rio Negro follow with areas greater than 190,000 ha in decreasing order of the total area accounted for by this category. The areas that are both sites promoted for forestation and seriously eroded areas at the same time are counted as areas promoted for forestation.

Table 1.1. Potential area of A/R CDM sites by the department and category

(ha) Seriously eroded Forestation-promotion Departments Total area area SALTO 8,596 106,934 115,530 ARTIGAS 0 11,678 11,678 PAYSANDU 11,786 193,117 204,903 RIO NEGRO 1,691 192,513 194,204 SORIANO 0 89,242 89,242 COLONIA 25,028 90,461 115,489 RIVERA 0 138,164 138,164 TACUAREMBO 0 194,831 194,831 DURAZNO 0 248,017 248,017 FLORES 0 63,458 63,458 SAN JOSE 67,117 114,415 181,532 CERRO LARGO 0 155,922 155,922 TREINTA TRES 0 89,977 89,977 FLORIDA 66,923 167,425 234,348 LAVALLEJA 42,077 199,650 241,727 ROCHA 0 134,529 134,529 CANELONES 66,932 55,989 122,921 MALDONADO 42,077 95,153 137,230 MONTEVIDEO 66,937 55,988 122,925 Total 399,164 2,397,462 2,796,626

Map of the sites for the promotion of forestation

A map of the sites for the promotion of forestation is a map of those sites that have been selected on the basis of the land use maps and the land information maps prepared according to the geological, topographical and soil conditions. These sites, which occupy an area of about 3,500,000 ha in total, mostly consist of pasture (See Fig. 1.2).

In the 1940s, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Production and Fisheries conducted a soil

107 survey on a nationwide scale for the purpose of improving land productivity through the multiple utilization of land for stock raising, agriculture, forestry and orchards. The nation’s soils were divided into 22 soil zones, which were subdivided into 188 categories. Land productivity indices (as against the national average of 100) were then determined for every soil category based on their productivity for wool, mutton and beef yields. With regard to forestation, areas that have soil suitable for forestation are designated as forestation-promotion districts. These account for an area of 3,574,567 ha in total (about 20% of the national land area). The area of soil zones designated as forestation-promotion districts is shown by department in Table 1.2. The forestation-promotion districts are concentrated in Zones 2, 7, 8 and 9.

Table 1.2 Area of suitable sites for forestation by department and soil zone

Total Area Area of the Zone 2 Zone 7 Zone 8 Zone 9 Others Department A/B Departments (ha)A ％ (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (thousand (%) Regions ha) B Maldonado 143,198 0 8 0 8,960 152,166 4 479.3 32 Rocha 98,467 41 0 0 48,657 147,165 4 1,055.1 14 Lavalleja 354,430 6 0 9,658 10,363 374,457 10 1,001.6 37 Florida 107,137 46 0 2,240 15,897 125,320 4 1,041.7 12

Eastern Treinta y tres 275,056 0 0 0 8,320 283,376 8 952.9 30 Cerro Largo 302,398 12,226 136,224 0 6,318 457,166 13 1,364.8 33 Subtotal 1,280,686 12,319 136,23211,898 98,515 1,539,650 43 5,895.4 26 Montevideo 0 0 0 0 433 433 0 53.0 1 Canelones 0 0 0 11,002 16,535 27,537 1 453.6 6 San Jose 0 0 0 14 24,248 24,262 1 499.2 5

Central Flores 73 0 0 33,737 3,666 37,476 1 614.4 6 Durazno 47,123 0 196,12781,175 8,922 333,347 9 1,164.3 29 Subtotal 47,196 0 196,127125,928 53,804 423,055 12 2,784.5 15 Tacuarembo 1,506 246,066 120,514 413 14,189 382,688 11 1,543.8 25

Rivera 111,827 205,378 60,487 0 3,894 381,586 11 937.0 41

Northern Subtotal 113,333 451,444 181,001 413 18,083 764,274 22 2,480.8 31 Colonia 0 3 5 4,396 25,696 30,100 1 610.6 5 Soliano 0 0 0 127,642 4,090 131,732 4 900.8 15 Rio Negro 0 0 0 210,145 59,847 269,992 8 928.2 29 Paysandu 0 0 0 341,633 12,443 354,076 10 1,392.2 25

Southern Salto 0 66 00 40,270 40,336 1 1,416.3 3 Artigas 0 13,166 0 0 8,186 21,352 1 1,192.8 2 Subtotal 0 13,235 5683,816 150,532 847,588 25 6,440.9 13 Total 1,441,215 476,998 513,365 822,055 320,934 3,574,567 100 17,601.6 20 Proportion 40 13 14 23 9 100

In the second soil zone, three of the nine categories were designated as forestation-promotion

108 districts. These account for about 40% of the total area of all such districts. The land with this type of soil has an inclination of up to 20% and consists of igneous and metamorphic rocks. The level of soil nutrients is not high. This type of land is currently used to graze cattle and is mostly similar to a prairie with low productivity. The existing plantations are concentrated mainly in the Lavalleja Department, as well as the Florida and Mardonado Departments. The dominant species in these plantations are Eucalyptus globulus and E. grandis, which have been chosen in order to produce pulpwood.

In the seventh soil zone, all seven categories are designated as forestation-promoted districts, which are concentrated in the northern departments of Rivera and Tacuarembo. The land of this type, which has an inclination of 0 to 10% and is composed of sandstone, has the thickest soil layer with the highest level of soil nutrients in the country. However, the productivity of the land is low due to its use for extensive grazing. In the summer, it becomes similar to a prairie. In the two departments mentioned above, forestry has been promoted for many years, and artificial forests account for a large proportion of the forested area. These are characterized by an overwhelmingly large number of E. grandis plantations in Rivera, where there are also many Pinus plantations compared to other departments, and the proportional area covered by these plantations is the highest among all the departments. In Tacuarembo, the area covered by E. globulus plantations is greater than that for E. grandis, while Pinus plantations account for the second largest area of plantation forests in the country.

109 Legend SecondSecond soilsoil zone

Fifth第５土壌地域 soil zone

Seventh第７土壌地域 soil zone

Eighth第８土壌地域 soil zone

Ninth第９土壌地域 soil zone

Otherその他土壌地域 soil zones

Figure 1.2 Forestation-promoted districts of Uruguay

In the eighth soil zone, all 17 categories are designated as forestation-promotion districts and occupy a slightly larger area than that of the seventh soil zone. The land has an inclination of up to 10% and consists of sandstone or psammitic sediments. The soil layer is not very thick but is rich in nutrients. The condition of the land, which is similar to that of a prairie in the summer, is a factor in limiting livestock productivity.

In the ninth soil zone, all ten categories are designated as forestation-promotion districts; however, they are scattered along the eastern bank of the Uruguay River, and the existing artificial forests are concentrated in the western departments of Paysandu and Rio Negro. The land has an inclination of up to 10% and consists of highly variable soils due to its geological origins. Although the soil is deep and sufficiently nutrient rich for the root system of forest trees to grow well, the topsoil is shallow and hard compared with the northern and central parts of the country.

110 2. Basic Information (URUGUAY)

1 Forest definition

Uruguay has not yet determined them but are now considering a crown rate of 20%, a minimum height of 2 m and a minimum area of 1 ha as base values.

2 Sustainable development

N/A

3 Feasibility Study

Since there are no indigenous communities in this country, there are no social factors to be considered in particular. It is also easy to purchase land. In the case of a lease, the lease rights are guaranteed for 30 years.

4 Small scale A/R CDM

The government has defined low-income groups as those earning an income of less than US$3,000 a year.

(Answer in Second year) The new administration gives the highest priority to policies that discourage the poor from moving to the cities (slums). Accordingly, DNA (Environment Section) is now considering a specific policy to improve the incomes of the poor for this purpose. It is assumed that this policy will give some ideas about the definition of the poor in relation to small-scale CDM projects.

111 Their policy for eradicating poverty is consistent with small-scale CDM projects. The Ministry of Agriculture, Stock Raising and Fisheries is deeply committed to this new policy, which is expected to create favorable conditions for small-scale CDM projects.

The person in charge of A/R CDM negotiations considers that small-scale CDM projects are not practical in view of the transaction costs. Of course, it is conceivable that a few projects may be proposed. As for the definition of poverty, the Fig. of US$4,000 per household/year is indicated in the regional development program.

5 Environmental and Socio-economical impact assessment

Regarding the impacts, what is important and/or judgment points that your country consider as a project that has significant impacts on environmental and/or socio-economical conditions?

In addition, does your country has procedure and/or standards for the assessment? If yes, please describe the procedure and/or standards.

Environmental and socioeconomic impact assessment will be carried out if required as judged from the existing criteria.

6 Distribution of lCER or tCER (Certified Emission Reduction) credit

If your country already has ideas on distribution of CER between your country and Annex 1 countries after getting CER through the A/R CDM projects, could you describe the ideas?

There are no special government criteria for this matter, which will be determined through the Conference of Parties.

7 Restriction of afforestation projects

There are no special restrictions on foreign capital.

8 Suitable site

The mission would like to know idea about the sites where your country considers implementing an A/R CDM project. If possible, could you explain concrete name (administrative name) of the areas?

The forestation promotion districts designated by the government (under the jurisdiction of CONEAT) are also the targets for the A/R CDM. As these areas are scattered throughout the country, specific departments are not designated as target areas.

112 9 Feasibility of environmental forestation CDM projects

DNA considers that CDM projects are required to prove their sustainability, for which DNA gives consideration as to their environmental impact from a broader perspective. They have no ideas about any specific form of environmental forestation.

The person in charge of A/R CDM negotiations suggested several types of CDM projects for environmental forestation that would be feasible. One type consists of reforestation projects to restore the vegetation of mining sites. It is also feasible to create forests for water conservation around artificial lakes. However, if this is already obligatory under the legal system, it will be considered as business as usual and therefore not recognized as a CDM project. (The legal situation should be confirmed.)

Despite the fact that it is not purely

3. State of Baselines

(1) Grazing land in Uruguay

Some 80 % of Uruguay’s land (about 14 million hectares) is grazing land, where extensive grazing of natural grass is conducted. In some grazing land with high productivity (mainly located in western, southwestern and southern areas), intensive grazing using improved grass is conducted.

Such grazing lands were widely covered with forests in past days; however, the forests have been eliminated due to long-lasting cutting by settlers. The land which becomes grazing land is not easily recovered as forests even if the land is left to take its own course. One of the reasons for this is that conditions are good for forming a grassland, such as the climate in which there is not so much precipitation (the average annual precipitation is 1,000 mm) , while a situation in which the amount of evapotranspiration and precipitation are almost the same lasts for several months. This kind of climate creates the conditions conducive to the forming of grassland. For example, the climate prevents rain from penetrating into the deeper part of soil. As a result, only surface soil holds adequate humidity. Another reason is that the conditions where grazing land is burned intentionally every year, and old grass is replaced by new grass are maintained in many cases. From the above, we can consider that there is a high possibility that the existing grazing lands will be maintained in the same conditions. Therefore, the present state can be considered the baseline.The species of grasses that grow there are Eryngeon, Bachris, Cenecio, Paspalum qusdrifarium, P. notatum and Axonopus.

Meanwhile, the area of farmland is about 1.5 million hectares, and common wheat, rice, soybean and corn are cultivated there.

(2) Natural forests in Uruguay

Uruguay’s natural forests can be classified into the following five types according to area and forest types.

113 (i) Hill forests (ii) Valley forests

These types of forests are located from the Haedo hills (extending from Tacuarembo Department in the northern area to Rivera Department) to the Grande hills (extending north and south from Treinta y Tres Department to Rocha Department). The main tree species are Scutia buxifolia (Collonilla) and Schinus lentiscifolius (Caroba). These forests are rather small because the forest units have traditionally been utilized for firewood or burned for utilizing as pastures.

(iii) Riverside forests

This type of forest is located in a band, along the Uruguay River, Rio Negro River and its tributaries and small or medium-sized rivers. The main composition of tree species is medium and low trees such as willow and acacia.

(iv) Flatland forests

This type of forest is located next to riverside forests in the eastern area of Uruguay. However, it remains narrow because most of them have been developed for grazing or farm land. The main tree species are low trees such as Prosopis nigra (Nandubay), Schinus longifolius (Molle), Celtis spinosa (Tara), Acacia and caven (Aromo).

(v) Palm forests

This type of forest is located only in the Atlantic coastal areas in the western part of Uruguay, the area from Rocha to Castillos, and along the northern Uruguay River.

These natural forests are inhabited by mammals such as armadillo, wildcat, fox, raccoon dog, deer and capybara, as well as avian species such as nandu, eagle, parrot and parakeet. Basically, cutting is forbidden from the perspective of environment and natural resources protection.

4. Data concerning biomass

The Research Institute for Agriculture (INIA: Instituto Nacional de Investigacion Agropecuaria) has studied the yield of grassland in pastures, which is considered to be convertible into the amount of ground biomass in grasslands.

The yield of grassland is 1.5 to 3.4 t/ha/year in dry weight, 6 to 7 t/ha/year in the case of plants of the Leguminosae, and 10 to 12 t/ha/year in the case of fertilization at a frequency of three or four times a year.

The method of measuring the output is as follows. Every site is divided into four plots; the first cutting of grass is conducted on the day of division in Plot 1, 10 days after division in Plot 2, 20 days after in Plot 3 and 30 days after in Plot 4, and then the dry weight of the grass is measured. After this, grass cutting and measurement are repeated in cycles of 40 days for one year and the annual yield of the grassland is finally measured.

The distribution of grass species includes Eryngeon, Bachris, Cenecio, Paspalum

114 quadrifarium, P. notatum and Axonopus.

5. Explanation of Additionality

In Uruguay, Pinus taeda and Eucalyptus grandis trees have been planted since 1988 and an area of about 700,000 ha was forested over fifteen years.

The number of forestation projects reached a peak in 1997, since which the annual area of forestation has rapidly declined (see Fig. 5.1). This decline is attributable to the following circumstances. In Uruguay, forestation projects used to receive a government subsidy equivalent to 50% of the costs (the government determined the standard amount). However, the government began to apply stringent measures to the budget at the end of the 1990s, since which the implementation of projects has been delayed and application of the standard amounts has been curtailed. As a result, business entities have postponed their projects. The stringency of the budget regarding government revenues and expenditures is a result of the economic crisis in Argentina, which accounts for a large share of international trade with Uruguay. The forestation subsidy has fallen by 25% every year since 2004 and will be totally abolished in 2007.

Figure 5.1 Trends in the area of plantations in Uruguay

90000 80000 70000 60000 Eucalipt. 50000 Pines 40000 Total 30000 20000 10000 0

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Even if forestation entities wait, this situation regarding subsidies is unlikely to change for the better. However, this fact is conversely expected to demonstrate additionality in the implementation of A/R CDM projects. Uruguay has made the argument that it is getting to the time when the “business as usual” division no longer applies to the implementation of general forestation projects.

The following are the particular points of concern for Uruguay. According to Eucalyptus plantation entities, in the case of woodchip production, the implementation of A/R projects will be difficult due the increase in log transportation costs if the logging site is 150 km or more from a major port. Conversely, this means that forestation projects that mainly produce woodchips could be categorized as “business as usual” within a distance of 150 km from a large port, and that A/R CDM projects involving woodchip production within this zone

115 would have the lowest potential from the point of view of additionality. In this respect, areas where it is difficult to establish forestation projects in terms of economic profitability should be selected as potential areas for the CDM in order to demonstrate additionality. More specifically, this refers to sites that are more than 150 km away from Montevideo or Fray Bentos, both of which have ports large enough for woodchip carrier vessels to anchor. As 150 km is a representative distance, a map that specifies the area within a radius of 130 km from Montevideo or Fray Bentos has been created for reference by the users of cartographic data (Fig. 5.2).

Figure 5.2 Area within a radius of 130 km from a large port

6. Information on Afforestation

Concerning the growth of tree plantation, according to the estimate from the forestry bureau, eucalypti (Eucalyptus grandis, E.saligna, E.globulus)for pulpwood are 35 m3/ha/year (10-year term cutting). Pine trees (Pinus eliotti, P. t a e d a)for saw log are 25 m3/ha/year (20-year term cutting). By area, the forestry bureau estimates as follows:

3 y Western area Eucalyptus spp. 28 m /ha/year Pinus spp. 20 m3/ha/year 3 y Northern and central areas Eucalyptus spp. 30 m /ha/year

116 Pinus spp. 23 m3/ha/ year 3 y Eastern area Eucalyptus spp. 27 m /ha/year Pinus spp. 16 m3/ha/year

The table below shows the growth of Eucalyptus grandis by area studied by consultants of Uruguay.

MAI Site Species (m3/ha/year) NE Canelones Eucalyptus grandis 22 Eucalyptus globulus 12 Lavalleja Eucalyptus grandis 20 Eucalyptus globulus 16 San José-Colonia Eucalyptus grandis 25 Eucalyptus globulus 15

The Uruguayan method of forestation will be described below, mainly according to the field survey conducted through interviews in the eastern department of Treinta y tres.

(1) Outline of suitable sites for forestation according to species

Eucalyptus globulus is not adaptable to the northern part of Uruguay, where the temperatures are too high, and planting is highly concentrated in the southeastern departments of Maldonado, Rocha, Lavalleja and Treinta y tres. The MAI (mean annual increment) is reported to be about 18 to 20 m3. Eucalyptus grandis has been planted throughout the country and is especially adaptable to the deep sandy soils distributed in the northern region. The MAI is 32 m3 on average and a maximum of 40 m3 has been recorded. The MAI of Pinus teada is about 30 m3 on average.

(2) Forestation plans

Forestation projects are required to submit a forestation plan and a report on its implementation under the national legal provisions (the Forest Law). The submission of an amended plan is required only when the area of the plantation is increased from the planned area. As for any other changes, it is stipulated that the changes shall be confirmed in the report on the implementation.

(3) Example of planting practices

An example of the planting of Eucalyptus spp. is described below.

The trees are planted at intervals of 3 m x 3 m (1,156 trees/ha) on the basis of two harvests at one or three decades. Good trees will be conserved at a rate of 100 to 150 trees per hectare in the first harvesting, at 10 years after planting. The cutting period for these conserved trees will be 30 years after this. They will regenerate through sprouting and grow to develop one or two standing branch trees every three years. For the second harvesting, after a lapse of two decades, the trees to be cut will be all the

117 standing trees regenerated from sprouting after the first harvesting. At the third harvesting (after a lapse of three decades), all potentially suitable trees will be cut. They will be replaced not by sprouting, but by new planting of seedlings. Timber produced during the first decade will be used for making paper pulp, but the timber produced after three decades will be used for plywood production.

(4) Costs and the balance of income and expenditures

In the case of Eucalyptus spp. planted at intervals of 3 m × 3 m (1,156 trees/ha), the forestation costs are approximately as follows.

Planting cost in the first year: US$400 to 600/ha Tending costs: US$30/ha

The plantation is open to cattle grazing. A fee of US$30/ha is collected from livestock producers to graze cattle, and the tending costs are eventually offset against this fee. In real terms, a plantation should incur no cost. Alternatively, it is possible to entrust livestock producers with all the tending work instead of collecting a fee from each of them. This will enable the producers to avoid the cost of weeding due to grazing by the cattle in the plantation.

Cutting Costs: US$7/m3

Yarding Costs: Transportation costs vary according to the distance and road conditions. Under ordinary road conditions, the unit price for transportation is approximately 5 cents/km/t. However, the unit price tends to decrease in inverse proportion to the distance from the port: e.g. 6 cents/km/t for a distance of up to about 100 km and 4.7 cents/km/t for up to about 300 km. The bulk density of Eucalyptus species is very high at 1 m3/t.

Land Costs: When land is needed for planting trees, the following two means are conceivable. Purchase: US$600 up to 1,000/ha Lease: Land leasing, called “association,” which is similar to profit-sharing forestation in Japan, whereby the profits are distributed among the stakeholders at harvest time. Rent is seldom paid.

Profits from the above-mentioned forestation projects are thought to be about US$3,000/ha, without taking into account the cost of securing the land.

118 7. Socio economic information

(1) NE Canelones

Number of productive units and area used, according to size of the productive unit Number of productive units and area used, according to size of the productive unit Site 1 NE Canelones Size of productive unit (ha) Productive Unit Area Number Percentage Hectares % TOTAL 3,061 100.0 113,446 100.0 1 to 4 446 14.6 1,258 1.1 5 to 9 546 17.8 3,799 3.3 10 to 19 804 26.3 11,102 9.8 20 to 49 795 26.0 24,293 21.4 50 to 99 282 9.2 18,989 16.7 100 to 199 114 3.7 15,562 13.7 200 to 499 56 1.8 16,895 14.9 500 to 999 10 0.3 6,614 5.8 1000 to 2499 7 0.2 11,847 10.4 2500 to 4999 1 0.0 3,087 2.7 5000 to 9999 0 0.0 0 0.0 10000 and more 0 0.0 0 0.0

Land Use Land Use Site 1 NE Canelones Land Use Area Hectares (%) TOTAL 113,446 100.0 Natural forest 591 0.5 Planted forest 8,155 7.2 Citriculture 122 0.1 Other fruticulture 297 0.3 Grape 225 0.2 Horticulture 2,383 2.1 Cereals 3,115 2.7 Forage 5,710 5.0 Nude soil 1,311 1.2 Stubble 2,857 2.5 Artificial prairies 17,065 15.0 Improvement natural pasture 1,266 1.1 Fertilized natural pasture 1,779 1.6 Natural pasture 66,956 59.0

119 Number of productive units with cows

Number of productive units with cows Site 1 NE Canelones Ranges of Area Number of productive units Area (ha) Number of cows Total Average Number % by productive unit by ha TOTAL 2,882 111,459 87,043 100.0 30 0.78 < 20 2,014 27,954 16,168 18.6% 8 0.58 20 - 100 713 35,312 30,372 34.9% 43 0.86 101 - 200 95 14,156 13,048 15.0% 137 0.92 201 - 500 44 14,176 13,852 15.9% 315 0.98 501 - 1000 13 16,174 9,195 10.6% 707 0.57 1001 a 2000 3 3,687 4,408 5.1% 1,469 1.20 >2000 0 0 0 0.0% 0 0.00

Number of productive units with planted forest

Number of productive units with planted forest Site 1 NE Canelones T o t a l More than 10 ha Species Number of units *Area (ha) Number of units * Area (ha) Total Average Total Average TOTAL 735 8,152 11 63 6,983 111 Eucaliptus grandis 21 1,141 54 19 1,121 59 Other Eucalyptus 707 6,639 9 57 5,551 97 Pinus 12 176 15 5 163 33 Salix 18 22 1 4 7 2 Populus 28 120 4 12 104 9 Others 12 54 5 3 37 12 * the units that have more than one planted species are counted only one time to effects of the total.

People's that reside in agricultural units per sex, number according to age groups

People's that reside in agricultural units per sex, number according to age groups Site 1 NE Canelones Number of People Age group (years) Total Male Female (N°) (%) (N°) (%) TOTAL 9,024 4,770 52.9 4,254 47.1 < 14 1,588 796 50.1 792 49.9 14 - 64 5,960 3,206 53.8 2,754 46.2 >65 1,476 768 52.0 708 48.0

120 (2) Lavalleja

Number of productive units and area used, according to size of the productive unit

Number of productive units and area used, according to size of the productive unit Site 2 Lavalleja Size of productive unit (ha) Productive Unit Area Number Percentage Hectares % TOTAL 517 100.0 189,924 100.0 1 to 4 21 4.1 42 0.0 5 to 9 12 2.3 82 0.0 10 to 19 26 5.0 385 0.2 20 to 49 52 10.1 1,752 0.9 50 to 99 77 14.9 5,699 3.0 100 to 199 112 21.7 16,182 8.5 200 to 499 104 20.1 34,151 18.0 500 to 999 64 12.4 44,638 23.5 1000 to 2499 41 7.9 57,568 30.3 2500 to 4999 6 1.2 17,725 9.3 5000 to 9999 2 0.4 11,700 6.2 10000 and more 0 0.0 0 0.0

Land Use

Land Use Site 2 Lavalleja Land Use Area Hectares (%) TOTAL 189,924 100.0 Natural forest 10,212 5.4 Planted forestl 20,131 10.6 Citriculture 0 0.0 Other fruticulture 0 0.0 Grape 0 0.0 Horticulture 2 0.0 Cereals 12 0.0 Forage 427 0.2 Nude soil 3,281 1.7 Stubble 34 0.0 Artificial prairies 4,518 2.4 Improvement natural pasture 9,070 4.8 Fertilized natural pasture 431 0.2 Natural pasture 140,682 74.1

121 Number of productive units with cows

Number of productive units with cows Site 2 Lavalleja Ranges of Area Number of productive units Area (ha) Number of cows Total Average Number % by productive unit by ha TOTAL 467 182,729 117,783 100.0 252 0.64 < 20 71 3,624 689 0.6 10 0.19 20 - 100 155 18,976 8,699 7.4 56 0.46 101 - 200 79 24,928 11,213 9.5 142 0.45 201 - 500 95 45,765 29,502 25.0 311 0.64 501 - 1000 45 44,887 31,222 26.5 694 0.70 1001 a 2000 18 30,104 24,563 20.9 1,365 0.82 >2000 4 14,445 11,895 10.1 2,974 0.82

Number of productive units with planted forest

Number of productive units with planted forest Site 2 Lavalleja T o t a l More than 10 ha Species Number of units *Area (ha) Number of units * Area (ha) Total Average Total Average TOTAL 110 20,131 183 47 19,936 424 Eucaliptus grandis 1 250 250 1 250 250 Other Eucalyptus 108 19,763 183 47 19,571 416 Pinus 3 116 39 2 115 58 Salix 00000 0 Populus 0 0 0 0 0 0 Others 1 2 2 0 0 0 * the units that have more than one planted species are counted only one time to effects of the total.

People's that reside in agricultural units per sex, number according to age groups

People's that reside in agricultural units per sex, number according to age groups Site 2 Lavalleja Number of People Age group (years) Total Male Female (N°) (%) (N°) (%) TOTAL 1,022 631 61.7 391 38.3 < 14 186 96 51.6 90 48.4 14 - 64 706 460 65.2 246 34.8 >65 130 75 57.7 55 42.3

122 (3) San José-Colonia

Number of productive units and area used, according to size of the productive unit

Number of productive units and area used, according to size of the productive unit Site 3 San José-Colonia Size of productive unit (ha) Productive Unit Area Number Percentage Hectares % TOTAL 1,582 100.0 206,953 100.0 1 to 4 98 6.2 229 0.1 5 to 9 160 10.1 1,050 0.5 10 to 19 187 11.8 2,683 1.3 20 to 49 367 23.2 12,162 5.9 50 to 99 319 20.2 23,128 11.2 100 to 199 219 13.8 30,242 14.6 200 to 499 134 8.5 42,114 20.3 500 to 999 68 4.3 47,469 22.9 1000 to 2499 28 1.8 42,250 20.4 2500 to 4999 2 0.1 5,626 2.7 5000 to 9999 0 0.0 0 0.0 10000 and more 0 0.0 0 0.0

Land Use

Land Use Site 3 San José-Colonia Land Use Area Hectares (%) TOTAL 206,953 100.0 Natural forest 6,065 2.9 Planted forestl 3,310 1.6 Citriculture 3 0.0 Other fruticulture 36 0.0 Grape 225 0.1 Horticulture 315 0.2 Cereals 5,968 2.9 Forage 15,965 7.7 Nude soil 5,173 2.5 Stubble 4,347 2.1 Artificial prairies 39,583 19.1 Improvement natural pasture 6,002 2.9 Fertilized natural pasture 6,524 3.2 Natural pasture 109,406 52.9

123 Number of productive units with cows

Number of productive units with cows Site 3 San José-Colonia Ranges of Area Number of productive units Area (ha) Number of cows Total Average Number % by productive unit by ha TOTAL 1,456 202,660 168,807 100.0 116 0.83 < 20 463 8,487 4,049 2.4 9 0.48 20 - 100 624 40,797 31,740 18.8 51 0.78 101 - 200 178 32,192 24,873 14.7 140 0.77 201 - 500 116 44,565 36,850 21.8 318 0.83 501 - 1000 49 37,424 33,836 20.0 691 0.90 1001 a 2000 23 33,650 30,077 17.8 1,308 0.89 >2000 3 5,545 7,382 4.4 2,461 1.33

Number of productive units with planted forest

Number of productive units with planted forest Site 3 San José-Colonia T o t a l More than 10 ha Species Number of units *Area (ha) Number of units * Area (ha) Total Average Total Average TOTAL 451 3,310 7 48 2,402 50 Eucaliptus grandis 19 506 27 18 504 28 Other Eucalyptus 428 2,487 6 38 1,627 43 Pinus 3 12 4 1 8 8 Salix 973835619 Populus 15 193 13 8 186 23 Others 10 39 4 2 21 11 * the units that have more than one planted species are counted only one time to effects of the total.

People's that reside in agricultural units per sex, number according to age groups

People's that reside in agricultural units per sex, number according to age groups Site 3 San José-Colonia Number of People Age group (years) Total Male Female (N°) (%) (N°) (%) TOTAL 5,333 3,074 57.6 2,259 42.4 < 14 1,097 622 56.7 475 43.3 14 - 64 3,576 2,076 58.1 1,500 41.9 >65 660 376 57.0 284 43.0

124 8. Information on A/R CDM projects

(1) CARBOSUR’s IBIRA Project

A private company called CARBOSUR made an application to the World Bank’s Biocarbon Fund for a project (Intensification of Livestock Production Combined with Afforestation, usually referred to as IBIRA). An outline of this project is as follows.

1) Details of the project

This is a project to combine afforestation and livestock production on land currently used for extensive cattle grazing. The purpose of the project is to reduce the emissions of methane (CH4) and nitrogen oxides (N2O) through intensive stock raising and an increase in sinks through afforestation. The land for grazing will be limited to a small area under Intensive livestock production based on an increase and quality improvements in forage. The land released from grazing will be forested.

Under the project, an area of 19,000 ha that is currently being used for extensive livestock farming will be converted as follows:

¾ Afforest an area of 10,000 ha with Eucalyptus ¾ Protect an area of 2,140 ha (mainly along the river) to provide for natural regeneration ¾ Produce livestock on the improved grassland occupying an area of 4,100 ha ¾ Continue livestock production on the natural grassland covering an area of 2,730 ha

Project duration is that i) livestock component is one crediting period of 10 years, ii) forestry component is one crediting period of 30 years.

Credits are assumed as follows: ¾ Reduction of CH4 emissions by cattle - 6ktCO2eq/yr ¾ Reduction of N2O emissions by cattle - 3ktCO2eq/yr (this component is not be used for claiming credits) ¾ C sequestration in soil by seeding of pastures - 14ktCO2eq/yr (this component is not eligible for CDM, and carbon credits from this activity may be purchased by ¾ BioCarbon Fund) ¾ C sequestration by forest plantation - 3.7MtCO2eq over project’s lifetime.

2) Present Stage

A PIN was submitted to the World Bank and is now under review. The Bank requested amendments, and one of the proposed amendments is allegedly to make good use of native species. According to CARBOSUR, it is among the projects that have a high possibility of being approved by the bank in the first stage.

125 (2) The Association of Forestry Producers (Sociedad de Productores Forestales)

This association consists of plantation owners who control 70% of the total area of plantations. The enterprises participating in this association are enthusiastic about A/R CDM projects and wish to enter into joint ventures with Japanese companies.

(3) Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives (CAF: Cooperativas Agrarias Federadas)

There are 38 agricultural cooperatives throughout the country and this is a national federation of these cooperatives. The membership includes 5,000 farmers. These cooperatives drafted a plan to carry out afforestation projects, but gave it up due to problems on the demand side. However, it is considered that it would be possible to develop this plan again in relation to the A/R CDM.

9. The Tool for Evaluating A/R CDM Potential Areas in Uruguay

A/R CDM potential area

The A/R CDM potential area cannot be selected on the basis of cartographic data alone, which are used as a reference and were considered from the beginning of this study to be only helpful in the initial selection for investors or implementers. It has therefore been tentatively determined that a tool should be developed for selecting potential areas from the viewpoint of additionality and socioeconomic conditions other than depending on map information. In the course of developing this tool, we referred to “Tools for the demonstration and assessment of additionality for A/R CDM” mentioned in the report to the 21st meeting of the EB.

The proposed tool for evaluating potential areas has been prepared in the form of a checklist so that the investor or implementer is able to check whether the proposed site for an A/R CDM project is suitable or not in a comprehensive way from four points of view, namely, its eligibility as an A/R CDM project judged from the distinction of non-forest from forest areas, the additionality of the CDM project, harmony with the natural conditions and compliance with socioeconomic conditions. The way to use this tool is as follows.

How to utilize the tool for the users

1. If the users’ answer for each question can follow instruction of “Yes” or “No” below □ mark in “Check mark” column, the users can mark x (check mark) in □.

2. For the eligibility part, all questions have to be marked to get eligibility for a project considered or proposed.

3. The users are not necessarily required to mark x in of all questions in the all parts except for eligibility part. In addition, the users can select questions which can match to component and/or contents of a project considered or proposed.

4. Fig.s shown in some questions especially of additionality part are not fixed and changeable.

126 Table “The Proposed Tool for Selecting A/R CDM Potential Areas (Uruguay)”

No. Question Check mark Judgment Eligibility Part 1 Was the land forest in end of 1989? Yes□ Yes：not eligible No □ No：eligible Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ 1990 land cover map to be prepared by JOFCA ¾ Military Geographic Service (Ministry of Defense). Aerial photograph in 1966 and 1967 (part of it was done in each year). The scale is 1:20,000 and 1:40,000. SEE APPENDIX ¾ Uruguayan Air Force (Ministry of Defense) Aerial photograph since 1979 to 1998 in various scales. SEE APPENDIX. ¾ DIEA (MGAP). National Census in 1990: Aggregated data are available in publications (book), and in webpage.) ¾ Ministry of Industry Energy and Mining (MIEM). Forest resources assessment (MIEM – FUNCATE), 1987. Landsat image 5, bands 3 and 4. Cartography Scale 1:100000. ¾ Forestry Direction (Dirección General Forestal -MGAP). Forest Cartography 1980. Scale 1:200.000 Forestry Direction (Dirección General Forestal -MGAP). Planted Forest Register 2 Is the land forest at present? Yes □ Yes：not eligible No □ No：eligible Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Result of Field observation. ¾ Forestry Direction (Dirección General Forestal - MGAP). Land Forest Cover Map. Landsat image 2004. Forestry Direction (Dirección General Forestal -MGAP). Planted Forest Register Additionality part 3 Does the land likely have any alternative scenarios other than afforestation? Yes□ Yes：not eligible No □ No：eligible Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Types of soils, CONEAT (Natural Renewable Resources Direction - MGAP). ¾ Soils and Water Division (Natural Renewable Resources Direction - MGAP). Compact Disk: “Compendio Actualizado de Información de Suelos del Uruguay”. Map Scale 1:1,000,000 ¾ Law Project (Proyecto de Ley de Ordenamiento y Desarrollo Territorial Sostenible) To study in Congress ¾ Result of a Study: Possibility of continuation of current land use, Possibility of other land use except for afforestation 4 In case that expected investors and/or implementers of the proposed or Yes□ Yes：not eligible considered project do not have enough capital for the implementation, is No □ No：eligible debt funding is available for the implementation? Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Bank of the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay (BROU). Agricultural Division. ¾ Private Banking ¾ National Corporation for Development (CND) ¾ Counter in Banks: No loans of long term to buy land are available in financial institution such as bank in Uruguay. Therefore, there is a high possibility that the debt funding in banks of Uruguay is not available. 5 In case that expected investors and/or implementers of the proposed or Yes□ Yes：not eligible considered project do not have enough capital for the implementation, can No □ No：eligible the investors and/or implementers access to international capital markets due to real or perceived risks associated with domestic or foreign direct in vestment in Uruguay? Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ International Organisms of loan ¾ The users themselves have to find out the possibility whether or not the investors and/or implementer can access to them. It sometimes depends on investors’ and/or implementers’ capital condition. 6 Is there a risk related to changes in government policies or laws to Yes□ Yes：not eligible implement the proposed or considered project? No □ No：eligible

127 No. Question Check mark Judgment Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Congress. Related Legislation and Law Projects. ¾ Presidency. Policies of State. ¾ Office of Programming and Agricultural Politics. (OPYPA-MGAP). Public politics for the agricultural sector. ¾ National Direction of Environment (DINAMA –MVOTMA). Public politics of environment. 7 Is there lack of enforcement of forest or land-use-related legislation to Yes□ Yes：not eligible implement the proposed or considered project? No □ No：eligible Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Congress. Related Legislation and Law Projects. ¾ Presidency. Policies of State. ¾ Office of Programming and Agricultural Politics. (OPYPA-MGAP). Public politics for the agricultural sector. National Direction of Environment (DINAMA –MVOTMA). Public politics of environment. 8 Is there lack of access to planting materials to implement the proposed or Yes□ Yes：not eligible considered project? No □ No：eligible Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Forestry Direction (Dirección General Forestal -MGAP). National Nurseries Census ¾ National Institute of Agricultural Investigation. (INIA). Research on planting materials production ¾ School of agronomy (Facultad de Agronomía – UDELAR). Research on planting materials production ¾ Result of a Study, depending on the species to be used. 9 In case that proposed or considered project includes a new kind technology Yes□ Yes：not eligible in Uruguay in its project component, is there a lack of infrastructure for No □ No：eligible implementation of the technology? Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ National Institute of Agricultural Investigation. (INIA). Research on new technology ¾ School of agronomy (Facultad de Agronomía – UDELAR). Research on new technology ¾ Forestry Direction (Dirección General Forestal -MGAP). General information on new technologies applied in Uruguay 10 Does traditional knowledge, technology or equipment hamper the Yes□ Yes：not eligible implementation of the proposed or considered project? No □ No：eligible Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Forest Producers Society (Sociedad de Productores Forestales – SPF) ¾ School of agronomy (Facultad de Agronomía – UDELAR). ¾ Technical Professional Educational Council. (Universidad del Trabajo del Uruguay – UTU) ¾ Forest Contractors Association of Uruguay ¾ Forestry Direction (MGAP Ministerio de Ganadera, Agricultura y Pesca). 11 Is the proposed or considered project activity the “first of its kind” (“first of Yes□ Yes：not eligible its kind” means that no project activities of this type is currently operational No □ No：eligible in Uruguay) Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Forestry Direction (MGAP Ministerio de Ganadera, Agricultura y Pesca). Check. ¾ UPACC (MGAP) Checking in the Agricultural Climate Change Projects Unit. Check ¾ Climate Change Unit (Unidad de Cambio Climático - DINAMA-MVOTMA). Check 12 Is the proposed or considered project site under condition of degraded soil Yes□ Yes：not eligible (e.g. water/wind erosion, salination, etc.)? No □ No：eligible Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Result of Field observation. ¾ Soils and Water Division (Natural Renewable Resources Direction - MGAP). Compact Disk: “Compendio Actualizado de Información de Suelos del Uruguay” ¾ Geographic Information System Department. Natural Renewable Resources Direction - MGAP). Cover Map of anthropic erosion. 13 The proposed or considered project site was and/or will be attacked by Yes□ Yes：not eligible catastrophic natural and/or human-induced events (e.g. land slides, fire etc.)? No □ No：eligible

128 No. Question Check mark Judgment Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Geographic Information System Department. Natural Renewable Resources Direction - MGAP). Forest fires evaluation - Presidency of The Republic National System Of Emergencies ¾ Ministry of Interior. National Fire Brigade Direction. Statistics of forest fires ¾ State Insurance Bank. Statistics of storm and forest fires.

Catastrophic natural event, not applicable in Uruguay 14 Is the proposed or considered project site under unfavorable meteorological Yes□ Yes：not eligible conditions (e.g. early/late frost, drought)? No □ No：eligible Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Geographic Information System Department. Natural Renewable Resources Direction - MGAP). Hydric Resources Map ¾ Ministry of Defense. Meteorology National Direction. Climate information. ¾ National Institute of Agricultural Investigation. (INIA). Frost prediction ¾ School of agronomy (Facultad de Agronomía – UDELAR). Environmental System Unit. Workgroup agro meteorology. Frost. 15 Have pervasive opportunistic species preventing regeneration of trees (e.g. Yes□ Yes：not eligible grasses, weeds) broken out in the proposed or considered project site? No □ No：eligible Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Agricultural Services General Direction (MGAP). General information of weeds and grasses. ¾ National Institute of Agricultural Investigation. (INIA). “La Estanzuela” Station. General information, Research and Extension. ¾ School of agronomy (Facultad de Agronomía – UDELAR). Animal production and Grasses Department. General Information, Research and Extension. ¾ School of agronomy (Facultad de Agronomía – UDELAR). Environmental System Unit. General information about grasses. ¾ School of agronomy (Facultad de Agronomía – UDELAR). Experimental Station “Mario Cassinoni”. Research and Extension. 16 Have biotic pressure in terms of grazing, fodder collection, etc. broken out Yes□ Yes：not eligible in the proposed or considered project site. No □ No：eligible

Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ DIEA (MGAP). National Census in 1990: Aggregated data are available in publications (book), and in webpage. ¾ Types of soils, CONEAT (Natural Renewable Resources Direction - MGAP). ¾ Rural Association of Uruguay ¾ Rural Federation of Uruguay 17 Have demographic pressure on the land (e.g. increased demand on land due Yes□ Yes：not eligible to population growth) broken out in the proposed or considered project site? No □ No：eligible Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ DIEA (MGAP). National Census in 1990: Aggregated data are available in publications (book), and in webpage. ¾ National Statistics Institute (INE). National Population Census. 18 Have social conflict among interest groups broken out in the region where Yes□ Yes：not eligible the proposed or considered project takes place? No □ No：eligible Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Environmental NGO’s. See APPENDIX. ¾ Forestry Direction (MGAP Ministerio de Ganadera, Agricultura y Pesca). ¾ National Direction of Environment (DINAMA –MVOTMA). 19 Have widespread illegal practices (e.g. illegal grazing, non-timber product Yes□ Yes：not eligible extraction and tree felling) been done in the proposed or considered project No □ No：eligible site? Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Forestry Direction (MGAP Ministerio de Ganadera, Agricultura y Pesca). Natural Forest Department, Statistics of native species illegal felling

129 No. Question Check mark Judgment 20 To implement the proposed or considered project, are skilled and/or properly Yes□ Yes：not eligible trained labor available? No □ No：eligible Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ School of agronomy (Facultad de Agronomía – UDELAR). ¾ Technical Professional Educational Council. ¾ Forest Producers Society ¾ Forest Contractors Association of Uruguay 21 Is there lack of suitable land tenure legislation and regulation to support the Yes□ Yes：not eligible security of tenure? No □ No：eligible Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Ministry of Economy and Finances. Cadastre National Direction. ¾ Ministry of Education and Culture. Property Register ¾ Congress. Related Legislation and Law Projects. ¾ Presidency. Policies of State. 22 Are there any absences of clearly defined and regulated property rights in Yes□ Yes：not eligible relation to natural resource products and service in the proposed or No □ No：eligible considered project site? Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Congress. Related Legislation and Law Projects. ¾ Presidency. Policies of State. ¾ Environmental Legislation: o National Direction of Environment (DINAMA –MVOTMA). o Soils and Water Division (Natural Renewable Resources Direction - MGAP). o Forestry Direction (MGAP Ministerio de Ganadera, Agricultura y Pesca). o Natural Renewable Resources Direction – MGAP. Fauna Department o Ministry of Industry Energy and Mining (MIEM) Ministry of Transport and Public Works. Hydrographic National Direction 23 Are there any barriers relating to markets, transport and storage to Yes□ Yes：not eligible implement the proposed or considered project? No □ No：eligible Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Ministry of External Affairs. Commercial Programming Direction. ¾ Forest Producers Society (SPF) ¾ Wood Industrial Association ¾ Professional Transport Associated Companies (Intergremial de Transporte Profesional de Carga Terrestre del Uruguay). ¾ National administration of Ports (ANP) ¾ Ministry of Transport and Public Works. National Transport Direction 24 Do unregulated and informal markets for timber, non-timber products and Yes□ Yes：not eligible services prevent the transmission of effective information to proposed or No □ No：eligible considered project participants? Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Ministry of External Affairs. Commercial Programming Direction. ¾ Forest Producers Society (SPF) ¾ Wood Industrial Association 25 Do remoteness of A/R activities and undeveloped road and infrastructure Yes□ Yes：not eligible incur large transportation expenditures, thus eroding the competitiveness and No □ No：eligible profitability of timber and non-timber products from the proposed or considered A/R CDM project activity? Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Ministry of Transport and Public Works. Infrastructure of roads, rails ports and shipping. ¾ Municipalities. Provincial roads. 26 Are there possibilities of large price risk due to the fluctuations in the prices Yes□ Yes：not eligible of timber and non-timber products over the project period in the absence of No □ No：eligible efficient markets and insurance mechanisms?

130 No. Question Check mark Judgment Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Ministry of External Affairs. Commercial Programming Direction. ¾ Forest Producers Society (SPF) ¾ Wood Industrial Association 27 Does absence of facilities to convert, store and add value to production from Yes□ Yes：not eligible CDM activities limit the possibilities to capture rents from the land use No □ No：eligible under the proposed or considered A/R CDM project activities? Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ UPACC (MGAP) Checking in the Agricultural Climate Change Projects Unit. ¾ Climate Change Unit (Unidad de Cambio Climático - DINAMA-MVOTMA). Check 28 Is IRR less than 5 -7 % without benefit by CER? (Base in usually discount Yes□ Yes：not eligible rate use in Uruguay. Source of the data: Central Bank of Uruguay, and No □ No：eligible market operators.) Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Result of Feasibility Study The following question No. 29, 30, 31 and 32 are indicators for getting answer of question No.28. If users can answer “yes” in questions No. 29, 30, 31 and 32, it seems IRR is lower. 29 The land is further than 200 km distance from main ports such as Yes□ Yes：not eligible Montevideo, Nueva Palmira and Fray Bentos in case of pulpwood No □ No：eligible afforestation. As a reference, there are plans to install another port that is supposed to be located in the town of La Paloma. (Unit transportation cost is different depending on distance and road condition. In case of average road condition, examples of unit price are as follow, around 100km distance from main port: unit cost is 6 cents/t/km around 300km distance from main port: unit cost is 4.7 cents/t/km) Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Result of survey to measure the distance ¾ Ministry of Transport and Public Works. Road maps. Road map by which distance can be measured: It can be available through the webpage www.clearinghouse.gub.uy 30 The land is further than 350 km distance from main ports such as Yes□ Yes：not eligible Montevideo, Nueva Palmira and Fray Bentos in case of sawmill wood No □ No：eligible afforestation. As a reference, there are plans to install another port that is supposed to be located in the town of La Paloma. (Unit transportation cost is different depending on distance and road condition. In case of average road condition, examples of unit price are as follow, around 100km distance from main port: unit cost is 6 cents/t/km around 300km distance from main port: unit cost is 4.7 cents/t/km) Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Result of survey to measure the distance ¾ Ministry of Transport and Public Works. Road maps. Road map by which distance can be measured: It can be available through the webpage www.clearinghouse.gub.uy 31 Is road condition between the land and main road bad? Yes□ Yes：not eligible No □ No：eligible Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Result of field observation 32 Is land purchase cost high or medium? Yes□ Yes：not eligible (The range of price of land is between 700 and 3,000 US$ per ha and the No □ No：eligible average is 1,200 to 1,500 US$. Be careful. Prices above US$ 1500 do not correspond to afforestation priority lands)

131 No. Question Check mark Judgment Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Local real estate agents National Institute of Colonization. Statistics of land purchase Suitability Part 1 (Natural Condition)

33 Does the soil in the land have an adequate deep? Yes□ Yes：not eligible No □ No：eligible Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Result of sampling soil survey ¾ CONEAT (Comisión Nacional de Estudio Agroeconómico de la Tierra). Land productivity map. ¾ Soils and Water Division (Natural Renewable Resources Direction - MGAP). Compact Disk: “Compendio Actualizado de Información de Suelos del Uruguay”. ¾ Natural Renewable Resources Direction – MGAP. Soils maps divided into 99 different cartographic units based on topographic, geographic, erosion condition, petrologic, stone condition in the soil, and flooded condition. 34 Is the land suitable for plantation species to be expected? Yes□ Yes：not eligible (In Uruguay, some natural conditions such as precipitation, temperature and No □ No：eligible altitude are not complete limitation factors for afforestation activity. This means that at least a species can be applied in any land of Uruguay.) Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

Verified species in Uruguay: ¾ School of agronomy (Facultad de Agronomía – UDELAR). ¾ Suitable species map: there is a plan to be prepared by INIA. ¾ Forestry Direction (MGAP Ministerio de Ganadera, Agricultura y Pesca). ¾ Forest Producers Society. Results of interviews to current afforestation activity implementers Not verified species in Uruguay: ¾ Geographic Information System Department. Natural Renewable Resources Direction - MGAP). Hydric Resources Map ¾ Ministry of Defense. Meteorology National Direction. Climate information. ¾ National Institute of Agricultural Investigation. (INIA). Frost prediction ¾ School of agronomy (Facultad de Agronomía – UDELAR). Environmental System Unit. Workgroup agro meteorology. Frost. ¾ INIA. Precipitation map and temperature map: Available in web page. www.inia.org.uy Then go to “clima” ¾ CONEAT (Comisión Nacional de Estudio Agroeconómico de la Tierra). Land productivity map. (www.prenader.gub.uy/coneat) ¾ Soils and Water Division (Natural Renewable Resources Direction - MGAP). Compact Disk: “Compendio Actualizado de Información de Suelos del Uruguay”. Soils maps divided into 99 different cartographic units based on topographic, geographic, erosion condition, petrologic, stone condition in the soil, and flooded condition. 35 In case that the investors and implementers of the proposed or considered Yes□ Yes：not eligible project consider Eucalyptus spp. plantation, is the land affected by frost? No □ No：eligible Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Ministry of Defense. Meteorology National Direction. Climate information. ¾ National Institute of Agricultural Investigation. (INIA). Frost prediction ¾ School of agronomy (Facultad de Agronomía – UDELAR). Environmental System Unit. Workgroup agrometeorology. Frost. ¾ Military Geographic Service (Ministry of Defense). Topographic Maps. ¾ Result of field observation Suitability Part 2 (Socio-economic condition)

36 Is the land classified in the category of “forest priority land”? Yes□ Yes：not eligible (If the land is classified in that category, expected investors and/or No □ No：eligible implementers of the proposed or considered project can get incentives such as tax exemption)

132 No. Question Check mark Judgment Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ CONEAT (Comisión Nacional de Estudio Agroeconómico de la Tierra). Land productivity map. (www.prenader.gub.uy/coneat) ¾ Forestry Direction (MGAP Ministerio de Ganadera, Agricultura y Pesca). Legislation. Web site: http://www.mgap.gub.uy/forestal/dgf.htm, then go to link “Leyes y Decretos” 37 Do landowners have intention to sell the land? Yes□ Yes：not eligible No □ No：eligible Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Result of interview to the landowners ¾ Local real estate agents 38 In case of difficulty to buy the land and/or investors and implementers of the Yes□ Yes：not eligible proposed or considered project do not have intention to buy the land for the No □ No：eligible implementation of the project, is it possible to rent the land? Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Result of interview to the landowners ¾ Local real estate agents 39 In case of difficulty to buy or to rent the land and/or investors and Yes□ Yes：not eligible implementers of the proposed or considered project do not have intention to No □ No：eligible buy or to rent the land for the implementation of the project, does another agreement method to carry out A/R CDM (Forestry Partnership Programs with landowners. See APPENDIX) Source for the judgment And/or to get answers to questions

¾ Result of interview to the landowners ¾ Result of interview to national or provincial agricultural associations (Rural Federation, CAF, others)

133 APPENDIX

1. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH SURVEYS

134 1:20.000 - 1966 Total - SGM

1:10.000 - 1979 1:40.000 - 1980 Partially - FAU

1:20.000 - 1980 Partially - FAU

1:40.000 - 1979 Partially - FAU

1:60.000 - 1986 Partially - FAU

1:20.000 - 1981 Partially - FAU

1:20.000 - 1997/98 Partially - FAU 1:5.000 - 1990 1:10.000 - 1990 1:40.000 - 1996 Partially - FAU

SGM = Military Geographic Service (Ministry of Defense) FAU = Uruguayan Air Force (Ministry of Defense)

135 2. ADDRESS OF INSTITUTIONS

Agricultural Projects of Climate Change Unit (MGAP) (Unidad de Proyectos Agropecuarios de Cambio Climático - MGAP) Cerrito 315. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 915 5650 int 107 www.mgap.gub.uy/upacc/upacc.htm

Agricultural Services General Direction (MGAP) (Dirección General de Servicios Agrícolas – MGAP) Av. Millán 4703. Montevideo. Phone: +(5982) 309 2074 http://chasque.apc.org/dgsa/

Agricultural Statistics (MGAP) (DIEA - MGAP) Constituyente 1476 entrepiso. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 418 20 54 / 55 www.mgap.gub.uy/diea/CENSO2000/censo_general_agropecuario_2000.htm

Bank of the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay (BROU) (Banco de la República Oriental del Uruguay – BROU, División Agropecuaria - Oficina de Apoyo Comercial) Minas 1434 Piso 9 - Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 1896-4845 / 4425 www.brounet.com.uy (link Productos y Servicios / agropecuaria)

Cadastre National Direction. Ministry of Economy and Finances (Dirección Nacional de Catastro – Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas) Avda. Rondeau Nº 1437. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 900.0877 /78 www.catastro.gub.uy/servicios.htm

Climate Change Unit (DINAMA-MVOTMA) (Unidad de Cambio Climático - DINAMA-MVOTMA) Galicia y Avda. del Libertador. Montevideo www.cambioclimatico.gub.uy/~fpacheco/cambio_climatico/html/modules.php?op=modload& name=DownloadsPlus&file=index&req=viewdownload&cid=14

CONEAT (Natural Renewable Resources Direction – MGAP) (Comisión Nacional de Estudios Agroeconómicos de la Tierra. Dirección de Recursos Naturales Renovables – MGAP) Cerrito 318. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 915 8434 www.prenader.gub.uy/coneat/viewer.htm?Title=CONEAT%20Digital

136 Experimental Station “Mario Cassinoni”. School of Agronomy .UDELAR Estación Experimental “Mario Cassinoni” Facultad de Agronomía – UDELAR Ruta 3 Km. 363. Paysandú. Phone: +(59872) 41282, 02250, 02259 www.fagro.edu.uy/eemac

Forest Producers Society (Sociedad de Productores Forestales – SOPROFO) 18 de Julio 1474 ap. 701. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 401 1441 www.spf.com.uy

Forestry Direction (Dirección General Forestal -MGAP) Cerrito 318. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 915 3436 www.mgap.gub.uy/forestal/dgf.htm

Geographic Information System Department. Natural Renewable Resources Direction - MGAP). Cerrito 318. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 915 6452/53 http://www.mgap.gub.uy/renare/ (link Departamento Sistema Información Geográfica)

Meteorology National Direction. Ministry of Defense (Dirección Nacional de Meterorología. Ministerio de Defensa) Javier Barrios Amorín 1488. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 400 3583 www.meteorologia.com.uy/estadistica_climat.htm

Military Geographic Service (Ministry of Defense) (Servicio Geográfico Militar – Ministerio de Defensa) 8 de Octubre 3255. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 487 1810 www.ejercito.mil.uy/cal/sgm/FRAME8.html

Ministry of External Affairs. Commercial Programming Direction Colonia 1206 piso1. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 903 2872/75 http://dpc.mrree.gub.uy/

Ministry of Industry Energy and Mining (MIEM) (Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Minería MIEM) Paysandú esg Libertador Brigadier J.A. Lavalleja Piso 4. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 900 0231 / 33 www.miem.gub.uy/pagina.php?153

137 Ministry of Transport and Public Works Ministerio de Transporte y Obras Públicas - MTOP Rincón 575. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 915 4331 www.mtop.gub.uy/vialidad/ www.mtop.gub.uy/hidrografia/ www.dnt.gub.uy/sestadisticas/default.asp http://200.40.209.53/gttu/

National Administration of Ports - ANP (Administración Nacional de Puertos – ANP) Rambla 25 de Agosto de 1825 160. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 916 0608 www.anp.com.uy

National Congress (Parlamento) Palacio Legislativo – Avda. De las Leyes s/n. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 924 1783 www.parlamento.gub.uy/palacio3/index1024.htm

National Corporation for Development (CND) (Corporación Nacional para el Desarrollo) Rincón 528, piso 7. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 916 2800 www.cnd.org.uy/portada/content/view/23/52/

National Direction of Environment (DINAMA –MVOTMA) (Dirección Nacional de Medio Ambiente. DINAMA –MVOTMA) Galicia y Avda del Libertador. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 917 0710 int. 4551 www.dinama.gub.uy/modules.php?op=modload&name=Downloads&file=index

National Fire Brigade Direction - Ministry of Interior Dirección Nacional de Bomberos – Ministerio del Interior) Colonia 1665. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 400 9071 / 74 www.minterior.gub.uy/

National Institute of Agricultural Investigation. (INIA). “La Estanzuela” Station (Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuria Estación Experimental - INIA “La Estanzuela”) Ruta 50 Km. 11. Colonia Phone: +(598 057) 48000 www.inia.org.uy/online/site/10854I1.php

138 National Institute of Agricultural Investigation. (INIA) (Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuria) Estación Experimental - INIA Tacuarembó Ruta 5 Km. 386 – Tacuarembó Phone: +(598632) 2407 www.inia.org.uy/online/site/16348I1.php www.inia.org.uy/online/site/106664I1.php

National Institute of Colonization (Instituto Nacional de Colonización – INC) Cerrito 488. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 916 0323 / 25 int. 256 www.colonizacion.com.uy/Paginas/Portada/index.htm

National Statistics Institute (INE) (Instituto Nacional de Estadística – INE) Río Negro 1520. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 902 7303 www.ine.gub.uy/socio-demograficos/pobhogyviv.htm

Presidency (Presidencia de la Republica) Edificio Libertad – Luis A. de Herrera 3350 Tel: 150 www.presidencia.gub.uy (link legislacion)

Programming and Agricultural Politics Office. (OPYPA-MGAP) (Oficina de Programación y Política Agropecuaria – MGAP) Constituyente 1476. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 412 6362 www.mgap.gub.uy/opypa/index.htm

Professional Transport Associated Companies (Intergremial de Transporte Profesional de Carga Terrestre del Uruguay) Lima 1423. Montevideo Phone +(5982) 924 6562 www.intergremial.com.uy

Property Register. Ministry of Education and Culture. Registro de la Propiedad. Dirección General de Registros - Ministerio de Educación y Cultura Av. 18 de Julio 1730. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 402 5638 www.dgr.gub.uy/dgrweb/internas/requisitos/solicitudes/informe/propied.htm

139 Rural Association of Uruguay (Asociación Rural del Uruguay) Uruguay 864. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 902 0484 www.aru.org.uy

Rural Federation of Uruguay (Federación Rural del Uruguay) 18 de Julio 965 piso 1. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 900 4791 www.fedrural.org.uy

School of Agronomy (UDELAR) (Facultad de Agronomía – UDELAR) Garzón 780. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 355 7314 / 15 www.fagro.edu.uy

Soils and Water Division. Natural Renewable Resources Direction - MGAP (Dirección de Suelos y Aguas. Dirección de Recursos Naturales Renovables – MGAP) Avda Garzón 456. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 309 6008 http://www.mgap.gub.uy/renare/ (link Division Suelos y Aguas)

State Insurance Bank (Banco de Seguros del Estado – BSE) Bvr. General Artigas Phone: +(5982) 908 9303 www.bse.com.uy

Technical Professional Educational Council (Universidad del Trabajo del Uruguay - UTU) San Salvador 1674. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 411 7651 www.utu.edu.uy (link cursos/agraria)

Uruguayan Air Force (Ministry of Defense) (Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya – Ministerio de Defensa) Ruta 101 s/n. Brigada Aérea Nº 1. Canelones Phone: +(5982) 682 5798 http://fau.gub.uy

Wood Industrial Association (Asociación de Industriales de la Madera) Yí 1597. Montevideo

140 3. ENVIRONMENTAL NGO’S

Guayubira Group – Grupo Guayubira Maldonado 1858, Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 413 2989 http://www.guayubira.org.uy

Environmental group about mounts and forestation, created in may of 1997, in order to gather people and organizations that since mid-90s stated their concern for the conservation of the indigenous forest and for the socioeconomic and environmental impact of the forestry development model motivated by the government.

It consists of: Eco-Tacuarembó, MOVITDES (Movimiento por la Vida, el Trabajo y el Desarrollo Sustentable) de Río Negro, REDES Amigos de la Tierra (AT), Vía Verde, CIEDUR and the Movimiento Mundial por los Bosques Tropicales (WRM).

The Guayubira Group has opposed since its formation to the forestry development model motivated in our country. They state that the model is based in big scale monoculture of exotic species with a very fast growth, because of which the country’s main resources (lands, water, flora, fauna) are being affected and a growing concentration of lands, many times in the hand of foreigners, have been produced, in broad areas of Uruguay.

Regarding the installation of the pulp mills, they consider that they don’t accomplish the social and environmental requisites and that Uruguay’s choice is because in Europe, this kind of plants are heavily avoided, because of the supposed air and water pollution.

REDES Earth Friends Uruguay - Amigos de la Tierra Uruguay (AT) Jackson 1136, Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 419 6192 http://www.redes.org.uy

It’s a member of the Earth Friends International, a federation of environmental groups in over 60 countries.

In their campaign areas we encounter the subjects:

• Forestation • Dangers of the pulp mills: no to the pulp mills in Fray Bentos

In the subject of the Forestation campaign, Redes AT states to work in a coordinated manner with the Guayubira Group (which is a part of), while the Dangers of the pulp mills: no to the pulp mills in Fray Bentos campaign is achieved coordinately with said group and the Grupo Ecológico de Young, ASODERN (from Soriano), and the Red Socio Ambiental de Entre Ríos Argentina.

141 World Rainforest Movement - Movimiento Mundial por los Bosques Tropicales (WRM) Maldonado 1858, Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 413 2989 http://www.wrm.org.uy

The WRM is defined as an international network of citizen groups from the south and north involved in efforts to defend world’s forests. The WRM was founded in 1986 and their activities were initially directed towards the fails of the Tropical Forestry Action Plan (Plan de Acción Forestal Tropical) of the FAO and the World Bank.

In 1998, the WRM published the "Declaración de Montevideo" and started a campaign against the big scale forestry monoculture. Their opposite approach is based in that they assure that said plantations have already proven to have negative impacts at a local level, as much over communities as its environment. The objective of the campaign is to generate conscience and organize this kind of forestry development.

The International Secretaryship of the WRM is situated in Montevideo, Uruguay, as long as it counts with an European office in Moreton-in-Marsh, United Kingdom.

Uruguayan Environmental ONG’s Network – Uruguay Ambiental red uruguaya de ONGs ambientalistas Canelones 1164, Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 403 0854 http://www.uruguayambiental.com

The Environmental Network is a civilian association that groups environmental organizations and professionals dedicated to environmental subjects.

The Network tries to promote the environmental protection, quality of life, environmental education and the sustainable development, between their main objectives.

They have a very critical position regarding the forestry development model in Uruguay and the installation of the pulp mills.

4. INTERNATIONAL ORGANISMS OF LOAN

The World Bank (WB) – Banco Mundial (BM) (Regiones y Países - Uruguay) Buenos Aires 570. Montevideo Phone: +(5982) 916 9400 http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/BANCOMUNDIAL/EXTSPPAISES/LACI NSPANISHEXT/URUGUAYINSPANISHEXT/0,,menuPK:509088~pagePK:141159~piPK:5 1067387~theSitePK:500675,00.html

Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) – Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) (Paises - Uruguay) Rincón 640. Montevideo. Phone: +(5982) 915 4330 http://www.iadb.org/countries/home.cfm?id_country=UR&Language=Spanish

142 Union Europea (Delegación de la Comisión Europea en Uruguay) Bvar. Artigas 1300 Phone: +(5982) 944 0122 http://www.delury.ec.europa.eu/index.php?Lang=es

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (Delegación Uruguay) Julio Herrera y Obes 1292 Phone: +(5982) 901 7340 http://www.fao.org/Regional/LAmerica/paises/uruguay.htm

Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura (IICA) (Delegación Uruguay) Edificio MERCOSUR Luis P. Piera 1992 P.3 Phone: +(5982) 410 1676 http://www.iica.org.uy/online/inicial.asp

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) – Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) (PNUD – Uruguay) Javier Barrios Amorim 870 P.3 Phone: +(5982) 412 3360 http://www.undp.org.uy/

5. FORESTRY PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMS WITH LANDOWNERS

That kind of Programs seeks to integrate Investors/implementers with the landowners.

The Partnership means that the landowners provide the land and the Investors/implementers provides the investment and the forestry technology to plant.

Also, the Investor/implementers benefits from a larger local supply of wood.

143 10. Other links to related information y Website of the DNA (designated national authority): http://www.cambioclimatico.gub.uy/ y Website of the NGO CARBOSUR proceeding A/R CDM project in Uruguay: http://www.carbosur.com.uy/ y A/R CDM-PDD submitted by Uruguay:ARNM0032-rev: “San Carlos” Grassland Restoration through Afforestation http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/WZINCWOG4L70Q4L4HGFPAW6Z BB375O y New methodology submitted by Uruguay:ARNM0032-rev:"San Carlos" Grassland Restoration through Afforestation http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/7I4UHKHDBCA206FGH0TSN7CR7 Y3VFK y Focal point of A/R CDM in Uruguay : http://www.mgap.gub.uy/ y Major afforestation companies in Uruguay:

(1) Compania Forestal Uruguaya (COFUSA) Afforestation of eucalypti, mainly in western and northern areas Actual achievement of 15,000 hectares afforestation http://www.cofusa.com.uy/

(2) Eufores company Conducting tree-planting program mainly in the western area

(3) Forestal Oriental S.A. Conducting 30,000 hectares afforestation of eucalypti mainly in Rio Negro Department and Paysandu Department in the western area http://www.botnia.com/en/default.asp?path=204,1490,1496,1458

(4) Paso Alto S.A. Conducting 30,000 hectares afforestation of eucalypti mainly in the northern area for production of materials of paper and pulp The company adopts an open system where any investors, domestic or overseas, can be owners of forest with acreage.

(5) Forestadora y Maderera del Norte S.A. Conducting 7,000 hectares afforestation of pine trees mainly in the northern area Lumber quality is high and is exported to the US and Japan.

(6) Caleras Diano company Conducting 2,500 hectares afforestation of eucalypti mainly in southeast areas.

144 (7) Foresur G.I.E. A corporate entity established by several afforestation companies Foresur G.I.E. has 35,000 hectares of forests in southeast areas.

(8) Euskar S.A. Conducting 3,000 hectares afforestation of eucalypti mainly in eastern areas

(9) Forestal Florida S.A. Developing forests for production of lumber for the phosphoric acid industry mainly in eastern areas y Website of the FAO FRA2010 http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/pdf/fra/2010/South-America/Uruguay-2010-225.doc y Website of the FAO Forestry databases http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/databases/en/

References: y INIA Serie Tecnica 88 (1997): La forestacion con Eucalyptus en Uruguay y INIA Serie Tecnica 114 (2000): Evaluacion de especies de Eucalyptus al quito ano. y INIA Serie Tecnica 131 (2003): SAG grandis: Sistema de apoyo a la gestion de plantaciones de Eucalyptus grandis y Ministry of Housing, Territorial Regulation and Evironment (2003):National Strategy Study for Application of the CDM in Uruguay. Julio Munoz et al., :Flora Indigena del Uruguay

145 ECUADOR

1. Procedure and results of mapping

Ecuador may be divided into the western Pacific coast, the central highlands and the eastern Amazon. The person in charge of the sink CDM at the National CDM Promotion Office (CORDELIM: La Corporación para la Promoción del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio) established under the supervision of the Ministry of the Environment considers that the requirements for A/R CDM projects are: 1) Low baseline value, 2) Large project area, 3) Large-scale land ownership, 4) Availability of relevant information, 5) Easy access, and 6) Flat ground. He considers that the western coast and the southern part of the central highlands meet these requirements well compared with other regions. Specifically, he considers that the five provinces of Manabi, Guayas, Bolivar, El Oro and Loja are potential areas for A/R CDM projects. However, the whole country is covered in this study for the selection of potential A/R CDM areas.

(1) Map of potential areas for A/R CDM project

It has been determined that the potential areas for A/R CDM projects should be selected according to the following procedures.

1) Since a vegetation map as of the end of 1989 is currently unavailable, the data i) to iii) described later in 1) was used to compile map data on forest and non-forest areas in the standard year 1990. It seemed to be appropriate to use the Landsat data provided in the second period from 1984 to 1990 in data ii) as the closest data to data i) to iii) in 1990.

Thus, the process of mapping land use in the standard year 1990 has been determined as follows (Fig. 1.1).

i) The land use map of 1984 (called the Base Map) will be updated using the Landsat images obtained during the period from 1986 to 1992. In the course of updating, an image positioning map will be prepared from Landsat images in the form of polygons to clarify the date of the information to be used.

ii) To update the data, the land use map of 2000 prepared by visual interpretation shall be referred to and the categories and map scales shall be unified.

Through this process, the land use map for the standard year 1990 was created, and the non-forest areas were selected.

146 “Map of 1990” Land use and Land cover data in 1990

Base Map +Modify the categories to adjust the year 2000

Overlaying

Landsat TM +Interpretation 86‘ +At the Scale 1:250,000 ~ Landsat TM +Categories of the year 2000 92‘ Landsat TM

Figure 1.1 Process of mapping the land cover/use in the standard year of 1990 in Ecuador

2) As for the latest vegetation and land use maps, the maps drawn from Landsat satellite data for 2000 were used, from which the six categories of rice cultivation areas (Cultivos de Arroz), banana plantations (Cultivos de Banano), short-term cultivation areas (Cultivos de Ciclo Corto), maize cultivation areas (Cultivos de Maiz), cultivated pastures (Pasto Cultivado), and natural pastures (Pasto Natural) were selected as potential categories for A/R CDM projects. In the coastal region there are many large-scale land owners engaged in agriculture and stock farming. When the currency was changed in 2001, labor costs began to rise and the prices for farm products and livestock also soared above those in the neighboring countries. As a result, the international competitiveness of the country declined, and land owners are now seeking alternative products with higher land productivity than bananas, rice and dairy products. In this respect, they are expected to accept the conversion of farmland and pasture into tree plantations. A category of areas with a high possibility of erosion selected from the soil erosion grading map has also been added to the potential categories for the A/R CDM.

3) Suitable sites for forestation were extracted from the land usability maps as a potential category for A/R CDM projects.

4) From the flood hazard maps, the areas subject to flooding in all the categories were excluded, and those areas not subject to flooding were extracted.

5) The areas extracted in Steps (1), (2), (3) and (4) were overlaid, and the completely overlapping parts were selected as the final potential A/R CDM areas (See Fig. 1.2).

147 Legend凡例 potential_CDM <<その他の値すべて>All other values> legend Cultivos de Arroz Cultivos de Arroz and erosion Cultivos de Banano Cultivos de Banano and erosion Cultivos de Ciclo Corto Cultivos de Ciclo Corto and er Cultivos de Maiz Cultivos de Maiz and erosion Pasto Cultivado Pasto Cultivado and erosion Pasto Natural Pasto Natural and erosion erosion

Figure 1.2 Potential A/R CDM areas in Ecuador

The areas of potential A/R CDM sites (shown in Fig. 1.2) by province and by category are shown in Table 1.1. According to the table, a total area of 1,492,000 ha was extracted as the potential areas. The provinces with the largest total of potential areas are Chimborazo Province with 153,000 ha, Manabi Province with 140,000 ha, Morona Santiago Province with 129,000 ha, and Loja Province with 117,000 ha. These four provinces have a total area larger than 100,000 ha. The provinces with the smallest total area are No Delimitado Province with 2,000 ha, then Los Rios Province with 6,000 ha. These two provinces have a total area of less than 10,000 ha. As for the five provinces of Manabi, Guayas, Bolivar, El Oro and Loja, which were considered by the Ecuador side to have potential areas for A/R CDM projects, Manabi Province has the second largest total potential area, Loja Province has the fourth largest area, and the three other provinces also have a total potential area of around 50,000 ha.

By category, the categories with the largest total area are cultivated pasture with 622,000 ha, short-term cultivation areas with 307,000 ha, soil erosion-only areas with 180,000 ha, and cultivated pasture plus soil erosion areas with 132,000 ha. These four categories all have a total area larger than 100,000 ha. The categories with the smallest total area are rice cultivation plus soil erosion areas with 300 ha, banana plantations plus soil erosion areas with 400 ha, rice cultivation areas with 1,300 ha, and banana plantations with 2,500 ha. These four categories have a total potential area of less than 10,000 ha.

148 Table 1.1 Total area of the A/R CDM potential areas by province and by category (ha) Banana Short-term Maize Cultivated Natural Rice Rice plantations Short-term cultivation Maize cultivation pastures pastures Soil cultivation Banana Cultivated Natural Provinces cultivation plus soil cultivation plus soil cultivation plus soil plus soil plus soil erosion-only Total plus soil plantations pastures pastures areas erosion areas erosion areas erosion erosion erosion areas erosion areas areas areas areas areas areas AZUAY 0 0 0 0 10,428 9,719 7,469 12,087 14,086 2,232 5,496 1,591 5,345 68,452 BOLIVAR 0 0 1 0 44,479 3,174 121 0 28,334 949 516 227 346 78,148 CARCHI 0 0 0 0 30,481 1,670 0 0 5,985 871 7,417 45 1,100 47,569 CAMAR 0 0 33 0 8,209 966 10,591 2,764 22,406 2,270 119 215 475 48,049 CHIMBORAZO 0 0 0 0 77,208 2,340 5,977 203 33,941 3,547 5,928 0 23,538 152,682 COTOPAXI 0 0 1,387 32 10,313 2,133 16,035 642 10,656 3,086 7,950 265 12,863 65,363 EL ORO 0 0 94 0 7,015 1,355 3,059 410 46,391 172 2,735 0 1,087 62,318 ESMERALDAS 0 0 0 0 1,578 711 0 0 32,155 8,104 84 0 32,263 74,895 GUAYAS 1,054 96 180 0 2,719 1,107 6 0 15,783 1,225 4,913 175 19,526 46,785 IMBABURA 0 0 0 0 16,833 3,426 4,658 6,145 7,326 6,149 8,719 2,406 4,233 59,895 LOJA 183 234 0 0 20,403 11,115 1,664 2,238 19,182 9,303 33,663 7,718 11,386 117,089 LOS RIOS 18 0 319 268 935 1,662 279 0 705 825 7 7 918 5,942 149 MANABI 0 0 0 0 10,294 1,432 0 0 109,141 4,760 6,389 196 7,397 139,608 MORONA SANTIAGO 0 0 0 0 12,012 2,013 0 0 75,323 10,339 607 1,401 27,375 129,069 NAPO 0 0 0 0 453 69 0 0 74,812 15,146 162 1,416 7,473 99,532 NO DELIMITADO 0 0 491 0 57 0 0 0 368 361 19 0 623 1,919 ORELLANA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19,454 17,679 595 672 11 38,411 PASTAZA 0 0 0 0 7,450 1,063 0 0 43,555 12,989 0 0 535 65,591 PICHINCHA 0 0 12 121 21,740 10,990 1,635 4,017 6,221 8,066 3,210 2,878 16,589 75,478

SUCUMBIOS 0 0 0 0 447 200 0 0 18,916 23,860 238 1,146 6,172 50,979 TUNGURAHUA 0 0 0 0 14,655 760 0 0 10,371 191 1,233 0 558 27,768 ZAMORA CHINCHIPE 0 0 0 0 8,897 681 0 0 26,602 0 0 0 310 36,491 Total 1,256 330 2,517 422 306,607 56,586 51,493 28,506 621,711 132,123 90,001 20,359 180,124 1,492,034

(2) Land cover/use maps

Land cover and use maps were prepared in the following three periods.

i) Before 1984 → Information was based on aerial photography.

ii) 1984 to 1990 → Landsat information was collected after 1980, and an optimal set of data is available, especially for 1986. A field survey was partially carried out.

iii) 1990 to 2000 → A nationwide land use map was drawn on a scale of 1 to 250,000 from Landsat 7 and SPOT data.

This land cover/use map (See Fig. 1.3) is classified into 24 categories according to the vegetation and land use as follows:

Tropical tree plantations, sandbars, secondary natural forest, virgin natural forest, man-made forest, prawn nurseries, artificial reservoirs, natural headwaters, rice fields, banana plantations, sugarcane plantations, short-term cultivated land, maize fields, Palma Africana cultivated land, cultivated land for other crops, wetlands, mangroves, permanent snow zone, wasteland, cultivated pasture, natural pasture, shrubland, urban areas, and eroded land.

150

Figure 1.3 Land cover/use map

151 (3) Land usability maps

Land is classified into 12 categories: 1. Land suitable for forests, 2. Rock reefs, 3. Sandbars, 4. Basins, 5. Cultivated land with major limitations, 6. Cultivated land with minor limitations, 7. Cultivated land with very important limitations, 8. Cultivated land without limitations, 9. Permanent snow zone, 10. Land suitable for pasture, 11. Urban areas, and 12. Land not used for agriculture/stock farming (Fig. 1.4).

Figure 1.4 Land usability map

152 (4) Flood hazard maps

Areas likely to be flooded are classified into three categories as follows (Fig. 1.5):

1. Continually flooded areas (mangroves, wetlands), 2. Areas flooded in the rainy season, and 3. Areas liable to be flooded by overflowing rivers and heavy rain.

Figure 1.5 Flood hazard map

153 2. Basic Information (ECUADOR)

1. Forest definition

x Minimum canopy density is 30% x Minimum tree height is 5 meters x Smallest forest area is 1.0 hectares.

2. Sustainable development

DNA has devised a procedure for an “approval letter” for emissions projects. According to this procedure, if any proposed project meets the legal framework and standards established by the government, it will be approved as a project that may contribute to sustainable development. However, in the case of A/R, whether any standard other than the legal framework should be additionally applied is a matter that is being examined. This notion is on the assumption that the proposer of an A/R CDM project will be obliged to make an application for an environmental license to the Ministry of the Environment. To obtain an environmental license, it is assumed that the applicant will be required to submit the results of an environmental impact assessment and an impact management plan.

In the personal opinion of the person in charge at CORDELIM, the Ministry of the Environment, including DNA, has no intention of stipulating the applicable species and areas for A/R CDM projects. It is their basic policy that obtaining an environmental license for a project means certification of its contribution to sustainable development.

Moreover, the area of forests in Ecuador has being decreasing at the rate of 135,000 ha per year. However, an area of no more than 6,000 ha has been forested on average each year to make up for this decrease. It is not too much to say that any forestation by itself is a very high priority for this country and will contribute to sustainable development.

3. Feasibility Study

154 It is also conceivable that the following points will be taken into account.

y Availability of data on the history of land use. y Scenario for the low carbon stock baseline. y Land ownership: Land ownership has been clarified, at least in the past decade. Ownership of small and medium-sized land areas (100 ha or more per owner) has greater potential. y Easy access to highways and secondary roads. y High soil fertility. y Good weather conditions, including precipitation and temperature. y Absence of competing uses for the land from other economic activities, including livestock production and agriculture.

4. Small scale A/R CDM

It is difficult to reply to this question while no methodology has been determined.

(Answer in Second year) The government does not reject such projects. However, it seems that small-scale projects are seldom carried out owing to several factors: i.e., if the scale is as small as 8 kt, there are cost problems, the definition of poverty, and the present situation in which it is not clear to what extent the procedures will be simplified, although the CDM Council is considering simplification.

5. Environmental and Socio-economical impact assessment

Regarding the impacts, what is important and/or judgment points that your country consider as a project that has significant impacts on environmental and/or socio-economical conditions?

In addition, does your country has procedure and/or standards for the assessment? If yes, please describe the procedure and/or standards.

Projects are classified into two types under the Environmental Management Law. One type covers projects that will not have a serious impact on the environment and it is necessary to complete and submit an environmental form to check if an EIA is required. The other type covers projects that will have a serious impact on the environment and will require an environmental license for which an EIA should be carried out and an impact management plan should be prepared.

155 As stated above, DNA has worked out the procedure of an “approval letter” for emissions CDM projects, but has no procedure for sink CDM projects. However, it is expected that an “approval letter” for sink CDM projects will be issued in a similar way to that for emissions CDM projects. In the latter case, projects are required to obtain an environmental license. According to the agreement at the conference of the A/R Working Group after the 9th COP, it is considered that a “serious” negative impact on the environment, society and economy should not be distinguished from “usual” negative impacts. From this point of view, all A/R CDM projects will probably require an environmental and socioeconomic impact assessment and an environmental license will need to be obtained.

6. Distribution of lCER or tCER (Certified Emission Reduction) credit

If your country already has ideas on distribution of CER between your country and Annex 1 countries after getting CER through the A/R CDM projects, could you describe the ideas?

DNA is examining this matter. The conclusions of their examination need to be consistent with the legal provisions.

7. Restriction of afforestation projects

There are no special restrictions on foreign capital. Any project needs to comply with the legal framework, whether it involves foreign capital or not.

8. Suitable site

The mission would like to know idea about the sites where your country considers implementing an A/R CDM project. If possible, could you explain concrete name (administrative name) of the areas?

Although the government has not officially designated target regions for the A/R CDM, the person in charge at CORDELIM mentioned five high potential provinces in his personal opinion, namely Manabi, Guayas, Bolivar, El oro and Loja.

9. Feasibility of environmental forestation CDM projects

The government does not reject such projects. Since environmental improvement is important, we would like to actively respond to such projects if they are proposed. However, the critical issue is whether there are investors willing to invest in such projects just for the sake of the environment.

In the case of projects on leased land, it was asked whether the land owners would demand profits from timber sales. The person in charge answered this question by saying that it would be highly possible. Accordingly, there is an undeniable possibility that the developer involved would need to purchase the leased land. To the question of whether the government is able to provide land that it owns for lease, the person in charge answered that it would be possible, but there may not be any large areas of such land (eligible for the A/R

156 CDM and suitable for forestation).

Conservation International, an international environmental NGO is now planning a CDM project for environmental forestation (in which Ricoh, a Japanese company has invested. The PDD is now under preparation.) This project, targeting land that a local environmental NGO purchased long ago, does not face any land ownership problems.

157 3. State of Baselines

(1) A case of Guamote municipality, Chimborazo district

Without the project, baseline scenario will be non forest land and degraded landscape. Extensive cattle rising will continue, due to the fact that this activity is the main source of income for local population and no other alternatives are available. Thus, soils will continue being degraded by the extensive use of grasslands without management and will continue to be affected by annual fires. This situation has been happening for years. Furthermore, those lands are economic unattractive for agriculture purpose.

The area has potential for the development of reforestation projects. This is shown by the PROFAFOR´s experience developed through reforestation projects which constitutes around 10% of the preselected total area.

The current land cover of Guamote Municipality is the following: (PPDCG, 1999)

Land Use Area (%) Cultivated pastures (Pennicetum clandestinum) 4 Natural vegetation (natural grasslands) 66 Agricultural crops* 12 Forest plantations 6 Non productive lands 12 * potatoes, chocho (Lupinus mutabilis), beans (Faba sativa), barley (Horlidum vulgare)

Current land cover is natural grasslands and degraded lands with extensive grazing activities. Tree cover is less than 30%. Tree cover was less than 30% before 31.12.1989.

(2) A case of Coastal area by the Pacific Ocean Pedernales municipality, Manabi district

The baseline scenario is cultivated pastures with scattered trees. Cattle rising are the most important economical activity and it has been practiced for many years. The land planned for A/R CDM activity is degraded (due to many years of overgrazing). Barriers such as unavailable funds, inaccessible commercial bank loans, lack of capacity for successful planting and management, lack of institutional arrangements have been identified. It is certain that the land will not be reforested, without the proposed A/R CDM project activity. On the contrary, they will continue to degrade as they have in the last decades

According to the land cover, land use map at scale 1:250.000 (SIGAGRO, 2000), within the Municipalities of Pedernales, Chone, Jama, San Vicente and Sucre, the following land uses were found:

158

Land Use area (%) Extensive cultivate pastures (mostly saboya–Panicum maximun) 45 Natural pastures 4 Agricultural crops * 26 Natural forests 11 Secondary forests 9 Other uses (towns, beaches, swampy area, shrimp pound, etc) 5 * banana, cassava, coffee, cocoa, papaya, oil palm.

In the coastal region, there are many large-scale land owners engaged in agriculture and stock-farming. When the currency was changed in 2001, labor costs began to rise and the prices for farm products and livestock also soared over those in the neighboring countries. As a result, the international competitiveness of this county has declined and land owners seek alternative products with high land productivity instead of bananas, rice and dairy products. In this respect, they are expected to accept the conversion of farmland and pasture into tree plantations.

In the region reforestation activities face barriers like (i) investment barriers (lack of loans and credit line for forestry projects), (ii) lack of technology and capacities

Land use of the project area is cultivated saboya pastures (Panicum maximum) with scattered trees (Samanea saman, Tabebuia crysantha, Cordia alliodora, Vitex gigantea and Centrolobium paraense). These areas are dedicated basically to cattle rising for beef production and recently, double purpose: beef and milk production. Most common cattle species are Brahman (locally named zebu) and Brown Swiss. Tree cover is less than 30% and has been so in many sites of the area before 31.December.1989.

4. Data concerning biomass

(1) An extract from “Evaluation of the CO2 sequestration potential of afforestation projects and secondary forests in two different climate zones of South America”

In Ecuador 40 sites as survey plots for this study were selected. At 34 of these sites, grassland plots were paired with a secondary forest plot, at 6 sites with a forest plantation plot. All secondary forests and plantation forests were established after the abandonment or conversion of former grassland.

In terms of carbon inventorories for the top 50 cm expressed as t/ha, site differences between

159 pasture and forest range between –51.3 and 50.9 t/ha (SOC forests minus SOC pastures). The average amount of total carbon in pastures is 100.9 t/ha and in forests 107.9 t/ha, an average difference of 7 t/ha, representing a total amount of carbon in forests on average 7% higher than in pastures. The differences between pastures and forests are greater in volcanic soils (9.7 t/ha) than in sedimentary soils (5.7 t/ha) (Fig. 4.1), although relative differences, expressed as apercentage of pasture carbon, are comparable: 7.5% and 6.6% for volcanic and sedimentary soils, respectively.

Sedimentary soils Volcanic soils

SOC (t/ha) 25-50 cm 0-25 cm

Pasture Forest Pasture Forest

Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals of total carbon (t/ha) 0-50 cm

Figure 4.1 Average total soil organic carbon (SOC t/ha) in 0-20 cm abd 25-50 cm layers of pasture and forest, for sedimentary soils and volcanic soils, Ecuador

In addition, differences per site were analyesd for their relation with site characteristics, especially vegetation age. The effect of vegetation age was verified by grouping the sites according to pasture age (Fig. 4.2). Secondary forests that are paired with pastures of less than 10 years have on average 9.3 t/ha (7.9%) less soil carbon than the pastures. When paired with pastures between 10 and 20 years, secondary forests have on average 5.2 t/ha (4.8%) more soil carbon than pastures, which increases to 18.8 t/ha (20.7%) for pastures between 20 and 30 years and decreases slightly to 15.8 t/ha (18.7%) for the oldest pastures. The 95% confidence intervals are large, indicating high varablity within pasture age classes.

160 SOC difference (t/ha) < 10 yr 10-20 yr 20-30 yr > 30 yr

Pasture age class

Positive defference indicate higher content in forests than in pastures. Errors bars indicate 95% confidence interval. Number of observations: age class <10: n=11, age class 10-20: N=8, age class 20-30: n＝10, age class >30: n＝10

Figure 4.2 Differences in the amount of total soil organic carbon (t/ha) in the 0-50 cm layer between pastures and forests in dependance of pasture age class, Ecuador

In order to investigate the relative importance of pasture age and abiotic site characteristics, multivariate stepwise regression was applied for the dependant variable soil carbon differences per site (forest carbon minus pasture carbon, expressed as t/ha). The regression models are indicated in table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Multiple regression models for the prediction of differences in total soil organic carbon (0-50 cm) between pastures and forests, Ecuador

Soil group Model p-value model R2 Dif C (t/ha) = 0.98* (pasture age) All soil 0.002 0.38 + 0.0249*altitude -17.31 Dif C (t/ha) = 1.66* (pasture age) + 0.032* Volcanic 0.001 0.84 altitude -35.79 Sedimentary Dif C (t/ha) = -119.87*Alo + 32.69 0.009 0.23 Note)n＝12 for volcanic soil, n＝24 for sedimentary soils. Dif C is SOC in the top 50 cm soil layer of forest minus pasture. Unit : pasure age: yr, altitude: masl, Alo: %

(2) Biomass data of Guamote project in Chimborazo district

The total carbon stock aboveground and roots biomass under degraded grassland is as follows (field data):

Altitudinal Range Total carbon (tC/ha) (3000 - 3200 masl.) 3.9 (3200 – 3500 masl.) 4.4

161 5. Explanation of Additionality

(1) A case of Guamote municipality, Chimborazo district

Forestation activities in the region face barriers like；

(i) financial barriers (lack of loans for forestry projects, (ii) lack of technology and capacities (iii) economic barriers.

(2) A case of Coastal area by the Pacific Ocean Pedernales municipality, Manabi district

In the region reforestation activities face barriers like；

(i) investment barriers (lack of loans and credit line for forestry projects) (ii) lack of technology and capacities

6. Information on Afforestation

(1) Carbon sequestration case by main planting tree species of Ecuador in Guamote municipality, Chimborazo district

Total Species Country Source carbon (tC/ha/y)* Pinus patula Ecuador 6.5 – 9 USDA, 2000 Pinus radiata Ecuador 3.9 – 5.2 Acosa, 2000 Pinus pseudostrobus Ecuador 3.9 – 7.8 Derek, 1980 Eucalyptus globulus Ecuador 5 – 20 USDA, 2000 Eucalyptus saligna Ecuador 5.22 – 28.6 USDA, 2000 Cypressus lusitanica Ecuador 2.2 – 11.4 USDA, 2000

Main tree species for afforestation are Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus.

Other tree species for afforestation in Central highland are as follows; y Cupressus spp. y Eucalyptus terecticornis y Albzia julibrissin y Salix humboldaiana y Spartium junceum

Tree species for afforestation in Coastal area and Oriente district are as follows; y Cardia allioda

162 y Tectona grandis y Sebysolohium paralibaui

7. Socioeconomic Information

(1) A case of Guamote municipality, Chimborazo district

The area belongs mostly to indigenous communities. Life conditions are more difficult in the high lands and even worse with low productive soils. The availability of economic resources is limited for these communities because of their low sustainable agriculture and the lack of guarantees for loans in the banks and high illiteracy.

Statistics shows that the area has one of the highest level of poverty in the country. The Municipality District of Guamote has 89% of poverty incidence; meanwhile Municipality District of Palmira has 96 % (INFOPLAN 1999).

(2) A case of Coastal area by the Pacific Ocean Pedernales municipality, Manabi district

The main economical resource of local people is extensive livestock. Crops are only found on 10% of the total area.

The availability of economic resources is better for people living in towns located in humid regions and next to roads. In dry zones, resources are more limited (e.g. water resources). Consequently poverty is high in these areas. Poverty incidence is high in the Municipality of Pedernales (74%). Thus, income is behind the line of cost from services and goods that allows satisfying basic needs. (Census, 1990)

8. A/R CDM Projects in Ecuador

(1) A case of Guamote municipality, Chimborazo district

Name of Project: Mixed afforestation in degraded land of the Ecuadorian Highlands

Location: The project area is composed by 12 discrete areas or polygons. It is located at 240 km south of Quito along the Pan-American highway. The area is included within the Guamote and Alausí Municipalities, Chimborazo Province.

Organizer: PROFAFOR (Programa Face de forestación del Ecuador S.A.)

Project objective and components: The objective of the project is to develop an afforestation and revegetation project in an Ecuadorian Highland area in order to recover degraded lands. The area is located inside native communities. The project is going to foster sustainable and social local development.

163 The project area is 1,200 ha grouped in five SSC AR/CDM projects, of eroded areas and degraded natural grasslands, where cattle raising (mostly sheep) activities are extensive and unprofitable. Thus, food security is not compromised. Land owners (10) are local/native communities (9) and one private person.

Potential species to be considering in the project are pine (Pinus radiata) and llin llin (Cassia canescens). The plantation will be 70% of P. radiata plants and the remaining 30% with llin llin (Cassia canescens).

Tree planting schedule will be implemented in a 2 year time span at a rate of 600 ha per year. Replanting should not exceed 20% of the total planted seedlings.

Technology to be employed: The project will include:

1) Production of plants in plastic containers in a forest nursery near the site (Hacienda Cochaloma Totorillas, Guamote).

2) Plantation: Seedlings of native and exotics species of the sector will be used. The planting distance will be 3 x 3 meters. Local (community) labour will be utilized.

3) Management: silvicultural forestry such as pruning, thinning and selective cutting will be performed.

4) Monitoring of the Plantation and technical assistance and: it will start in year 3 and then, every two years. The activities include the evaluation of the plantation, natural regeneration, forest fires, grazing prevention, and presence of pests, diseases and agricultural crops.

5) Timber Commercialization: Wood would be sold at the internal and external market.

Environment impact: Through the establishment of plantations will be obtained:

* An increment of biodiversity by means of introducing and mixing tree species in a place where only a low grassland cover can be found.

* Protection and recovery of biodiversity by using mixed plantation with indigenous species.

* The reduction of erosion risk due to the increment of roots in the soil at different levels.

* Prevention of desertification

* Helping to develop a fertile soil by means of increasing the amount of organic matter in the soil. The decomposition process of leafs and roots coming from the trees will contribute to this goal.

Furthermore, the leguminous species in the proposed mix plantation will increase the nitrogen fixing into the soil. It will increase soil fertility.

164 * Income diversification from timer sales.

* Control of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by carbon sequestration in the biomass.

* Prevention of desertification

Socio economic impact: Forestation projects can represent an alternative and could be the only option to increase their income via timber sale. This income can be invested in improving quality of live for the community and also for each family member.

Plantation management will required temporary labour and can be used from the communities. It also will increase forestry knowledge and environmental education among community people.

PROFAFOR/Face programme methodology will be applied, which include a contract with the community (land owner). The contract will specify the following: land and establishment labour will be a community contribution (community in kind contribution). Investor will cover remaining costs of the plantation. Certified Emissions Reduction (CER´s) will belong to the investor and 100% of the timber, sub-products and NFP will belong to the land owner. If at the end of the first rotation period (25 years) the owner decides not to replant the contract area, the land owner must refund 30% of the stand wood net value to the investor. The principle with this condition is that PROFAFOR will guarantee the forest area in the long term, by using the 30% for the establishment of equivalent area in another site. No grazing and agricultural activities will be allowed to be carried out by the communities within the contract area.

(2) A case of Coastal area by the Pacific Ocean Pedernales municipality, Manabi district

Name of Project: Mixed reforestation with local an exotic species at commercial scale on the Ecuadorian Coastal Area

Location: The project area (composed by discrete areas or polygons) is distributed over the mucipalities of Pedernales, Chone, Jama, San Vicente and Sucre at the Northern and Central part of Manabi Province.

Organizer: PROFAFOR (Programa Face de forestación del Ecuador S.A.)

Project objective and components: A sustainable reforestation project will be developed in the Ecuadorian Coastal area. Objectives of the project are related to local sustainable development and social and economic support.

The project involves a total area of 2,000 ha. Planting schedule will be 1,000 ha per year. The production system will focus on commercial scale wood production, with a rotation length of 20 years

165 70% of the area will be implemented with teak (Tectona grandis) and 30% of the area with native species such as cedro (Cedrela odorata), caoba (Swietenia macrophylla) and amarillo (Centrolobium paraense)

The product obtained will be sawn wood (different dimensions) which have a very attractive domestic and international market

Technology to be employed: The project will include:

1) Production of plants in plastic containers in a forest nursery located near the site.

2) Plantation: Seedlings of native and exotics species of the sector will be used. Plantation density for mixed plantation (native species) will be 417 plants per hectare with an initial planting distance of 6 x 4m. Plantation density for teak will be 625 plants per hectare (initial planting distance of 4 x 4m). Local labour will be utilized.

3) Plantation management will include weeding, fertilization and control, pruning, thinning, and selective cutting, besides fire prevention activities such as creating 3 meter-wide firebreaks, which will have permanent maintenance.

4) Monitoring of the Plantation will start in year 3 and it will be carried out annually. The activities include the evaluation of the plantation, natural regeneration, forest fires, grazing prevention, and presence of pests, diseases and agricultural crops.

5) Timber Commercialization will be addressed for exportation.

All the process will be manually.

Environment impact: The establishment uneven age mixed plantations will:

* Foster sustainable development by getting the coexistence between the current land use (grassland) and the previous one (forests). It will ensure a sustainable forest management including forest certification.

* Protection and recovery of biodiversity by using mixed plantation with indigenous species.

* The creation of natural corridors between small residual secondary and primary forests through native species plantations.

* Reduction of erosion risk due to the large amount of roots in the soil at different levels.

* Income diversification from wood sales.

* Control of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by means of carbon sequestration in the biomass of trees.

166 Socio economic impact: Economic activities will be diversified (additional to livestock, production of wood and non – wood products), forestation projects can represent an opportunity to increase income to local land owners. Extra income will improve local standards of living.

Plantation management will require labour, which can be contracted locally. It also will increase forestry knowledge and environmental education for the community.

For agreements Profafor´s approach will be applied. This includes a forestation contract with the land owners. The contract will specify the following aspects: the investor will cover establishment and management costs of the plantation and the Certified Emissions Reduction (CER’s) will belong to the investor. 100% of the timber will belong to the land owner. If at the end of the first rotation period (20 years) the owner decides not to replant the contract area, the land owner must refund 30% of the stand wood net value to the investor.

(3) Ecuador Forest and Timber Development Association (CORMADERA: Cooperacion de Desarrollo Forestal y Maderero del Ecuador)

CORMADERA is an NGO and consists of organizational groups in combination with investigations in forestry, agriculture and industry as a whole. Their activities started in 1986.

The objectives of their activities are to: y Develop projects and programs for afforestation and reforestation; y Develop programs for managing seed banks and the sources of seeds and improving genetic traits; y Promote the sustainable resource management of forests, timber and non-lignum forest products; y Assist in the sustainable development of forest/timber industries; and y Support the training of experts through technical assistance for improving the processes and control of production.

CORMADERA aims to carry out A/R CDM projects by establishing a trust fund with investment from various companies in each country. Their plan is as follows.

The project participants include companies as investors, land owners and CORMADERA in each country and CORMADERA will actually manage and operate the A/R CDM projects. It is planned that project sites will not be purchased and that land owners will receive not rent but their share of the profits from the sales of forest products as specified through contracts. Investors will receive 100% of the CER and their share of the profits from the sales of forest products is relative to their investment.

(4) Maquipucuna Reforestation Project by Conservation International

Conservation International, as an international environmental NGO, has taken the lead in

167 proposing a reforestation project with the focus on biodiversity as an A/R CDM project. Ricoh, a Japanese company is considering investment in this project. The project outline is as follows.

This is a project to plant more than seven indigenous species (Cardia alliodora, Alnus acuminata, Juglans neotropica, Nectandra acutifolia, Otoba gordoniifolia, Cedrela odorata & montana, Inga spp.) in an area of 471 ha owned by Fundacion Maquipucuna adjacent to the Mquipkyuna Reserve. In Ecuador, securing land is a major restrictive factor in even general forestation projects and is not limited to A/R CDM ones. This project has overcome this problem by using a site secured by the local environmental NGO. Since this project aims at environmental conservation to restore biodiversity, it has no plan for felling. The people concerned have the prospect of expanding this project to community forestation in the Choco Andes Corridor in the future.

The project site is located at altitudes of between 1,000 m and 1,500 m and is currently used for grazing and also includes abandoned pastures and sugarcane fields. It is assumed that the baseline is to maintain the present state due to the investment barrier. The net carbon sink is estimated at 167,106 CO2t in three decades.

In la Perla (at a low altitude under 400 m), as a second site to be included in the PDD, another project is planned to reforest the pastures around the remaining natural trees. This is also to plant a mixture of indigenous species as in Maquipucuna. Owing to the small size of the project in Maquipucuna, the addition of the second site is seemingly intended to carry out an A/R CDM project as early as possible on the usual scale for which the methodology has been established.

At the present time, they are preparing the PDD and striving to receive a guarantee from DNA Ecuador.

(5) Eucapacific

Eucapacific is a forestation company founded mainly for the purpose of supplying raw materials for pulp with joint capital from Japanese companies, namely, Mitsubishi Paper Mills Ltd., Sumitomo Corp. and Electric Power Development. The company has carried out forestation activities with the planned target of 11,000 ha in total since 2001 and the main species is Eucalyptus grandis (the final selection of suitable species is under consideration) in Esmeralda Province. Sites have been purchased from about 100 land owners. Land registration has not been well instituted so far and there are still some areas not clearly demarcated. In real terms, the MAI is recorded to be 25 m3/ha in wild seedlings and 33 m3/ha in clones.

In this situation, they submitted a PIN for an A/R CDM project after consultations with COLDELIM. Since then, however, no noticeable progress has been made and still the difficulty in demonstrating additionality is gradually dampening the motivation to manage this project as an A/R CDM project.

(6) Other areas

Ecuador may be divided into the western Pacific coast, the central highlands and the eastern Amazon. The person in charge of the sink CDM at CORDELIM considers that the

168 requirements for A/R CDM projects are:

1) Low baseline value 2) Large project area 3) Large-scale land ownership 4) Availability of relevant information 5) Easy access 6) Flat ground

He considers that the western coast and the central highlands meet these requirements well compared with other regions. Specifically, he considers that the five provinces of Manabi, Guayas, Bolivar, El Oro and Loja are potential areas for A/R CDM projects.

169 9. Check List Tool to judge whether a land is eligible, additional and suitable for A/R CDM in Ecuador

How to Use the Tool

1. If the users’ answer for each question can follow instruction of “Yes” or “No” below mark in “Check mark” column, the users can mark x (check mark) in □.

2. For the eligibility part, all questions have to be marked to get eligibility for a project considered or proposed.

3. The users are not necessarily required to mark x in □ of all questions in the all parts except for eligibility part. In addition, the users can select questions which can match to component and/or contents of a project considered or proposed.

4. Fig.s shown in some questions especially of additionality part are not fixed and changeable.

Source for the judgment Check No. Question Judgment And/or to get answers to questions mark Eligibility Part 1 Was the land forest in end of 1989? ¾ 1990 land cover map to be prepared by Yes □ Yes: not JOFCA, CORDELIM No □ eligible ¾ Aerial photograph (Catalogue 1:60000 from No: eligible 1942 onwards; Spcial projects 1:30.000): IGM ¾ Results of Interview to landowner, national or local administrative, etc. 2 Is the land forest at present? ¾ Land Use/Cover Map 2000 (data sources are Yes □ Yes: not TM landsat 5 & 7 in 1998, 1999, 2000 and No □ eligible 2001.) SIG – AGRO No: eligible ¾ Land/Cover Map 2003 (TM Landsat 5 & 7, 1:50.000 (highlands) 1:250.000(coast)) SIG - AGRO ¾ Land use and land cover map 2006, 1:250000; CLIRSEN ¾ Aerotransport photographs CLIRSEN ¾ Result of Field observation Additionality Part 3 Does the land likely have any alternative ¾ Map of agricultural suitability 2003 (TM Yes □ Yes: there is scenarios other than afforestation? Landsat 5 and 7 1:50.000 (highlands) 1: No □ additionality 250:000 (coastal area)) SIG - AGRO No: no ¾ Result of a feasibility study to be conducted additionality by the expected investors and/or implementers of the proposed or considered project: Possibility of continuation of current land use, Possibility of other land use except for afforestation etc. should be examined. 4 In case that expected investors and/or ¾ Check with CORPEI (Investment Unit), for Yes □ Yes: no implementers of the proposed or information on investment instruments No □ additionality considered project do not have enough No: there is capital for the implementation, is debt additionality funding is available for the implementation?

170 Source for the judgment Check No. Question Judgment And/or to get answers to questions mark 5 In case that expected investors and/or ¾ Check with CORPEI (Investment Unit), for Yes □ Yes: no implementers of the proposed or information on investment instruments No □ additionality considered project do not have enough (includes instruments for foreign investment) No: there is capital for the implementation, can the additionality investors and/or implementers access to international capital markets due to real or perceived risks associated with domestic or foreign direct in vestment in Ecuador? 6 Is there a risk related to changes in ¾ Relevant laws, rules and norms: Forestry Law Yes □ Yes: there is government policies or laws to (Ley Forestal), Environment management law No □ additionality implement the proposed or considered (Ley de Gestión Ambiental), Environmental No: no project? strategy for sustainable development additionality (Estrategia Ambiental para el Desarrollo sostenible del Ecuador), Strategy for the sustainable forestry development of Ecuador (Estrategia para el Desarrollo forestal sustentable de Ecuador). ¾ Search for other relevant laws rules and norms (e.g. Forestry law, norms for cultivated forests): CIFOP ¾ List of relevant rules and laws, as well as services of legal advisement: ECOLEX ¾ List of relevant laws and rules general information: DNF ¾ Check for current status with ECOLEX, DNF, CIFOP 7 Is there lack of enforcement of forest or ¾ Implementation of National Reforestation Yes □ Yes: there is land-use-related legislation to implement Plan (Plan Nacional de Reforestación): DNF No □ additionality the proposed or considered project? National Direction of Forestry (Ministry of No: no Environment). additionality ¾ Technical support related to the elaboration of the National Reforestation Plan: CIFOP ¾ Check also for available resources in the Ministry of Environment and local Governments (available resources for implementation of reforestation activities). 8 Is there lack of access to planting ¾ Private Seed bank and nursery: Yes □ Yes: there is materials to implement the proposed or CORMADERA No □ additionality considered project? ¾ Private Seed Bank: PROFAFOR No: no ¾ Check for public Seed Banks and nurseries additionality nearby the project area (especially in areas with regional reforestation plans, e.g. Loja) ¾ Check for nurseries in the nearby the project area. ¾ Check at CIFOP for further alternatives. 9 In case that proposed or considered ¾ Check with CORMADERA Yes □ Yes: there is project includes a new kind technology ¾ Check with Ministry of Infrastructure map: No □ additionality in Ecuador in its project component, is SIG - AGRO No: no there a lack of infrastructure for additionality implementation of the technology? 10 Is the proposed or considered project ¾ Check with the DNF Yes □ Yes:there is activity the “first of its kind” (“first of its ¾ Check with CORDELIM. No □ additionality kind” means that no project activities of ¾ However, proposed projects are unlikely to be No:no this type is currently operational in first of their kind additionality Ecuador. In case of Ecuador, afforestation activity by using indigenous species might have high possibility of “first of its kind”)

171 Source for the judgment Check No. Question Judgment And/or to get answers to questions mark 11 Is the proposed or considered project site ¾ Map of soil types 2003 (TM Landsat 5 & 7 Yes □ Yes: there is under condition of degraded soil (e.g. 1:50.000 (highlands) 1:250.000 (coast)) SIG - No □ additionality water/wind erosion, salination, etc.)? AGRO No: no ¾ Map of soil fertility 2007 (TM Landsat 5 & 7 additionality 1:250.000) SIG - AGRO ¾ Map of current soil degradation 2000 (TM Landsat 5 & 7 1:250.000) SIG - AGRO 12 The proposed or considered project site ¾ Set of Vulnerability and risk maps 2006 Yes □ Yes:there is was and/or will be attacked by (flooding, volcanic risks, land slides and No □ additionality catastrophic natural and/or erosion) (Composed 1:250.000) No: no human-induced events (e.g. land slides, SENPLADES additionality fire etc.)? 13 Is the proposed or considered project site ¾ Anual precipitation sheet INAMHI National Yes □ Yes: there is under unfavorable meteorological Metereology and Hydrology Institute Instituto No □ additionality conditions (e.g. early/late frost, drought)? Nacional de Metereología e Hidrología No: no ¾ Map for hydric deficits 2003 (TM Landsat 5 additionality & 7 1:50.000 (highlands) and 1:250.000 (coast)) SIG – AGRO ¾ Map for drough months 2003 (TM Landsat 5 & 7 1:50.000 (highlands) and 1:250.000 (coast)) SIG-AGRO ¾ Map for climate zones (1:1´000.000 to 1:50.000) SIG-AGRO ¾ Map for mean annual precipitation (1:1´000.000) SIG-AGRO 14 Have pervasive opportunistic species Yes □ Yes: there is preventing regeneration of trees (e.g. No □ additionality grasses, weeds) broken out in the No: no proposed or considered project site? additionality 15 Have biotic pressure in terms of grazing, ¾ Map of production unit per land use category; Yes □ Yes: there is fodder collection, etc. broken out in the Ongoing (Pilot project: 8 Municipalities GPS No □ additionality proposed or considered project site. Data from PRAT 1:5.000) SIG – AGRO, No: no PRAT. additionality 16 Have demographic pressure on the land ¾ Map Man – Land Ratio; Ongoing (Pilot Yes □ Yes: there is (e.g. increased demand on land due to project: 8 Municipalities GPS Data from No □ additionality population growth) broken out in the PRAT 1:5.000) SIG – AGRO, PRAT. No: no proposed or considered project site? ¾ Demographic map. additionality 17 Have social conflict among interest ¾ Determine by visits to the sites and interviews Yes □ Yes: there is groups broken out in the region where to local stakeholders No □ additionality the proposed or considered project takes ¾ Check with ECOLEX and ECOCIENCIA for No: no place? tools and additional information additionality 18 Have widespread illegal practices (e.g. ¾ Determine by visits to the sites and interviews Yes □ Yes: there is illegal grazing, non-timber product to local stakeholders. No □ additionality extraction and tree felling) been done in No: no the proposed or considered project site? additionality 19 To implement the proposed or considered ¾ Result of interview to administrative of the Yes □ Yes: No project, are skilled and/or properly project developer No □ additionality trained labor available? No: there is additionality 20 To implement the proposed or considered ¾ Result of interviews with local population. Yes □ Yes: there is project, is there lack of organization of ¾ Check with COMAFORS, PROFAFOR, and No □ additionality local communities? GTZ for forestry projects developed with No: no local communities. additionality 21 Does Communal land ownership with a ¾ Assessments regarding community land Yes □ Yes: there is hierarchy of rights for different ownership available at ECOLEX. No □ additionality stakeholders limit the incentives to ¾ Check with PROFAFOR, ECOCIENCIA for No: no undertake the proposed or considered experiences on forestry projects developed additionality project? with local communities. ¾ Check the local organization structure.

172 Source for the judgment Check No. Question Judgment And/or to get answers to questions mark 22 Is there lack of suitable land tenure ¾ Set of assessments available at ECOLEX. Yes □ Yes: there is legislation and regulation to support the Check with ECOLEX the overall situation. No □ additionality security of tenure? ¾ Check with ECOCIENCIA information No: no related to land tenure (tools and guidelines). additionality ¾ Check implementation of programs for regulation of land tenure with technical staff of PRAT (certain areas). [Legislation on land tenure of community land] 23 Are there any absences of clearly defined ¾ Check with ECOLEX and PRAT for Yes □ Yes: there is and regulated property rights in relation background information (assessments with No □ additionality to natural resource products and service focus on land tenure). No: no in the proposed or considered project ¾ Check with ECOCIENCIA for tools and additionality site? guidelines ¾ Check with Developers of reforestation activities (e.g PROFAFOR) for practical experiences. ¾ Check the community organization, bylaws and internal regulations. 24 Are there formal and informal tenure ¾ Result of interviews to the land owners: Yes □ Yes: there is systems that increase the risk of identify the community organization and No □ additionality fragmentation of land holdings in the internal regulations. No: no proposed or considered project site? additionality 25 Are there any barriers relating to ¾ Guides and tools (software) for assessing Yes □ Yes: there is markets, transport and storage to profitability and market tendencies No □ additionality implement the proposed or considered (commercial). CORMADERA No: no project ¾ Assessments and studies related to chain additionality production of forestry products, advisory task: CIFOP ¾ Check library of CORPEI: Market Intelligence System (SIM) ¾ Check with AIMA for further information. 26 Do unregulated and informal markets for ¾ Revise assessment studies of CIFOP and Yes □ Yes: there is timber, non-timber products and services ECOCIENCIA No □ additionality prevent the transmission of effective No: no information to proposed or considered additionality project participants? 27 Do remoteness of A/R activities and ¾ Topographic maps including street Yes □ Yes: there is undeveloped road and infrastructure information, catalogue 1:250.000 – 1:50.000) No □ additionality incur large transportation expenditures, IGM No:no thus eroding the competitiveness and ¾ Result of interviews to local stakeholders. additionality profitability of timber and non-timber products from the proposed or considered A/R CDM project activity 28 Are there possibilities of large price risk ¾ Check library of CORPEI: Market Yes □ Yes: there is due to the fluctuations in the prices of Intelligence System (SIM) No □ additionality timber and non-timber products over the No: no project period in the absence of efficient additionality markets and insurance mechanisms? 29 Does absence of facilities to convert, ¾ Check library of CORPEI: Market Yes □ Yes: there is store and add value to production from Intelligence System (SIM) No □ additionality CDM activities limit the possibilities to ¾ Check with AIMA for further information. No: no capture rents from the land use under the additionality proposed or considered A/R CDM project activities? 30 Is IRR less than xx % without benefit by ¾ Result of a Feasibility Study to be conducted Yes □ Yes:there is CER? (Base of xx% of IRR is that the by the expected investors and /or No □ additionality discount rate in Ecuador is usually xx%.) implementers. No:no additionality Suitability Part 1 (Natural Condition)

173 Source for the judgment Check No. Question Judgment And/or to get answers to questions mark 31 Does the land have precipitation more ¾ Anual precipitation sheet INAMHI Yes □ Yes: suitable than xxx mm/year? This depends very ¾ Overall set of information sheets regarding No □ No: not mucho of the used species and even the meteorological information INAMHI suitable sit itself ¾ Set of maps related to hydric deficits, drough months, climate zones and mean annual precipitation (TM Landsat 5 & 7 1:50.000 (highlands) 1:250.000 (coastal area)) SIG – AGRO 32 Is altitude of the land less than 3500 m ¾ Topographic maps of the Catalogue 1:50.000 Yes □ Yes: suitable for northern Ecuador (from Cuenaca IGM No □ No: not northwards) or less than 3200 m for suitable southern Ecuador (Cuenca Southwards)? 33 Does the land have higher slope (e.g. ¾ Map of Slopes 2003 (TM Landsat 5 & 7 Yes □ Yes: not more than 45 degrees)? 1:50.000 (highlands; 1:250.000 coast) SIG – No □ suitable AGRO No: suitable 34 Is the land suitable for plantation species ¾ Site selection tool for Ecuadorian coast. Yes □ Yes: suitable to be expected? CORMADERA (CORMADERA has map for No □ No: not seven (7) species, Swietenia macrophylla, suitable Cordia alliodora, Cedrela odorata, Tabebuia rosea, Ochroma lagopus, Tectona grandis, Gmelina arborea. The suitability is shown in the grade from 5 to 1.) ¾ Map for mean annual precipitation (1:1´000.000) SIG-AGRO, ¾ Map of soil types 2003 (TM Landsat 5 & 7 1:50.000 (highlands) 1:250.000 (coast)) SIG - AGRO ¾ Map of soil fertility 2007 (TM Landsat 5 & 7 1:250.000) SIG - AGRO ¾ Land suitability Model – ENCOFOR: PROFAFOR ¾ Results of interviews to current afforestation activity implementers through some afforestation organization. 35 Is the land flooded annually, in the rainy ¾ Map of vulnerability and risks regarding Yes □ Yes: not season or in some year? flooding 2006 (Composed 1:250.000) No □ suitable SENPLADES No: suitable Suitability Part 2 (Socio-economic condition) 36 Is the ownership of the land clarified? ¾ Carry out interviews with land owners and Yes □ Yes: suitable require official land titles and inscription into No □ No: not the registry of ownership suitable 3.7 Are there any land conflicts? ¾ Result of interview to the landowners and Yes □ Yes: not stakeholders in the region were activities are No □ suitable to be carried out. No: suitable 38 Is the land fragmented in very small ¾ Were land is owned by communities internal Yes □ Yes: not properties? (e.g. less than 5 ha per regulations and bylaws can lead to No □ suitable owner) There is, INDA might have a fragmentation. Carry out interviews with land No: suitable general overview of it owners and stakeholders. 39 Is the land used for intensive agriculture? ¾ Land Use/Cover Map 2000: it is available in Yes □ Yes: not SIG-AGRO. No □ suitable ¾ Check ate the site, field observations. No: suitable 40 Is the land categorized in the protection ¾ Map of Protected areas (TM Landsat 5 & 7, Yes □ Yes: not area stipulated by the Government? 1:250.000) SIG – AGRO No □ suitable ¾ Request for intersection certification at the No: suitable DPCC of the Ministry of Environment, or local agencies of the Ministry.

174 Relevant institutions

AIMA- Asociación Ecuatoriana de Industriales de la Madera Ecuadorian Association of the Timber Industry

Av. República y Amazonas, Edif. Las Cámaras, Piso 7, Quito (593-2) 454-386/454-391/439 559/ 260 980/ 261 031. http://www.aima.org.ec/

CLIRSEN - Centros de Levantamientos Integrados de Recursos Naturales por sensores remotos Centre of Natural Resources Monitoring by Remote Sensing

Seniergues E4 – 676, Edif. IGM, Quito (593 – 2) 2543 193 www.clirsen.com

CIFOP - Colegio de Ingenieros Forestales de Pichincha Association of Forestry Ingenieurs of Pichincha Province

Av. La Coruña N26 - 231, Quito (593 - 2) 2507 310 www.cifopecuador.org

GTZ - Cooperación técnica alemana German tecnical cooperation

Av. Amazonas y Eloy Alfaro Edif. MAG Piso 8, Quito http://www.gtz.de/en/aktuell/629.htm

175 COMAFORS - Corporación de Manejo Forestal Sustentable Association for sustainable forest management

Manuel Pumara y Joaquín Paredes 4529, Quito (593 – 2) 2437366 (593 – 2) 3116614 www.comafors.org/comafors.htm

CORMADERA - Corporación para el Desarrollo Forestal en Ecuador Corporation for Forest Development in Ecuador

Ignacio San María E3 – 30 y Núñez de Vela Quito, (593 – 2) 2255 685 www.cormadera.org/index.html

CORPEI - Corporación para la Promoción de la Exportaciones e Inversión Corporation for Export and Foreign Investment Promotion

Av. Amazonas 4430 y Villalengua, Edificio Amazonas 100, Piso 8, Quito (593-2) 2 460606

Cdla. Kennedy Norte, Avda. Francisco de Orellana y Miguel H. Alcívar, Edificio Centro Empresarial Las Cámaras, Torre de Oficinas, 2do piso. Guayaquil (593-4) 2 681550 http://www.corpei.org/inde.asp?LN=SP

ECOLEX - Corporación de Gestión y Derecho Ambiental Association for Environmental management and law

Av. Gaspar de Villaroel E4-50 y Amazonas, Quito (593 – 2)2251 446 (593 – 2) 2245 871 www.ecolex-ec.org/ecolex.htm

176 Ministerio del Ambiente Ministry of Environment

Corporación de Promoción del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio - CORDELIM National CDM Promotion Office

Av. Amazonas y Eloy Alfaro Edif. MAG, Piso 11, Quito (593 – 2) 2508 510 Ext. 106

Dirección Nacional Forestal – DNF National Direction of Forestry

Av. Amazonas y Eloy Alfaro Edif. MAG, Piso 8, Quito (593 – 2) 256 3423/3429/3430/3487 Ext. 21

Dirección Nacional de Prevención y Control de la Contaminación - DPCC National Direction of Prevention and Control of Contamination

Av. Amazonas y Eloy Alfaro Edif. MAG, Piso 8, Quito (593 – 2) 256 3423/3429/3430/3487 Ext. 21 www. ambiente.gov.ec

ECOCIENCIA Investigation

Francisco Salazar E14-34 y Coruña (593 – 2) 2231 624

INAMHI - Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología National Meteorology and Hydrology Institute

Iñaquito N36-14 y Corea, Quito (593 - 2) 3971 100 www.inamhi.gov.ec/html/inicio.htm

IGM - Instituto Geográfico Militar Military Geographic Institute

Senierges y Gral. Paz y Miño Sector El Dorado; Quito, Ecuador (593 - 2) 2522 296 www.igm.gov.ec

177 INDA - Instituto Nacional de Desarrollo Agrario National Institute for agricultural development

León Vivar S/N y Carrión, Quito (593 - 2)2547 771 www.inda.gov.ec

PRAT - Programa para la regularización y administración de tierras rurales Program for Regularization and Administration of rural land

Av. Amazonas y Eloy Alfaro Edif.. MAG Piso 10, Quito (593 – 2) 2546 498

PROFAFOR - Programa FACE de Forestación Face Program for forestation (Forest absorbing Carbon Dioxid Emissions)

Av. Amazonas N33 - 319 y Rumipamba, Quito (593 - 2) 92257 016 www.profafor.com

SENPLADES - Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo National Secretariat for Planning and Development

Juan León Mera y Amazonas Edif. CFN, Quito (593 - 2) 2509 433; 2509 434 http://www.senplades.gov.ec/

SIG – AGRO - Sistema de Información Geográfica del Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería Centre for GIS of the Ministry of Agriculture

Av. Eloy Alfaro y Amazonas Edif. MAG Piso 5; Quito (593 - 2) 2554 318 www.mag.gov.ec/sigagro/index.html

178 10. Other links to related information y Address of the DNA (designated national authority): Ministro de Ambiente del Equador Av. Eloy Alfaro y Amazonas, Edf. MAG, Piso 7, Quito, Ecuador

Mrs. Anita Alban Mora ( [email protected] )

Phone: (593-2)256 3429 Ext. 160, 250 8510 Ext. 104 Fax: (593-2)250-0041 y Website of the DNA (designated national authority): http://www.ambiente.gov.ec/

The CDM Promotion Association (CORDELIM: La Corporacion para la Promocion del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio) has also been set up under the control of the Ministry in order to promote CDM projects. CORDELIM provides assistance for project development, such as the preparation of the PIN (Project Idea Note) and PDD (Project Design Document) and holds and manages workshops for capacity building among the people concerned. CORDELIM is an independent organization jointly managed by the public and private sectors and procures funds on a project basis. y Website of the CORDELIM: http://www.cordelim.net

PROFAFOR (PROgrama Face de FORestacion) is an NGO set up with funds from FACE (Forest Absorbing Carbon dioxide Emissions) in the Netherlands in 1990. As one of their activities, an A/R CDM project known as ENCOFOR (Environment and Community based framework for designing afFORestation, reforestation and revegetation projects under the CDM) has been implemented in the planned period from 2004 to 2007 covering not only Ecuador but also Kenya, Uganda and Bolivia. y Website of the PROFAFOR: http://www.profafor.com/ y Website of the ENCOFOR project in Ecuador: http://www.joanneum.at/encofor/casestudies/ecuador.html y Website of the FAO FRA2010 http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/pdf/fra/2010/South-America/Ecuador-2010-059.doc y Website of the FAO Forestry databases http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/databases/en/

References: y JETRO report about CDM situation in Latin America countries http://www.jetro.go.jp/biz/world/cs_america/cl/reports/05000980

179 CHILE

1. Procedure and results of mapping

Chile is divided into 13 Regions, of which Regions 6 to 11 in the zone from latitude 34 to 49 degrees south are deemed by forest-related bureaus to have potential for forestation projects, mainly in terms of their natural conditions. In this respect, the coverage of the areal selection for potential areas for A/R CDM projects in this study includes Regions 6 to 11. However, the coastal area of Region 11 will be excluded from the coverage since there are hardly any potential areas to be found that come under the three categories of Praderas (Grass), Matorral Pradera (Shrub/Grass) and Matorral (Shrub) on the land cover and land use map, all of which are regarded as selected categories for potential A/R CDM areas. The excluded area is shown in purple in the westernmost part of the Landsat sheet of Region 11 in Fig. 1.1.

Figure 1.1 Landsat sheet for the Regions 6 to 11 around 1990 as provided by GeoCover (With the photographed date)

180 The potential A/R CDM areas will be selected according to the following procedures (See the flow chart for the selection of potential A/R CDM sites in Fig. 1.2)

(1) The Chilean counterparts do not have map data that would make it possible to distinguish forest from non-forest at the end of 1989, or alternative map data before and after the end of 1989. Accordingly, Landsat data procured from GeoCover (See Fig. 1.1 for the sheet information) was used and digitally analyzed to prepare a non-forest map of the situation in 1990, from which the non-forest areas were sampled. The NDVI was used to distinguish forest from non-forest areas.

Map of 1990 Map of 1999 Topographical data

Land cover/use STRM Landsat TM Landsat TM map data Landsat TM

NDVI Elevation calculation Below 800m

Category Slope 45° extraction less Examination of threshold

Eligible area Landsat TM LandsatEligible TM area in 1999 in 1990

GIS Overlay and extract

Figure 1.2 Flow chart for the selection of potential A/R CDM sites in Chile

(2) Areas of Praderas (Grass), Matorral Pradera (Shrub/Grass) and Matorral (Shrub) on the land cover and land use map (See 1 described later) are selected as potential categories for A/R CDM projects. Since each of the three categories actually has subcategories, the selection has also taken the subcategory level into account. (See Table 1.1 for the 181 subcategories)

(3) Areas with inclinations ranging from 0 to 45% on the inclination map were classified as one of the potential categories for A/R CDM projects.

(4) Areas at altitudes of less than 800 m on the topographical map were classified as one of the categories for potential A/R CDM projects.

(5) All the areas sampled in the previous paragraphs (1), (2), (3) and (4) were overlaid, and ones that met all these requirements were chosen as the final potential A/R CDM areas (See Fig. 1.3).

182

Figure 1.3 Potential A/R CDM areas in Chile

183 The areas with potential A/R CDM sites (shown in Fig. 1.3) by region and by category are shown in the Table 1.1 According to this table, the total area of potential A/R CDM sites is 4,164,000 ha. By region, Region 10 has the largest area with 1,187,000 ha, followed by Region 11 with 1,013,000 ha. These two regions both have an area larger than 1,000,000 ha, but other regions have an area of around 500,000 ha. This is inevitable since the area of both Region 10 and Region 11 is vast. According to the categories, grasslands cover the largest area of 2,166,000 ha, then shrublands follow with an area of 1,467,000 ha. The smallest area is covered with shrublands/grasslands at 531,000 ha. The largest area of grassland is found in Region 10 which has 1,062,000 ha, and both Region 11 and Region 9, which come after Region 10 in terms of the area of grassland, have a total land area less than half that of Region 10. This shows that grasslands tend to cover a large proportion of the area of the southern Regions. On the other hand, Region 7 has the largest area of shrubland with 515,000 ha, followed by Region 8 with 351,000 ha and Region 6 with 266,000 ha. Many of these Regions are in the north. Not all lands are classified into subcategories, and unclassified places are often counted as grassland, shrubland, or shrubland/grassland at the category level.

Table 1.1 Area of potential A/R CDM sites by region and by category （ha）

Categories Regions Region 6 Region 7 Region 8 Region 9 Region 10 Region 11 Total Grassland 1,866 8,511 0 0 1,539 0 11,916 Central Andean Steppe Grasslands 2,173 256 251 32 48 0 2,761 Patagonia Steppe Grasslands 0 0 0 0 448 301,192 301,641 Annual grasslands 26,219 42,913 28,909 15,250 1,397 0 114,689 Perennial grasslands 9,772 21,357 120,554 384,989 1,058,208 139,824 1,734,705 Subtotal of grasslands 40,030 73,038 149,714 400,271 1,061,640 441,017 2,165,711 Shrublands/grasslands 0 0 0 0 54,877 0 54,877 Shrublands/grasslands (High density) 0 21,661 17,346 326 0 4,701 44,035 Shrublands/grasslands (Medium density) 0 173 8,858 1,144 319 117,381 127,875 Shrublands/grasslands (Low density) 26,964 32,253 20,610 3,213 964 220,112 304,116 Subtotal of shrublands/grasslands 26,964 54,087 46,814 4,684 56,159 342,195 530,904 Shrublands 0 223 0 0 67,791 0 68,014 Shrublands (High density) 13,733 17,889 8,307 11,899 330 16,653 68,811 Shrublands (Medium density) 64,984 109,178 76,576 14,626 376 60,669 326,409 Shrublands (Low density) 141,452 342,577 265,754 9,642 1,154 152,215 912,794 Shrublands (Sporadic density) 45,586 45,333 0 0 0 0 90,919 Subtotal of shrublands 265,754 515,200 350,637 36,168 69,651 229,537 1,466,948 Total 332,748 642,326 547,166 441,123 1,187,450 1,012,748 4,163,563

184 2. Basic Information (CHILE)

1. Forest definition

2. Sustainable development

Basically, there is no limitation on the implementation of a proposed project for the A/R CDM as long as it is valid under the legal system. There is no uniform standard for determining the contribution to sustainable development. The appropriateness of the proposed project will be determined on a case-by-case basis.

3. Feasibility Study

As for natural conditions, suitable altitudes range from 800 m to 1,000 m. In social and economic terms, the IRR and other economic indicators should be used in project evaluation. From the viewpoint of additionality, the analysis of barriers, the confirmation of technological innovation and the avoidance of high profit taking will probably be required.

4. Small scale A/R CDM

Judging from the transaction costs, we think that small-scale A/R CDM projects are rather unrealistic. NGOs would probably not consider such projects, either.

185 However, generally speaking, could it not be said that loaning land to a business entity or an investor is a form of participation? At any rate, Small-Scale A/R CDM cannot be main project.

(Answer in Second year) These have not been considered much due to their very limited feasibility. If the costs (transaction costs) are taken into account, it seems that it is unlikely that there will be any investors in small-scale projects.

5. Environmental and Socio-economical impact assessment

Regarding the impacts, what is important and/or judgment points that your country consider as a project that has significant impacts on environmental and/or socio-economical conditions?

In addition, does your country has procedure and/or standards for the assessment? If yes, please describe the procedure and/or standards.

This matter will be determined in accordance with Articles 10 and 11 of the Environmental Framework Law. Project types likely to require an EIA are listed in Article 10. The conditions (the predictable impact and the characteristics and situation of the project) for determining the need for an EIA for each type of project are specified in Article 11 (For the details, see Attachment 3).

Basically, A/R projects for restoring degraded land will not require an EIA.

With regard to socioeconomic impact assessment, a project in an area with land owned by a low-income group will probably require this assessment if it is intended to implement it in such a way as to exclude the group.

6. Distribution of lCER or tCER (Certified Emission Reduction) credit

If your country already has ideas on distribution of CER between your country and Annex 1 countries after getting CER through the A/R CDM projects, could you describe the ideas?

There are no special government criteria and we have no intention of formulating them.

This matter should be determined through the Conference of Parties.

7. Restriction of afforestation projects

If there are any restrictions of afforestation project invested by foreign countries, for example plantations of 10 % of indigenous trees are duty in Brazil, could you explain the restrictions?

In addition, such restrictions will be applied to A/R CDM projects?

186 There are no special restrictions on foreign capital.

8. Suitable site

The mission would like to know idea about the sites where your country considers implementing an A/R CDM project. If possible, could you explain concrete name (administrative name) of the areas?

Although the government has not officially designated target regions for the A/R CDM, Regions VI to XI are potential areas for A/R projects. The northern part of our country is a desert, which is a difficult area for establishing A/R projects. If additionality is taken into account, a project that takes on the nature of an anti-poverty measure involving small land owners is considered a feasible type of A/R CDM project.

9. Feasibility of environmental forestation CDM projects

We do not deny their feasibility. Environmental NGOs may take some action. However, it is highly likely that owners of small and medium-sized land areas will look for profits from timber production. In Chile, it is considered that other projects can easily demonstrate additionality on the land of smallholders. This probably means that A/R CDM projects for environmental forestation are less feasible.

3. State of Baselines

Pasture (Praderas), pasture＋bushes(Matorral Pradera, bushes(Matorral)are categorized as candidate for A/R CDM. The definitions of bushes, pasture andbushes＋pasture are as follows.

Pasture (Praderas) : Highland Steppe; Grassland where grass occupies not less than 10% of area, while bushes and low trees occupy less than 10%. Year-round grassland/pasture, ever-green grassland, Central Andean Grassland, Patagonia Steppe; Grass occupies not less than 25% of area, while bushes and low trees occupy less than 25%.

Pasture + bushes (Matorral Pradera) : Trees occupy less than 10% of area (Regions 1 to 4) or less than 25% (other regions), while the share of bushes widely ranges from 25% to 100%. The share of grassland also widely ranges from 25% to 100%.

Bushes (Matorral) : The share of trees is less than 10% of area, while that of bushes ranges from 10% to 75% and that of grass from 0 to 100%.

In the vegetation categories as above, grazing is generally conducted and livestock browse constantly. Therefore, there is no possibility of the transition of vegetation. For this reason, the existing vegetation can be considered as the baseline.

187 4. Data concerning biomass

INFOR has collaborated with Austral University to carry out a survey of carbon stocks in grasslands and bushes such as Ulex in Region 10. The results of the survey are as follows.

In grasslands, the results are classified into the following categories: i.e., as for carbon pools, ground biomass, underground biomass (divided into the 0 – 15 cm and 15 – 30 cm layers) and soil organic matter (divided into the 0 – 15 cm and 15 – 30 cm layers); and as for zones, the coastal zone, the central valley zone and the foot of the Andes.

Ground Biomass: 3 to 4 CO2t/ha Underground Biomass: 4 to 8 CO2t/ha (incorrect due to the reading of the graph) Soil Organic Matter: 160 to 180 CO2t/ha (incorrect due to the reading of the graph).

For bushes, the results are shown according to carbon pools in the categories of ground biomass, underground biomass (divided into 0 - 15 cm and 15 - 130 cm) and soil organic matter (divided into 0 - 15 cm and 15 - 30 cm). The results are summarized in the following Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Carbon stocks of bushes in Region 10

Carbon Pool Number of Plots CO2 Stocks Standard (CO2t/ha) Deviation Ground Biomass 18 29 13.6 Underground Biomass (0 - 15cm) 12 123.6 44 Underground Biomass (15 - 130 cm) 12 51.7 19.8 Soil Organic Matter (0 - 15 cm) 18 372.2 88 Soil Organic Matter (15 - 130 cm) 18 235.4 45.1

5. Explanation of Additionality

In the south of Chile, afforestation of radiata pines (Pinus radiata) is mainly conducted actively. Afforestation area is largely near the shipping port, considering the transport cost. Because transport cost is one of the main elements reflected in wood prices, afforestation area can not exist in areas distant from the ports, which are not cost-effective. Viewed from the opposite side, in such areas, it is considered that there is additionality of A/R CDM. Additionality of such areas can be verified by economical barrier.

6. Information on Afforestation

This section describes the situation of forestation in Region 7.

(1) Overview

Region 7 (Maule) is situated between latitude 34 and 36 degrees south and at longitude 70 degrees 20 minutes to the Pacific coast and has an area of about 30,356,000 ha. The

188 topography of this region changes toward the east from the coastal plain to the coastal mountain ranges, the central basin and the Andes and undulates over a wide range of altitudes from 0 m to 4,000 m or more. The climate is Mediterranean, but is variable according to the undulations of the land. The annual average rainfall is about 650 mm in Talca, which is the capital of this region.

Although the people have traditionally cultivated the land and bred cattle in Region 7, they have recently come to produce timber near the coastal mountain ranges and on the slopes of the Andes. The planting of Pinus radiata trees has been promoted, particularly in the area extending from the Pacific coast to the coastal mountain range. In the breakdown of land use, grassland/small shrubland accounts for 27%, forests for 26.2%, farmland for 23.4% and other land uses (including water systems and urban areas) for 23.4%. Grassland (Praderas), small shrubland/grassland (Matorral Pradera) and small shrubland (Matorral) as potential categories on the land cover and land use maps for the A/R CDM occupy 140,746.3 ha (4.6% of the total regional area), 16,556.6 ha (0.5%) and 451,683.7 ha (14.9%), respectively.

(2) Afforestation plan for small land owners

In Chile, the Forest Corporation (CONAF: Corporacion Nacional Forestal) under the Ministry of Agriculture has been implementing an Afforestation Plan for Small Land Owners under the Forest Law No.701 since 1991. This plan targets owners of small and medium-sized land areas who have irrigated an area of 12 ha or less each (a total area of not more than 200 ha or not more than 500 ha). The objectives of this plan are to support agriculture and stock raising activities that will prevent erosion and ensure the restoration of degraded areas, and to promote forestry activities through which small land owners will overcome poverty and secure steady and stable incomes. An area of 127,162 ha was afforested across the country by 2003 under this plan (See Fig 6.1). Afforestation in Region 7 covered a total area of 26,562 ha that was owned by small land owners. In the period from 1995 to 2001, profit-sharing afforestation was carried out under agreements between CONAF, Forestal CELCO as a private company and small land owners. A total of 148 families took part in this activity and an area of 3,788 ha was afforested. The roles of these three parties in this profit-sharing afforestation are as follows: CONAF provided farmers with information and invited people to participate in this activity; the company prepared the land and planted the trees; and the farmers managed the plantations. Under this agreement, the farmers remain the land owners and the harvests are to be equally distributed between the company and farmers. Although the farmers are primarily required to sell their harvest to Forestal CELCO, they are also entitled to choose a better customer in the market at their discretion.

189 28,000 24,000 20,000 16,000 SUPERFICIE (ha) 12,000 8,000 4,000 0

1 2 3 4 9 0 1 2 3 9 9 9 9 95 96 9 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 19 1 1 1 1 1 1997 1998 19 20 2 2 2 Year

Figure 6.1 Trends in area of afforestation achieved under the Afforestation Plan for Smallholders

(3) Area of Afforestation in 2001

The area of afforestation and reforestation in Region 7 in 2001 is shown by species in Table 6.1 and by the scale of land ownership in Table 6.2.

Table 6.1 Area of afforestation/reforestation in Region 7 in 2001 (In real terms)

Total A/R Pino Otras Pino Varias Atriplex Tamarugo Alamo Eucalipto in 2001 Oregon Especies Radiata Especies

18,272.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.64 1,479.95 16,770.27 0.00

(Afforestation)

7,473.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.64 567.14 6,883.91 0.00

(Reforestation)

10,799.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 912.81 9,886.36 0.00

190 Table 6.2 Area of afforestation/aforestation according to the scale of land ownership in 2001 (In real terms)

Ownership of small and medium-sized Small-scale land ownership Subtotal Province areas of land Grand Total

Afforestation Reforestation Total Afforestation Reforestation Total Afforestation Reforestation

VII 1,829.05 621.62 2,450.67 5,644.64 10,177.55 15,822.19 7,473.69 10,799.17 18,272.86

Total 16,077.31 710.67 16,787.98 28,098.43 49,968.60 78,067.03 44,175.74 50,679.27 94,855.01

7. Socioeconomic Information

8. The socioeconomic situation of the Lumaco Commune in Malleco District in State IX mentioned as an example in the section on information on A/R CDM projects will be described in the following. This description is based on the results of an interview with Mr. Manuel Painequeo, a representative of the Mapuche Tribe in the Council of the Lumaco Commune. As can be seen from this description, land problems in the area where indigenous people live in the southern part of Chile are very complicated, as they are in other South American regions, and much care should be taken concerning them when implementing an afforestation project.

(1) Brief History of Land Problems

According to the communal records of indigenous people regarding land ownership (títulos de merced) granted to local communities in the Lumaco Commune, there were 56 communities as of 1886, which owned land with a total area of 12,705 ha. However, as patches of land were sold and individuals increasingly occupied them, this area decreased by 20.5% to 10,093 ha in 2000 (as surveyed by Bargas in 2000).

Some pieces of land were returned to the local communities during the agrarian reforms and these communities set up cooperative associations (Cooperativa Lautaro) in their lands. However, the military dictatorship revoked land restoration and forced the cooperatives to dissolve. Most of these lands were held again in the possession of government, which in turn sold these lands to major timber companies. These companies collectively began coming to the Lumaco Commune in 1974 and intensively developed Pinus and Eucalyptus tree plantations under Law 701 (the Law for Forest Development).

In 1979, a government ordinance permitted the start of communal division (Law 2568 permitting Mapuche Tribe to divide land at the request of an individual). As a result of this land division, local communities were deprived of the benefits that individual land owners had enjoyed (credit and various forms of support from government). In this respect, this land division has critical significance.

The land division caused a number of internal disputes. Young people were forced to leave their own lands because it was only their parent’s generation that was entitled to own land. They then lost their rights to land due to their absence from their own lands. In this way, 90% of local communities were dissolved and divided into patches of land, which were in turn owned by individuals. Afterwards, CONADI (National Corporation for Indigenous

191 Development) purchased these private lands (about 2,500 ha) for local communities to own. In fact, the local communities have become land owners.

(2) Socioeconomic Data

According to the census of 2002, 38% of residents in Lumaco Commune are allegedly members of the Mapuche Tribe. On the other hand, the Federation of Mapuche Tribe Communities in the Lumaco Commune indicates that they actually account for nearly 70% of all residents in this commune. Of all residents in the Lumaco Commune, 81.7% live on the margin of poverty (with an income of less than 50 Euro a month) and 47% of this proportion live on the ultimate margin of poverty (less than 30 Euro a month). The most important problems identified as a result of the questionnaire survey on the Mapuche Tribe (Bargas, 2000) are the shortage of water for livestock and lack of firewood. In the census of 2002, the unemployment rate for the Lumaco Commune was 11.7%. This rate has mainly effected the population under 25 years of age (19.5%) and the effect has been especially marked for women (25.5%) rather than men (17.7%). The rate was higher in urban areas (19.5%) than in rural ones (9.5%).

The literacy rate of the Lumaco Commune has remained as high as 83% (95.8% in Chile as a whole) and since more than 10 years ago the rate for men (85%) has been higher than that for women (81%). According to the census of 2000, the educational level of the Lumaco Commune was below the national average.

There are two forms of communal organization in the Lumaco Commune.

- The “Traditional” Community or Family Community: This is composed of families in a broad sense. They jointly execute religious rites and cultural events through longko (spiritual authorities, sages) and machi (healers, psychic media). This type of community has no legal identity.

- The “Legal” Community (under the Indigenous Peoples Law) is composed of several families (at least 14 families), which do not necessarily have actual family bonds. This type of community has the status of a juridical person with the head of the community as a representative and is entitled to purchase land through CONADI (National Corporation for Indigenous Development) and other national supportive institutions.

In fact, these two types of communities are mixed. Each “legal” community consists of groups, some of which comprise families belonging to a “traditional” community. There are 57 “legal” communities in the Lumaco Commune.

There is a Federation of Mapuche Tribe Communities in the Lumaco Commune and 80% of communities in the Lumaco Commune have joined this Federation. The Executive Body (5 members) is elected by member communities every two years. The present state of the Federation has remained unchanged since 1998. The Federation receives requests from communities and settles problems. As the representative of all the member communities, the Federation negotiates with various national organizations [CONAF (The National Forest Corporation), CONADI (National Corporation for Indigenous Development) and local organizations, etc.] and local authorities (public offices).

192 (3) Main Economic Activities

Aboriginal communities in Lumaco Commune earn their livelihood mainly by performing the following economic activities:

- Extensive sheep and cattle raising (on a small scale). Sometimes they receive permission for grazing in tree plantations owned by major timber companies. Domestic animals are grazed on the roadside because there are no highland pastures. The number of domestic animals for sale is very low. They sell cattle once or twice a year generally when they need money (for example, at the start of a new school year).

- Poultry and hog raising (about 30% for sale and the remaining for self-sustenance)

- Agriculture: Fruit trees, potatoes, beans and wheat with a low production efficiency for self-sustenance. Only 10% of all the farms (those in possession of a large area) sell their crops and account for about 50% of the total output.

- The short-term employment of young people by a few timber companies, fruit tree cultivators (apple, grape) and rice farms. These activities provide farms with their main sources of income.

- Forestry in local communities owning tree plantations: Selling firewood, charcoal and pulp used as cellulose (metro ruma, the unit of measuring pulp in Chile: 1 m x 1 m x 2.44 m). Metro ruma is a unit derived from cutting young trees (5 years or older for Eucalyptus and 7 years or older for Pinus). Selling them is a short-term means of earning money because the value of the timber brings just a low level of earnings. If they take care of the trees over the long term, the value of timber will probably rise. Forestry farms seem to have no other choice but to adopt this method to meet their economic needs.

Income from agriculture and livestock raising is very low.

There are very few members of the Mapuche Tribe engaged in specialized jobs in the Lumaco Commune. The majority of the farms are directly dependent on what they can produce by themselves. This situation has come to reach a critical point as the land becomes sterile.

(4) Land Use

Communal land is used mainly for agriculture and livestock raising (71%) as well as tree planting (15%). The tree plantations lack diversity and 85.4% of the total area of these plantations is solely composed of Eucalyptus, while mixed forests of Pinus and non-Eucalyptus species account for no more than 3.3%. Moreover, the trees in these plantations are very young and 88.6% of the planted area is occupied by trees planted less than 10 years ago. Virgin forests account for 8% of the total area and mainly play a role in protecting the water flow (Bargas, 2000). These forests are under legal protection against felling.

193 8. Information on A/R CDM projects.

Indigenous Community Management Project (PROMACIN: Proyecto Manejo con Comunidades Indigenas)

PROMACIN is a project for natural resources management that has been implemented by CONAF in Region 9 since 2003 with the financial support of the French Fund for the World Environment (FFEM) and technical cooperation from France’s National Office of Forestry (ONF: Office National des Forets). The project aims to contribute to environmental restoration, resource development for new products, capacity building and improvements in the living standard for the Mapche Community for the benefit of the Mapche, an indigenous group.

As one of the project components, an afforestation program was formulated and aims to be recognized as an A/R CDM project. The details of this project are as follows.

1) Coverage area

This project covers five communes, namely Lumaco, Puren, Los Sauces and Traiguen in Malleco Province and Galvarino in Cautine Province.

2) Selection of potential areas for afforestation

The potential areas are selected using GIS from three points of view: i.e., land use, scale of land ownership and potential land use.

Land Use: Thin shrubland, annually grazed land, perennially grazed land, cultivated/grazed land, and cultivated land were selected as potential categories.

Scale of Land Ownership: Small land owners (0 - 200 ha) were selected from the scale of classes of land ownership. For reference, land owners of medium-sized plots have 200 to 500 ha each, while large ones have more than 500 ha. In this project, the majority of smallholders are concentrated on plots of 20 to 40 ha.

Land Use Potential: Classes 6 and 7 were selected.

In this way, an area of 103,135 ha was identified from the total area of about 320,000 ha covered by this project. The owners of this area include those who have continuously used their own lands for cultivation and grazing. In this sense, these are just the same as potential areas.

3) Planned area for afforestation under this project

As a pilot project, it is planned that an area of about 300 ha per year and a total area of 2,300 ha will be forested by 2010. The sites for afforestation have been determined by repeated GPS surveying and ground confirmation while taking into account the intentions of the local communities. The final target area of afforestation is 14,000 ha and the remaining 11,700 ha will become areas for extension based on the results of this

194 pilot project.

4) Afforestation

If the sites for afforestation are determined, a survey of the natural conditions will be carried out so that the results of the survey will help determine the selection of the species to be planted. Usually, species are selected from Pinus, Eucalyptus varieties and indigenous species.

Afforestation subsidies in Chile are designed to support projects for the afforestation of non-forest areas only when the survival rate of the planted trees exceeds 75% in the year after planting. If the rate does not exceed 75%, supplementary tree plantation will be carried out to secure the rate of 75%. This project is intended to provide technical guidance while investing money in afforestation in the initial year. Land owners will spend the subsidy on planting trees in the following years.

5) Eligibility for the A/R CDM

As stated above, subsidies are to be given only when the survival rate exceeds the specified value in the year after planting. As a matter of fact, small land owners without the financial capacity have been unable to make the initial investment in afforestation and no projects have been implemented. However, such projects will make afforestation possible and therefore enable additionality to be demonstrated.

It is claimed that the non-forest areas as of the end of 1989 will be identified mainly using the land register attached to the land registration maps of 1987, which contain land use data to distinguish forests from non-forest areas as well as being complemented by the use of land registration data from 1974. Although land registration must be renewed every year, land use data are not updated annually. It is said that a 1987 version of the land registration map contains land use data as of the year closest to 1989.

Investors will be openly invited to the above-mentioned area of 11,700 ha to extend the project. This area is determined by subtracting the pilot project area from the final target area for afforestation.

195 9. The Tool for Evaluating A/R CDM Potential Areas in Chile

Verifier to check the eligibility of potential areas for afforestation and reforestation project activities in the Clean Development Mechanism (AR-CDM project).

The potential area for an AR-CDM project cannot be selected only on the base of the cartographic data of this study that was elaborated to serve only like a useful reference in the initial selection of lands by part of investors or implementers of projects. For this reason, it was determined that it is necessary to elaborate a verifier to select the patches of lands that are eligible for an AR-CDM project from the point of view of the addicionality, the socio-economic conditions and the forest aptitude, to complement the information of the maps. The development of this kind of verifier type began in Uruguay and Ecuador.

In the elaboration of the present verifier there have been considered the following documents emitted by the Executive Board (EB) of the CDM (they are denominated with the acronym EB and the number of the corresponding session, followed by the number of the Annex to the report of the meeting): a) EB 26, Annex 18: "Procedures to demonstrate the eligibility of lands for afforestation and reforestation project activities, version 02"; b) EB 22, Annex 16: "Procedures to demonstrate the eligibility of lands for afforestation and reforestation project activities” and; c) EB 21, Annex 16: "Tool for the demonstration and assessment of the addicionality in AR-CDM project activities".

It is necessary to take into account that paragraph 25 of Decision -/CMP.2, “Further guidance relating to the Clean Development Mechanism”, decides to put on hold the regulations contained in EB22, Annex 16 and EB 26, Annex 18, because of certain irregularities detected in EB 26, Annex 18 about the procedures to demonstrate the eligibility of lands for AR-CDM projects, on the grounds that the EB had overregulated on this issue. In paragraph 26 of the same decision, the COP/MOP request the Executive Board to prepare, after a call for public input, new procedures for the previous demonstration providing for an additional call for public input on a final draft.

In spite of the above situation, the present verifier is based on the dispositions established in documents EB22, Annex 16 and EB 26, Annex 18, even though could be changes in the procedures in future.

The verifier has been prepared as a form with four columns that contain a checking list of questions that has to be answered as “yes” or “no”, and the judgment whether the patch of land under examination is eligible or not for an AR-CDM project. Next to the column of questions there is other column that provides guidance on sources of information that could help to a reliable answer to the respective question, whose details are contained in annexes. Annex 1 refers to the available information on cartography, aerial photographs and satellite imagery, including flight name, year, scale, land cover and present prices in US dollar equivalent. Annex 2 provides the addresses of relevant official institutions that could be consulted for further information related with land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) in Chile.

196 The form comprises two main subjects. The first is the natural or physical land eligibility whose questions are based on the dispositions established in documents EB22, Annex 16 and EB 26, Annex 18, and all the questions must be answered to achieve the EB present requirements. The second subject corresponds to the demonstration of addicionality of including each patch of land in the AR-CDM project boundary, as stated in the present valid Tool for the demonstration and assessment of the addicionality in AR-CDM project activities, as stated in document EB 21, Annex 16, and comprises questions on the legal frame on land use and te barriers analysis.

The way to use this verifier tool is as follows. y Step 1) For each question, the user should mark with an “x” in the pigeonhole of the option “Yes” or “No.” y Step 2) In order to be certain that the answer is appropriate and reliable; it is recommended that the user consult the sources of information suggested in column two. y Step 3) In the subject natural land eligibility, all the questions must to be answered. y Step 4) For the subject of addicionality, the users are not necessarily requested to answer all the corresponding questions, provided that the question does not apply to determinate patch of land. Also, the users can select other questions that can support the eligibility of a land in the context of the proposed AR-CDM project. y Step 5) For each question that does not fit with the eligibility or addicionality requirements, the users should make an effort to analyze in depth the situation by means of the provided sources of information or search for additional ones. y Step 6) In the case a patch of land does not fulfils anyhow the eligibility or addicionality requirements, is recommended to exclude it from the proposed AR-CDM project.

197 Verifier form to determine the eligibility of lands for projects FR-MDL in Chile

Nº. Question Source of available information to respond to the question Check mark Judgment Subject 1) Natural or physical eligibility of the land for a AR-CDM project.

1 Could the present woody vegetation that exists on the land be ¾ The definition of forest of Chile for AR-CDM projects is: 25% minimum tree Yes □ Yes: eligible considered under the threshold of the forest definition of Chile? crown cover; 5 meters minimum tree height in situ at species maturity and; 0.5 No □ No: not eligible hectare minimum land area (Annex 2). ¾ Direct field observation of the patch of land. ¾ Recent aerial photographs from SAF, CIREN, IGM (Annex 1) 2 Is there natural regeneration or sources of seeds that potentially ¾ Direct field observation of the patch of land. Yes □ Yes: not eligible can develop and reach the definition of forest - without direct ¾ Present and likely future land use, especially livestock farming and No □ No: eligible human intervention - on the patch of land? agriculture. ¾ Previous and present agricultural practices. 3 Is the land temporarily unstocked or without forest due to direct ¾ Direct field observation of the patch of land. Yes □ Yes: not eligible human intervention such as harvest, or indirect natural causes as ¾ Consults to the land-owner. No □ No: eligible fire or plagues, but will return to be forest for management or ¾ Consultations in CONAF about the land situation with regard to Decree Law legal reasons? 701 (DL 701) (Annex 2) 4 Are there restrictive environmental conditions, strong human ¾ Direct field observation of the patch of land. Yes □ Yes: eligible pressures or lack of sources of seeds that impede- without human ¾ Level of land degradation, desertification and fragility according to definitions No □ No: not eligibl 198 intervention - the development of regeneration of natural woody of DL 701. vegetation to such a point to become in forest? ¾ Climatic, topographical and soil conditions in the surrounding area of the proposed AR-CDM project. 5 For reforestation CDM projects: did the patch of land have forest ¾ Map of land use in 1990, elaborated by JOFCA between the regions VI to XI. Yes □ Yes: not eligible at December 31 of 1989, considering the characteristics of the ¾ Maps of forest plantations by INFOR (Annex 1). No □ No: eligibl questions 1, 2, 3 and 4? ¾ Consultations in CONAF about the land situation with regard to Decree Law 701 (Annex 2). ¾ Cartography, aerial photographies and satellite imagery around year 1990 from IGM, SAF and CIREN (Annexes 1 and 2). 6 For CDM afforestation projects:, did the patch of land have ¾ Official aerial photographies from IGM and photo mosaics from CIREN for a Yes □ Yes: not eligible forest at least 50 years ago, considering the characteristics of the 50 year period, including lapses of the order of 10, 25, 40 and 50 years No □ No: eligibl questions 1, 2, 3 and 4? (Annexes 1 and 2). 7 Has the woody vegetation on the patch of land reached the ¾ Official aerial photographies from SAF and ortophotos from CIREN since Yes □ Yes: not eligible definition of forest at any time since January 1º of 1990 to year 1990 to present (Annexes 1 and 2). No □ No: eligibl present? Subject 2) Demonstration that the afforestation or reforestation of the land does not correspond to a business as usual situation and it fulfills the additionality requirements to be eligible as an AR-CDM project

Subject 2.1) Land use prevailing legal framel

Nº. Question Source of available information to respond to the question Check mark Judgment

8 Has the land one or more alternative uses other than afforestation ¾ Direct field observation of the patch of land. Yes □ Yes: additional or reforestation that fulfill the existing effective legal frame? ¾ Potential land use reports for rural properties available in CIREN (Annex 2). No □ No: not additional ¾ Potential farming reports available in INIA (Annex 2). 9 Are the activities of afforestation and reforestation the only ones ¾ Consultations in SAG to verify that the alternative land uses have not legal Yes □ Yes: not additional that can be carried out fulfilling the effective legal and regulatory restrictions (Annex 2). No □ No: additional frame? ¾ Consultations in CONAF about the property situation with regard to the State National System of Protected Areas (SNASPE) and private protected wild areas. Subject 2.2) Analysis of profitability of the investments of all the alternatives of land use (optional)

10 Is the profitability of the proposed AR-CDM project lower than ¾ Study of profitability of the AR-CDM project without revenues from selling Yes □ Yes: additional the one that would have any other alternative use of the land? tCER or lCER and the profitability of other land use alternatives. No □ No: not additional Subject 2.3) Analysis of barriers to the investment and other barriers

11 Are risk related with changes in government policy or laws to ¾ Take note that the incentives for afforestation contemplated in the DL 701 Yes □ If: additional carry out the proposed project? expire in year 2010. It is recommended to maintain updated information on No □ No: not additional this issue at CONAF (Annex 2). ¾ It is recommended to obtain updated information about the Program of 199 Recovery of Degraded Lands, the Law to Promote Irrigation and Drainage, and other Laws to foster agriculture activities in SAG and INDAP (Annex 2) 12 Does exists adverse climatic factors that can affect the ¾ Direct field observation of the patch of land. Yes □ Yes: additional development of the proposed AR-CDM project negatively? ¾ Consultations in the Meteorological Direction of Chile (DMC) (Annex 2). No □ No: not additional ¾ Justification for proposed adaptation and mitigation measures the project will carry on to deal with possible adverse climate conditions. 13 Does exists soil limiting conditions that can affect the ¾ Direct field observation of the patch of land, mainly erosion, depth, texture, Yes □ Yes: additional development of the proposed AR-CDM project negatively? structure, stony, salinity and other restricting conditions prevailing on land. No □ No: not additional ¾ Consultations about limiting soil conditions in SAG, INIA, INDAP, CONAF and local farmers (Annex 2). ¾ Justification for proposed adaptation and mitigation measures the project will carry on to deal with possible adverse soil conditions 14 Does exists presence or threat of invasive native or alien species, ¾ Direct field observation of the patch of land. Yes □ Yes: additional such as weeds, grasses or shrubs, that can affect the development ¾ Consultations about soil conditions in SAG, INIA, INDAP, CONAF and local No □ No: not additional of the proposed AR-CDM project negatively? farmers (Annex 2). ¾ Justification for proposed measures the project will carry on to control invasive species. 15 Does exists pressure for pasturing in the area of the proposed ¾ Direct field observation of the patch of land. Yes □ Yes: additional AR-CDM project that can affect the development of the ¾ Consultations about the level of pressure for pasturing situations in SAG, No □ No: not additional

Nº. Question Source of available information to respond to the question Check mark Judgment proposed AR-CDM project negatively? INIA, INDAP, CONAF and local farmers (Annex 2). ¾ Justification for proposed adaptation and mitigation measures the project will carry on to prevent damage from pasturing, mainly fencing and its economical incidence in the proposed AR-CDM project. 16 Does exists behavior patterns that prevent or limit the ¾ Direct field observation of the patch of land. Yes □ Yes: additional possibilities of associativity that are necessary to incorporate ¾ Interviews to land owners, surveys among local authorities, organizations and No □ No: not additional lands to the AR-CDM project and facilitate its organization and other stakeholders. management? ¾ Associative experiences in other farming projects in the area, mainly in INDAP and CONAF (Annex 2) 17 Are there difficulties or lack of access to the land? ¾ Direct field observation of the patch of land with regard to its access Yes □ Yes: additional conditions, mainly roads and bridges. No □ No: not additional ¾ Consultations about access conditions in MOP. 18 Are there prevailing opposition from environmentalist ¾ Interviews to land owners, surveys among local authorities, environmentalist Yes □ Yes: additional organizations, local authorities, or the local public opinion that organizations and other stakeholders. No □ No: not additional could hinder the AR activities and the type of species in the ¾ Justifications for proposed measures the project will carry on to promote and proposed land? persuade the opponents to the proposed AR-CDM project.

200

ANNEX 1 AVAILABLE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND ORTO PHOTOS

1. Centro de Información de Recursos Naturales (CIREN)

Number of Surface cover per Ortophotos total Region Scale Year of flight Covered sector ortophotos ortophotos km2 land cover km2 Tarapacá 101 1:10.000 1994 46.22 4.668,22 Only valleys Antofagasta ------Atacama 125 1:10.0o0 2004 42.00 5.250,00 Only valleys Coquimbo 321 1:10.000Color: 2001-2002 41.65 13.369,65 Only valleys (Digital archives: 253; color: 63; B/w: b/w: 321). 1996-1997-1999 Valparaíso 161 1:20.000 1983 129.90 12.548,34 Coast to pre-mountain range. Valparaíso 468 1:10.000 2002-2005 40.50 18.954,00 Except for insular Valparaíso region and oriental area from 70º30’ longitude West. O”Higgins 101 1.20.000 1978 138.00 12.544,20 Coast to pre-mountain range. Maule 87 1:20.000 1978 148.80 11.392,13 Coast to pre-mountain range. 201 90 1:20.000 1994 158.50 14.265,00 Coast to pre-mountain range. BioBio 122 1:20.000 1978 134.40 13.937,28 Coast to pre-mountain range. 235 1:20.000 1983 123.20 17.950,24 2 1:20.000 1998 152.90 305,80 Mocha Island. La Araucania 154 1:20.000 1987 193.32 29.771,28 Coast to pre-mountain range. Los Lagos 527 1:20.000 1992-1995 145.90 56.976,00 Coast to pre-mountain range. Aisén 133 1:20.000 1995-1999 208.80 27.770,40 Central sector between Puyuhuapi and Cochrane. 6 1:20.000 1992-1995 145.90 875,40 Magallanes 0 - - - - RM (Santiago) 135 1:20.000 1983 128.80 11.823,84 The entire region to pre-mountain range. Total 2.768 252.401,78

Also there are available photo mosaics scales 1: 20.000 covering the valleys of the III y IV regions and from the coast to pre-mountain range from V to X. regions. The aerial photography basis is the year 1961/62, except for the VII region, that is 1955/56.

Prices of material are in next page

Prices for public sale in US$ dollars equivalent (1US$ = $530 Chilean pesos

Orto photos US$/unit Aerial photography image and properties delimitation 44.30 Aerial photography image, properties delimitation and soil classification 57.60

Photomosaics Aerial photography image only 24.50 Aerial photography image and properties delimitation 33.20 Aerial photography image, properties delimitation and soil classification 40.00

2. Instituto Geográfico Militar (IGM)

Aerial photography material available for public sale

Name of flight Year Escale Cover US$/unit Trimetrogon 1943 1:40.000 Certain areas 12.80 Hycon 1954 1:70.000 I to VIII Region 12.80 OEA flight 1961 1:50.000 X to XII Region 12.80 Aero service 1961 1:50.000 19º to 27º30’ Latitude South. 12.80 1978 1:70.000 67º to 69º Latitude South. 12.80

3. Servicio Aerofotogramétrico de la Fuerza Aerea de Chile (SAF)

Aerial photography material available for public sale

Name of flight Year Escale Cover US$/unit CH30 and CH60 1978-1982 1:30.000 National 21.70 1:60.000 National 21.70 FONDEF 1994 1:20.000 Copiapó to Chiloé 21.70 GEOTEC 1998 1:50.000 National 21.70 1:70.000 National 21.70

202 ANNEXº2

ADDRESSES OF RELEVAN INSTITUTIONS IN CHILE

Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF) Avenida Presidente Bulnes 285, Santiago Phone: (56-2) 3900000 http://www.conaf.cl E-mail: [email protected]

Centro de Información de Recursos Naturales CIREN Av. Manuel Montt 1164, Providencia, Santiago Phone (56-2) 200 89 00 Fax: (56-2) 200 89 14 Postal code: 750 15 56 http://www.ciren.cl

Servicio Aerofotogramétrico, Fuerza Aérea de Chile (SAF) Encomenderos N° 270, Las Condes, Santiago Phone: (56 02) 7829304 - 7829306 Fax: (56 02) 7829310 http://www.saf.cl

Instituto Geográfico Militar (IGM) Dieciocho 369, Santiago Phones: 4109363 – 4109463 Fax: 6990416 / Email:[email protected]. http://www.igm.cl

Instituto Forestal (INFOR) Metropolitan office Huérfanos 554 - Santiago Phone: (56-2) 693 07 00 Fax: (56-2) 638 12 86 http://www.infor.cl

Headquarters Camino a Coronel Km. 7,5, Concepción, BioBio Region Phone/Fax: (56-41) 274 90 90 Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) Fidel Oteiza 1956, Floors 11 and 12, Providencia, Santiago Phone: 225-2118 Fax: 225-8773 http://www.inia.cl

203 Comisión Nacional de Medio Ambiente (CONAMA) Teatinos 254/258, Santiago Reception: (56-2) 2405600 / Information office: (56-2) 2411800 Fax: (56-2) 2405758 http://www.conama.cl

Instituto de Desarrollo Agropecuario (INDAP) Agustinas 1465, Santiago Phone: (56-2) 690 8000: Fax (56-2) 671 0245, Casilla 282 – V correo 21 http://www.indap.cl

Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG) Paseo Bulnes 140, Santiago Phone: (56-2) 345 1111 http://www.sag.cl

Fundación para la Innovación Agraria (FIA) Loreley 1582, La Reina, Santiago Fono (56-2) 431 3000 http://www.fia.cl

Servicio de Impuestos Internos (SII) Alonso Ovalle 680, Santiago Fono: (56 2) 395 1115 Fax: (56 2) 395 1882 http://www.sii.cl

Corporación Nacional de Desarrollo Indigena (CONADI) San Diego N° 630, Floor 3, Santiago Phones: (56-2) 695 5115 – 695 5171 http://www.conadi.cl

Ministerio de Obras Públicas – MOP Morande 59, Santiago Phone: (56-2) 449 4000 http://www.mop.cl

Dirección de Vialidad (Dependant on MOP) Morandé 59 / 2do piso, Santiago Phone (56-2) 449 5302 http://www.vialidad.cl

204 Dirección Metereologica de Chile (DMC) Portales 3450, Estación Central, Santiago Phone: (56-2) 4364538 Fax: (56-2) 4378212 http://www.meteochile.cl

205 10. Other links to related information y DNA： Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente (CONAMA) Teatinos 258, Santiago-Centro Chile

Focal point:： Sra. Marcela Main ( [email protected],[email protected] ) Phone: (56-2) 240 5628 Fax: (56-2) 240 5656 y Web site of the CONAF: http://www.conaf-rms.cl/index.html y Website of the FAO FRA2010 http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/pdf/fra/2010/South-America/Chile-2010-041.doc y Website of the FAO Forestry databases http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/databases/en/

References： y CONAF(1999) : Catastro y eveluacion de recursos vegetacionales natives de Chile Informe regional Region I-IV y CONAF(1999) : Catastro y eveluacion de recursos vegetacionales natives de Chile Informe regional Region V y CONAF(1999) : Catastro y eveluacion de recursos vegetacionales natives de Chile Informe regional Region VI y CONAF(1999) : Catastro y eveluacion de recursos vegetacionales natives de Chile Informe regional Region VII y CONAF(1999) : Catastro y eveluacion de recursos vegetacionales natives de Chile Informe regional Region VIII y CONAF(1999) : Catastro y eveluacion de recursos vegetacionales natives de Chile Informe regional Region IX y CONAF(1999) : Catastro y eveluacion de recursos vegetacionales natives de Chile Informe regional Region X y CONAF(1999) : Catastro y eveluacion de recursos vegetacionales natives de Chile Informe regional Region XI y CONAF(1999) : Catastro y eveluacion de recursos vegetacionales natives de Chile Informe regional Region XII

206 y CONAF(1999) : Catastro y eveluacion de recursos vegetacionales natives de Chile Informe regional Region Metropolitana y CONAF(1999) : Catastro y eveluacion de recursos vegetacionales natives de Chile Informe Nacional Variables Ambientales

207 BOLIVIA

1. Procedure and result of mapping

(1) Map of potential areas for A/R CDM project

The Forest Development Bureau under the Agency of Environment and Natural Resources considers that the areas with a high potential for afforestation and reforestation are the non-arid areas on the western side of Chiquitos Province, the provinces of Andres Ibañez, Sara, Ichilo and Obispo Santistevan in the Santa Cruz Department and the whole of the Beni Department (Almost identical to the area where the Landsat views are indicated in Fig. 1.1). Accordingly, the area where the Landsat views that are indicated in Fig. 1.1 for this region was covered in this study for the selection of potential A/R CDM sites. It has been determined that potential land areas with respect to A/R CDM projects should be selected according to the following procedures.

Figure 1.1 Target regions for the selection of potential A/R CDM sites

1) Since map data to distinguish forest from non-forest areas as of the end of 1989 is not available from Bolivian entities, Landsat data before and after 1990 from GeoCover was digitally analyzed to produce the map of non-forest areas as of 1990 and to select from the non-forest areas. The NDVI was used to distinguish forest from non-forest areas.

208 2) As for the potential provinces for forestation in the departments of Santa Cruz and Beni, the underlined categories in the legend of the map data in 1) and 2) described later were selected as potential categories for A/R CDM projects.

3) The areas selected in Steps (1) and (2) above were overlaid, and the fully overlapping parts were selected as potential areas for A/R CDM projects (Fig. 1.2). The following are the final classification categories:

For the Santa Cruz Department, AF (Agroforestry: Northern Santa Rosa, settlement of small farms), AS1(Agriculture/Stock farming: Area from Pueblo Bueno to Piraí River and San Pablo), AS2 (Agriculture/Stock farming: Belt-like area leading to Chiquita), GE-B1(Forest management and extensive stock farming: Composite savanna, Escudo Chiquitano forest), GE-C1(Extensive stock farming and conservation: Rio basin, Quimome, Campo Cascabel, Santa María), (This is the same as GE-C2. According to the data from last year, GE-C1 was GE-C1 Extensive stock farming and conservation: Escudo Chiquitano region), and GE-C2 (Extensive stock farming and conservation: Rio basin, Quimome, Campo Cascabel, Santa María). For the Beni Department, VB2a (Pasture with trees, deciduous trees, flatland), VB3a (Pasture with trees, deciduous trees (semi-deciduous), flatland), VB8a (Pasture with trees, deciduous trees, Sinucia arborea, flatland), and VI (Traditional cultivated land, intra-colony cultivated land and secondary forest).

Legend

AF AS 1 AS 2

GE – B1 GE – C1

GE – C2

VB2a VB3a VB8a VI Figure 1.2 A/R CDM potential area in Bolivia

209 The areas of potential A/R CDM sites (shown in Fig. 1.2) by department and by category are shown in the Table 1.1 below. According to the table, a total area of 2,125,000 ha, of which 322,000 ha is from the Santa Cruz Department and 1,802,000 ha is from the Beni Department, was selected as the potential A/R CDM area.

Table 1.1 Total area of potential A/R CDM areas by department and by category (ha) Departments AF AS 1 AS 2 GE-B 1 GE-C 1 GE-C 2 Total Santa cruz 5,239 17,846 11,278 16,778 169,367 101,877 322,386

Departments VB2a VB3a VB8a VI Total Veni 161,569 1,617,967 195 23,053 1,802,783

The following are particular points of concern for Bolivia. Due to the discrepancy in positioning accuracy between the cartographic data used for the selection of the potential A/R CDM sites and data on the administrative demarcation, there is a slight discrepancy when the administrative demarcation maps are overlapped. Accordingly, some categories that are not supposed to exist in the Beni Department can be seen near the borders, and vice versa. Generally, this is not a problem for the precision in determining the potential A/R CDM areas in this study. Nevertheless, accurate boundary data will be needed when a CDM project is implemented.

(2) Land use map of the Beni Department

This is a land use map drawn from the Landsat data of 1997 (Fig. 1.3).

IA18a Islands with flatland mostly covered in evergreen and high-density forest IA1a Mostly evergreen (ombrophilous) and high-density forest, flatland IA1a(1) Mostly evergreen (ombrophilous) and high-density forest, corridors on flatland IA1b Mostly evergreen (ombrophilous) and high-density forest, piedmont IA1c Mostly evergreen (ombrophilous) and high-density forest, mountains IA1e Evergreen and high-density tropical cloud forest IB2a Deciduous and high-density forest, plains IJ1a Evergreen (ombrophilous) and high-density secondary forest, plains L Lagoons VB2a Pasture with trees, deciduous trees, flatland VB3a Pasture with trees, deciduous trees (semi-deciduous), flatland VB8a Pasture with trees, deciduous trees, Sinucia arborea, flatland VC2a Pasture with trees, drought-resistant plants, flatland VD3a Pasture, large Gramineae vegetation, semi-deciduous, flatland VE11a Pasture with palm trees, medium Gramineae vegetation, flatland VE1a Pasture, medium Gramineae vegetation, perennial, flatland VE2a Pasture, medium Gramineae vegetation, flatland VE2c Pasture, medium Gramineae vegetation, piedmont VE3a Pasture, medium Gramineae vegetation, semi-deciduous, flatland VF2a Pasture, small Gramineae vegetation, flatland VF2c Pasture, small Gramineae vegetation, piedmont VI Traditional cultivated land, intra-colony cultivated land and secondary forest

* The underlined areas are potential areas for A/R CDM projects.

210 Legend

Figure 1.3 Land use map of the Beni Department

(3) Land use map of the Santa Cruz Department

This is a land use map drawn from the Landsat data of 1997 (Fig. 1.4).

AE-P Extensive agriculture/stock farming and reserves: Plains flooded by the rivers Piraí, Yapacaní and Ichilo AF Agroforestry: Northern Santa Rosa, settlement of small farms AL1 Intensive agriculture/stock farming land: Piraí River drift AL2 Intensive agriculture/stock farming land: Old sedimentary plain on the Río Grande

211 in northern Isoyata with a rainfall of 900 mm AL3 Intensive agriculture/stock farming land: Base of the Chaquetas mountain range AL-P Agriculture/stock farming land and reserves: Gently undulating land from riversides, Rio Supira drift ANMI 1 Natural land under assimilated control in KAA-IY Park ANMI 2 Natural land under assimilated control in KAA-IY Park ANMI 3 Natural land under assimilated control in KAA-IY Park AR Irrigation agriculture: vegetable cultivation in the Sub-Andes mountains and valleys and flats with flooded sediments AS1 Agriculture/Stock farming: Area from Pueblo Bueno to Piraí River and San Pablo AS2 Agriculture/Stock farming: Beltlike area leading to Chiquita AS3 Agriculture/Stock farming: Quimome, San José and Aguascalientes Regions AS-P1 Agriculture/Stock farming and reserves: Restored land, Sub-Andes base and hills, Buena Vista Region AS-P2 Agriculture/Stock farming and reserves: Sub-Andes mountains AS-P3 Agriculture/Stock farming and reserves: P: mountain region B1 Sustainably managed forest: Bajo Paraguay region B2 Sustainably managed forest: Protected forest B3 Sustainably managed forest: Chaco region B-C Forest reserves and sustainably managed forests B-G Sustainably managed forests and regulated stock farming: Escudo Chiquitano region B-P1 Protected forests: Within 1 km of the most important riversides B-P2 Protected forests: Refuge for flora and fauna B-P3 Protected forests: Within 1 km of a refuge area for flora and fauna C Reserves: Protected forests in the upper and middle reaches of the Piraí River CIUDAD SAT. CRUZ Reserves: Protected forests in the upper and middle reaches of the Pila River FPP1 Vicinity of a park: Buffering and protection of the Noel Kempff Mercado National Park GE1 Extensive stock farming: Within natural pastures liable to flooding GE AR Extensive stock farming: Less productive farmland, San Antonio de Parapeto GE-B1 Forest management and extensive stock farming: Composite savanna, Escudo Chiquitano forest GE-C1 Extensive stock farming and conservation: Escudo Chiquitano region GE-C2 Extensive stock farming and conservation: Rio basin, Quimome, Campo Cascabel, Santa María GE-C3 Extensive stock farming and conservation: Valle Grande, Mataral, Comarapa, Sub-andinosur GE-C4 Extensive stock farming and conservation: Chaqueta region GE-F Extensive stock farming and vegetation control GE-P Extensive stock farming and protection: Sedimentary plains of the Río Grande GE-P1 Extensive stock farming and dune protection: Sandy soils and the Guanaco region GE-P2 Extensive stock farming and dune protection: Loma region GI 1 Extensive stock farming: Bergia region GI 2 Extensive stock farming: Otuquis region, Puerto Sanches region L 32 types of lagoons PH 1 Historical national parks: Santa Cruz PN 1 Amboro National Park PN 2 Noel Kempff Mercado National Park

212 PR 1 Designated park of Lomas de Arena PB 1 Biological conservation area in the Noel Kempff Mercado National Park PB 2 Biological conservation: Elías Meneses experimental forest RIN 1 Conservation of immovables: National parks and A.M.I. RIN 2 Conservation of immovables: National parks RIN 3 Conservation of immovables: National lake parks RIN 4 Conservation of immovables: Biological conservation of the San Matías region RIN 5 Conservation of immovables: Biological conservation of the Romericos region RIN 6 Conservation of immovables: Biological conservation of the Santiago, Sunsas and Tucavaca Valleys RIN 7 Conservation of immovables: Biological conservation of the corridor leading to the Mutun Puerto Busch RIN 8 Conservation of immovables: Wildlife conservation RIN 9 Conservation of immovables: Wildlife conservation RIO Four rivers classified RVS 1 Wildlife conservation RVS 2 Wildlife shelters

The underlined areas are potential areas for A/R CDM projects. However, since the whole of the Santa Cruz Department is not covered in the selection of potential A/R CDM areas in this study, only AF, AS1, AS2, GE-B1, GE-C1, and GE-C2 are the actual potential A/R CDM categories.

213 L

Legend

Figure 1.4 and use map of the Santa Cruz Department

214 2. Basic Information (BOLIVIA)

1 Forest definition

x Minimum canopy density is 30% x Minimum tree height is 4 meters x Smallest forest area is 0.5 hectares.

2 Sustainable development

N/A

3 Feasibility Study

N/A

4 Small scale A/R CDM

We have not considered this matter since no methodology has been determined.

5 Environmental and Socio-economical impact assessment

215

Regarding the impacts, what is important and/or judgment points that your country consider as a project that has significant impacts on environmental and/or socio-economical conditions?

In addition, does your country has procedure and/or standards for the assessment? If yes, please describe the procedure and/or standards.

At this point, we cannot clearly refer to this matter since there is no standard for determining whether an EIA is required.

6 Distribution of lCER or tCER (Certified Emission Reduction) credit

If your country already has ideas on distribution of CER between your country and Annex 1 countries after getting CER through the A/R CDM projects, could you describe the ideas?

N/A

7 Restriction of afforestation projects

There are no special restrictions on foreign capital.

8 Suitable site

The mission would like to know idea about the sites where your country considers implementing an A/R CDM project. If possible, could you explain concrete name (administrative name) of the areas?

Although the government has not officially designated coverage areas for the A/R CDM, the Forest Bureau has selected areas with a high potential for afforestation, including the non-arid areas on the western side of Chiquitos Province, the provinces of Andres Ibañez, Sara, Ichilo and Obispo Santiestevan in the Santa Cruz Department, and the whole area of Beni Department.

216 3. State of Baselines

(1) A case of CETEFOR project for carbon sequestration through reforestation in Cochabamba, Bolivia

In the baseline scenario, loss of biomass and degradation is expected to continue, eventually reducing food production per capita.

(2) Afforestation Program in Inquisibi Province

Loss of native forest, increase of non sustainable agricultural land, increase of grassland and eroded land. The Andean native forest will be significantly affected, decreasing 50% as a consequence of the increase of the land destined to agriculture, new areas fit for grasslands and development of some plantations of non traditional products. The agricultural land will increase by 374%, considering that the population will need more land due to loss of fertility of present farm land, and also they will need to practice extensive agriculture. Grasslands will increase by 130% for extensive cattle raising and loss of fertility of present land. As a consequence of the inappropriate use of the land, more degraded lands will exist: more than 254%. In absolute terms, the native forest will decrease from 30,867.55 ha to 15,433.77 ha. The difference, approximately 15,000 ha, will be used as follows: extensive agriculture: 5,433.77 ha; for grasslands: 4,742.50 ha; for forest planting: 2,478.61 ha; and degraded land 2,768.90 ha. In summary, the deterioration of soils, the increase of land used for non sustainable extensive agriculture and cattle raising, will reduce the areas of native forests.

4. Data concerning biomass

(1) A case of CETEFOR project for carbon sequestration through reforestation in Cochabamba, Bolivia

Estimated average Carbon Baseline of Landuse Types

Landuse type Average carbon (tC/ha) Water Not suitable for reforestation Primary forest Not suitable for reforestation Secondary forest Not suitable for reforestation Cultivated agriculture 7.5 Pasture 5.5 Banana 12.0 Palm heart 18.6 Pineapple 6.3 Mix of pasture, bare soil & banana 8.0 Source: Zomer et al 2006

217 5. Explanation of Additionality

(1) A case of CETEFOR project for carbon sequestration through reforestation in Cochabamba, Bolivia

1. The project activity would not have occurred without the CDM component due to the following barriers:

Without the project it is not very likely reforestation activities will take place on a significant scale: y There is no significant tradition in Bolivia investing in plantation forestry even if the investment on itself is profitable. y There is no tradition within companies for long term investments, especially not when repayment periods are relatively long. y There is a high risk of shortage of cash flow during different stages of the project since, since Bolivian government and also the wood companies, as potential investors, not only have a lack of funds for the investment phase but basically are lacking a continued cash flow capacity, or there is simply no tradition to anticipate future expenses. This makes it is unlikely that the needed investments during the whole period will be covered and thus that the management of the plantation is successful.

Examples show that even in those cases where the establishment phase was financed by ODA projects, the management of plantations failed in later years due to financing and capacity deficits and plantations got lost. The proposed project will cover the financing need during the entire project period, guaranteeing the appropriate implementation and long-term management of the plantations.

6. Information on Afforestation

(1) A case of CETEFOR project for carbon sequestration through reforestation in Cochabamba, Bolivia the short term species (fast growth) will be between 27 to 35 m3/ha/year, the species of average term growth (average growth) will be between 15 to 22 m3/ha/year; and the long term species (slow growth) will be between 7 and 14 m3/ha/year.

Table 6.1 Native forest species

Fast growth (10-15 years) Average growth (15-30 years) Small growth (>30 years) Palo Yugo Cedro Almendrillo Serebo Palo Roman Mara Gabún Paquio Palo Maria Tajibo Trompillo de altura Verdolaga negro de ala Tejeyeque Verdolaga negro de pepa

218 1) Almendrillo, Dipteryx odorata Spacing 3x3 (1.111 plants per hectare) Sites: Light soils of low pH up to neutral, deep soils, without flooding, good to regular drainage, specie is tolerant to short time inundations

2) Gabún, Virola peruviano Spacing 3x3 (1.111 plants per hectare) Sites: Acid up to neutral soils with poor drainage, tolerates inundations. This species does not develop well in open spaces, requires semi-shade. It is possible to realize direct sowing below fallow vegetation or secondary forest.

3) Palo maría, Calophyllum brasiliense Spacing 3x3 (1.111 plants per hectare) Sites: In light soils, humid with springs, moderate drainage, tolerates inundations. Requires some semi-shade.

4) Palo yugo, Stryphnodendron purpureum Spacing 3x3 (1.111 plants per hectare) In acid up to neutral soils, fine structure, imperfect up to very poor drainage, tolerates inundations and tolerates compact soils.

5) Serebo, Schizolobium amazonicum Spacing 2.5x2.5 (1.600 trees per hectare) The Serebo plantations one realizes by means of direct sowing, 2 seeds per hole. Sites: Light soils, sandy, or light, low up to neutral pH, deep soils, not compacted, regular up to good drainage.

6) Tejeyeque, Centrolobium tomentosum Spacing 3x3 (1.111 plants per hectare) Sites: Light soils of pH 5 up to neutral, deep soils, without inundations, with good drainage.

7) Trompillo de altura, Guarea rusby Spacing 3x3 (1.111 plants per hectare) Sites: Light sandy or sandy soils, with low up to neutral pH, soils can not be compacted, the drainage needs to be regular up to good, doesn’t tolerate inundations not even for short periods.

8) Verdolago negro de ala, Terminalia amazonica Spacing 3x3 (1.111 plants per hectare) Sites: light soils of low up to neutral pH, tolerates superficial soils, but the drainage needs to be regular up to good, does not tolerate inundations.

9) Verdolago negro de pepa, Buchanavia sp. Spacing 3x3 (1.111 plants per hectare) Sites: In acid up to neutral soils, light structure, imperfect up to very poor drainage, tolerates inundations.

10) Teca, Tectona grandis Spacing 3x3 (1,111 plants per hectare)

219 Sites: A deep soil, pH > 5.3, does not tolerate inundations, for climatologically reasons this specie shall only be introduced in areas with a more pronounced dry period. For the project area this means; east of de river Sajta and in the provinces of Iturralde y Balivian.

Agroforestry: The variety of trees used will be pacay (Inga sp.), Cacao (Theobroma cacao), Copoasu (Theobroma sp.), Café, Achiote , Chilijchii (Erithrina sp.), mixed with trees planted for shade and wood production . Trompillo de altura (Guarea rusby), Serebo (Schlizobium amazonicum),Tejeyeque (Centrolobium tomentosum),Verdolago (Terminalia amazonica), and mara (Swietenia macrophylla), to increase agricultural production, nitrogen fixing soil cover crops like mucuna puriens will be sown.

Silvopastoral Systems: Pacay (inga sp.), Tajibo (Tabebuia sp.), Paquio (hyminea courbaril), Chilijchi (Erithrina sp.)

Plantations for sustainable wood production: Only native tree-species will be planted, except for the Tectona Grandis, which will be planted only on a small scale. The native tree species proposed for this project are: Guarea rugby, Schlizolobium amazonicum, Centrolobium tomentosum, Terminalia amazonica, Dipteryx odorata and Swietenia macrophylla.

Schzolobium amazonicum is considered as fast growing tree specie, with rotation periods in between 10 to 15 year dependent on site quality. Guarea rugby and Centrolobium tomentosum have rotation periods of approximately 25 years and the species. Dipteryx odorata and Terminalia amazonica are considered as slow growing tree species with rotation lengths of at least 35 years.

Based on field evaluations in species natural habitat and data from sample plots in referencial plantations, the following set of requirements per tree species was defined.

(2) Planting tree species of middle and high elevation area y Eucalyptus globules y E. camaldulensis y E. alba y E. tereticornis y Pinus radiata y P. caribaea y P. oocarpa y P. elliotii y Cupressus macrocarpa

7. Socioeconomic Information

Consideration of social factors in project implementation

When an A/R project is implemented in Bolivia, the problem of indigenous people is unavoidable. One of the ways of overcoming this social factor is to utilize the organizations

220 of the local people. Every community has its own organization of members. The organization of indigenous community members is known as TCO, while that of the resettlers is known as ASL. Every village has a syndicate to integrate the community-level organizations. Moreover, there is also a regional organization to integrate the village-level organizations at the department level, which are finally integrated into a national federation. In this way, the nation is organized like a pyramid. It is advisable that these organizations of the local people should be utilized as a good means of consultations and information concerning project implementation.

In many cases, land ownership is shared by the members of each community and, therefore, land disputes tend to arise over boundaries between the communities. The problem of land ownership may occur even between the government and the community. It would be better to deal with land ownership issues through the local organization of villagers. If any project is carried out by purchasing a site, it will have to start with the registration of the site because it will probably not be registered. This should be expected to be hard work.

8. Information on A/R CDM projects.

The Forest Development Bureau under the Agency of Environment and Natural Resources considers that areas with high potential for afforestation and reforestation are the non-arid areas on the western side of Chiquitos Province, the provinces of Andres Ibañez, Sara, Ichilo and Obispo Santiestevan in the Santa Cruz Department and the whole of the Beni Department. They wish to promote A/R CDM projects in these areas.

(1) A case of CETEFOR project for carbon sequestration through reforestation in Cochabamba, Bolivia

The purpose of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity (hereinafter the ‘proposed activity’) is to reforest a portion of the land owned by 53 farmer families covering an area of 318 ha and the implementation of 84 ha of agro forestry and silvipastoral systems on land of the same farmers.

The proposed activity adds to sustainable development by introducing an integrated farming system aiming at efficient land use practices on the entire farm, considering current and future needs of the farmer family. Sustainable crop and timber production will generate income in the short, mid, and long term.

The proposed activity will be executed as part of a portfolio of small-scale projects in the Cochabamba Tropics, Province of Ichilo in the department of Santa Cruz, Northern La Paz, and Western Beni, intending to reforest 6000 ha on farm land, i.e. the ‘portfolio area’.

Within the areas in which activities will take place, national parks, indigenous territories and areas colonised by settlers can be distinguished. The latter areas are not limited to the areas originally allotted for this purpose but small farmer families also have invaded and are still invading the national parks and indigenous territories. The settler’s areas have been a destination for migrants coming from High Valley and Altiplano regions of Bolivia since the 1930s. This migration has intensified during the last two decades due to increased poverty, the “coca boom” and deterioration of the mining and agricultural economic base that have traditionally supported the people of the Bolivian highlands. Small holders own 95% of the

221 land in the portfolio regions. The sizes of the properties vary, but they are on average 20 hectares per family and are usually 100 by 2,000 m in the Cochabamba Tropics, and 25 to 50 ha in the other regions. Only few farmers have land less than 20 ha.

Figure 8.1 Proposed portfolio area in Bolivia

The settlers are organised into syndicates of 20 to 60 farmer families. Approximately 5 syndicates form a central, which belongs to a federation.

The recent migrants have tried to apply traditional land-use practices from their native regions that are not adapted to the new tropical setting where soils, climate and pests are totally different. Unsustainable land-use practices and associated over-harvesting of native forests has lead to widespread deforestation, causing substantial emissions of greenhouse gases. Moreover, it has lead to a growing shortage of timber from commercial native species, causing an increase in operating costs in the timber processing industry due to longer supply lines for raw materials from native resources. This has spurred interest by small farmers in the conservation and sustainable management of the primary and secondary forests and planting trees on their farmland. In 1994 a regional sustainable development programme for the Cochabamba Tropics was setup to support these goals.

In the baseline scenario, loss of biomass and degradation is expected to continue, eventually reducing food production per capita. Favourable conditions, i.e. rapid growth of native species, readily available land, low labour costs, increasing demand for forestry products, good road access, and experiences gained in establishing and managing native species for reforestation and enrichment planting, provide a good basis for initiating forestry activities in the portfolio area, with the dual aim of generating carbon credits and producing marketable timber. In the regional sustainable development programme, the sequestration of carbon and avoidance and reduction of CO2 emissions are intended to generate marketable carbon credits, both for

222 Kyoto and voluntary markets, enhancing the possibilities for reforestation and thus creating a new source of income for the rural people, and stimulating additional investment by the private and public sectors. The programme works with finite and committed funds and the proposed activity (and subsequent ones in the portfolio) serves as an extension to this programme. The area eligible for A/R CDM project activities is several thousands of hectares, scattered over a large number of farmer’s properties. Demonstration of land eligibility presents no problem since good-quality Landsat TM images are available dating back to the 1980s. The scattered nature of the deforested land and the large number of farmers involved commands the development of small-scale A/R CDM project activities rather than normal scale. The portfolio area will be gradually covered by a series of small-scale A/R CDM project activities organised in a portfolio managed by Centro Tecnico Forestal (CETEFOR). Individual farmers will reforest a portion of their farm. If fully developed, the portfolio will directly benefit at least 1500 families (participants in the portfolio). This proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity is the first to be implemented in the portfolio area, i.e. the Ichilo province.

SSC A/R CDM Project activity

Figure 8.2 Location of Small Scale A/R CDM project activity, within part of the portfolio area.

CETEFOR will provide planting material and technical assistance, and will pay part of the labour cost for plantation, complemented by the in-kind contribution of the farmers in the form of labour for plantation and for maintenance, and land. Throughout the project lifetime, CETEFOR will provide technical assistance and administrative and managerial support. The proposed activity has a 20 years crediting period.

CETEFOR will generate funds by the sales of shares in a timber fund as well as the sales of carbon credits to Kyoto and voluntary markets. Revenues from timber sales are channelled to the farmer families (50%) and shareholders (50%). Revenues of CER and VER sales will be used to cover administration, management, monitoring and transaction costs during the lifetime of the proposed activity. This is regarded to be a strong point of the portfolio developed, since other reforestation efforts in the country in the past failed due to lack of mid and long-term involvement and management.

223 Since 1995, the FAO, EU, the Flemish Government (Belgium) and the regional government have funded the reforestation of 2000 ha as part of the regional sustainable development programme. This program aims at promoting and implementing economically viable and labour-intensive land-use and forest resource management practices in the Cochabamba Tropics region of Bolivia, in the form of plantation forestry, agroforestry, silvipastoral systems and sustainable management of residual primary forests. The program served as a pilot for the proposed activity and generated knowledge on how trees can fit into an integrated farming system as part of plantation forestry, agroforestry and silvipastoral systems.

(2) Afforestation Program in Inquisibi Province

A PIN (Project Idea Note) has been prepared to obtain approval for an A/R CDM program.

The people concerned hope for the provision of funds from various organizations in the countries listed in Annex 1. They also have the prospect of receiving funds from the World Bank. In the following, this program will be outlined according to the PIN.

1) Gneral discription of the project

a) Implementation Organization: REALTORA LTDA. b) Project Duration: 2005 - 2009 (32 years) c) Project Objectives and Activities: The purpose of the afforestation and reforestation project at the Inquisivi Province of the Department of La Paz is to contribute to alleviate Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by fixing and capturing carbon with the plantation and proper forest management of the area selected.

Activities of afforestation and reforestation will take place in 3 Municipalities of the Inquisivi Province Quime, Inquisivi and Licoma Pampa, within an area of 16.000 ha, at a rate of 500 ha per annum. The three Municipalities cover an extension of 441,700 ha with altitudes that vary between 1.880 to 3.200 meters above sea level; the temperature fluctuates from 30C to 2600 and a variation of precipitation between 889 to 1.000 mm per annum. The total population of the Inquisivi Province is of 52,742 inhabitants and the target population in the project area is of 22,926. 89% of this total population is considered to be below poverty level. Agriculture is the most important economic activity: production of potatoes, oca, papalisa, corn, wheat, beans, peas and tropical fruits. The forestry industry and cattle raising of bovines, ovine, porcine and camelides are also other important economic activities of the region. Land tenancy consists of commonalty and private farming family properties established after the Agrarian Reform (1952).

The project is expected to contribute in the following ways:

¾ Improve the social and economic conditions of the population in this region, ¾ The conservation of native forests, ¾ Establish a sustainable agricultural system, ¾ Soil recovery and ¾ Overall economic, sustainable development of the region.

The project proposes to plant 32 million trees, to develop agricultural extension work to

224 train the peasants regarding improved and sustainable agricultural practices and to train young forestry technicians.

2) Expected environmental and socio-economic benefits

a) Estimate of carbon sequestered (in metric tonnes of CO2 equivalent - tCO2e.)

Up to and including 2012: 58,001 tCO2e Up to a period of 7 years: 55,314 tCO2e Up to a period of 10 years: 60,371 tCO2e Up to a period of 14 years: 105,413 tCO2e

b) Environmental benefits

Better rainfall system, recuperation of degraded land, increase of forest and wildlife. With the development of the project, the environmental benefits are multiple. The forest area will increase the sequestration of 002. The sustainable forest management of the natural wood, adequately conserving and exploiting it, will cause to increase the carbon alleviation base. An appropriate protection of woods will propitiate a larger biodiversity for the wild fauna; the presence of the forest will be a regulator of the hydric system, preserving water, avoiding erosion and supporting soil conservation.

225 10. Other links to related information y Address of the DNA (designated national authority): Ministry of Planning of DevelopmentCDM Office Mercado Street, 1328, Marisca Bolivian Building, Mezzanine La Paz, Bolivia

Responsable-Coodinator： Ms. Gisela Ulloa ( [email protected],[email protected], [email protected] )

Phone: (591-2)11 6349 Fax: (591-2)11 6349 y Website of the DNA (designated national authority): Ministry of Planning of DevelopmentCDM Office y Website of the CETEFOR: http://www.cetefor.org/ y Website of the FAO FRA2010 http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/pdf/fra/2010/South-America/Bolivia-2010-025.doc y Website of the FAO Forestry databases http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/databases/en/

References:

226 COSTA RICA

1. Procedure and results of mapping

In Costa Rica, FAO carried out a project known as the “Forest and Climate Change Project in Central America” (El Proyecto Bosques y Cambio Climatico en America Central) from May 2001 to December 2002 (Phase I) and from January to December 2003 (Phase II), through which the potential areas for A/R CDM projects considered as Kyoto Land (Areas Kyoto) were selected.

As indicated below, this Kyoto Land does not include non-forest areas as of 1992 that were confirmed to be almost the same as those as of 1990. Therefore, non-forest areas as of 1990 were not newly extracted in this study.

Accordingly, no particular extraction of potential A/R CDM areas regarding Costa Rica was performed in this study, and this Kyoto Land was designated as the potential A/R CDM areas. The total area of Kyoto Land is 1,091,181 ha. The process of selection of the Kyoto Land is described as follows.

The selection of Kyoto Land in the FAO project was based on the following three types of cartographic data. i) Land use maps of 1992

Since land use maps of 1990 are unavailable in Costa Rica, a land use map based mainly on satellite photos taken in 1992 was used along with supplementary data from aerial photographs taken between 1990 and 1992 (Fig. 1.1). This map classifies land use into the following 17 categories: burnt land, buffer forest, natural forest, secondary forest, Charral/Tacotal, perennial crop cultivation land, annual crop cultivation land, wetlands/swamps, lagoons/reservoirs, mangroves, unidentified districts (ND), paramo, pasture, pasture/farmland, bare land, rocky land and urban areas. The area of Kyoto Land, adjusted for the estimated area of forests as of 1990 by using the annual rate of deforestation based on the results of forest resources surveys since 1985 was 1,058,283 ha. Since this area is almost the same as 1,091,181 ha directly extracted from the area of forests in 1992, it was considered justifiable to use the data for 1992.

227

Figure 1.1 Land use map of 1992

ii) Land use map of 1996/97

This is a land use map drawn in 2001, mainly using the Landsat 7 images from 1996/97 along with supplementary data from aerial photographs and the results of field surveys (Fig. 1.2). As cloud rainforests are partially distributed in the northwestern and central parts of Costa Rica, Landsat images and aerial photographs of these areas are often covered in cloud and are difficult to interpret. For this reason, the map was prepared by increasing the number of field-survey plots in these areas. This map classifies the land use into the following 20 categories: natural forest, secondary forest, plantations, Charrales/Tacotal, perennial crop cultivation land, annual crop cultivation land, lagoons/reservoirs, ponds, wetlands, rivers, clouds, ocean, pasture, trees/pasture, shade, mixed use, open space, urban areas, mangroves, and paramo. Map management is under the joint control of four agencies, namely, SINAC (Sistema Nacional de Area de Conservacion), IMN, FONAFIFO (Fond National de Financiamiento Forestal) and IGN (Institute Geografia Nacional).

228

Figure 1.2 Land use map of 1997

iii) Forest types map of 2000

This is a map of forest types that was drawn up using the Landsat 7 data of 2000 (Fig. 1.3). This map classifies the land into the following nine categories: water systems, forest-covered land, deforested land, mangroves, non-forest, non-classified land, clouds, paramo and plantations. Map management is under the control of FONAFIFO.

229

Figure 1.3 Forest vegetation map of 2000

iv) Kyoto Land Distribution Map (Map of potential A/R CDM areas)

The Kyoto Land Distribution Map in Fig. 1.4 was drawn up from the above-mentioned three maps. The total area of Kyoto Land is 1,091,181 ha, which is comprised of perennial crop cultivation land (219,845 ha), annual crop cultivation land (66,432 ha), partially cultivated pastures (63,146 ha), pasture (736,242 ha), and other farmland (5,496 ha). This Kyoto Land is designated as including the potential areas for A/R CDM projects.

230

Figure 1.4 Kyoto Land distribution map (Map of potential A/R CDM areas)

This Kyoto Land has been selected only from the point of view of land use without taking into account natural and socioeconomic conditions, such as land productivity. In the FAO project, areas with a population density of over 3,000 persons/km2 were excluded from the selection, and a total area of about 311,000 ha was finally selected as having substantial potential for A/R CDM projects. However, this total area of 311,000 ha has not been mapped. A/R CDM projects are classified into three types, namely, afforestation/reforestation, agroforestry, and the promotion of natural undergrowth regeneration, and the area of coverage of these projects is shown by province and canton.

Since Costa Rica is in the tropical rainforest zone, unattended land will mostly become restored to forest. This means that this land has the possibility of being recognized as a young natural forest. Accordingly, it should be kept in mind that the existing low bush areas in particular have the risk of being recognized as forests in the future. It is presumably difficult to draw a line between young natural stands and others.

231 3. State of Baselines

The Costa Rican climate varies considerably from region to region. The coastal regions have a tropical climate with an average annual temperature of 26ºC, the central mountain area at an elevation of about 1,200 meters has an average annual temperature of 16-20ºC, and the central mountain area at an elevation of about 3,000 meters has an average annual temperature 6-10ºC. The annual mean precipitation also varies significantly according to the region, from about 1,500 mm to 4,000 mm. The pattern of forest vegetation varies considerably according to the elevation, topography, temperature and precipitation. At present, the forest vegetation is classified into 12 types. The characteristics of these are as follows:

(1) Tropical lowland xerophilous forest: This forest is located in the plains in Guanacaste province along the Pacific Ocean, north of San Jose, the capital of Costa Rica. Forest type: This type has many tree species consisting of low trees and bushes and is semi-deciduous. The trees defoliate in the dry season.

(2) Tropical lowland humid forest: This forest is located on the Pacific side of the Nicoya peninsula, a low-lying area from the northern part of Guanacaste province to Lake Nicaragua, including the eastern lowland of Guanacaste and the Tilaran Mountains and a low-lying area of the central part southward to the Caribbean side. Forest type: This was originally formed with an upper tree storey at a height of between 40 and 50 m and a general crown height of between 25 and 35 m. It currently consists of mostly secondary forest.

(3) Tropical lowland rainforest：This forest is located in a region with high rainfall near the coast of the Osa Peninsula in the southern area and the sloping land to the north of this area. As for the Caribbean side, this type of forest is located in the Tortuguero region in the northern part and the lowlands of the Talamanca region in the southern part. Forest type: The upper tree storey consists of deciduous trees with a height of around 50 m, a crown height of around 30 m and a diameter at breast height of between 1 and 2 m. The second storey of trees is between 30 and 40 m in height and the third storey of trees is between 10 and 30 m in height. Due to the high rainfall, the trees are evergreen and their bark is smooth and thin.

(4) Tropical quasi-mountainous region humid forest: This type of forest is located in regions up to an elevation of 500 m in the mountains in Costa Rica. Forest type: This is a multi-storied forest and is semi-deciduous. The tree crowns are flat or umbrella-shaped. The trees defoliate in the dry season.

(5) Tropical quasi-mountainous region rainforest：This forest is located in regions up to an elevation of 500 m in the mountains, as with (4), and is distributed widely from the eastern side of the Guanacaste mountains to the environs of the central mountains. Forest type: The main trees are tall or of medium height and are semi-evergreen. The trees defoliate in the dry season.

(6) Tropical quasi-mountainous region cloud forest: This forest is located in valleys in regions lower than region (9). Forest type: The upper layer trees are between 30 and 40 m in height and the tree crowns are round or umbrella-shaped. There are many ferns, lianas and bryophytes.

232 (7) Tropical low-mountainous region humid forest: This forest is located in a small area at the foot of the Talamanca mountain system. Forest type: Multi-storied forest with an open canopy and evergreen trees.

(8) Tropical low-mountainous region rainforest：This forest is located in a small area on the eastern slopes at an elevation of 1,000 m in the Talamanca mountain system. Forest type: There are many Quercus species with a height of around 20 m.

(9) Tropical low-mountainous region cloud forest: This forest is located in the mountain regions at an elevation of between 1,000 and 1,500 m or in regions with valleys where the fog tends to rise. Forest type: Multi-storied forest with low trees, tall and medium-sized trees; evergreen

(10) Tropical mountainous region rainforest ： This type of forest is located in the mountainous areas between 1,500 and 2,000 m. Forest type: Multi-storied forest with many Quercus species; evergreen

(11) Tropical mountainous region cloud forest: This forest is located at an elevation of 2,000-3,000 m in the Talamanca mountain system. Forest type: There are many multi-storied forests with low, tall and medium-sized Quercus species.

(12) Tropical subalpine zone of the Costa Rican páramo： This type of forest is located in fjell fields at an elevation of around 3,200 m in the Talamanca mountain system. The cover species consists of bamboo(Swallenochloa subtesselata). This is close to the tree line.

There are about 240 native species in natural forests. The main useful tree species are as follows: y Terminaria oblonga (Sura)································· Combretaceae y T. amazonia (Roble coral)·································· Combretaceae y Astronium graveolens (Ron ron)······················· Anacardiaceae y Cedrela odorata (Cedro)·········································· Meliaceae y Platymiscium pleiostachyum (Nambar) ·············· Leguminosae y Peltogyne purpurea (Nazareno)·························· Leguminosae y Hymenaea courbaril (Guapinol)························· Leguminosae y Cordia alliodora (Laurel) ··································· Boraginaceae y Alnus acuminata ····················································· Betulaceae y Bombacopsis quinata··········································Bombacaceae y Carapa guianensis··················································· Meliaceae y Enterolobium cyclocapa ····································· Leguminosae y Gliricidia sepium ················································ Leguminosae y Guazuma ulmifolia···············································Sterculiaceae y Leucaena leucocephala······································· Leguminosae y Myroxylon balsamun··········································· Leguminosae y Pithecolobium saman·········································· Leguminosae y Simarouba amara ·············································Simaroubaceae y Swietenia macrophyla·············································· Meliaceae

Note: The names in parentheses are local names.

233 Since Costa Rica is a tropical rainforest zone, the unattended land will be mostly restored to forest. This means that the land has a possibility of being recognized as a young natural forest. Accordingly, it should be kept in mind that the existing bush areas will probably be recognized as forests in the future. It is presumably difficult to draw a line between young natural stands and others.

4. Data concerning biomass

According to the interviews from The Research and Education Center for Tropical Agriculture (CATIE: Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza), the ground biomass of pasture amounts to 5 to 8 t/ha/year.

5. Explanation of Additionality

In Costa Rica, land is classified into Classes 1 to 8 based on land productivity.(The larger the number, the lower the land productivity). Of these, Classes 6 and 7 are regarded as being suitable for afforestation. In other words, such land is unsuitable for agriculture and most of it is actually not occupied by anyone running a farm. At this moment, it is treated as farmland with low productivity, pasture or unused land. This does not mean that such land is considered to be suitable for afforestation, but that it is merely unsuitable for agriculture. It is not necessarily secured for active afforestation. Thus, it is presumed that additionality can be demonstrated for such land because it is highly likely that the present land use will continue almost indefinitely.

6. Information on Afforestation

The goal for the rate of afforestation in Costa Rica is 30,000 ha per year. The target sites are farmland conducting extensive farming and pastureland. As for natural forests, afforestation should be conducted with selection cutting and large areas of afforestation with clear cutting are basically not approved. However, the rate of implementation of afforestation compared with the goal is as low as about 50 percent. The Costa Rican government has encouraged persons who carry out afforestation by issuing government bonds and it has given preferential treatment with respect to the exemption of landholding tax for persons who carry out afforestation using their own funds. In spite of these measures, the rate of implementation of afforestation is not satisfactory.

In 1989, the area of tree plantations in Costa Rica was about 400,000 ha. Ninety percent of the tree species were exotic species. The reason the number of native species is so low is that the large-scale forest plantation managers tend to avoid native species since the production period is longer and the quality of the timber varies widely.

According to the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 by the FAO, the area of forest loss per year (1990-2000) was 16,000 ha and the rate of reduction was -0.8%. The annual area of afforestation for the same period was 11,000 ha. However, the area of afforestation in 2000 was 178,000 ha with the major tree species being teak, eucalyptus and pine species. The main recommended tree species for afforestation are as follows:

234 y Cupressus lusitanica··········································· Cupressaceae y Juglans olanchana···············································Juglandaceae y Alnus acuminata ····················································· Betulaceae y Dipteryx panamensis (Almendro)······················· Leguminosae y Bombacopsis quinatu (Pochote)··························Bombacaceae y Pinus caribaea····························································Pinaceae y Tectona grandis ····················································Verbenaceae * Cordia alliodora (Laurel) ··································· Boraginaceae y Gliricidia sepium ················································ Leguminosae y Acacia mangium ················································· Leguminosae y Terminalia amazonia (Amarillon)······················ Combretaceae y Cedrela odorata (Cedro)·········································· Meliaceae * Hieronyma oblonga (Pilon) ······························ Euphorbiaceae * Vockysia ferruginea (Botarrama) ························ Vochysiaceae * Simarouba amara (Aceituno) ···························Simaroubaceae * Calophyllum brasiliense(Cedro mana)······················Guttiferae

Notes: * Indicates a native tree species. The names in parentheses are local names.

8. Information on A/R CDM projects.

(1) FONAFIFO

The government subsidized forestation projects from 1979 to 1996. When a new law was enacted in 1996, the government changed the policy for subsidies so that they should subsidize four environmental conservation services: i.e., 1) Carbon sinks, 2) River basins, 3) Tourist resorts and 4) Biodiversity. Using this system for aiding environmental services, FONAFIFO has a plan to promote an A/R CDM project called “The Umbrella Project”. This project is designed to raise funds from companies and donors in various countries and furnish them to land owners who wish to carry out A/R CDM projects. Under the scheme of this project, FONAFIFO will manage these forestation projects and give technical guidance. As part of funding these projects, they will make good use of the above-mentioned system for aiding environmental services. To be concrete, a fund of US$525/ha will be given to forestation projects over five years at the following rates: 50% of the sum in the first year, 20% in the second year, 15% in the third year, 10% in the fourth year and 5% in the fifth year. This fund of US$525/ha is considered to be about 80% of the average forestation project costs. In the case of agroforestry projects, funds will be furnished to each project over three years at maximum rates of up to 98 cents per tree and 3,500 trees per farm. The rates for funding are 65% in the first year, 20% in the second year and 15% in the third year. In the case of projects for promoting natural undergrowth regeneration (specifically, restoring land to forest by enclosing fields to be burnt off and pastures), a fund of US$200/ha will be furnished at an equal rate for each of the five years.

(2) Coopeagri Forestry http://carbonfinance.org/docs/FONAFIFO-COOPEAGRI.pdf http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=BioCF&FID=9708&ItemID=9708&ft=Projects&P rojID=9632#DocsList

235 10. Other links to related information y Address of the DNA (designated national authority) : Oficina Costarricense de Implementación Conjunta (OCIC), Ministerio de Ambiente y Energia (MINAE) Calle 25 y Avenida 8, Barrio Gonzalez Lahman, Apartado 10104-1000, San José

Sr. Paulo Manso ( [email protected],[email protected], ) Director

Phone: (506) 258 1140, (506) 222 4290 Fax: (506) 222 7426, (506)223 1837 y Website of the DNA (designated national authority)： http://www.minae.go.cr/

Forest definition of Costa Rica : Minimum canopy density is 30% Minimum canopy density is 5 m Smallest forest area is 1 ha y Website of CATIE (Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza)： http://www.catie.ac.cr/ y Explanation for Bio Carbon Fund project “Costa Rica Coopeagri Forestry” http://carbonfinance.org/docs/FONAFIFO-COOPEAGRI.pdf http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=BioCF&FID=9708&ItemID=9708&ft=Project s&ProjID=9632#DocsList y Website of the FAO Forestry databases http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/databases/en/

References :

236 DOMINICA

1. Procedure and vesult of mapping

For the study this time, the land use maps of 1984, 1996 and 2003, the map of suitable sites for production and the precipitation diagram of 2003 were obtained. Of this data, the land use maps of 1996 and 2003 and the map of suitable sites for production of 2003 were used to select the A/R CDM potential areas.

(1) The land use map of 1996

In the land use map of 1996, the categories for classification and the distinction between forest and non-forest are shown below.

Table 1.1 Definitions of the legend for the land use map of 1996 and the distinction between forests and non-forests

Categorías (definitions) forest non-forest 1. Bosque Conífero Coniferous forest { (Forests of coniferous trees or mixed with broadleaf trees) 1.1 Bosque Conífero Denso Dense coniferous forest { (with a canopy cover of 60% or greater) 1.2 Bosque Conífero Abierto Open coniferous forest { (with a canopy cover of between 40 and 60%) 2. Bosque Latifoliado Broadleaf forest { (with various broadleaf tree species) 2.1 Bosque Latifoliado Nublado Broadleaf cloud forest { 2.2 Bosque Latifoliado Húmedo Broadleaf humid forest { 2.3 Bosque Latifoliado Semihúmedo Broadleaf semi-humid forest { 3. Bosque Seco Xerophilous forest { 4. Bosque de Humedales Swamp forest { 4.1 Bosque Humedales Salobres Temporalmente Inundados { Temporarily inundated saline swamp forest 4.2 Bosque Humedales Salobres Permanentemente Inundados { Permanently inundated saline swamp forest 4.3 Bosque Humedales de Agua Dulce Freshwater swamp forest { 5. Matorrales Shrubland { Plant communities with shrubs and shrublets that grow in the ground with natural regeneration. The tree height is not more than 5 meters. 5.1 Matorral Latifoliado Shrubland of broadleaf tree species { Mixed with semi-humid broadleaf trees and food crops 5.2 Matorral Seco Xerophilous shrubland { Similar to food crops and poor vegetation, scattered semi- xerophilous forests

237 Categorías (definitions) forest non-forest 5.3 Matorral de Humedales Salobres Saline humid shrubland { 6. Sabana Grassland { 6.1 Sabana de Humedales Salobres Saline swamp grassland { 6.2 Sabana de Humedales de Agua Dulce Freshwater swamp { grassland 6.3 Sabana de Pajón Pajon Grassland of gramineous plants { 7. Vegetación de Agua Dulce (Eneal) Freshwater vegetation { (Eneal) 8. Escasa Vegetación y/o Areas Erosionadas { Poor vegetation areas and/or degraded land 9. Areas Agropecuarias Farmland and pasture { 9.1 Cultivos Permanentes o Arbóreos Perennial crops and tree { crops 9.1.1 Palma Africana Palm trees { 9.1.2 Palma de Coco Coconut { 9.1.3 Café y Cacao Coffee, cacao { 9.2 Cultivos Intensivos Intensive agriculture { 9.2.1 Caña Sugarcane { 9.2.2 Arroz Rice { 9.2.3 Pastos Intensivos Intensive pasture { 9.2.4 Cultivos Intensivos Mixtos Mixed intensive agriculture { 9.3 Agricultura de Subsistencia y Pasto Food crops and pasture { 10. Agua (Embalses, Lagos, Lagunas, etc.) { Water systems (reservoirs, lakes, lagoons, etc.) 11. Areas Pobladas Inhabited areas {

Figure 1.1 Land use map of 1996

238 (2) Land use map of 2003

The legend for the land use map of 2003 and the CDM potential areas selected by the person in charge from the Ministry of the Natural Environment (Secretaría de Estado de Medio Ambiente y Recurosos Minerales) are shown below.

Table 1.2 Definitions of the legend for the land use map of 2003 and the selection of legends applicable to CDM potential areas

Categorías (definitions) CDM potential area 1. Bosque Conífero Coniferous forest × (Forests of coniferous trees or mixed with broadleaf trees) 1.1 Bosque Conífero Denso Dense coniferous forest × (with a canopy cover of 60% or greater) 1.2 Bosque Conífero Abierto Open coniferous forest × (with a canopy cover of between 40 and 60%) 2. Bosque Latifoliado Broadleaf forest × (with various broadleaf tree species) 2.1 Bosque Latifoliado Nublado Broadleaf cloud forest × 2.2 Bosque Latifoliado Húmedo Broadleaf humid forest × 2.3 Bosque Latifoliado Semihúmedo Broadleaf semi-humid × forest 3. Bosque Seco Xerophilous forest { 4. Bosque de Humedales Swamp forest × 4.1 Bosque Humedales Salobres Temporalmente Inundados × Temporarily inundated saline swamp forest 4.2 Bosque Humedales Salobres Permanentemente Inundados × Permanently inundated saline swamp forest 4.3 Bosque Humedales de Agua Dulce Freshwater swamp × forest 5. Matorrales Shrubland { Plant communities with shrubs and shrublets that grow in the ground with natural regeneration. The tree height is not more than 5 meters. 5.1 Matorral Latifoliado Shrubland of broadleaf tree species { Mixed with semi-humid broadleaf trees and food crops 5.2 Matorral Seco Xerophilous shrubland { Similar to food crops and poor vegetation, scattered semi- xerophilous forests 5.3 Matorral de Humedales Humid shrubland { 6. Sabana Grassland { 6.1 Sabana de Humedales Salobres Saline swamp grassland × 6.2 Sabana de Humedales de Agua Dulce Freshwater swamp × grassland 6.3 Sabana de Pajón Grassland of gramineous plants {

239 Categorías (definitions) CDM potential area 7. Vegetación de Agua Dulce (Eneal) Freshwater vegetation × (Eneal) 8. Escasa Vegetación y/o Areas Erosionadas { Poor vegetation areas and/or degraded land 9. Areas Agropecuarias Farmland and pasture { 9.1 Cultivos Permanentes o Arbóreos Perennial crops and tree { crops 9.1.1 Palma Africana Palm trees 9.1.2 Palma de Coco Coconut { 9.1.3 Café y Cacao Coffee, cacao 9.2 Cultivos Intensivos Intensive agriculture { 9.2.1 Caña Sugarcane { 9.2.2 Arroz Rice { 9.2.3 Pastos Intensivos Intensive pasture { 9.2.4 Cultivos Intensivos Mixtos Mixed intensive { agriculture 9.2.5 Citrico Citrus grove { 9.3 Agricultura de Subsistencia y Pasto Food crops and pasture { 10. Agua (Embalses, Lagos, Lagunas, etc.) Water systems × (reservoirs, lakes, lagoons, etc.) 11. Areas Pobladas Inhabited areas × 12. Mina Mines × 13. Mangroves ×

Figure 1.2 Land use map of 2003

240 (3) Classification of suitable sites for production

To classify the suitable sites for production, Dominican land is divided into eight classes. Of the eight classes, Class VI, VII and VIII are suitable for afforestation.

Table 1.3 Classification of suitable sites for production and the suitable sites for afforestation

Suitable sites for Class Definition afforestation Class I Arable land without restricting factors × Class II Arable land with restricting factors but not serious × Class III Arable land with some serious restricting factors × Class IV Land with restrictions on cultivation and with serious × restricting factors Class V Non-arable land except for rice cultivation with very × serious restricting factors, suitable mainly for pasture Class VI Non-arable land except for mountain cultivation, pasture ○ and forests with very serious restricting factors Class VII Non-arable land with very serious restricting factors, ○ suitable only for forests Class VIII Non-arable land, suitable for conservation areas, national ○ parks and recreational activities

Mr. Mancebo of the Climate Change Unit considers selecting classes VI, VII and VIII as A/R CDM potential areas.

A flowchart of the combination work is shown in Fig. 1.3 below.

241 Selection of potential areas in Dominica Selecting the potential areas from the land use maps at two points in time and combining them to select the final potential areas

Land use map of 2003

Selection of the potential areas

Land use map of 1996

Figure 1.3 Flow of the work of combining the land use maps at the two points in time

The results of the mapping of the A/R CDM potential areas are shown in Fig. 1.4.

Figure 1.4 Results of selection of the A/R CDM potential areas in the Dominican Republic

242 The totaled results of A/R CDM potential areas according to administrative units in the Dominican Republic are as follows.

Table 1.4 A/R CDM potential areas according to administrative units in the Dominican Republic

Total: Hect Change_code Province NF to NF F to NF Grand total Azua 144,752 11,866 268,831 Bahoruco 89,002 4,458 124,566 Barahona 72,416 8,112 164,870 Dajab 56,588 7,801 100,606 Distrito Nacional 8,542 549 9,385 Duarte 74,858 28,112 163,969 El Seibo 83,352 48,845 177,614 Elias Pi 77,637 7,670 141,785 Hato Mayor 53,526 38,246 132,439 Independencia 6,253 165 30,003 La Altagracia 146,143 75,294 299,591 La Romana 47,250 10,947 65,615 La Vega 85,447 25,370 227,377 MarTrinidad Schez 67,660 23,307 121,422 Monser Nouel 30,636 23,929 99,158 Monte Cristi 153,466 2,658 188,237 Monte Plata 143,486 70,042 261,278 Pedernales 68,158 4,062 201,081 Puerto Plata 69,387 30,995 181,965 Salcedo 19,811 7,897 43,002 Saman 27,438 32,577 84,643 San Cristal 80,382 63,348 202,573 San Josde Ocoa 21,761 18,406 85,333 San Juan 185,087 21,936 336,478 Santiago 116,569 16,176 280,864 Santiago Rodruez 51,149 4,969 112,361 Santo Domingo 95,544 25,555 129,870 Schez Ramez 56,477 28,121 119,082 Valverde 60,703 1,509 80,868 Grand total 2,884,969 681,433 10,256,773

243 2. Basic Information (DOMINICA)

Question Answer 1. Definition of a Forest y Minimum crown density 20% y Minimum forest area 0.0629 ha Which would you choose from among threshold y Minimum height 5 m. criteria for a forest as defined in COP9? Crown Density 10-30%, Minimum Height 2-5 m, Minimum Area 0.05-1 ha 2. Contribution to Sustainable Development In the Dominican Republic, when considering sustainable development with regard to A/R CDM At COP9, it was determined that A/R CDM projects, it may be possible to achieve such projects should contribute to sustainable development using agroforestry techniques in some development. Specifically, what kind of project areas as far as small-scale A/R CDM projects are will you certify as a contributor to sustainable concerned. However, if any A/RCDM project is development? For example, how will you judge implemented on the normal scale for such projects in cases where a single species is planted over a large this country, it is likely to affect the biodiversity. Our area? country does not have sufficient land for A/R CDM of the normal scale. Our forestry policies are focused not on industrial plantations but on the reforestation of remote rural and degraded areas, watershed management and forest conservation in protected areas. 3. Key Points in the Feasibility Study (No plausible answer)

When a Japanese group intends to carry out a A/RCDM project, what points should they take into consideration in the feasibility study in terms of natural and socioeconomic conditions? 4. Requirements for Small-scale A/R CDM We consider that forestation in the form of Projects agroforestry planting of shade trees such as for coffee One of the requirements for small-scale A/R CDM and cocoa plantations is feasible as a small-scale is considered to be the participation of and A/RCDM project. development for lower income groups. What do The Dominican Government considers that people you think specifically about this requirement? who earn less than US$240 a month belong to the In other words, what kind of project can meet this lower income bracket. requirement? 5. Natural and Socioeconomic Environmental Some people within the Dominican Government Assessment consider that A/R CDM projects, among other CDM According to the agreement made at COP9, if the ones, are important since A/R CDM projects will not A/R CDM project concerned is judged to have a have such a significant impact on the environment. It significant impact on natural environment, is also expected that such projects will improve the society and economy, it is necessary to carry out a socioeconomic situation of the local people involved natural and socioeconomic environmental in them. The Dominican Government has not yet assessment. Specifically in what case, will you formulated criteria for the environmental assessment judge the impact to be great? Do you have of A/R CDM projects. criteria for such a judgment? 6. Allocation Standards for CER Credits At this moment, we have no ideas concerning credits. In this respect, we have to formulate a policy as soon Do you have any ideas concerning how to allocate as possible. the CER credits given for A/R CDM projects? 7. Restrictions on Afforestation Projects with We have not imposed any restrictions on foreign Foreign Capital investment or the introduction of foreign species. However, an important matter that we should consider is that 50% of the species used in A/R CDM projects

244 Question Answer In the case of afforestation projects with foreign should be local and indigenous species. capital investment (not limited to A/R CDM projects), do you impose any restrictions on them? For example, something like the proportion of species being used is not less than 10% indigenous species as in Brazil. 8. A/R CDM Target Areas As suitable areas for CDM afforestation, we generally recommend remote areas or Classes VII and VIII in In this country, which parts do you think are the classification according to soil productivity. suitable for A/R CDM? If possible, please specify any administrative district.

245 3. The Situation of Baselines

Transition of Vegetation and Land Use of Abandoned Sugar Cane Plantations in Savannah Grande de Boja, Monte Plata in the Northern Part of Dominica

(1) Virgin Forest → (2) Felled and cleared for cultivating sugar cane Æ (3) Sugar cane cultivation → (4) Abandonment of sugar cane plantations → (5) Pasturing → (6) Abandonment of pastures → (7) Secondary forest (shrub), mainly composed of guava

Currently, transitional vegetation is comprised of two types of shrubs: guava and palma real. Of these, guava grows densely but not high, (a height of less than 5m is one of requirements for the definition of forest for CDM in Dominican Republic). Palma real, on the other hand, does not grow thickly.

Centro para el Desarrollo Agropecuario y Forestal, Inc. (CEDAF) has secured land with an area of 1,000 ha in this region and examined a land use plan to regenerate natural forests and plant native tree species. As part of this plan, they are considering A/R CDM projects with the prospect of receiving carbon credit.

According to the person responsible at CEDAF, abandoned pastures have been tramped by domestic animals for a long time. The nutritious topsoil is originally as thin as about 20 cm. If the topsoil is eroded, the lower layer, which is highly acidic, will be exposed and form such an environment as to be suitable for a limited type of vegetation, such as guava and lantana, which are adaptable to acidic soil. Once land is covered with guava shrubs, other types of vegetation will not be expected to grow and natural transition to other types of vegetation will become difficult. Accordingly, the baseline for this region is shrubs.

As workforce for afforestation, Haitians can be employed. They were taken from Haiti in order to cultivate sugar cane but were unable to return to their own country after the abandonment of sugar cane plantations. They have settled themselves in this region and have continued agriculture and livestock raising on a small scale. These Haitians are not naturalized in the Dominican Republic and are, as it were, illegal immigrants. They are forced to live a very poor life compared with Dominicans. If they are employed, it will meet eligibility for small-scale CDM, which will contribute to the regional reduction of poverty. Currently, guava shrubs are seldom used. Haitians living in the neighborhood are poorly engaged in agriculture. If afforestation is carried out in combination with agroforestry in this region, it is expected that “leakage” will not occur.

CEDAF has the intention of planting native Dominican species in this region, such as Cedro, Ceiba, and Genipa Americana.

5. Explanation of Additionality

3．As shown in state of the baselines, in the Dominican Republic, the candidate areas for possible CDM afforestation are sites that have been used for sugarcane fields or pastureland where the soil fertility has declined to create degraded lands or Guava shrub forest. In such places, it is obvious that if industrial plantations are established the normally expected growth will not be obtained. Therefore, additionality can be considered as arising from the aspect of the economic barrier.

246 6. Information on Afforestation

In the Dominican Republic, Swietenia spp.(mahogany species)，Hibiscus elatus, Tectona grandis(teak)and other species were used for afforestation in 1958. Eucalyptus was mainly planted in the 1970s and Pinus caribaea(Caribbean Pine)was planted in the 1980s. In the 1990s, Acacia mangium was planted in the northern region, and Azadirachta indica(Neem)in the southern region. Recently, there has been a movement to reconsider native species and areas have been afforested with Swietenia mahagani (mahogany)used for high-grade wood for furniture，Simarouba glauca(Paradise Tree)used for drying tobacco and other trees. However, according to the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000,(Main report), the afforested area in Dominica in 2000 was only 100 ha.

The main tree species for afforestation are as follows:

Scientific name General name Pinus caribaea Caribbean Pine Colubrina arborescens Greenheart Simarouba glauca Paradise Tree Azadirachta indica Neem Pinus occidentalis Pino Espanola Acacia mangium Acacia mangium Cedrela odorata Cedro Swietenia mahagani Mahogany Calophyllum indicum Mara Samanea saman Monkeypod Catalpa logissima Roble dominicano Cassia siamea Bombay blackwood Leucaena leucocephala White Popinac Casuarina equisetifolia Drooping she-oak Eucalyptus spp. Eucalyptus species Grevillea robusta Silver oak

7. Information on the Society and Economy

In the Dominican Republic, forest fires have been the main factor in deforestation. The cause of forest fires varies and includes lightning strikes. However, human-caused fires account for a high proportion. Aside from fires caused by throwing away a lighted cigarette stub or fires that spread from burning fields, forest fires that are lit deliberately often occur due to the law prohibiting logging. In the dry season, forest fire breaks out and spread easily. The Ministry of Forests has therefore set up monitoring towers at 39 sites and made efforts to prevent forest fires and conduct fire fighting. Despite these efforts, in 1997, a major drought occurred for the first time in 50 years due to the impact of El Niño, which had an enormous impact on the forests. Many forest fires occurred, causing not only the loss of forests, but also the death of

247 many pine trees damaged by insect attack such as the Ips species.

8. Information on A/R CDM projects

(1) Former site of a sugarcane plantation (Monte Plata province, Sabana Grande de Boya)

The site where the study was conducted as a potential area for A/R CDM projects is located in Sabana Grande de Boya in Monte Plata province. The site is some 35 km from the capital, Santo Domingo in a straight line.

In the Dominican Republic, state-run sugarcane plantations have been comanaged as a basic industry since the 1970s. Sugarcane cultivation has been conducted mainly in the southeast part of the country and the cultivation area was about 4,491 km2 (1996), which was 7% of the entire land area. However, the sugarcane cultivation industry has declined due to a tariff quota imposed according to the US policy on sugar imports and the harsh weather conditions. As a result, the sugarcane fields have been converted to pasturelands or shrublands.

The study site this time is a former sugarcane plantation. After the plantation, the site was used for pasture for five years and then it became vacant land. At present there is dense growth of guave, which has spread by natural regeneration.

Centro para el Desarrollo Agropecuario y Forestal, Inc. (CEDAF) is considering a land use plan with the regeneration of natural forests and afforestation with native tree species. In addition, A/R CDM projects are being considered with a view to obtaining carbon credits.

(2) Rio Blanco carbon fixation project

The Nature Conservancy applied to the BioCarbon Fund of the World Bank for this project and it approved in April 2007. An interview with the person in charge from the Nature Conservancy was conducted, however, an on-site study was not conducted in the interests of time. Therefore, the details of the Project Implementation Document (PID) in the World Bank are summarized and introduced here.

Name of the project: Rio Blanco carbon sink project Sector: Forests (80%), Agriculture market trade (20%) Borrowers: Nature Conservancy, USAID (United States Agency for International Development), CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency) Responsible organization: Nature Conservancy Areas: 6,100 ha (Juan Perez-valle Nuevo National Park and its buffer zone, and the Madre de Las Aguas conservation area)

The aim of the project is to obtain a carbon sink through reforestation and forest protection activities. The project has been conducted for the Juan Perez-valle Nuevo National Park and its buffer zone of 6,100 ha, which is part of Madre de Las Aguas conservation area. It is estimated that 500,000 tCO2e will be sequestered by 2017.

In addition, this project will contribute to the following:

248 y Improvement of land management practices with the participation of local people y Strengthening afforestation activities y Prevention of erosion y Support for the recovery of balance in the local water regime y New employment creation and poverty alleviation through the spending on the ecosystem project y Protection of endangered species such as many mammals, migrant birds in the uplands and reptiles y Regeneration of degraded forests that were once developed for agriculture y Pioneering of carbon loans in Dominica

The project consists of the following three aspects.

1. Afforestation 2. Regeneration of natural forests 3. Avoidance of cutting

1) Afforestation

The afforestation campaign activities using native tree species mentioned below are being strongly promoted, which is targeted at a cut area of 1,800 ha, including the boundary of the national park in the basin of Rio Blanco, where natural regeneration cannot be expected due to ecological barriers such as covering by high-density grass plants. It is estimated that 160,000 tCo2e will be sequestered as a result of this afforestation. In addition, afforestation improves the basin environment and contributes to reducing sedimentation that can shorten the life of dams or hydropower generation facilities.

Tree species：Roystonea hispaniolana, Guarea guidonia, Genipa Americana, Hamelia patens, Cupania Americana, Cedrela odorata, etc.

2) Regeneration of natural forests

The regeneration of natural forests is being conducted for sites totaling 2,300 ha that had been used for pasturelands or farmlands, but where the original soil layer still remains. It is estimated that 225,000 tCo2e will be sequestered as a result of this afforestation. In addition, natural tree species that are fragile and facing a critical reduction in their population are being reintroduced and the population strengthened. As for the tree species, natural trees or cultivated trees are used. This activity therefore includes raising seedlings, afforestation and monitoring. The tree species that are being introduced are as follows.

Tree species: Garrya fadyenii, Weimania pinata, Oreopanaz capitatum, Brunelia comocladifolia, Didoymopanax tremulus, Magnolia pallescens, Prunus occidentalis

249 3) Avoidance of cutting

These approaches to forest protection have been started to reduce the estimated cutting area of 2,000 ha, which was calculated using the deforestation baseline. This is being conducted through monitoring, the establishment of park observation programs and protection of the infrastructure. Agroforestry programs are being implemented to ease pressure on the forests caused by the inhabitants in the project sites and to improve economic benefits to them.

Forest protection activities influence the virgin forests in the Juan B. Perez Rancier National Park where the project site contributes to forming a buffer zone. In addition, it has the benefit of retaining the areas of virgin forest and secondary forest that are located outside of the boundary of the national park.

The project area totaling 6,100 ha contains 2,400 ha of the important areas of the forest that contribute to biodiversity on Hispaniola island. By promoting the protection of the remaining forests and regeneration of the natural forests, the estimated carbon profits will continue beyond the project period. The entire project is not applicable to the Kyoto Protocol, however, the BioCarbon Fund considers that the project is a carbon sink and promotes the avoidance of deforestation.

250 10. Other links to related information y Address of the DNA (designated national authority) : Secretaria de Estado de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Ave. 27 de Febrero Esq. Tiradentes, Plaza Merengue, 2ndo. Piso, Ensache Naco, Santo Domingo

Ing. Ernesto Reyna Alcántara ( [email protected], [email protected] ) Subsecretario de Estado Phone: (1-809)472-0627/0626 Fax: (1-809)472-1198/0631 y Website of the DNA (designated national authority) : http://www.medioambiente.gov.do/cms/ y Website of the Nature Conservancy : http://www.nature.org/ y Website of the Junta Agroempresarial Dominicana (JAD) : http://www.jad.org.do/ y Website of the Centro para el desarrollo agropecuario y forestal(CEDAF) : http://www.cedaf.org.do/ y Website of the FAO FRA2010 http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/pdf/fra/2010/North-and-Central-America/Republica-Dom inicana-2010-062.doc y Website of the FAO Forestry databases http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/databases/en/

References :

Santillana: Atlas de Biodivwersidad de la Republica Dominicana Jardin Botanico Nacional：Diccionario Botanico de Nombre Vulgares de la Espanola

251 PANAMA

1. Procedure and results of mapping

In Panama, the FAO carried out a series of surveys on forests and climate change in Central America (Serie Centroameriana de Bosques y Cambio Climatico) from 2001 to 2003. This survey conducted Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica also.

According to the results, there is potential land for AR/CDM projects covering an area of 826,000 ha (142,000 ha for new afforestation and 684,000 ha for reforestation) in Panama. The amount of carbon absorbed by implementing such projects is calculated to be about 79 million tons more than the baseline carbon sink.

In the following, the method of identifying AR/CDM potential areas used in the FAO survey will be introduced.

(1) Identification of “Kyoto Land”

Three maps were used in assessing “Kyoto Land.” The first of these maps is a land use and woody plant cover map prepared in 1986, which classifies the definitions of land into seven categories by distinguishing forests from non-forest areas. The second one is a woody plant cover map for 1992 that classifies land into the three categories of forests, artificially modified forests and non-forest areas. The third is a vegetation map of the Republic of Panama prepared in 2000 (Environmental Agency: ANAM, 2000). This map classifies land use into 11 types, namely forests, extensive vegetation, plantations, mangrove forests, long-term cultivation/advanced agricultural areas, wasteland, pastures, food cropping areas and commercial areas. Of these, only pastures, food cropping areas and wasteland were selected as potential areas for “Kyoto land.” As for land used for other purposes, for example, areas allocated to long-term cultivation and farming with advanced technology are excluded from the target of the CDM project in spite of the possibility of forestation since a project is hardly feasible in these areas due to the high demand for land and the low potential for contributing to an increase in the carbon sink.

“Kyoto Land” was specified by extracting non-forest areas from the land use and woody plant cover map of 1986 and the woody plant cover map of 1992 and combining them with pastures, food-cropping areas and wasteland from the vegetation map of 2000. The total area is estimated at 1,585,802 ha.

(2) Identification of Biophysically Potential Land for AR/CDM Projects

According to the vegetation map and the land use potential map (the Ministry of Agriculture and Stock Raising Development, 1987) that classifies land use suitability into the Classes I to VIII, water systems and others, Panama is expected to have an area of 1,777,750 ha available for forestation from a biophysical point of view. Of this area, 363,355 ha is suitable for new afforestation, while 1,414,395 ha is suitable for reforestation.

(3) Identification of Actual Potential Land for AR/CDM Projects

A map of the actual potential land for AR/CDM projects (Fig. 1.1) was prepared by

252 combining the biophysically potential land in Paragraph (2) and the map of “Kyoto Land” in Paragraph (1). The land has an area of 826,000 ha, of which 142,000 ha is suitable for afforestation and 684,000 ha for reforestation (Table 1.1).

Figure 1.1 Kyoto land distribution map (Map of potencial A/R CDM areas)

Table 1.1 Candidate area for A/R CDM according to administrative units (Ha) Total : sum_kyoto CATEGORIA DEPTO Tierras Kyoto Tierras No Kyoto Total BOCAS DEL TORO 17,685 443,530 466,499 CHIRIQUI 319,828 323,348 651,835 COCLE 159,301 335,252 495,228 COLON 53,201 397,614 456,791 COMARCA EMBERA WOUNAAN 1,567 436,438 439,204 COMARCA KUNA YALA 0 228,514 237,164 COMARCA NGOBE BUGLE 205,284 473,260 680,567 DARIEN 115,711 1,055,744 1,188,695 HERRERA 94,672 139,163 233,870 LOS SANTOS 161,370 216,232 378,819 PANAMA 119,697 1,001,313 1,131,392 VERAGUAS 485,736 562,445 1,055,656 Total 1,738,040 5,709,502 7,516,359

253 3. State of Baselines

The entire Republic of Panama belongs to the tropical zone, and there is almost no variation in the temperature with an average monthly temperature of between 24 and 27 ºC. On the other hand, there is considerable variation according to the region, caused by a seasonal wind from the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean and the impact of the mountainous backbone. For example, in the mountain area including the Volcán Barú (a height of 3,475 meters) in the western part of the country, the average yearly temperature is as low as 15ºC. As for annual precipitation, there is a great difference between the 1,500 to 2,500 mm on the Pacific side and the 4,000 to 7,000 mm on the Caribbean side.

5. Explanation of Additionality y The points at issue in Darien province and Chiriqui province

In Darien and Chiriqui provinces, which were examined as CDM afforestation candidate sites as mentioned in the information on A/R CDM projects, leakage will occur. Both provinces need to convert existing pastureland to plantations, therefore, the problem will arise of where the livestock will be pastured. The leakage problem is a major obstacle when implementing CDM afforestation. On the other hand, in areas where pasturage has already terminated (abandoned pasturage sites), the problem of leakage will not occur. However, Darien province in particular has a humid tropical climate, thus the forest can recover in the future, which means that the problem of eligibility will arise. In addition, in Darien province, even though afforestation is not the most attractive business, the planted trees grow healthily, and afforestation as a business is a course of action that is expected to make a fair profit. Therefore, if this is regarded as business as usual, it will be impossible to implement projects as A/R CDM projects. However, the same does not apply to areas where pasturage has already terminated and the soil productivity is lower than in other areas. In such areas, the implementation of CDM afforestation is considered to be feasible, with restricted implementation. On the other hand, with respect to Chiriqui province, the annual growth rate of the planted trees is 4-5 m3/ha, which is not economically feasible. Therefore it can be considered that the additionality is explained by the economic barrier.

6. Information on Afforestation

Afforestation in the Republic of Panama started from the plantation of broadleaf trees, including teak, in the canal zone.

Since 1967, the plantation of Caribbean Pine has been promoted mainly in the western part of the Pacific side with the aim of securing living materials and preventing land degradation. The afforestation was conducted using its own funds from 1969 to 1979, and since 1979 afforestation has been extended with financial assistance from FAO.

The area of afforestation in the Republic of Panama was 40,000 ha as of 2000, and the annual rate of afforestation was 3,000 ha. The main tree species planted were teak and pine species. The Panamanian government plans to carry out afforestation on a large scale with assistance from international organizations and others. The target areas are as follows:

254 (1) Panama Canal Zone 11,000 ha (water source protection forest) (2) Veraguas region 8,000 ha (erosion prevention) (3) Santiago de Veraguas region 20,000 ha (timber forest)

The main tree species for afforestation in Panama are as follows: y Pinus caribaea······················································ Pinaceae y Tectona grandis ·············································· Verbenaceae y Swietenia macrophylla········································Meliaceae y Takebuia pentaphylla·····································Bignoniaceae y Bombacopsis quinata···································· Bombacaceae y Cedrela ordorata ················································Meliaceae y Cupressus lusitanica······································Cupressaceae

8. Information on A/R CDM Projects

(1) Identification of Regions with Potential as CDM Afforestation Candidates from an FAO Examination

In the Republic of Panama, as described in the Central American Series on Forest and Climate Change (Spanish: Serie Centroamericana de Bosques y Cambio Climatico), an examination of AR/CDM was conducted between 2001-2003 by the FAO. This examination was also conducted for the entire country in each of Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.

According to the results of these examinations, Panama has land totaling 826,000 ha (142,000 ha for afforestation and reforestation, 684,000 ha for forest improvements) that has the potential for afforestation and forest improvements of AR/CDM. The amount of carbon absorbed through the implementation of projects covering this area is calculated to be 79 million t-C more than the absorption of carbon in the baseline. The procedure for designating AR/CDM candidate sites was recorded in the report for the previous year and is therefore omitted here.

255 Table 8.1 Real potential for afforestation in Panama

Province Sites having real potential for afforestation (ha) Afforestation Forest /reforestation improvement Bocas del toro 6,460 152 Chiriqui 40,958 192,539 Cocle 8,380 55,742 Colon 6,329 19,879 Camarca Embera 1,336 49 Camarca Kuna Yala 0 0 Camarca Ngobe-Bugle 0 0 Darien 37,726 20,307 Herrera 2,227 39,726 Los Santos 2,934 72,677 Panama 9,960 41,450 Veraguas 23,439 241,791 Total 141,748 684,313

Table 8.1 shows the real potential for afforestation in Panama by province. According to this chart, as for afforestation and reforestation, Darien and Chiriqui provinces have potential. Based on these results, an examination of candidate sites for CDM afforestation in Darien province in the eastern part of Panama and Chiriqui province in the western part was conducted.

(2) Afforestation with teak at sites on pastureland in Darien province

Although the price of beef has been falling, pasturage is still an attractive land use option with the best rate of earnings in not only Darien province in the eastern part but also throughout Panama. In Panama, the area of afforestation was dramatically increased to about 44,000 ha in the period between 1992 and 2003 under a law to promote afforestation introduced in 1992. However, even though such preferential treatment has been introduced, pasturage is still a more profitable business than tree planting. Therefore, on existing pastureland, continuing pasturage is regarded as “business as usual” and the baseline. In addition, of the preferential treatment stipulated in the above-mentioned law to promote afforestation, a tax benefit for income tax as a return for implementing afforestation ended in 2007. Therefore, it is considered that the rate of expansion of the area of afforestation will slow down from now on. For this reason, the appeal of afforestation as a land use is diminishing further compared to pasturage.

The teak afforestation area in Darien province where the examination was conducted this time was originally an area of extensive pasturage and was afforested recently. The eastern side of Darien province shares its border with Colombia. Until the mid-1990s, there was social anxiety, as armed guerillas invaded the province. Currently, this threat has almost disappeared.

256 In Panama, the main tree species for afforestation was the Caribbean Pine before 1990. Since 1990, teak has been the main tree species and it now accounts for more than 60% of the tree species for afforestation. Teak has different properties from Caribbean Pine whose utility value is low and it is expected that it will be exported to India or China. Because the eastern part of Panama, which includes Darien province, has high rainfall with an average annual precipitation of more than 2,000 mm, the trees seem to grow relatively well. The person in charge of afforestation in Panama at the BARCA company, which is implementing the afforestation, stated that that the average annual growth rate of teak planted in Panama is 8-10 m3. However, it seems that the growth is faster than this. Moreover, access to Panama City, the capital of Panama, which is a collection center for timber, is secured by the paved Pan-American Highway. Therefore, there is no major problem concerning transportation.

(3) Afforestation with teak at sites on pastureland in Chiriqui province

Chiriqui province is located on the Pacific side and is the westernmost province, sharing the border with Costa Rica. It is located just opposite Darien province in an east-west direction. It belongs to the tropical savanna climate on the Pacific side and the climate is relatively dry since the dry season continues for almost a half year. In Chiriqui province, teak plantations have been established by the BARCA company on sites that were originally pastureland in the same way as in Darien province. The person in charge from the BARCA company explained that because the growth of teak is not satisfactory compared with Darien province, teak afforestation in Chiriqui province has additionality. He also said that the average annual growth rate for teak is 4-5 m3. As for access, although the Pan-American Highway runs through the province, the distance between Chiriqui province and Panama City is over 300 km. Therefore, access is not as advantageous as that of Darien province. However, as Chiriqui province faces Costa Rica, the possibility of finding a market in Costa Rica is now being considered.

(4) Projects by ANARAP (National Association of Reforesters and Citizens of Panama)

Though we did not receive an explanation about the specific sites for A/R CDM projects by ANAM, the website of ANAM introduces them. A Project Idea Note (PIN) to establish a total of 8,000 ha of afforestation, targeting the grasslands of Darien, Chiriqui, Veraguas and Colon provinces, is scheduled to be implemented by Prime Forest Panama S.A. for which Swiss Prime Forest Switzerland provided 100% of the capital. In addition, an afforestation plan for 10,000 ha by ANARAP(National Association of Reforesters and Citizens of Panama)is described, but the details are not given.

(Website of ANAM: http://www.anam.gob.pa/cambio%20climatico/)

(5) Joint pilot project by CEDESAM(Centro de Desarollo Sostenible Ambiental [Center for Environmentally Sustainable Development]) and JIFPRO (Japan International Forestry Promotion & Cooperation Center.)

JIFPRO and CEDESAM, a subordinate organ of ANAM, are scheduled to implement jointly a small scale CDM afforestation project in Rio Hato in Cocle province in the western part of Panama. Please refer to the Examination of CDM Afforestation Skills Guidelines 2005 Report by JIFPRO on the details of the project.

257 10. Other links to related information y Address of the DNA (designated national authority): Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente, Apartado C 0643, Balboa-Ancon, Panama, Republica de Panama

Ligia Castro de Doens and Eduardo Reyes ( [email protected], [email protected] ) General Administrator, Sub-General Administrator Phone: (507)315-0527, (507)315-0668 Fax: (507)315-0663, (507)315-0654 y Website of the DNA (designated national authority)： Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente y Contact Address of ANARAP: http://www.conep.org.pa/shopping/?id_c=39&titulo=Asociación%20Nacional%20de%20R eforestadores%20y%20Afines%20de%20Panamá%20-%20ANARAP y Website of the FAO FRA2010 http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/pdf/fra/2010/North-and-Central-America/Panama-2010-1 60.doc y Website of the FAO Forestry databases http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/databases/en/

References:

258 HONDURAS

1. Procedure and results of mapping

In Honduras, FAO carried out a series of surveys on forests and climate change in Central America (Serie Centroameriana de Bosques y Cambio Climatico) from 2001 to 2003 as part of an AR/CDM study. Besides Honduras, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama and Costa Rica were surveyed for the whole of each country.

A thematic map is introduced here that more specifically shows the areas where AR/CDM projects are feasible in terms of the natural and socioeconomic conditions. This map was prepared by combining a map identifying AR/CDM potential areas called “Kyoto Land” in the FAO project with several other thematic maps For reference, the AR/CDM potential areas are generally called “Kyoto Land” in Central America, including in Honduras.

(1) Thematic Map of AR/CDM Potential Areas (Kyoto Land) and a Thematic Map to Determine Suitability based on Natural and Socioeconomic Conditions

Areas to be possibly selected as AR/CDM potential areas (hereinafter referred to as “Kyoto Land”) are ones that were already deforested as of December 31, 1989, and can be reforested or newly afforested in the future. These “Kyoto Land” areas and areas suitable for afforestation in terms of the natural and socioeconomic conditions have been identified using the existing maps described below.

1) A woody plant cover map of Honduras in 1995 drawn on a scale of 1 to 500,000 by the National Forest Administration (AFE), Honduras Forest Development Corporation (COHDEFOR) and the German Corporation for Technical Cooperation (GTZ). This map was prepared by analyzing satellite images made on a scale of 1 to 100,000 and 1 to 250,000 based on Landsat1 data and by conducting field surveys from 1995 to 1996. This analysis made it possible to identify deforested areas and select “Kyoto Land.” A woody plant cover map of Honduras is shown in Fig. 1.1 and the “Kyoto Land” is shown as a result of analyzing the former in Fig. 1.2.

2) A land use potential map drawn on a scale of 1 to 500,000 based on digital cartographical data. This map was prepared by the Honduran Government and the Organization of American States and published by Programa Nacional de Cuencas Hidrográficas in 1992. It was revised following the Plan de Reconstrucción Nacional of 1999. It is used as reference material for mapping suitable areas for forestation in terms of natural conditions as described later. It is shown in Fig. 1.3.

3) A socioeconomic map drawn on a scale of 1 to 500,000 in 1998 provided by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (SERNA). This map was prepared in advance in order to map suitable areas for forestation in terms of the socioeconomic conditions, as described later. It is shown in Fig. 1.4.

1 The forest map of Honduras is featured as follows: Rows 15 to 19 and Lines 49 to 51 in the universal transverse Mercator projection of the 16th domain by Clarke, 1886 (EOSAT Inc. 1993-1995): 259

Figure 1.1 Woody plant cover Map of Honduras

Figure 1.2 Map of “Kyoto Land” in Honduras

260

Figure 1.3 Land Use Potential Map of Honduras

Figure 1.4 Socioeconomic Map of Honduras

(2) Area of “Kyoto Land” in Honduras

According to the map showing “Kyoto Land” in Honduras in Fig. 1.2, simply non-forest areas, namely “Kyoto Land” areas account for an area of 4,762,510 ha in total (See Table 1.1). These areas can be afforested and reforested in order to mitigate climate change. Currently,

261 some land use other than forestation still continues in many of these areas. The area of woody plant cover is estimated at 6,284,636 ha, excluding watersheds, at the beginning of 1990.

The woody plant cover map of 1995 as described in Paragraph (1) above was used in identifying “Kyoto Land” in the territory of Honduras. However, in order to assess the actual conditions of land use, namely the woody plant cover in 1990, the map needs to be revised in view of past trends in the rate of forest destruction in the study area since planting activities were carried out in the period from 1990 to 1995 and forests were also destroyed over the same period. Table 1.1 shows the estimated forest area as of 1990 from the map revised by referring to the forest area in 1995 and past trends in the rate of forest destruction. A visual assessment of the actual forest conditions in 1990 is made possible by analyzing Landsat LC data from GeoCover.

Table 1.1 Woody plant cover Area by Region and “Kyoto Land” Revised in 1990 (Honduras in 1995, in hectares)

Source: Vegetation and Ecosystem Map of Honduras Rural Area Administration Project (PAAR), National Forest Administration (AFE) /Honduras Forest Development Corporation (COHDEFOR), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (SERNA) 2002

In the next step, a map was prepared to show suitable areas for forestation in terms of natural conditions as well as such areas in terms of their socioeconomic conditions by referring to the aforementioned thematic maps prepared in advance in order to select more promising areas in terms of their feasibility for projects using “Kyoto Land.” Among the areas chosen as “Kyoto Land,” naturally and socioeconomically suitable areas were finally selected to identify areas where AR/CDM projects were substantially feasible.

(3) Identification of Naturally Suitable Areas for Forestation

Areas judged to be suitable for planting trees on the basis of the natural conditions are those obtained as a result of combining the land use potential map prepared in the period from 1992 to 1999 as shown in Fig. 1.3 and the “Kyoto Land” map as shown in Fig. 1.2. These areas are considered to be able to mitigate climate change through reforestation and afforestation. The selected areas can be developed by means of forest activities (including tree planting and artificial forest regeneration) or agroforestry systems and the long-term cultivation of fruit trees. In the land use potential map, eight categories (from I to VIII) are shown according to the nature of the soil and adaptability to diverse uses. Planting activities are generally possible in the Land Categories V to VII. However, as with the planting of mahogany trees,

262 for instance, some planting activities are also feasible in other categories of land. It is also possible that other commercially valuable species can be planted in Land Categories I to IV. According to the land use classification, land under Category VIII includes off-limit zones, reforested areas, the seashore, the coast, mangrove forests and wetlands. Fig. 1.5 shows a map that identifies suitable areas for forestation in terms of the natural conditions.

(4) Identification of Socioeconomically Suitable Areas for Forestation

Areas judged to be suitable for planting trees on the basis of the socioeconomic conditions were identified by combining the current land use map of 1995 (not illustrated this time) and the socioeconomic map of 1998 as shown in Fig. 1.4. The latter was prepared by taking into account the population density, literacy rate, number of years of school attendance, average longevity, rate of malnutrition and estimated real per capita GDP. Moreover, the map shows places with the greatest movement and increase in the population, native communities, the tribal communities of Carifuna (Native tribe living along the coast of the Caribbean in Central America), general data on land ownership and the trends in land use. It also summarizes areas that have equivalent socioeconomic potential at the municipal or provincial level based on the human development index. Fig. 1.6 is a map identifying areas that are suitable for forestation in terms of socioeconomic conditions.

Figure 1.5 Map Identifying Areas Suitable for Forestation on the basis of the Natural Conditions

263

Figure 1.6 Map Identifying Areas Suitable for Forestation on the basis of the Socioeconomic Conditions

Major socioeconomic factors considered in the identification of areas suitable for AR/CDM projects are classified according to the Human Development Report for Honduras in 1998 as follows: y Low Socioeconomic Potential Areas: With a low population density, high rate of illiteracy, low income and a human development index of less than 0.40. y Medium Socioeconomic Potential Areas: With a medium population density and illiteracy rate, average income and a human development index of between 0.40 and 0.60. y High Socioeconomic Potential Areas: With a high population density, low illiteracy, high income and a human development index of over 0.60.

In this analysis, numbers were allotted to the socioeconomic indices for each area. They were adjusted by giving 0.40 to low-potential areas, 0.60 to medium-potential ones and 0.80 to high-potential ones.

(5) Area of Regions with Naturally Suitable Conditions for Forestation

“Kyoto Land,” as shown in Fig. 1.5, can be classified according to its natural suitability for forestation as of 1990. As shown in table 1.2, the categories of this classification to show the capacity for forestation to mitigate climate change are Class VI (3,216,089 ha), Class III (594,445 ha), Class I (333,550 ha), Class II (302,545 ha), Class V (165,106 ha) and Class VIII (150,775 ha), in decreasing order. On the other hand, Classes V and VI are inherently suited for forest land and account for 71% of the “Kyoto Land,” or 3,381,195 ha. Land suitable for agriculture and stock raising comes under Class I, II or III and accounts for 25.8% of the “Kyoto Land,” or 1,230,540 ha. Finally, Class VIII accounts for 3.2% of the “Kyoto Land,”

264 or 150,775 ha, and includes areas classified as coasts, wetlands, mangrove forests and watersheds.

As for the distribution of these areas by region, the central part of the country is dominated by coniferous and oak forests and accounts for 39.8% (1,897,508 ha) of the total area suitable for forestation in terms of the natural conditions. The northern region, which is mostly covered by broad-leaved forests, accounts for 22.6% (1,075,192 ha) of the same total area. In the western region, where pine and oak forests are dominant, the percentage is 17.8%, or 846,169 ha. In the southern part with vegetation typical of subtropical dry forests, the percentage is 13.4%, or 639,848 ha. In the eastern region, where broad-leaved forests are dominant, the coverage is 6.3%, or 303,793 ha. It is necessary to stress that the land that is most suitable for forestation comes under Class VI in terms of the natural conditions.

Table 1.2 Naturally Potential and Suitable Regions for Forestation (Area in hectares)

(6) Regions Socioeconomically Suitable for Forestation

Among the regions that are socioeconomically suitable for forestation, regions with medium socioeconomic conditions have the greatest capacity for mitigating climate change, and these account for an area of 2,965,463 ha (62.2%). This socioeconomic category is followed by areas with lower socioeconomic conditions accounting for an area of 1,606,341 ha (33.7%). Areas with higher socioeconomic conditions account for an area of 190,706 ha (4.1%). Table 1.3 shows the areas that have socioeconomic conditions suitable for forestation.

Table 1.3 Socioeconomically Suitable Regions for Forestation (Area in hectares)

(7) CDM Potential Areas Combining Natural and Socioeconomic Suitability

Areas that are capable of mitigating climate change through forestation are identified as a result of combining maps that show the naturally suitable and socioeconomically suitable

265 areas. Fig. 1.7 shows the CDM potential areas with a combination of natural and socioeconomic suitability for forestation.

Figure 1.7 Final CDM Project Feasibility Map with a Combination of Natural and Socioeconomic Suitability for Forestation

According to this FAO survey, it was found that CDM projects are feasible in areas accounting for nearly 13% (about 1,469,136 ha) of the national land as a result of adjusting the capacity for afforestation to mitigate climate change in Honduras in terms of the natural and socioeconomic suitability for forestation. As already stated in Paragraph (2), on the assumption that “Kyoto Land” areas are simply non-forest areas, their total area is estimated to be 4,762,510 ha. Accordingly, there is a difference of 3,293,374 ha in the area when comparing the simple case and the situation where natural and socioeconomic suitability is taken into account. The Fig. in the latter case is about 30% of the simple area of “Kyoto Land.” If CDM projects are implemented and developed in these suitable areas, the amount of carbon tradable for the whole of Honduras is expected to amount to 56,622,014 tons.

Planting activities that have been proven to have the capacity to mitigate climate change include new afforestation for commercial purposes or for the purpose of fuel production or for the sake of safety. These also include reforestation for commercial purposes and for the sake of safety and afforestation for establishing agroforestry systems and for planting grass.

266 Table 1.4 A/R CDM potential areas considening by vegetation type （Ha） Total : area ADMIN_NAME Potencial Alto Potencial Bajo Potencial Moderado Total Atlantida 154,011 157,105467,856 3,321 Choluteca 270,232 89,167455,117 32,526 Colon 130,669 192,118820,806 13,561 Comayagua 128,833 63,634549,209 11,985 Copan 195,913 23,949342,834 5 Cortes 172,741 135,013429,089 13,809 El Paraiso 326,747 76,060 478 739,655 Francisco Morazan 294,853 73,120 8,204 905,782 Gracias a Dios 92,748 155,519 87,577 1,711,890 Intibuca 161,695 33,230323,534 6,021 Islas de la Bahia 5,917 0 0 16,317 La Paz 138,911 3,847 5,135 263,256 Lempira 242,053 12,679437,724 3,874 Ocotepeque 94,972 10,535190,699 0 Olancho 627,377 132,9432,576,124 50,602 Santa Barbara 240,256 43,995 467 509,851 Valle 99,571 22,189170,498 19,785 Yoro 202,215 195,570815,044 3,528 Total 3,608,559 1,460,40111,954,282 264,119

267 2. Basic Information(HONDURAS)

1. Suitable site

The JOFCA mission would like to have an idea about the sites where your country considers implementing an A/R CDM project. If possible, could you give the name (on the basis of the administrative classification) of the areas? y Rehabilitation of severely fragmented and degraded forests y Project type, small-scale A&R projects could comprise 100-4000 ha. y Transition to plantation from land cover class y Urban forest: Brownfield rehabilitation.

2. Forest définition

According to the forest definition for A/R CDM decided by COP 9, there are three items with a range of Fig.s, which are minimum canopy density from 10 to 30 %, minimum tree height from 2 to 5 m and smallest forest area from 0.05 to 1 ha. Each host country has been required to decide a point Fig. in the range of each item, for example, 20 % for canopy density, 5m of minimum tree height and 1 ha of smallest forest area. Have you already decided the point Fig. in the range for each item? If yes, please describe them.

Yes, we made the forest definition for A/R CDM in may 2005.

Tree crown cover value between 10 and 30 per cent 30% Land area value between 0.05 and 1 hectare 1 hectare Tree height value between 2 and 5 meters 5 meters

Summary of the process: The Ministry for Natural Resources and Environment (SERNA) lead the process with the financial and technical support of the Agenda Forestal Hondureña and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The workshop counted with ample participation of stakeholders from the forestry, agroforestry and agricultural sectors. Participants came from the academic, economic, political and administrative sectors, along with the international cooperation and community representatives.

During the workshop, the process of choosing a forest definition was observed to be rather complex because it involves diverse land-use systems, and both socio-economic and biophysical conditions and impacts have to be accounted for. All the necessary information could be collected from the stakeholders for an eventual decision-making. The stakeholders will find the application and adjustment of the forest definition under the CDM greatly facilitated due to their participation in the decision making process.

3. Sustainable development

268

Honduras considers the projects that contribute to sustainable development are: agroforestry, productive forest plantations, protective plantations at the natural timberline, protective plantations for restoration of degraded areas, and strip plantings. The implementation of reforestation program of watershed, to keep the forest in protects areas, and reforestation and afforestation of marginal and degraded areas.

The example: projects of large-scale afforestation with one species especially exotic species such as Eucalyptus, timber products (roundwood, sawn wood, panels and others) are nationally the commercially most important products, so macro-economic indicators are high. In turn, due to the concentration of this land use type on large scale, entrepreneurial actors, the social and environmental indicators are rather indifferent, because community involvement and participation of small farmers is not playing an important role, and commercial plantations do not contribute much to e.g. biodiversity and wildlife.

4. Feasibility Study

Japanese bodies have to carry out their own feasibility study to identify real project sites when they really have intention to implement A/R CDM project because the map prepared by JOFCA just shows the only potential area of A/R CDM project from the point of views of the land use and land cover. What are important points that they should be take care and bear in mind when they carry our the study? For example, some site is suitable for A/R CDM project from point of view of natural condition, but the site may not be suitable from point of view of land ownership or usufruct, so the one of important point is to check land ownership and/or usufruct.

The Government of Honduras welcomes the Map that will prepare JOFCA, because it will bring to this country the opportunity to now what potential will have for the implementation of CDM project in reforestation and afforestation.

It will be a pleasure for us to work with Japan Government in CDM forest project.

5. Small scale A/R CDM

This special category, created by Parties specifically for low income individuals and communities in support of rural livelihoods could comprise on a total area of less than 100 to approximately 4000 ha. In Bali Decides to revise the limit for small-scale afforestation and reforestation project activities under the clean development mechanism referred to in paragraph 1 (i) of the annex to decision 5/CMP.1 as follows:

“Small-scale afforestation and reforestation project activities under the CDM” are those that are expected to result in net anthropogenic greenhouse gas removals by sinks of less than 16 kilotonnes of CO2 per year and are developed or implemented by low-income communities and individuals as determined by the host Party. If a small-scale afforestation or reforestation

269 project activity under the CDM results in net anthropogenic greenhouse gas removals by sinks greater than 16 kilotonnes of CO2 per year, the excess removals will not be eligible for the issuance of tCERs or lCERs.

6. Environmental and Socio-economical impact assessment

If environmental and/or socio-economical impact, are considered significant by the host countries or the project participants, the assessment on environmental and/or socio-economical impact is required according to the framework of A/R CDM stipulated in COP 9.

Regarding the impacts, what is important and/or judgment points that your country consider as a project, which has significant impacts on environmental and/or socio-economical conditions?

The significative impact on environmental and/or socio-economical conditions for Honduras are being related with of large-scale afforestation with one species especially exotic species.

In addition, does your country has procedure and/or standards for the assessment? If yes, please describe the procedure and/or standards. Actually we don’t have standards for assessment, because don’t have this kind of projects in Honduras.

7. Distribution of lCER or tCER (Certified Emission Reduction) credit

If your country already has ideas on distribution of CER between your country and Annex 1 countries after getting CER through the A/R CDM projects, could you describe the ideas?

The ideas of distribution CER through A/R CDM projects are in the way of the sites where the country considers implementing those projects enunciated in the answer no. 1.

8. Restriction of afforestation projects

If there are any restrictions of afforestation project invested by foreign countries, for example indigenous trees plantation of 10 % in total number of seedlings to be planted are duty in Brazil, could you explain the restrictions? Other restrictions such as imposing more tax than national capital and acceptance to only Indonesia-foreign countries joint enterprise are expected.

In addition, such restrictions will be applied to A/R CDM projects?

I am not sure about those restrictions in Honduras, but this is an opportunity to work in this matter.

270 3. State of Baselines

In the Republic of Honduras, the topography of the eastern part is low-lying and there is little ruggedness, while that of the central to western region is mountainous and rugged. As with Japanese topography, there are few plains. They are located only in the southern and northern coastal area. When viewed in terms of altitude, 65％ of the land is mountainous between 600 and 2,500 m. Many parts of this area are 1,000-1,500 m high. However, there are no volcanoes since the circum-Pacific volcanic zone is located from El Salvador. to Nicaragua via the Pacific Ocean.

As for the geological conditions, these include formations from the Palaeozoic Era to the Quaternary period. In the rugged mountainous area, the quality of the rock varies according to the location and there are many steep slopes, thus it is difficult for deep soil layers to form. Compared with this, the soils of the eastern and northern regions are deep since the slopes are very gentle. However, while the soil is deep, it is not always fertile. Therefore, if the natural forests of broadleaved trees are damaged, pine trees thrive in their place.

The forest vegetation of Honduras is divided roughly into pine forest and broadleaf forest (tropical rainforest). Their distribution and characteristics are as follows:

(1) Pine forest: This is located in the mountainous area in the central and western part of Honduras and the Mosquitia region abutting the eastern border with Nicaragua.

The forest physiognomy varies from sparse forest in the savanna areas to forests with a high stand density index. Pine forests include forest mixed with broad-leaved trees (Quercus spp.), while there are also pure stands of pine trees.

The pine species that grow in the region include Pinus caribaea (100-400 m above sea level), P. oocapa (700-1,500 m above sea level) and P. pseudostrobus (1,400-2,800 m above sea level)

(2) Broadleaf forest: This is located in the area from the Caribbean coast at 84°30’ W-86°W in the eastern region to the border with Nicaragua, as well as the coastal area in the northern part. In addition, it is distributed partially in the mountainous area from the central region to the west.

Useful tree species that grow in these forests are mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni)， cedro (Cedrela odorata) and walnut (Juglans spp.).

6. Information on Afforestation

As for the reserves of pine forest, there are no records that indicate them precisely. According to the plot examination conducted by the Corporación Hondureña de Desarrollo Forestal (COHDEFOR), the accumulation and amount of growth are as follows:

Stand volume of Pine: a high of 160 m3 per ha, a low of 30 m3 per ha and an average of 70 m3 per ha

MAI of Pine: a high of 20 m3 per ha, a low of 3 m3 per ha and an average of 7 m3 per ha.

271 8. Information on A/R CDM projects. y National Park of Pico Bonito

This project is one of the most cutting edge projects in the field and establishes an innovative environmental business model that is sustainable. Moreover, the methodology created for this project has become one of the main methodologies to be used by other LULUCF projects in degraded landscapes. The project will assist small-scale farmers in the Pico Bonito National Park buffer zone to introduce agroforestry production techniques. It will cover a total of 2,600 ha and benefit 20 villages living in this zone.

The Park is home to many endangered and threatened species, and provides essential connectivity for the Meso-American Biological Corridor. Its natural resources have been seriously degraded due to marginal agriculture and cattle grazing. The project is expected to sequester a minimum oft 0.45 to 0.55 Mt CO2e by 2017. In addition, the project will also pilot an avoided deforestation component, which is expected to sequester around 0.5 Mt CO2e. This will be the first pilot for avoided deforestation for the BioCF. The additional income provided by the carbon sequestration is key to the realization of the project. The combined reforestation efforts will greatly enhance the park's ability to sustain threatened biodiversity in addition to improving the integrity of headwaters for several rivers that originate in the park and its buffer zone. More specifically, the project seeks to provide several environmental benefits, including improved slope stability, reduced soil erosion on steep slopes and enhanced upland watershed integrity for freshwater production.

The project will employ hundreds of local people to establish the commercial-grade plantation certified by the Forest Stewardship Council, as well as to reforest degraded lands in the park's buffer zone for conservation purposes. It will also integrate social benefits to 20 villages in the park buffer zone through on-farm technical assistance, sustainable forestry management training, establishment of sustainable livelihoods, and permanent sharing of profits for community investment. The project will monitor potential leakage and will reduce the risk of non-permanence by employing local community members as park rangers to prevent illegal logging.

The project is developed by EcoLogic (www.ecologic.org), a NGO whose mandate is to protect the wildlife and wildlands of Latin America by advancing community-based economic development and natural resource management. Together with other sponsors, they will create a for-profit company, Pico Bonito Inc., to manage the project and be the owner of the emission reductions. This will be done partially through a private placement in the market. This model is unique in that the community will be a part owner and share in the profits through Pico Bonito Inc., which in turn will be ploughed back into investments that benefit the community as a whole. Pico Bonito Inc. will also include representatives from the communities. Fundación Parque Nacional Pico Bonito (FUPNAPIB), a Honduran NGO that has been dedicated to the sustainable management of Pico Bonito National Park since 1994, will also sponsor the project and will be subcontracted by Pico Bonito Inc. to handle the agroforestry and conservation components. The BioCF funding is a small percentage of the overall funding needs for this project. The project has several identified other investors, which include the Corporación Hondureña de Desarrollo Forestal (www.cohdefor.hn), Honduran and international investors and lenders, as well as various private landholders in the region.

272 10. Other links to related information y Address of the DNA (designated national authority): SECRETARIA DE RECURSOS NATURALES Y AMBIENTE (SERNA) 100 MTS. al Sur del Estadio Nacional, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. C.A. Mr. Valerio Gutiérrez ( [email protected] ) Autoridad Nacional Designada para el MDL Phone: (504) 232 5813 Fax: (504) 231 1918 y Website of the DNA (designated national authority): SECRETARIA DE RECURSOS NATURALES Y AMBIENTE (SERNA) y Website of the AFE-Cohdefor: www.cohdefor.hn y Website of CATIE (Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza): http://www.catie.ac.cr/ y Website of the EcoLogic: http://www.ecologic.org/ y Website of the Fundacion Parque Nacional Pico Bonito: http://www.picobonito.org/index.php?id=183 y Explanation for Bio Carbon Fund project “Pico Bonito Forest Restoration” http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=BioCF&FID=9708&ItemID=9708&ft=Projects &ProjID=9637 y Website of the FAO FRA2010 http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/pdf/fra/2010/North-and-Central-America/Honduras-2010 -091.doc y Website of the FAO Forestry databases http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/databases/en/

References:

273 TUNISIA

1. Procedure and results of mapping

Areas that the Forest Bureau of Tunisia has assessed as being A/R CDM potential area are mainly shrub vegetation called Maquis and Garigue (See the definitions of forest communities in Tunisia). The Bureau has established a forest planning information system to provide map data in a GIS format. These data were produced as map data, including vegetation information, based on an analysis of aerial photographs and SPOT satellite images in 1989 along with the results of a field survey conducted over the period from 1989 to 1992. An updated version is now being produced from satellite images and digital aerial photographs taken over the period from 1999 to 2002. At this time, the survey had been completed for three northern gouvernorats on the Mediterranean from among a total of 24 gouvernorats across the country, and their GIS data have been updated.

From this point of view, the A/R CDM potential area in Tunisia were selected according to the flow chart in Fig. 1.1, mainly with the focus on Bizerte, a northern gouvernorat where there is a relatively large area of maquis shrub and an updated version of the GIS data is available.

(1) First of all, in order to distinguish forest areas from non-forest ones at the end of 1989, areas other than forests (Class Nos. 11, 12 & 13) were identified in the vegetation (land use) map of 1989 prepared by Tunisia as mentioned above (See Fig. 1.2). For a description of the class numbers, see Table 1.2.

(2) Next, non-forest areas (Class Nos. 3 to 13, see Fig. 1.3) were extracted from GeoCover-LC in 1990 and overlaid using the results from (1) above. Then, those non-forest areas that completely overlapped on both the maps were confirmed as non-forest areas as of the end of 1989.

(3) The latest vegetation (land use) map is the one of 1999 resulting from the updating of the data as of 1989. The potential CDM categories extracted from the map are Maquis shrub (a mixture of trees with a crown density of 10% or less, class No.14), Garigue shrub (a mixture of trees with a crown density of 10% or less, No. 15), Temporarily felled land (No. 17), Maquis shrub (No. 31), Garigue shrub (No. 32), Bare dunes (No. 711) and Artificially treated dunes (No. 712, see Fig. 1.4). For a description of the class numbers, see Table 1.3. The definitions for the items in the legend are given at the end of this chapter.

(4) The results of Steps (1), (2) and (3) above were overlaid and the areas that completely overlapped were selected as the final A/R CDM potential area (See Fig. 1.5).

As for the A/R CDM potential lands in Fig. 2.9, their area is shown according to the vegetation type in Table 2.6. Maquis shrublands account for the highest proportion of the total area (83%), followed by Garigue shrublands (8%). These types of vegetation account for over 90% of the total.

274 Table 1.1 Area of A/R CDM Potential Lands by vegetation type

Unit: hectares Maquis shrub (a mixture of trees Temporarily Artificially Maquis shrub Garigue shrub Bare dunes with a crown density felled land treated dunes Total (No. 31) (No. 32) (No. 711) of 10% or less) (Class (No. 17) (No. 712) No. 14)

Area 738 149 19,247 1,870 749 377 23,130

When participants in A/R CDM projects use the map of A/R CDM potential lands selected on the basis of the above-mentioned results, they need to give consideration to the following matters concerning the precision of the map.

1) Boundary variation

The difference in the scale of the various layers results in some variation in the boundaries. Generally, this does not cause a problem for the precision in determining the A/R CDM potential area in this study. Nevertheless, accurate boundary data will be needed when any CDM project is implemented.

2) Socioeconomic aspects

With regard to the selection of A/R CDM potential area in Tunisia, it should be noted that, as in Vietnam, suitable sites are generally determined on the basis of the land use and vegetation cover maps without consideration of the socioeconomic aspects. Accordingly, these are not included in the factors used in the selection of the potential areas, even though they affect whether the land is easily available in relation to land ownership.

275

Year 1989 Year 1990 Year 1999

Land Use/ GeoCover LC Land Use/Land Cover Land Cover Map Map GeoCover LC （） Data from Forest Dep.* （Data from Earth Sat Ca.）（Data from Forest Dep.*）

Exclude Class Number 11-13 Include Class Number 3-13 Include Class Number 14,15,17 31,32 ,711,712

Non-forest area 1989 Non-forest area 1990 Potential are 1999 1990

Overlapping of extraction result

Potential area A/R CDM

* Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Hydraulic Resources, Forest Department (Tsunisia)

Figure 1.1 Flow chart of the selection of Sink CDM Potential Areas (Tunisia)

276 Table 1.2 Legend and Class Numbers for the Land Use Map (1989)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 High-Tree and Shrub Grass and Shrub Very Thin Vegetation or Farmland Residential Area Wetland River Communities Communities Bare Land 11. Forest 21. Grassland and turf 31. Rocky land 51. Rural residential area 61. Water areas (lakes, ponds)

12. Shrub 22. Steppe plant 32. Sandy land (dune) 52. Urban residential area 62. Sebkha (flat community depressions with abundant salty water 13. Protection forest 23. Hygrophytic 33. Line cutting (fire lines) 53. Industrial zone found in the desert community zone of Africa)

14. Maquis/ Garigue shrub 24. Mosaic distribution of 34. Forest park 63. Swamp (mixed trees with a steppe and cultivated

277 crown density of 10% land or less)

15. Maquis/Garigue shrub 25. Other types of plant 39. Others (e.g. quarries) communities

16. Cutover forest

17. Nursery

18. Small wood

* Underlined boldface letters represent A/R CDM potential categories.

278

Legend

Figure 1.2 Map showing extraction of the non-forest land from cartographic data in 1989 (Bizerte Gouvernorat)

279

Legend

Figure 1.3 Map showing extraction of the non-forest land from GeoCover-LC in 1990 (Bizerte): For legend, see Table 2.1.

280 Legend

Figure 1.4 Map showing extraction of the A/R CDM Potential Categories from the cartographic data in 1999 (Bizerte)

Table 1.3 Legend and Class Numbers of the Tunisian Vegetation Map (1999)

10. Forest area 30. Other forest communities 11. Broad-leaved forest 17. Temporary felling zone 31. Maquis shrub 12. Needle-leaved forest 18. Arboretum for study 32. Garique shrub 13. Mixed forest 19. National park 33. Line planting 14. Maquis shrub with trees 20. Protected forest, etc. 34. Windbreak forest/hedges less than 10% of crown 21. Young forestation land 35. Zones burnt due to forest cover density (tree height <2 m, breast fire 15. Garique shrub with trees height diameter <7 cm, 36. Infrastructure (Forest less than 10% of crown tree age <10 years) ranger stations, nurseries, cover density 22. Banked roads, forestation strip felling, forest roads, 16. Low hight forest in sand dunes monitoring stations) 37. Open space in the forest

40. Non-forested zone 40. Pasturage 50. Cultivated land 41. Grassland 51. Cultivated land without irrigation (first 411. Natural grassland cropping) 412. Improved grassland 52. Cultivation of dry trees 42. Turf 53. Cultivated land through irritation 43. Pastoral zone 54. Oasis 44. Steppe pasturage where Esparto grows 55. Agricultural zone where various kinds of thick crops are cultivated 45. Other steppe pasturage 56. Agro-forestry zone 46. Complex land Agriculture + steppe 57. Fallow field 47. Riparian vegetation group

60. Others 80. Water area and marsh 60. Land improved artificially 70. Uncultivated land zone 61. Urban area 71. Barren areas 81. Rivers and waterways 62. Other zones with facilities 711. Bare sand dune 82. Water area (rural areas, airports, 712. Forested sand dune (natural/artificial) sightseeing, sports 713. Cliffs, rocky land, 83. Inland marsh zone facilities, factories, etc.) coastal zones 84. Marsh zone in the coastal 63. Quarries, mines, dumping 72. Bare land (Vegetation is area grounds, etc. scarce. Cover degree 64. Artificial greenbelts <5%) except for cultivated land (urban parks, graveyards) Source: Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Hydraulic Resources, Tunisia

* Underlined boldface letters represent A/R CDM potential categories.

281 282

Legend

Figure 1.5 Map of the A/R CDM potential area estimated from cartographic data (Bizerte)

Definitions of Forest Communities in Tunisia

- Forest Species: According to the national forest resources survey, forest species means all species that generally grow in the forest to 4 m or more in mature height and 7 cm or more in diameter at breast height (at a level of 1.30 m from the base of the tree).

- Forest: A forest community with a forest density of 10% or more. The minimum width of each forest area is not less than 15 m at any point and the total area is not less than 4 ha, or the density of wild seedlings is not less than 250 per hectare.

- Shrub: A forest community with a density of up to 10%. The width of the crown area is 15 m or more and the area is 0.5 ha or more.

- Maquis/Garigue Shrub (Mixed trees with a crown density of up to 10%): A scattered community with some forest species covering less than 10% (pine, oak, etc.) of the area together with shrubs (Mastic, Arbutus sp., Quercus coccifera, Quercus ilex L., Rosemary, Juniperus sp. and Thuja sp.).

- Garigue Shrub: A community that often naturally grows in the semiarid or arid calcareous soils of Tunisia. It consists of the sporadic distribution of low trees that prefer bare land or grassland (e.g., Rosemary Garigue).

- Maquis Shrub: A dense community that prefers wet or slightly wet silicate soils: e.g., Northern Maquis (Kroumirie – Mogods).

- Single-species forest (e.g., Pinus halpensis): Forest composed of a single species that covers 75% or more of the area.

- Pure Forest of broad-leaved or needle-leaved trees: A forest whose proportional composition of broad-leaved or needle-leaved trees is 75% or more is called a broad-leaved or needle-leaved (coniferous) forest.

- Mixed Forest: Forest composed of several species, none of which comprise more than 75% of the cover. As a rule, a mixed forest must be always distinguished from other types of forest.

* Tree vegetation composed of only broad-leaved trees.

* Tree vegetation composed of only needle-leaved trees.

* Forest composed of mixed broad-leaved and needle-leaved trees, either of which solely cover 75% or less of the area. In cases where one of these species occupies 50% or more of the area of the mixed forest in relation to other species, it is possible to classify it as a wood dominated by broad-leaved or needle-leaved trees.

- Forest Structure: The following three categories were established based on the growth stages of flora judged from aerial photographs.

* Young Forest: Up to 7 cm in diameter at a height of 1.30 m from the base of the tree. 283 * Forest for Thinning: The diameter has grown to an average level at which it needs to be thinned from time to time.

* Mature Forest: The trees have reached the age for cutting.

- Degree of Cover: The standard for estimating the proportion of plant cover as viewed from above. This standard was defined for the purpose of its application to forests and pastures.

The following four categories are employed.

* Very high density: Coverage over 75%

* High density: From 50% to 75%.

* Low density: From 25% to 50%

* Very low density: Under 25%

- Other Forests: Fire lines, nurseries, forest parks, Chene Liege plantations, cutover forest, and open spaces within forests.

- Bare Land: Quarries, non-forested dunes and rocky land. Generally, natural land areas with a vegetation cover of less than 10% are classified as bare land.

Definition of steppe and turf for grazing

Definition: Land where grass and bushes grow in colonies. It should be noted that rosemary communities are classified into Garigue and Steppe. In the latter category, rosemary species grow less densely along with other species (in central and southern parts).

Steppe and turf for grazing may include grasslands where the herbal plants are dominant even if there is a low rate of vegetation cover.

When a certain pasture community is considered as a potential site for planting forage bushes (Cactus sp., Atriplex sp., Acacias sp.), especially in cases where forestation has been less successful or of low density (sporadic), or there is overgrazing, the corresponding community was identified separately from naturally dominant species or conspicuous tree species. Generally speaking, forage shrub plantations are not given much weight. This is because they are likely to be mistaken for cultivated land due to the incidental recognition of their aerial images as forage bushes. These plantations are thus mostly classified as “cultivated land”.

However, regardless of the evaluation of these plantations, their contribution to productivity can be accurately assessed through biomass measurement in their environment.

Pastures were subdivided as follows:

- Prairie: A community of short plants growing in seasonal patterns, which is mostly composed of herbal species that prefer warm and wet land. In semiarid areas, the

284 development of prairie land is limited to several areas called Wadi along rivers or in depressions throughout North Africa: e.g., a prairie is composed of Festuca arundinacea and clover (Leguminosae, Trifolium incarnatum, gragiferum).

- Turf: A herbal community composed of short semi-cryptophytes and cryptophytes growing in seasonal patterns: e.g., turf composed of Gramineae, Poa bul bosa var. vivipara or Lolium perenne, which prefer slightly wet land and slightly dry land on the Tara Plateau.

- Steppe: This frequently refers to a plain sporadically covered with short plants (Le Houérou 1969). In North Africa, the majority of steppes have developed after the elimination of the forests. Accordingly, steppe is defined as a community of herbs sporadically growing after a fire along with dense grass and scattered trees. The steppe zone extending from the center to the east of Tunisia may be divided as follows:

* Steppe composed of grass (Steppe composed of esparto grass, etc.)

* Steppe composed of chamaephytes (Steppe composed of white mugwort, etc.)

- Hygrophytic Community: Vegetation of reeds, Nerium oleander and Tamarix chinensis that grow along rivers.

- Steppe Mixed with Cultivated Land: A continuous steppe with scattered areas of cultivation.

- Other Plant Communities: These consist of communities that are difficult to define as a matter of methodology (with no dominant species), despite the fact that they are known and have been surveyed,

285 2. Basic Information (TUNISIA)

1. Forest definition

According to the forest definition for A/R CDM decided by COP 9, there are three items with a range of Fig.s, which are minimum canopy density from 10 to 30 %, minimum tree height from 2 to 5 m and smallest forest area from 0.05 to 1 ha. Each host country has been required to decide a point Fig. in the range of each item, for example, 20 % for canopy density, 5m of minimum tree height and 1 ha of smallest forest area. Have you already decided the point Fig. in the range for each item? If yes, please describe them.

The latest national forest inventory 1999 has established new forest definitions taking in account these parameters:

Minimum canopy density: 10% Minimum tree height: 4 m Smallest forest area: 0.5 Ha Such parameters fit with the definition for A/R CDM decided by COP 9.

2. Sustainable development

The sustainable development must take in consideration several parameters. It is necessary to maintain a sustained increase of the forest cover and to assure an integrated forest management taking in consideration the interest of the forest populations (social and economic development of population) implying them in the rational exploitation of these resources (wood and non wood forest products).

3. Feasibility Study

Japanese bodies must imply the forest populations’ land-owners in the conception of the project that should take into account their financial profit. (Example: rural integrated Project: 90% of the area will be reforested by forest types, 10% will be planted by types to multiuse species). It’s necessary to implement small activities that can generate money easily etc.

286 4. Small scale A/R CDM

The projects must be integrated implying the forest populations in the conception and the finalisation of development choices. The forest policy has, since the nineteenth, taken in consideration the socio economic aspect and has adapted laws for a sustainable management of the forest resources with the participation of the local populations. An organization kind was established to be able to talk with these people and to be able to entrust them a number of tasks to accomplish instead of the state.

Forest population is considered among the poorest class in Tunisia. They represent almost 10% of the Tunisian population and 23% of the rural population. They encompass 150,000 households (90 inhabitants/km2) living in “douars” that group 10 to 60 families. Forest populations often live in mountainous areas without private property. Therefore they depend heavily on limited natural resources. Their annual incomes are very weak in comparison to the national average.

The income of the households comes from farm, subsistence farming, fire-wood and non wood forest products exploitation, coal manufacture and the employment in forests (aforestation; harvesting …). For example, according to Albouchi and Ben Boubaker, average income of the households in Kroumerie and Mogods that are the more wooded regions of Tunisia is presented as follows:

x Farm in forest domain (42%); x Vegetable production (28%); x Distillation of the secondary products of the forest (15%); x Nutrition and craft industry (15%).

5. Environmental and Socio-economical impact assessment

Regarding the impacts, what is important and/or judgment points that your country consider as a project which has significant impacts on environmental and/or socio-economical conditions?

In addition, does your country has procedure and/or standards for the assessment? If yes, please describe the procedure and/or standards.

Tunisia considers environmental and/or socio-economic aspects, very significant in the installation of a project and seeks to evaluate them regularly to measure their impact. A study on definition of indicators for sustainable development of forest resources has identified a number of criteria under the socio-economic shutter:

Socio-economic role of forests 287 x Value of woody products x Value of the non-wood forest products x Importance of labors employed in forests x Numbers of visitors of national parks x Average firewood consumption per year per household x Contribution of the grasslands under forest in the food of the national livestock x Number of forest associations working actively x Number of small timber companies x Percentage of contracts accomplished with forest associations for forest works x Contribution of the income coming from forest activities in the income of households x Number of trained people/ forest users

These indicators are measured regularly to be able to follow their impact on the durability forest resource. They are accessible through an Intranet application which allows their exploitation and their update.

6. Distribution of lCER or tCER (Certified Emission Reduction) credit

If your country already has ideas on distribution of CER between your country and Annex 1 countries after getting CER through the A/R CDM projects, could you describe the ideas?

7. Restriction of afforestation projects

In addition, such restrictions will be applied to A/R CDM projects?

No restrictions

3. State of Baselines

According to data from the first edition of Tunisia’s National Forestland and Pasture Survey (IFPN, 1989-1995), the area of Tunisia covered by vegetation is approximately 5.744 million hectares. Of this, 970,000 hectares is natural and artificial forest, 743,000 hectares is grasslands covered in esparto grass, and 3.96 million hectares is natural grazing land.

Tunisia’s vegetation cover is estimated to be 11.6% of the surface area of the entire country, excluding desert zones and the Sahara region. Viewed by regions, the northern region has 15%, with 10% in the central region and 1% in the southern region. The Sahara region, which comprises 50% of the country’s land, has only 1% or less of vegetation cover. Table 3.1 shows Tunisia’s area by land use and type of vegetation, as well as their ratios, while Table 3.2 lists the main plant associations seen in the natural forests within Tunisia.

288 Table 3.1 Tunisia’s Main vegetation group

Vegetation type Area (ha) Ratio Tree maquis and garrigues 132,898 0.80% Shrub maquis and garrigues 194,849 1.18% Forests & Forest clumps 502,990 3.04% Total forests 830,737 5.02% Grassland and short grass prairie 3,687 0.02% Esparto grass 743,306 4.49% Other pastoral vegetation types 3,338,965 20.16% Riparian vegetation 45,788 0.28% Complex steppe/agriculture 528,055 3.19% Other vegetation groups 46,228 0.28% Total rangelands 4,706,029 28.42% Other forest lands (Man-made) 140,800 0.85% Cultivated lands 4,774,023 28.83% Waters and humid zones 393,421 2.38% Built-up (developed) lands 179,639 1.08% Desert 5,536,946 33.42% Grand Total 16,561,595 100.00%

289 Table 3.2 Tunisia’s main sylvo-pastoral plant associations

Main associations Area (ha) Comments Utilization Wood, Grazing, NWFPs, Erosion Aleppo pine series 400,000 50% forest and 50% garrigues control 60,379 ha of forest and 30,000 ha Cork oak series 90,379 Cork, NWFPs, Grazing maquis Thuya de Berbérie series 33,000 Medium high forests and garrigues Wood, Grazing, Erosion control Wood, NWFPs, Dune stabilization, Kermes oak series 10,000 Often mixed with introduced species Tourism Zéen oak series 6,414 At high elevations in Kroumirie Wood, NWFPs, Grazing, Tourism Mountain peaks of the Dorsale & the Quercus illex series 5,000 Wood, NWFPs, Grazing, Charcoal Haut Tell Maritime pine series 3,930 Very localised (west of Tabarka) Wood, NWFPs, Grazing, Artrophytum sp. rangelands 869.100 NWFPs, Grazing, Erosion control Very degraded less than 250,000 ha Esparto grass steppe 743,300 Fodder ,NWFPs, Erosion control productive Very degraded: less than 300.000 ha Artemisia steppe complex 446,000 Fodder ,NWFPs, Erosion control residuals Anthyllis sericea srteppes 417,200 Fodder ,NWFPs, Erosion control

The main species found in natural forests include among others: Pinus halepensis, Quercus suber, Quercus merbekii, Juniperus oxycedrus, Cupressus sempervirens, Tetraclinis quadrivalvis, Quercus afares, Pinus pinaster, Quecus illex etc. These are found either in pure or mixed species’ stands. The Quercus suber, Quercus merbekii and Pinus pinaster natural forests are located in northern Tunisia (Kroumirie-Mogods). The Pinus halepensis natural forests are located in central and southern parts of Tunisia, essentially in the vicinity of the “Dorsale” and in the high steppes. Coniferous natural forests cover 457,000 ha, or 55 % of the national forest estate. Deciduous natural forests occupy 179,000 ha (about 22 % of total forest area) and the maquis-garrigues cover 194,000 ha or 23 % of the forest area.

The candidate region for A/R CDM proposed by Tunisia’s A/R CDM director, the Bizerte Province in the north of the country, has irrigation facilities and similar equipment in place and agricultural production is constantly being carried out there. It would be almost impossible to convert a location such as this to a forested site. Therefore, hilly areas other than level regions were chosen as candidates as they are locations where it would be possible to implement A/R CDM. The vegetation in such areas includes a covering of maquis and garrigues plants. Accordingly, these maquis and garrigues plants will serve as the standard baseline for the Bizerte Province. Since land with maquis and garrigues plants is used by local residents as grazing land for goats and sheep, it will be necessary to coordinate with the local residents in order to move forward with afforestation. Furthermore, fires associated with grazing are lit from time to time, and there are numerous instances where maquis and garrigues plants were damaged as a result of this. As such, it will be necessary to bear the risk of such brush fires in mind.

4. Data concerning biomass in grassland and shrub land

In this study conducted in 2005, the value of the biomass was measured in the Maquis woods in the Bizerte region on the Mediterranean coast in Northern Tunisia. The region was

290 chosen since we had drawn up a map of potential A/R CDM sites in Bizerte during the 2003 survey. As mentioned in the ideas concerning A/R CDM projects for Tunisia in chapter four, there are many potential A/R CDM project sites in the northern region of Tunisia. This indicates that Tunisia considers Bizerte as a potential area for the implementation of A/R CDM projects.

This survey roughly divided the Maquis woods in Bizerte into six areas and then measured the amount of biomass three times in each area. This makes a total of 18 plots. Of the five carbon pools that are targets of monitoring in A/R CDM projects (ground biomass, underground biomass, fallen leaves and twigs, deadwood, and soil organic matter), the survey was conducted on all pools except the soil organic matter. y Results of the analysis regarding the occurrence of the species

Table 4.1 and Fig. 4.1 show the number of occurrences in each plot.

Table 4.1 Number of occurrences of each species in each plot

Spcies No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6 No.7 No.8 No.9 No.10 No.11 No.12 No.13 No.14 No.15 No.16 No.17 No.18 1 Arbutus unedo 5 2 2 Calycotome villosa 4 16 1 2 31 3 Chamoerops humulis 8 4 Cistus monspeliensis 11 52 13 22 14 3219 6 45 11 5 Daphne gnidium 4 4 330 6 Erica arborea 60 90 75 25 50 20 5 6 4 7 Lavandula stoechas 3 8 Myrthus communis 306 70 44 20 5 4 9 Olea europea 10 7 1410 10 Phyllaria angustifolia 69 5 63639 20 5 17 25 10 22 17 8 11 Pistacia lentiscus 11 107 2 33110 514 17 12 Quercus coccifera 57 7 16 45 50 48 14 5 27 30 13 Quercus suber 21 Total No. 390 56 90 138 75 55 189 101 150 21 96 102 86 76 43 76 41 42

291

Photo-1 Maquis woods outside Bizerte, a region facing the Mediterranean Sea in Northern Tunisia

Quercus suber is the potential natural vege tation in this region

Photo-2 Maquis woods on the northern side of the slope, which consists mainly of relatively tall Quercus coccifera and Quercus suber

292

Photo-3 Maquis woods on the northern side (the side facing the Mediterranean Sea) with relatively short trees (tree height of less than 1 m)

Photo-4 Maquis woods with Pistacia lentiscus and Erica alborea as the main constituents but also with some Cistus monspeliensis

293

Photo-5 Setting up of a plot Photo-6 Reaping of the vegetation

Photo-7 Pruned branches Photo-8 Sorting of the branches and leaves

Photo-9 Lifting of the roots Photo-10 Brushing off the dirt

294 Of the 13 species that appeared in the survey, the most frequent species was Myrthus communis with 449 trees in 18 plots and 62,361 trees/ha. The second most frequently occurring species was Erica arborea with 335 trees (46,528 trees/ha) and Quercus coccifera with 299 trees (41,528 trees/ha). The least frequently occurring species were Lavandula stoechas and Quercus suber with 3 trees each (417 trees/ha). As for the pattern of occurrence of each species in each plot, Plot No.1 had the largest number of occurrences with 390 trees/4 m2 (975,000 trees/ha). The reason for the high number of occurrences in Plot 1 was the occurrence of 306 Myrthus communis trees. Without counting Plot 1, the average number of occurrences for each plot was 85 trees/4 m2 (212,500 trees/ha). According to Mr. Majid from the Department of the Environment, Water Resources and Forestry of the Ministry of Agriculture in Tunisia, who took charge of and conducted the biomass survey, the potential natural vegetation in the Maquis wood should be Quercus spp., such as Quercus suber. However, the results of the survey confirm that the present vegetation of the Maquis woods has some Quercus coccifera, but has almost no Quercus suber. The results imply that the current vegetation is quite different from the original natural vegetation.

Number of tree occurrences of each species in each plot Arbutus unedo Calycotome villosa

Chamoerops humulis

450 Cistus monspeliensis 400 Daphne gnidium Erica arborea 350 Lavandula stoechas 300 Myrthus communis Olea europea 250 Phyllaria angustifolia 200 Pistacia lentiscus Quercus coccifera Number of trees Number 150 Quercus suber 100

.1 .2 .3 5 6 7 8 o o o .1 .1 .1 N N N No.4 No.5 No.6 No.7 No.8 No.9 o.13 o.14 o.1 o o o No.10 No.11 No.12 N N N N N N

Figure 4.1 Number of tree occurrences of each species in each plot

The plot with the smallest number of tree occurrences was Plot 10 with 21 trees and 52,500 trees/ha among the total of 18 plots. The most frequently occurring species in Plot 10 was Cistus monspeliensis. According to Mr. Majid, this is a species indicative of forest fires in the Maquis woods. As Fig. 4.1 shows, the plots with Cistus monspeliensis as the main constituents, such as Plot 2 and 10, have a small number of tree occurrences.

This section describes the relationship between the occurring species and the year of the incidence of a forest fire. Fig. 4.2 shows the relationship between the years when a forest fire occurred in the plot areas and the species that subsequently appeared. The history of forest fires in each plot is known to some extent. According to the data, a forest fire occurred in Plot 10 in 1995 (indicated by the red line on the graph), in Plots 1 to 3 in 1985 (orange line), in Plots 13 to 15 in 1978 (yellow line), in Plots 4 to 6 in 1970 (lime green line),

295 and in Plots 11 and 12 in 1938 (green line). Plots 7 to 9 have not been damaged by a forest fire for almost 100 years (light blue line), and the history of forest fires is uncertain for Plots 16 to 18 (blue line). The graph shows that Cistus monspeliensis has indeed appeared in relatively large numbers in plots where a forest fire occurred 1995 and 1985. It can be seen from this information that this species is an indicator of forest fires. There are no other clear trends for the other species, but it seems that Erica arborea, Olea europea, Phyllaria angustifolia, Pistacia lentiscus, Quercus coccifera appear more frequently in plots where some time has passed since a forest fire. It is difficult to read the data regarding Quercus suber due to the small number of occurrences, but they all appear in the areas where the history of forest fires is uncertain.

500

450

400 1995(No.10) 1985(No.1) 350 1985(No.2) 1985(No.3) 300 1978(No.13) 250 1978(No.14) 1978(No.15) 200 1970(No.4) 150 1970(No.5) 1970(No.6) 100 1938(No.11) 1938(No.12) 50 100years(No.7) 0 100years(No.8)

o s a r 100years(No.9) ia s is rea osa ol Unknown(No.16) ll muni iscu ifer iens rbo t c l om tif vi a europea Unknown(No.17) a us me ne gnidium s c len coc nspe h ica s o hu Ole ang ia Unknown(No.18) Arbutus unedoto Er Quercus sube Dap yc ia tac ercu us m Myrt u t ar is Q Cal Chamoerops humulis Lavandula stoechas P Cis yll Ph

Figure 4.2 Relationship between the year of the incidence of a forest fire and the species that subsequently appeared in the plot areas

• Results of the analysis of biomass quantity

Table 4.2 and Fig. 4.3 show the amount of biomass, which consists of the raw weight of biomass measured in each plot and the dry weight calculated from a sample dried using strong heat.

Table 4.2 Amount of biomass from different parts in each plot (CO2xt/ha) Plot No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Average Grass 0.72 0.06 0.10 0.05 0.50 0.06 0.15 0.07 0.07 0.10 Stem 41.6 12.6 22.2 24.4 8.3 16.1 19.9 5.7 19.6 5.4 33.3 34.7 29.3 34.0 27.7 12.4 54.0 48.0 24.07 Leaf 10.7 2.1 9.6 9.6 3.4 4.9 4.9 3.6 8.6 1.2 13.4 15.5 3.1 3.3 2.8 7.0 10.9 6.8 6.48 Root 49.4 4.0 19.3 25.4 15.6 20.2 19.7 10.7 6.6 1.9 63.9 73.6 28.5 31.9 27.1 14.2 44.8 32.8 26.08 Litter 5.0 0.7 8.0 8.0 3.0 2.4 1.3 1.4 5.8 0.9 4.0 5.2 7.8 5.2 5.5 7.4 2.9 3.5 4.20 Total 107.5 19.4 59.2 67.5 30.9 43.6 45.8 21.6 40.7 9.4 114.6 129.1 68.8 74.4 63.2 41.1 112.5 91.1 60.92

296 According to the graph, the average amount of biomass in the 18 plots is 60.92 CO2t/ha. There was a biomass accumulation of 129.1 CO2t/ha in the plot with the largest amount of biomass (Plot 12), but the amount was 9.4 CO2t/ha in the plot with the smallest amount of biomass (Plot 10). According to the survey conducted in 2003 in Vietnam, the average amount of biomass in shrublands in Vietnam was 41.7 CO2t/ha in shrubland with a tree height of less than 2 m and 52.8 CO2t/ha for shrubland with the tree height over 2 m. Compared with the above results in Vietnam, the amount of biomass was greater in the Maquis woods, and the large amount of accumulation of biomass in the Maquis woods became evident. As shown in the previous pictures, a thick low shrub is commonly seen in the Maquis woods, and this dense condition is thought to have produced the large amount of biomass accumulation.

As for the amount of biomass in each part, the part with the highest rate of biomass amount was the root (26.08 CO2 t/ha), which contained about 43% of the total amount. The part with the second largest amount was the stem (24.07 CO2t/ha), which contained about 40% of the total amount. The root part and the stem part together comprised about 83% of the total amount of the biomass. The rate for the leaf portion was extremely small (0.10 CO2t/ha, 0.16%), but this is attributed to the fact that the sampling season was the dry season in Tunisia, and thus many leaves had already fallen off. At the same time, this pattern of a high concentration of biomass in the root and the stem is a common characteristic of dryland vegetation, and thus this might be a part of the same pattern.

Plot 10 (9.4 CO2t/ha) and Plot 2 (19.4 CO2t/ha), which marked the lowest amount of biomass accumulation among the 18 plots had Cistus monspeliensis as the main constituent species. It is an indicator of forest fires, and thus it is possible to see the relationship between a small amount of biomass accumulation with the influence of forest fires.

Accumulation of CO2 in each plot

140.0

120.0

100.0

Stem 80.0 t/ha Leaf

・ Grass 2 60.0 Litter CO Root

40.0

20.0

0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Figure 4.3 Biomass accumulation in each plot

5. Explanation of Additionality

Tunisia is a country which has an arid climate that encompasses the entire country. The annual precipitation in the capital of Tunis is 467 mm, particularly in the six months from March to

297 September when the monthly precipitation remains at less than 50 mm per month. Since the country exists under such an austere environment for growing vegetation, large-scale industrial afforestation is hardly conducted at all, aside from fruit cultivation. In line with this environment, even though the Bizerte Province in the northern part of the country is blessed with more precipitation relative to other regions, the present situation is one in which industrial afforestation is not carried out here either. The principle land uses for this region are agriculture and stock farming. Therefore, it is believed that the introduction of A/R CDM in the Bizerte Province of Tunisia can be recognized as having additionality.

6. Information concerning forest plantation

Before 1990, forest plantations were roughly estimated at 285,000 ha. From 1990 to 2000 they covered 123 240 ha (Table 1). Forest plantations are carried out on lands of variable legal ownership. They occur in most cases on bare lands as well as coastal and continental sand dunes of the national forest estate. The distribution of forest plantations per Governorate is presented in table 6.1.

Table 6.1 Distribution of forest species in Tunisia.

Governorate Area ha % of total Governorate Area ha % of Total Béja 13,701 11.1% Ariana 3,647 3.0% Kairouan 11,565 9.4% Ben Arous 3,055 2.5% Siliana 11,303 92% Sousse 2,811 2.3% Jendouba 11,189 9.1% Tataouine 2,708 2.2% Nabeul 8,057 6.5% Médenine 2,577 2.1% Le Kef 7,295 5.9% Sfax 2,178 1.8% Bizerte 7,218 5.9% Kébili 1,605 1.3% Gafsa 6,971 5.7% Tunis 1,589 1.3% Kasserine 6,858 5.6% Monastir 1,176 1.0% Zaghouan 6,496 5.3% Mahdia 875 0.7% Gabes 5,631 4.6% Tozeur 781 0.6% Sidi Bouzid 3,958 3.2% Total 123,240 ha

Source: Direction Générale des Forêts (DGF).

Most species utilised for protection as well as production plantations are: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus astringens, Pinus pinea, Pinus pinaster, and Acacia spp. At present, much importance is attached to planting native species (Pinus halepensis, Cupressus sempervirens, Quercus suber) in their natural habitat, from where, the difficulty of differentiating natural from man-made forests in a forest survey based on remote sensing. The main species used in windbreaks are Casuarina sp., Cupressus spp., Tamarix spp, and Populus spp. Eucalyptus species are used in road plantations.

298 7. Socioeconomic Information y Land tenure

The forest and rangeland land ownership status has not been yet settled. The State lands registration process has not operated for some time. According to the information available at the DGF, the situation is as follows: i) 532,363 ha definitely registered as State land property, ii) 188,627 ha in the process of being registered as State owned land, and iii) 204,746 ha of land registration definitely turned down. y Poverty and forest degradation

The forest is a source of income for 900,000 neighbouring farmers who live directly or indirectly from available local forest resources. They are engaged in the following activities: livestock breeding, household agriculture, forest use and fruit harvesting, as well as work associated with forest sites (extraction, management, infrastructure, reforestation, SWC (sol water conservation) etc.).

These represent almost 10 % of the Tunisian population and 23 % of the rural population. They encompass 150,000 households (90 inhabitants/km2) living in douars that group 10-60 families. Forest populations often live in mountainous areas without private property. Therefore they depend heavily on limited natural resources. Their annual incomes are weak in comparison to the national average.

Combating rural poverty is a major element of the national social and economic policy. However, despite an improvement of revenues and a reduction of a per centage of the population living under the poverty line (Table 7.1), poverty persists in forest and pastoral regions disadvantaged by high population densities, over-exploitation of lands, deteriorating productive potential and meagre local income and investment capacity.

Table 7.1 Reduction of poverty rate in rural Tunisia (1975-2000).

Year 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Proportion of the poor in rural Tunisia 22.0 % 12.9 % 7.7 % 6.7 % 6.2 % 4.2 % Source: Institut National des Statistiques (INS)

The importance of the human pressure is clearly indicated by the fact that the population living in and off of the 900,000 ha of forestlands is estimated at between 800 000-1,000,000 people. The population density is in the order of 80-100 persons/km2. Besides periodic forest jobs, these forest folks live from extensive animal husbandry on forest pastures, subsistence agriculture, fuel-wood and NWFP extraction, charcoal production, all of which add to soil and land degradation. Population increase results in a steady reduction of the resources available and in increased poverty as illustrated below.

The populations living on and off of forests may be broadly distinguished in three main categories, namely:

299 A majority, for which the utilization of the forest is vital, given that they barely survive; A minority, for which forests represent an investment opportunity, either in the form of animal husbandry, or charcoal production; Another minority group made up of those who own neither livestock, nor land and depend mostly on forestry for periodic employment.

Rural populations have therefore always utilized forests and rangelands for farming, animal husbandry, wood and non-wood forest products’ extraction, utilization and marketing etc. all of which form the basis of their local socio-economic systems. These are not always compatible with a sound management of the resources, which is why the forest legislation has a rather restrictive interpretation of tenure rights and users rights. This explains why the forestry economic and social environments remain too complex and difficult to easily eliminate the causes of degradation and reverse the process. y Influence of pasture

The uncontrolled livestock husbandry practised in natural rangelands and forest pastures is alarming. Herders are neither identified, nor organized, Their grazing rights not clearly defined, as to the volumes of fodder they may extract or the territories they may exploit. In collective and State rangelands, herders shepherd without restriction. Severe ecological degradation is the outcome of this form of natural resources overuse. The reduction of rangelands surface area in the last 20 years is estimated at 614,000 ha, equivalent to 29,200 ha/year. y Forest fire

Ninety six percent of forest fires are of human origin. They affect 1,400 ha/year.. Despite the measures taken to limit the fire damage risks, the vulnerability is deep rooted due to the Mediterranean climate.

8. A/R CDM Projects in Tunisia

Project 1: Afforestation/Reforestation and integrated development of forest vocation degraded lands.

1. Summary

The afforestation/reforestation and integrated development of forest vocation degraded lands consist in planting forest trees, shrub trees and multipurpose species on degraded and/or nude lands in the gouvernorats of Bizerte, Beja, Jendouba, Kef, Siliana, Zaghouan, Kairouan, Sousse, Nabeul, Ben Arous and Manouba. 79500 hectares will be planted. This will allow combining 11,5 millions tons of CARBON DIOXIDE on a period of 80 years.

The global investment rises to 99,375 millions of Tunisian Dinars (TD) the equivalent of 70,982 millions of US $. The hole investment will be consented with the financing CDM partners.

2. Context and justification

Tunisia has prepared a national afforestation/reforestation strategy. This strategy aims to

300 increase, in the average term, the forest cover to 15% in comparison with the useful area of the country. The actual forest cover is 12.10%.

Tunisia has carried important investments in this domain since 1990.

For the period 2002-2011, it is projected to realize 190.000 hectares of forest plantations (A/R).

In comparison with the reduction efforts and or of absorption of the GHG (notably CARBON DIOXIDE in this context), the question that can be asked is the net gain compared to the atmosphere.

The debate that animates the expert environment, and notably within the GIEC, on this question is not devoted to be closed quickly.

It is, nevertheless, evident that for a Mediterranean country as Tunisia, the carbon wells that constitute the forest plantations cannot be questioned except in case of non-durability. In fact, plant forest trees on degraded lands (and this is the case of most plantations projected), constitutes an act of net sequestration of the carbon of the atmosphere. The increase of the organic rate of the grounds covered by these plantations will be counted with the catchments of the carbon of the produced biomass.

Without intervention, it is evident that the degraded lands will be more eroded and will lose more and more their fertility. With the forest plantations (taken to short rotation in comparison with the Tunisian context), and even with periodic harvesting (2 bright spots and a final cutting), the average report to long term widely stretches towards the one of a carbon well. If the harvest of wood corresponds to a predictable restitution of stocked carbon to more or long month term, the net gain in carbon trapped by afforestation is very important. The uncertainties concerning the eligibility of the afforestation/reforestation projects are more legitimate for the tropical or tempered forests than for Mediterranean forests.

Consequently, the present project is oriented towards objectives of carbon sequestration of the atmosphere and replies to the national requirements regarding sustainable development of the natural resources. Besides, Tunisia benefits from a big experience and high plantations forest engineering initiated since the independence. The adaptation to the new plant production techniques, of soil preparation, of plantation and maintenance post plantations, constitute a major trump to success the project.

The tendencies of the 15 last years that favour the investment in integrated development projects in the forest areas ; this is the case notably the Forest Development Project co-financed by BIRD (1st and 2nd phase) : 1989-2000 and Japanese Project integrated management of forests.

The forest plantations being the pillar of the present project, it is not anymore conceivable today to limit itself only to this composing. The legitimate aspirations of the rural populations of the zones to plant should be taken into account in all taken one of investment decision.

301 The watershed protection aspects against all the erosion forms should equally constitute an important element of the project. The aspects linked to the landscape, recreation and ecological tourism, hunting and to patrimonial value – although rarely taken into account in this context –had to take more importance in the next decades.

For all these reasons, it is proposed that this project is oriented towards an integrated development based on afforestation operations. In order to assure an easier eligibility in the framework of the CDM, this project will take in consideration only degraded and nude lands where there is little or no vegetation. This originality in comparison with other reforestation projects makes obvious a negative report of catching carbon in comparison with the atmosphere. This project will touch zones of the North and centre of the country for reasons of soil and bio-climate potentialities.

3. General Description of the activities to undertake:

The project consist on planting forest pasture and multi-use trees on degraded and nude lands in the following gouvernorats: Bizerte, Beja, Jendouba, Kef, Siliana, Zaghouan, Kairouan, Sousse, Nabeul, Ben Arous and Manouba. The distribution of the concerned areas by gouvernorat can be presented as follows:

Gouvernorat area (ha)1 Bizerte 20500 Beja 8500 Jendouba 3000 Kef 15000 Siliana 7500 Zaghouan 5000 Kairouan 3000 Sousse 1000 Nabeul 11000 Ben Arous 4000 Manouba 1000 Total 79500

It consists onto interventions in perimeters having much reduced vegetation, hard degraded and located on from medium mountain.

The project will intervene by assuring measurements of compensation of areas extracted from pasture lands by accomplishing pasture plantations in benefit to habitual users of these fields.

It is a question of planting 10 % of these areas (7950 hectares) using pasture trees.

The management of these areas will be made with a consensual step with the local population which will be sensitized to the necessity of durability of achievements.

1 On the basis of 50% of the areas of private inventoried lands (Aïni and Taghouti; 1998) 302 4. Fixing of reference level:

The levels of program are taken in comparison with the situation of degraded and bare fields with a very weak woody land cover and that were assimilated with zones with no balance (weak sequestrations are checked by programs owed to the deterioration of the soil).

There are little dependable scientific references to assess capacities of absorption and stocking of plantations in Mediterranean region, particularly in case of increase of the content of CO2 in the atmosphere and the repercussions which can result from it. We can, nevertheless, illustrate advantages linked to the sequestration of carbon which follow by a simplified scheme for a planting of Pinus patula with short-terms rotations (25 years).

Source: Gabus; 2002

5. Project duration and period of counting

The project will be carried out over a period of 6 years by taking into account the capacity of the concerned regional forest department (Arrondissment).

The first year will be dedicated to the realization of pasture reserves perimeters and to the sensitization of the local populations with the aim of their membership to preserve these installations.

The counting of the quantities of trapped carbon is governed by rules established within GIEC and by potentialities of production of biomass in the wooded fields. Different methods of accountancy of carbon were applied (Costa; 2000) to measure the effectiveness of the reduction of gases resulting from greenhouse effect (GHG) on the plans of forestry and land use. Some of these methods are based on absolute measurements at some point, while others take into account the element of time.

Among these methods, that said about Method of variation of supplies is the one who is most often used to refer to the accumulation of carbon. It is based on counting, at some point, of the difference of this accumulation in a plan and his reference witness. This method is commonly called method of variation of supplies (beforehand named method of addendum of fluxes), and its measurements are expressed in Tons of Carbon. / hectare.

New methods are also used such as that based on the measure of radioactive carbon (Valentini; 2001), allows to circumscribe better the essential role played by the soil of the forested ecosystems. They discovered as well as this soil - that they considered to be reservoirs without major variation - can trap in reality up to 30 or 40 % of the whole fixed

303 carbon, according to the type of forest and climate.

In the forests of birches of Italy, for instance, the soil fixes 1,5 tonne of carbon per hectare per year.

The counting of the quantities of trapped carbon will be accomplished over a period of 80 years (reproducible period after repopulation of the planted aeries). Worry to see being transformed the reservoir of carbon accomplished in the course of this period in source of carbon is legitimate, but a long-term vision is necessary and the repopulation of the wooded zones should be assured by a natural or assisted regeneration and with an appropriate forestry.

The table below gives the quantities of carbon trapped by hectare and for the whole plan in the course of this period.

year stock2

TCO2/ha (cumul) whole project (MT CO2) 10 18 1,431 20 36 2,862 30 54 4,293 40 72 5,724 50 90 7,155 60 108 8,586 70 126 10,017 80 144 11,448

6. Plan of surveillance

To estimate or to measure programs and stockings in the perimeters of plan, it will be kept count: y of the annual increase in every perimeter in comparison with the stadium of development of the planted trees and in comparison with reference level (before plan) y volumes on feet collected throughout the life of the population, y volumes exported by sunny spells or by fires.

To return viable the plan of surveillance, a five-year report should be written; it will notably be mentioned there major events and other the unexpected which have an influence on the balance sheet of exchanges.

7. Impact on environment

The impact of this plan is considered very important, he will allow, between others, to struggle against erosion, to protect dams, to ameliorate the quality of the covered soil, to augment the level of flora biodiversity, to allow the reinstatement of a more various fauna …

2 The medium quantity of sequestrated CO2 used here is the one who was kept for the study of identification and valuation of options of alleviation of GES in farming sector and forested (MEAT-AED, on 2001). 304 Project 2: Agro forestry development and plantations of multipurpose trees.

1. Summary

The project consists in accomplishing reforestations with fruit, forest and multipurpose trees, especially in the treeless areas inside forests, and in agricultural farms of the North and the Centre.

The project will be carried out over a period of 5 years, with an average in the order of 4000 hectares/year divided between 7 gouvernorats of the North and the Centre: Bizerte, Béja, Jendouba, Kef, Siliana, Zaghouan and Kairouan.

The total investment relating to the project is estimated at 35,1 million Tunisian Dinars (TD) the equivalent of 25,071 million $US.

2. Context and justification

With the evolution of Tunisian agriculture in the globalization situation, it is obvious that several cultures and agricultural practices will not be able to stay by their own competitiveness.

Moreover, the introduction of forest trees in agricultural environment did not know frank success even though encouragement and low instituted since independence.

The needs of farming sector, in the context of a protected market, made that only windbreaks were developed in irrigated perimeters.

Although the advantages which bring the forest trees in agricultural environment (protection of cultures, increase of outputs, biological fecundation by fixing the nitrogen of air for certain species, wooden provisioning energy, strengthening of apiculture, etc), nonetheless a reservation is always observable at a big part of the farmers, what constitutes a real obstacle towards the development of the forest trees in agricultural farms.

Considerable efforts were unfolded to persuade the farmers of the necessity to plant forest trees (the tree day celebrated every year since 1958 is a perfect illustration), but the huge potential of planting of forest trees within cultures is far from being exploited.

The development of agro-forestry concepts and new generation of projects of rural integrated development, particularly those of DGF and ODESYPANO, show that there are many possibilities to be implemented for carrying out integrated development projects and extended sequestration of atmospheric carbon.

Several multipurpose species were introduced in Tunisia and some of them showed good adaptation, growth and production.

Among these species we can particularly name the walnut (Juglans regia), the pacanier (Carya illinoensis Koch.), jujubier (Ziziphus vulgaris and Z. Spina-Christii), the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua), the olive tree (Olea europea), the fig (Ficus carica), …

305 A development project of this type of plantations can: y Contribute to the improvement of the incomes of the rural populations, y Assure an assertion of agriculture activity in more and more competitive worldwide economic context, y Contribute to the sequestration of CO2 of the atmosphere and constitute a well of carbon durability of which should be assured by a vision of long-term management and development.

3. General description of activities to be undertaken

It is a question of accomplishing agro forestry plantations, especially in the treeless area inside forests, but also in agricultural farms for diversification of their production.

The previous experiments of introduction and use of multipurpose species often remained punctual and accompanists of other development projects. To dedicate a separate project for this type of interventions is likely to give a real impulsion in the installation of the woody trees in agricultural farms. This perspective will contribute to the constitution of sustainable carbon wells while bringing to the underprivileged populations additional means to ameliorate their incomes. Areas to plant by multipurpose forest trees, by gouvernorat.

Gouvernorat Area to be planted (ha)3 Bizerte 2500 Béja 1500 Jendouba 2000 Kef 5000 Siliana 3000 Zaghouan 3500 Kairouan 2000 Total 19500

4. Fixing of reference level

The levels of gas emission are taken in comparison with the actual situation of fields dedicated to cereal crops of weak output. Specific density of planting will be on average of 400 trees /hectare.

The wood increase and stocking of CO2 will be considered on the basis of an average rate of fixing of 2.05 t / hectare / year.

5. Project duration and counting period

The project will be carried out over a period of 5 years, it is an average in the order of 4000 hectares/year divided between the 7 gouvernorats of the North and the Centre.

3 Estimates made from bioclimatic aptitude, from distribution of the treeless areas inside forests and forest vocation private lands of which the slope does not exceed 30 % (Aïni and Taghouti; 1998). 306 The counting period is fixed to 60 years (medium period taking into account the longevity of used species, notably the olive tree for its maximum longevity and the walnut – used in Tunisia for its bark also- for its minimal longevity).

This period is considered reproducible and the investment will be done again, after this period, on the only foundation of agricultural productions and on the fixed quantities of carbon.

supply Year TCO2 / hectare (CUMUL) The whole project (MT CO2) 10 20,5 0,39975 20 41 0,7995 30 61,5 1,19925 40 82 1,599 50 102,5 1,99875 60 123 2,3985

Project 3: Improvement of silviculture and capacities of natural regeneration of old Pinus halepensis forests.

1. Summary

The project has as object to promote the sustainable development of natural forests of Pinus halepensis and to get an economic viability and a potential in fixing carbon. It consists on accomplishing regeneration cups and clarified cups of improvement in the natural forests in the gouvernorats of Kef, Siliana, Zaghouan, and Kasserine. In each of these gouvernorats intervention will touch old forests in the classification system of National Forest Inventory to assure their regeneration and increase their production.

The total investment relating to this project is estimated at 16,975 million Tunisian Dinars (TD) the equivalent of 12,125 million $US.

2. Text and justification

In Tunisia, forests were most often driven with little silvicultural interventions. It is only during the nineties when began the first actions planned by interventions of cups and lopping. Although the interest of these interventions is obvious in increasing the value of productions and guaranteeing the regeneration, little credits are allocated in the application of management plans. Preference is often granted in new plantations that in the maintenance of the existent, natural or artificial forests.

Delays accumulated in programmed interventions on the whole management plans are huge and means to absorb them are deficient. If, in production terms, lack to be earned is rather of the qualitative side of woody production, the repercussions of these delays are heavy of consequences to the possibilities of regeneration of the old forests of the first forest kind of the country.

307 Moreover, and regarding to the Clean Development Mechanism, it is confirmed that the wells of carbon in developing countries are restricted to the only activities of afforestation and reforestation. The plantations of enrichment in the degraded natural forests are not put in aid of credits of reductions of certified programs, at least during the first period of commitment 2008-2012.

Though it is regrettable notably for countries of central and Western Africa where the restoration of the degraded natural forests is primordial, it is obvious that the state of the old forests of pinus halepensis lets think, that once their pushed stadium of deterioration, it will not be possible to include them in CDM investments by introducing enrichments by planting there which correspond neither to the definition of an afforestation nor to that of a reforestation in the sense of CDM. These plantations of enrichment likely to restore the shaded natural forests cannot benefit from credits for the wells of carbon envisaged by the CDM of agreement on climate changes.

It is for these reasons that the present project offers to finance actions of development of the natural forests of pinus halepensis to avoid a pushed deterioration and not to lead to scenario with huge difficulties, or even impossibility, of regeneration.

Plan has as object to promote the sustainable development of the natural forests of Pinus halepensis and to get an economic viability and a potential in fixing carbon.

It has as objectives:

x To assure the regeneration of old forests to keep and to perpetuate natural forest cover. x Protect the zones of intervention of fire risks and avoid emission of carbon while keeping forests capable in a extended CO2 sequestration. x To increase the production of the forested zones x Recover delays collected in application of forest management plans.

Project 4: Renewal of Eucalyptus plantations in the gouvernorat of Bizerte.

Although the Eucalyptus is known as an introduced species with high wooden production capacities, its medium increase in Tunisia is very weak (0,92 m3 / hectare / year) (IFPN 1993), the peak of 3,6 m3 / hectare / year is noted in Nabeul, probably regarding to the plantation density.

Experiments at international level, notably at Brazil, showed very high capacities of productiveness for this kind, reached by conducting researches on genetic improvement with cloning.

Tunisia has already started implementation of a research development program for the increase of the productiveness of the eucalyptus by the techniques of genetic improvement.

Activities:

Reconvert the existing eucalyptus plantations in the gouvernorat of Bizerte, delegation of Sejnane covering 7780 hectares, by new kinds which will have shown a significantly higher

308 productiveness confirmed by experiments of the research program.

Répartition de l'Eucalyptus

dans la délégation de Sejnane N

W E

Superficie : 7784 ha

The main uses of these plantations are: x Apiculture x Shipbuilding.

The total investment relating to this project is estimated at 8 million Tunisian Dinars (TD) the equivalent of 10,5 million $US.

309 10. Other links to related information

DNA of Tunisia (designated national authority): Ministère de l'Environnement et du Développement Durable./Direction Générale de l’Environnement et de la Qualité de la Vie Address:Centre Urbain Nord - Immeuble ICF 1080 Tunis. Tunisie Phone: (216-70) 728 679 Fax: (216-70) 728 595 y Website of the General information of Tunisia http://www.tunisie.com/ y Website of the National Agency for Environmental Protection http://www.anpe.nat.tn/en/default.asp y E¥mail Address of Experts Auditors & Consultants (ExA-Consult) [email protected] y Website of the FAO FRA2010 (French vergion) http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/pdf/fra/2010/Africa/Tunisie-2010-213.doc y Website of the FAO Forestry databases http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/databases/en/

References： y Direction Generale des Forets, Ministere de l’Agriculture, Republique Tunisienne: Resultats du premier inventaire pastoral national en Tunisie, 1995 y Ministry of Environment and land planning, Initial communication of Tunisia under the United Nations framework convention on climate change. 2001. y Ministry of Agriculture, environment and water resources, Greenhouse gas emissions in Tunisia. 2002. y Ministry of Agriculture, environment and water resources, National report the state of the environment 2002. y Ministry of Agriculture, environment and water resources, National report the state of the environment 2003.

310 BRUKINA FASO

1. Procedure and results of mapping

The Geographical Institute of Burkina Faso (IGB) compiled the BDOT (land occupation database, hereinafter referred to as BDOT) covering the whole of Burkina Faso jointly with the International Geographical Institute of France (IGN-GI) with the financial assistance of Denmark in 2005. This BDOT features map information covering the two years of 1992 and 2002. If this map information is used, CDM potential areas can be selected to achieve the purpose of this study. The study team has already obtained map information from the BDOT during the survey in 2006. The team plans to prepare a map of CDM potential areas throughout Burkina Faso by analyzing this information in 2007.

As a result of interpretation using the land use database mentioned following chapter 3, the Forest Department, General Department of Natural Conservation, Ministry of Environment and Living Environment as the department in charge of the A/R CDM has indicated that areas suitable for the A/R CDM include sandhills, wasteland where some vegetation occurs, shrub steppes and savanna grass. With regard to forests and shrubs, they consider Savanna arbore, Savanna arbustive and Steppe arbore to belong to the category of forests and Savanna herbeuse, Steppe arbustive and Steppe herbeuse to be potential A/R CDM areas.

Quasi Forest Potential A/R CDM Areas Savanne arbore ○ arbustive ○

herbeuse ←Savanne grass ○

Steppe arbore ○ arbustive ←Steppe shrub ○

herbeuse ←Steppe grass ○

The characteristic features of the vegetation areas that are expected to become A/R CDM potential areas in Burkina Faso are described as follows.

331: Sandhills are large areas composed of sand and small stones. This type of area is generally located in the northernmost part of the Sahelian area (the southern end of the Sahara) (in the case of the Oursi Sandhill). The vegetation found in the sandhill areas comprises Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Combretum glutinosum and Combretum micranthum. The herb species Cenchrus biflorus accounts for the largest area.

311 332: These include rocky leveling, cutover hills, rock walls and small stones. There are some shrubs, which, however, cover less than 10%. Generally, there are few trees except for some rare species represented by Balanites and Acacia trees grow sporadically. There is no herb layer.

335: Wasteland (Bare Land and Eroded Soil, Floating cuirasses) These land areas have no vegetative cover and mobile equipment is used to swiftly respond to erosion. It takes much time to remove such equipment. Owing to serious droughts, this type of soil extends throughout the Sahelian area (Soum and Seno) and the northern regions. The bare land along the large rivers in the Sudanean area is included in this category.

3331: Shrub Steppes. These areas have poor vegetation where no trees grow and the shrubs are scattered. Grass cover is always divided up. The species that mainly grow in the sandy overburden are annuals, including Schoenefeldia gracilis, Cenchrus biflorus, Aristida spp and Eragrostis spp. The height of the growing pasture is up to 60 cm. Steppe arbustive and Steppe herbeuse belong to this category.

3211: Savanna Grassland This is an area extensively covered with grass. The rate of recovery of the existing trees and shrubs is less than 10%. There is a savanna grassland comprising Cymbopogon schoenanthus in the target area of the survey (in the case of Dem). This species is sufficiently vigorous to grow up to 1 m or 1.5 m in height. This indicates mainly a single species dominance. Annual species prevail in some areas and many of them will be burned by forest fires. Specifically, Andropogon pseudapricus, Loudetia togoensis and Pennisetum pedicellatum are found. Trees do not grow at all in these areas. Savanna herbeuse belongs to this category.

According to the results of the vegetation biomass survey described in Chapter 4, there is low biomass stock on wasteland, shrub steppe grasslands and savanna grasslands. These types of vegetation are expected to be A/R CDM potential areas.

312 Fig. 1.1 shows a flowchart of combining the land use maps for the selection of the potential areas.

Land use map of 1992

Selection of the potential areas

Land use map of 2002

Fig. 1.1 Flowchart of combining the land use maps for the selection of the potential areas

Figure 1.2 shows the results of the mapping of A/R CDM potential areas in Burkina Faso.

Figure 1.2 The results of the selection of A/R CDM potential areas in Burkina Faso 313 The totaled results of A/R CDM potential areas according to administrative units in Burkina Faso are as follows.

Table 1.1 A/R CDM potential areas according to administrative units in Burkina Faso

（Ha） Total:合計 : eligi_area ADMIN_NAME 計 Subtotal Bam 411,041 Bazega 449,126 Bougouriba 700,057 Boulgou 965,496 Boulkiemde 460,224 Comoe 1,802,555 Ganzourgou 416,553 Gnagna 870,792 Gourma 2,646,482 Houet 1,635,455 Kadiogo 184,748 Kenedougou 830,736 Kossi 1,331,982 Kouritenga 165,175 Mouhoun 1,075,125 Nahouri 366,516 Namentenga 728,497 Oubritenga 449,363 Oudalan 1,014,331 Passore 400,533 Poni 985,830 Sanguie 497,168 Sanmatenga 920,205 Seno 1,361,159 Sissili 1,331,083 Soum 1,263,306 Sourou 970,155 Tapoa 1,490,435 Yatenga 1,239,656 Zoundweogo 290,268

314 2. Basic Information (BURKINA FASO)

1. Forest definition

Minimum canopy density: 30% Minimum tree height: 5 m Smallest forest area: 1 Ha However, Such parameters have not registered to UNFCCC yet.

2. Sustainable development

According to framework of A/R CDM project, A/R CDM project have to contribute to sustainable development. However, word of sustainable development is still abstract. Therefore, what kinds of project do you consider as projects that contribute to sustainable development? x Recovery of degraded soil x Planting of useful species (species used for food, medicinal plants, or forage), and planting of indigenous species that are better suited to the conditions of the area than introduced species. x Agroforestry x Extraction of firewood from the forest development areas.

For example, how about project of large-scale afforestation with one species especially exotic species such as Eucalyptus?

Burkina Faso has considerable experience with reforestation. Until the 1980s, introduced species were also planted as a part of afforestation and reforestation (Eucalyptus, Cassia siamea, Tectona grandis, …). Our experience has proved that the results of the mass planting of introduced species are insufficient. Since then Burkina Faso has been promoting indigenous species that are better suited to the country's conditions.

3. Feasibility Study

315 4. Small scale A/R CDM

x To support the residents in identifying and implementing afforestation/reforestation projects that meet their immediate needs in the mid- and long-term. x Burkina Faso has established a poverty reduction strategy that is being implemented and acknowledged through different actions. In rural areas we take into consideration the most vulnerable groups, such as women and young people.

5. Environmental and Socio-economical impact assessment

Regarding the impacts, what is important and/or judgment points that your country consider as a project that has significant impacts on environmental and/or socio-economical conditions?

In addition, does your country has procedure and/or standards for the assessment? If yes, please describe the procedure and/or standards.

The Ministry of the Environment and the Living Environment has adopted national procedures for research on environmental impacts and evaluation standards in Burkina Faso. There is a law and text on this issue.

6 Distribution of lCER or tCER (Certified Emission Reduction) credit

If your country already has ideas on distribution of CER between your country and Annex 1 countries after getting CER through the A/R CDM projects, could you describe the ideas?

None

7 Restriction of afforestation projects

If there are any restrictions of afforestation project invested by foreign countries, for example plantations of 10 % of indigenous trees are duty in Brazil, could you explain the restrictions?

In addition, such restrictions will be applied to A/R CDM projects?

There are no restrictions in Burkina Faso, as long as the operational plan is fulfilled.

8 Suitable site

The mission would like to know idea about the sites where your country considers

316 implementing an A/R CDM project. If possible, could you explain concrete name (administrative name) of the areas?

Burkina Faso has been developing a project, and the current mission has provided more up-to-date details concerning the elaboration of such plans and procedures.

317 3. State of Baselines

Of categories in BDOT (a database on land occupation) which the Geographical Survey Institute of Burkina Faso (IGB) jointly established with the International Geographical Institute of France (IGN-FI) in 2005, Category 243, “Areas where there is a certain important natural space and agriculture is mainly managed”, and Category 244, “Farm forest areas”, parts 3. “Seminatural and natural forest areas” and 4. “Wetlands”, will be described below.

243 Areas Mainly Used for Agriculture with Certain Important Natural Areas

These areas are mainly used for agriculture but are separated from each other by certain important natural areas. Farmland accounts for 25% to 75% of the total unit area.

Composite areas of annually cultivated land and savanna shrub

Landsat ETM7 453, October 2002

In this category, there is a technical difficulty in subdividing the cultivated areas and natural areas with an area of 25 ha or more each (natural vegetation, steppe, savanna, bare rock, etc.)

318 244 Agroforestry Areas

This category means an area where annual cultivation or grazing is carried out under tree cover composed of forest tree species

Plantation of Shea Butter Trees (Vitellaria paradoxa) in a Cereal Farm

Landsat ETM7 453, 1/100000, October 2002

Plantation of Shea Butter Trees (Vitellaria paradoxa)

This category comprises a mixture of forest and fruit tree species unless the latter account for 25% or more of all the species. The tree species must cover 25% or more of the total area.

In most cases, this category corresponds to a large area that is able to support a wide variety of species (owing to the diversity of the forest tree species, tree density, soils and forms of cultivation). Tree cover is essential although the land use is sometimes focused on an integrated system of agriculture, forestry and stock raising that will characteristically vary the species to be cultivated depending on the area of unused land and the season. Detailed interpretation requires checking based on local information and aerial photographs. It is presumed that this category may be confused with the category of annual cultivation depending on the density of tree cover.

Regional Characteristics

The following tree species are mainly found in this region: Vitellaria paradoxa, Parkia biglobosa, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Faidherbia albida, Lannea microcarpa, Afzelia africana, Tamarindus indica.

319 31 Forests

This category means that the area of vegetation is mainly composed of tree species, but sometimes also includes bushes, shrubs or a lower layer of resinous trees. The height of the trees is 7 m or higher and the rate of recovery of the tree layer is 50% or more.

311 Dense Forests

This category means an area with a tree cover of 70% or more. The lower part of the forest is composed of sempervirens or deciduous shrubs. There is rarely a herb layer. The climate of Burkina Faso is unable to form this type of vegetation.

312 Thin Stands

This category means an open area with a tree cover of 50% to 70%. The crowns mostly adjoin each other and all the cover can be clearly seen. The grass layer is dense or mixed with the vegetation of the grassland.

A thin stand of Isoberlinia doka

Landsat ETM7 453, 1/800000, November 2002

A thin stand of Anogeissus leiocarpa, Mitragyna inermi

Regional Characteristics

The dominant species in thin stands include Anogeissus leiocarpa, Isoberlinia doka, Pterocarpus erinaceus and Afzelia africana

320 312 Riverine Forests

This type of forest is located along a river and depends on it.

A riverine forest of Mitragyna inermiss

Landsat ETM7 453, 1/100000, October, 2002

A gallery forest of Diospyros mespiliformis

A riverine forest of Pterocarpus Santalinoides Landsat ETM7 453, 1/700000, November 2002 and Cola laurifolia along the Mouhoun

Riverine forests are often confused with wetlands where seasonal cultivation is being carried out. This kind of confusion can be solved by comparing multiple data images.

Regional Characteristics

The dominant species of the riverine forests are as follows: Acacia polyacantha, A. Sieberianam, Anogeissus leiocarpa, Khaya senegalensis and Daniellia oliveri along the river and Khaya senegalensis, Berlinia grandiflora, Pterocarpus sentalinoides, Syzigium guineense, Raphia sudanica, Carapa procera, Dialium guineense and Chlorophora excelsa.

321 312 Plantation Forests

This category means an area where trees are planted to produce timber, including planted areas and large plantations of a single species.

A plantation of Khaya senegalensis

Landsat ETM7 453, October, 2002

A plantation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis

When identifying plantation forests, it is useful to refer to information on the roads constructed to develop artificial structures and the developed lots. It is also helpful to obtain local information and high resolution images for the verification of items under this category.

Regional Characteristics

The species often found are as follows: Eucalyptus spp., Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandi and Cassia siamea.

322 32 Shrubby or Grassy Vegetation

321 Savanna

This category means a grassy area with a continuous layer of Gramineae of at least 80 cm in height.

3211 Savanna Grass

There are usually no trees or shrubs (tree cover 10% or less) in this category.

A savanna grass of Andropogon pseudapricus Landsat ETM 7, 453, November 2002

A savanna grass of Aristida spp.

Landsat ETM7 453, October 2002

Areas under this category are often confused with shrubby savannas and require local information for accurate identification.

Regional Characteristics

Dominant Gramineae species mainly comprise the following: Loudetia togoensis, Adropogon spp. and Pennisetum pedicellatum

323 3212 Shrubby Savanna

This category means an area of vegetation mainly composed of shrubs usually dotted with a grass cover of 10% to 50% and tree coverage of 10% or less.

A shrubby savanna of Combretum sp.

Landsat ETM7 453, November 2002

Landsat ETM7 453, November 2002 Landsat ETM7 453, October 2002

The geographical background and local information are usually very useful in identifying shrubby savannas. Some image data normally involves a high risk of confusion with savannas of other types. The color of satellite images corresponding to this type of vegetation is a spatial variable that depends on the geological foundation, soil conditions, the density of the vegetation cover, the season and the chlorophyll content of the vegetation.

Regional Characteristics

Shrub cover comprises the following species: Combretum spp., Acacia dudgeoni, A. seyal, A. gourmaensis, Ziziphus mauritiana and Balanites aegyptiaca.

324 3213 Shrubby Savanna

This category means a savanna dotted with trees and a shrub layer that covers 20% to 50% of the area. The arboreal layer accounts for 10% to 50% of the area.

An arboreal savanna of Pterocarpus erinaceus

Landsat ETM7 453, October 2002

An arboreal savanna of Anogeissus leiocarpa

Spectral Characteristics

Landsat images are not always sufficiently precise to identify different types of savannas, but can be complemented only by certain local information.

Regional Characteristics

Arboreal savanna comprises the following species: Burkea Africana, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Anogeissus leiocarpa, Bombax costatum, Pericopsis laxiflora, Afzelia Africana, Daniellia oliveri and Parkia biglobosa. It is also related to a shrub layer of the following species: Combretum spp., Piliostigma spp. and Acacia spp.

325 322 Shrubs

This category means a dense area of vegetation composed of climbers up to 7 m in height as well as shrubs.

A coppice of Acacia ataxacantha

Landsat ETM7 453, 1/10000, October 2002

This is an area composed of shrubs and plants usually in the shade without Gramineae cover or any other isolated communities.

This is similar to arboreal areas and local information is useful in recognizing coppices from satellite images.

Regional Characteristics

The following species and shady plants with dense leaves are often found without Gramineae: Acacia erythrocalyx, A. ataxacantha, Combretum micranthum, Capparis corymbosa, Combretum aculeatum, Gunera senegalensis, etc.

The shrubs are mainly bamboos (including ones up to 7 m in height with a rate of vegetation recovery of 70% or more).

326 33 Open Spaces with No or Little Vegetation

331 Dunes and Sand Areas

This category includes continental and coastal dunes, beaches, sand areas or pebble areas and all the large sandhills, as seen in the Sahara. The existing vegetation has no more than 10% coverage.

Dune vegetation of Leptadenia pyrotechnica in Oursi

Landsat ETM7 453, October 2002

This category can be easily identified.

Regional Characteristics

The existing vegetation is usually composed of Laptadenia, Combretum and Cenchrus.

327 332 Bare Rock

This category includes pebble areas, cliffs, rock walls, outcrops and lava.

A bare rocky hill in Gorom

Landsat ETM7 453, October 2002

The interpretation of this category requires a topographical map that indicates bare rock. This document, which takes the shadowing of the valleys into account, is suitable for the detection of scattered rocky areas

Regional Characteristics

The presence of vegetation (<10%) composed of xerophilous species should be taken into account. In this case, 333x should also be taken into account as long as the coverage is 10% or more.

328 333 Sporadic Vegetation

This type of vegetation is composed of grass and/or shrubs and/or arboreal species. This includes bare land areas with sporadic vegetation, steppes, sporadic vegetation in the highlands and “barren land.” The vegetation coverage is 10% to 50%.

3331 Shrub Steppes

This category means a sporadically grassy area without trees or shrubs.

A shrub steppe of Shoenefeldia gracilis

Landsat ETM7 453, October 2002

Regional Characteristics

There is an annual layer of Gramineae composed of Schoenefeldia gracilis, Cenchrus biflorus, Aristida spp., Eragrostis spp. usually less than 0.6 m in height.

329 3332 Shrubby Steppes

These are sporadically shrubby areas.

A shrubby steppe of Acacia raddiana/A.senegal

Landsat ETM7 453, October 2002

Regional Characteristics

The following species are often found in the Sahel: Pterocarpus lucens, Acacia tortilis var. raddiana, A. laeta, A. Senegal, Balanites aegyptiaca and Maerua crassifolia. The lines of bush vegetation in the northern part of the Sahel come under this category.

330 3333 Arboreal Steppes

These are areas with a scattering of relatively low trees.

An arboreal steppe of Anogeissus leiocarpa

Landsat ETM7 453, October 2002

An arboreal steppe of Anogeissus leiocarpa

Regional Characteristics

The following species are mainly found along the rivers in the Sahel: Pterocarpus lucens, Anogeissus leiocarpa and Faidherbia albida.

331 3334 Other Sporadic Vegetation

This refers to other sporadic vegetation excluded from the biogeographic subcategories of the steppes.

A sandhill of vegetation dotted with Combretum sp.

Landsat ETM7 453, October 2002

This vegetation occurs in craggy places and the topography is similar to vegetation not defined as a steppe.

334 Burned Land

This is an area excluded from the land administration due to the effects of a recent fire.

332 335 Wasteland (Eroded Soil, Bare Land, Cuirasse)

This type of land consists of bare soil or mobile material that is generally eroded (washed away or dissipated).

Bare land (bowal or zipelé) in Dori

Landsat ETM7 453, October 2002

Since white areas usually indicate bare soil, this type of land can be easily identified.

333 41 Inland Marshes

This category refers to areas where the arboreal layer is sporadic and water is temporarily or permanently present.

411 Inland Low Marshes

This category refers to lowlands that are normally flooded in the rainy season.

Regional Characteristics

The vegetation species consist of Typha, Carex, Phragmites, Vetiveria and Hygophilia. Reed beds are included in this category. Arborescent species include Sarcocephallus latifolius, Terminialia macropetera, Mytragyna inermis and Raphia sudanica.

412 Marshy Grassland

This category refers to a low prairie extensively covering soils where water is almost permanently present.

A marsh in Banfora

Landsat ETM7 453, October 2002

A marsh in Dori

334 413 Aqueous Grassland

This category refers to vegetation floating on stagnant or flowing water.

Regional Characteristics

The following species are mainly found: Eichornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Nymphea spp.

42 Lagoons

Burkina Faso is an inland country without a sea area.

335 4. Data concerning biomass

(1) Outline of the Survey Area

A biomass survey was carried out to determine the baseline values in Burkina Faso in West Africa in 2006. Burkina Faso is an arid and semiarid country located in the interior of West Africa with an annual rainfall of about 1,000 mm to 500 mm, or less. The province of Sanmatenga in the Centre Nord region that was selected for this survey has an area of 19,508 km2 and a population of 1.08 million (2003). This province, in which stock raising and agriculture predominate, features low soil fertility and low rainfall and relatively high population pressures. Based on the climate, the province is included in the South Sahel zone. Despite the average annual rainfall of about 400 mm, the actual annual rainfall varies to a significant extent.

With regard to natural vegetation separate from cultivated land, savanna extends throughout the southern part with more rain and steppes occur in the northern part with less rain. Savannas can be subdivided into three types, namely Savanna arbore, Savanna arbustive and Savanna herbeuse. The steppes can be also subdivided into three types, namely Steppe arbore, Steppe arbustive and Steppe herbeuse.

Survey Area Burkina Faso

<600 mm a year

600-900 mm a year

> 900 mm a year Sahel Sudan North Sahel North Sudan South Sahel South Sudan

Figure 1 Vegetation Classification of Burkina Faso

Figure 4.1 Rainfall Distribution in Burkina Faso and the Survey Area

The stunted forests are mainly composed of Acacia nirotica, A. dudgoini, A. laeta, Pterocuarpus lisens, etc., which are growing naturally.

336 The vegetation has evolved to cope with a drought that occurs every about ten years. More concretely, a patchy cap that has been small will increasingly extend during a drought. Even if the drought subsides, the once-opened cap will not be filled up but will gradually become enlarged. Although logging is prohibited in the forest reserves, it is customarily permitted to collect fallen branches and dead trees, or to graze cattle. These activities seem to be among the factors causing the degradation of the vegetation.

(2) Selection of the Survey Sites

A field survey was carried out in several phases to select the sites for this biomass survey. In the first preliminary survey in December 2005, one site was selected from Barsalogho in Korko. In the second preliminary survey in July 2006, it was confirmed that there was steppe shrub forest in Pissila and wasteland and sandy overburden in Barsalogho along the Barsalogho-Dablo road where the survey sites were selected. In the third survey in September 2006, a site of Type 4 (Savanna) was selected for this survey in Rountenga along the Kaya-Kongoussi road.

According to the results of these preliminary surveys, it was found that the vegetation of the Centre Nord region of Burkina Faso can be classified into the following types:

(1) Wasteland (Lost land) (2) Wasteland + shrubland (3) Wasteland + shrubland + grassland (4) Shrubland + grassland (5) Savanna grassland (6) Savanna arbore

Of these patterns, Type (1) means the total absence of vegetation. In contrast, Type (6) means the presence of considerable biomass and is judged to be unsuitable for A/R CDM projects. Accordingly, it was determined that the biomass survey for calculating the baseline values should be carried out on the four types (2) to (5), excluding the other two types.

(2) Wasteland + shrubland → Type 1 (3) Wasteland + shrubland + grassland → Type 2 (4) Shrubland + grassland → Type 3 (5) Savanna grassland → Type 4

337 Fig. 4.2 shows the target areas of this biomass survey for determining the baseline values.

CARTE DE LOCALISATION DES SITES

D'EVALUATION DE BIOMASSE

Carte de situation du Burkina en Afrique Carte de localisation de la province CarLocalization te de lo cal isa tionmap des of sites explored pr osp ectés sites in Map of Burkina status in Africa Map of sanmatenga province localization dan s le s dép artem ents d e Piss ila , Ka ya et Ba rsal ogo du sanmatenga Pissila, Kaya, and Barsalogo region

O H A G S N O O BL L PE A A D S R A B %%

#KAY A NAMISSIGMA PI SS ILA %% %A053148 # % %T3PT2S1S3S3PT1S233S32 %T3PT1P3P2 1 N OUAGADOUGOU KA YA % MA NE B OU SS O U M P A K I O B R A S IM O O R R E O 100 0 100 Km ZIGA

680000 690000 700000 710000 720000100 0 100730000 Km 740000 750000

1490000 1490000 T2S2

% T2S3 %% Korko

% 1480000 Barsalogho 1480000

T4S2 1470000 T4S3 1470000 T2S1

%% Roumtenga 1460000 1460000 T3P2 T1S1 %A053148 T3P3 T1S2 Dem T1S3 Pissila

%T1P1 %% % T3P2 T3P1 T3S3 T3P3S2 T3S3 T1S2 %% %T3P%3S%3 %%T3S%2 %%T2ST1S3 Silmiougou

1450000 T4S1 1450000 T3P1 KAYA

680000 690000 700000 710000 720000 730000 740000 750000 LEGENDELEGEND

T4 S 1 SiteSelected inventorié site ECHEScale LLE 40 48Km RouteDepartmental départementale road % SiteInventor d'inventairey site RouteNational nationale road % LocalitéTown

Figure 4.2 Biomass Survey Sites according to the Vegetation Type

338 (Lost land) (1) Steppe shrub

Vegetation Patterns of the Potential Areas (2) Steppe grass

(1) Wasteland (Lost land) (3) Savannah grass

(2) Wasteland + shrubland (Lost land)

Steppe (3) Wasteland + shrubland + grassland shrub

Steppe (4) Shrubland + grassland 339 grass

(5) Savannah grass

Type 1 means there is no

vegetation and thus no need for a survey.

Types 2 to 5 need to be surveyed.

Figure 4.3 Vegetation Types Suitable for A/R CDM Projects in the Centre Nord Region

(3) Vegetation Types of the Survey Sites

3.1 Type 1

T1S1, as one of the survey sites under Type 1, is located in Pissila, Silmiougou (See the above Fig.-2). This site is not so far from the Kaya-Dori road as a main route and is about 3 km from Pissila Village. According to some local residents interviewed in the preliminary survey in July 2006, agricultural development was promoted over 30 years ago in this area. They know that the soil has deteriorated due to a combination of various causes: (i) a drought with little rain has lasted for as long as about 30 years; (ii) agricultural development has continued without a fallow period or land improvements and this has resulted in exhaustion of the soil and degradation of the vegetation, resulting in reduced land productivity; and (iii) abandoned land has become pasture since the suspension of agricultural development. Since the termination of agricultural development, overgrazing has been a major factor in the deterioration of the soils in this area. This is apparent judging from the stunted trees comprising the shrub layer in this area. The shrubs mainly consist of Guiera senegalensis and Combretum micranthum, which cannot grow very high since they are being continually browsed by animals. According to the local residents, no forest fires have occurred in the past few decades.

Two survey sites (T1S2 and T1S3) in Silmiougou are located about 10 km from Kaya along the Kaya-Barsalogho road. These sites are mostly covered with bare rock with no plants, except for sporadic shrubs such as Combretum micranthum and Guiera senegalensis.

T1S2 is located on a bare hillside near the Kaya-Barsalogho road. The vegetation is mainly composed of Guiera senegalensis, Combretum micranthum and Balanites aegyptiaca. Besides these, Leptadenia hastate, Boscia angustifolia and Piliostigma reticulatum also occur. According to local residents, this area was once cultivated, but agricultural development has been suspended for more than 30 years. Soil deterioration has mainly resulted from a combination of droughts, agricultural development, logging and overgrazing. No forest fires have occurred in the past few decades in this area, either.

T1S3 is several hundred meters from the Kaya-Barsalogho road and is located on a hillside covered with Guiera senegalensis and Combretum micranthum. Since this site is of the same type as T1S2, it has seemingly experienced a similar history.

The following Table 4.1 shows the number of stems according to the tree species that were measured in T1S1. The dominant species here include Guiera senegalensis and Combretum micranthum, of which 104 specimens were counted.

Table 4.1 Basal Diameter and Height of the Tree Species Occurring in the Sampling Plot (50 m x 50 m) of Type 1 (T1S1)

Species Stem (number) Average diameter (cm) Average height (m) Combretum micranthum 19 1,83 1,05 Guiera senegalensis 104 1,16 0,46 Leptania hastata 1 0,20 - Total 124

340 3.2 Type 2

T2S1, as one of survey sites under Type 2, is wasteland with a few trees and grassland. This is also referred to as a sandy veneering and is located along the Kaya-Dori road about 10 km from Pissila Village. The main species found here include Combretum micranthum, Guiera senegalensis, Acacia raddiana, Acacia senegal, Leptadenia hastata and Balanites aegyptiaca. The herb layer includes Schoenefeldia gracilis, Loudetia togoensis and Zornia glochidiata. In addition, Schizachyrium exile, Penissetum pedicellatum, Eragrostis tremula and Borreria radiata also occur. Several decades (over 30 years) ago, this area was under agricultural development. Soil degradation here has been caused by a combination of agriculture, droughts, logging and overgrazing. In the area as a whole, there are many places that will become flood channels in the rainy season, the soil of which is not permeable. This is why the people concerned are apprehensive about soil erosion. The soil consists of sandy silt as the topsoil and clay in the deeper layers.

T2S2 and T2S3 under Type 2 are located near Kogyende Village in Korko (Barsalogho Province). These sites have become mostly bare of vegetation and covered with sandy silt. The vegetation that is found here is composed of Guiera senegalensis, Acacia raddiana, Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia laeta and Combretum micranthum. The herb layer comprises annual species, including Schoenefeldia gracilis, Andropogon fastigiatus, Loudetia togoensis and Zornia glochidiata. According to a representative of the Association of Forest Management Groups in Korko, this area, which was once blessed with abundant trees, has been degraded by droughts and overgrazing even though it has not been developed at all.

The following Table 4.2 shows the number of stems according to the tree species that were measured in T2S1. Of the total of 69 stems, 26 specimens were Guiera senegalensis, 13 were Leptadenia hastata, and 12 were Combretum micranthum. These species seem to be dominant.

Table 4.2 Basal Diameter and Height of the Tree Species Occurring in the Sampling Plot (50 m x 50 m) of Type 2 (T2S1)

Average diameter Average height Species Number of stems (cm) (m) Guiera senegalensis 26 0.96 0.44 Leptadenia hastata 13 1.01 - Acacia seyal 5 1.58 0.66 Acacia raddiana 1 1.30 0.30 Acacia senegal 6 1.20 0.19 Calotropis procera 3 3.57 1.10 Combretum micranthum 12 1.96 0.45 Piliostigma reticulata 2 0.95 0.53 Total 69 1.25 0.45

The following Table 4.3 shows three specimens that most approximate the mean basal diameter and the mean height of all the 69 stems that occurred in the measurement plot in T2S1. These results indicate that specimens of both Guiera senegalensis and Combretum

341 micranthum are 1.0 to 1.1 cm in mean basal diameter and about 0.45 m in height.

Table 4.3 Basal Diameter and Height of the Tree Species Occurring in the Sampling Plot (50 m x 50 m) of Type 2 (T2S1)

N° Species Diameter Height 31 Combretum micranthum 1.10 0.45 05 Guiera senegalensis 1.00 0.45 48 Guiera senegalensis 1.00 0.45

The two species Guiera senegalensis and Combretum micranthum are common in this area. In addition to these, there are also Acacia raddiana, A. seyal, Piliostigma reticulatum and liana or Leptadenia hastata also occur. The vegetation is therefore relatively diverse.

3.3 Type 3

Type 3 sites, which comprise steppe shrubland, were mainly selected from the two villages of Pissila and Silmiougou.

The first survey site (T3S1) is located near Pissila Village in the same district as T1S1 under Type 1, but on the opposite side of the Kaya-Dri road. This site is covered with steppe shrubland consisting of Guiera senegalensis and Combretum micranthum, with some Gardenia sokotensis and Balanites aegyptiaca. According to local residents, this area was also once developed for a certain period despite its poor soils, since which, however, the agricultural land has been abandoned for over 30 years. Soil deterioration has been caused by a combination of droughts, agricultural development, overgrazing and logging for firewood and timber. The herb layer comprises some Sporobolus festivus, Aristida adscensionis, Zornia glochidiata, Microchloa indica, Pandiaka heudolotii, Ocimum irvenei, Digitaria leucardii and Penissetum pedicellatum. There have been no forest fires in this area.

The two other survey sites (T3S2 and T3S3) were selected from Silmiougou Village about 10 km from Kaya. These sites are higher than the area where the Forest Department carried out a rehabilitation project in the 1980s. At that time, these sites had already been abandoned and completely degraded. According to local residents, agricultural development was once carried out in these areas, but currently the only notable activities are logging for firewood and timber, and grazing. According to the villagers of Silmiougou, no forest fires have occurred in these areas and the soil is composed of sandy gravel, silt and medium and fine grained sand. As with the other areas, these areas have degraded soils caused by a combination of agricultural development, droughts, overgrazing and logging for timber and firewood. The confirmed arboreal layer of vegetation is mainly composed of Combretum micranthum, Guiera senegalensis, Gardenia sokotensis, Combretum glutinosum and Cassia sieberiana. The herb layer is mainly composed of Microchloa indica, Sporobolus festivus, Cassia mimosoϊdes, Ocimum irvinei and Zornia glochidiata.

Table 4.4 shows the number, mean basal diameter and mean height of the tree species that occur in the sampling plot (2 m x 2 m) established in T3S1. As shown by these results, the dominant species are Guiera senegalensis and Combretum micranthum in this area.

342 Table 4.4 Basal Diameter and Height of the Tree Species Occurring in the Sampling Plot (2 m x 2 m) of Type 3 (T3S1)

Average Diameter Average Height Species Number of stems (cm) (m) Guiera senegalensis 8 0.33 0.1 Gardenia sokotensis 5 0.5 0.3 Combretum micranthum 46 0.3 0.5 Total 59

3.4 Type 4

The survey sites of Type 4 are also called savannas and were selected from the two villages of Zorkoum and Roumtenga.

The first survey site (T4S1) is located on a hill near (about 3 km from) the entrance to Zorkoum Village close to the Kaya-Kongoussi road. This site is a savanna of Cymbopogon schoenanthus covering the hill for about 5 km. On this hill, Acacia seyal, Balanites aegyptiaca and Cassia sieberiana occur sporadically and the arboreal vegetation has been mostly lost. The herb layer is 70 cm to 80 cm high on average and mainly consists of Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Leptadenia hastate, Alysicarpus ovalifolius, Polygala arenaria, Cassia nigricans, Cadaba farinosa and Euphorbia convolvoloides. From a topographical point of view, this area is a hill and has hard areas in the upper and deeper layers of the soil. According to an elderly resident, plenty of trees were growing in this area fifty or sixty years ago. It was agriculture that destroyed this forest first. Agriculture was continued until thirty years ago. It is only the herb layer that has survived even after the farmers left the area. Since then, the arboreal cover has been lost without recovering. No forest fires have occurred in this area for more than 25 years. The soils of the area have been degraded due to droughts, various logging activities (for branches and timber), overgrazing and the aftermath of agricultural development. Overgrazing in this area is due to its proximity to Lake Dem and the absence of agriculture.

Two other survey sites (T4S2 and T4S3) were selected from Roumtenga Village on both sides of the Kaya-Kongoussi road about 25 km from Kaya. These sites are located in the savanna, which extends for over 5 km.

The former site (T4S2) has a very thin geological stratum just 20 cm to 30 cm below the surface. The herb vegetation of this site consists of Loudetia togoensis (20 cm to 40 cm high on average)along with Andropogon pseudapricus, Andropogon fastigiatus, Lepidagatis anobrya, Sida alba, Ritachnae triaristata, Melliniella micrantha, Chochorus tridens and Leptadenia hastata. Agricultural activities have not been carried out in this area. The fields used to be customarily burned under the control of the local authorities every year. This custom was abolished in the 1970s. Nevertheless, the shrub layer, which is dominated by low trees of Combretum micranthum and Combretum glutinosum, has become increasingly degraded in this area. This soil degradation has resulted from droughts, overgrazing (this area becomes a substantial pasture in the rainy season) and logging (for firewood and timber). In recent years, some measures have been implemented to protect this area.

343 The latter site (T4S3) is about 500 m from T4S2 across the Kaya-Kongoussi road. This site consists of savanna that extends over a relatively thick soil layer of sand, clay and silt. The main species of the herb layer are Andropogon pseudapricus and Loudetia togoensis. In addition, Borreria stachydea, Leptadenia hastate, Striga bilabiata and Zornia glochidiata also occur. This area has experienced neither agricultural development nor forest fires. Soil degradation has been caused by droughts, overgrazing and small-scale logging.

344

Excluded from this survey due to its barrenness.

Figure 4.4 (1) Pattern of Wasteland

There is little grass.

Figure 4.5 (2) Pattern of Wasteland and Shrubland (Type 1)

345

This type is Type 1 plus savanna grassland. However, the herb cover is not complete and the proportional cover varies according to the location.

Figure 4.6 (3) Pattern of Wasteland, Shrubland and Grassland (Type 2)

There is some grass.

Figure 4.7 (4) Pattern of Shrubland and Grassland (Type 3)

346

Figure 4.8 (5) Pattern of Savanna Grass (Type 4)

Figure 4.9 Savanna arbore and Savanna arbustive Excluded from this Survey

(4) Results of this Survey

4.1 Results of the Biomass Analysis according to the Vegetation Type

The sampling survey and analysis have provided the amount of biomass according to the vegetation type. Table-5 and Fig. 4.10 show the amount of biomass according to the vegetation type.

According to the results of the analysis, the CO2 fixation of vegetation in tonnage per hectare is (1) 0.1 to 0.2 tons/ha for wasteland and shrubland; (2) 1.0 to 1.6 tons/ha for wasteland, shrubland and grassland; (3) about 3 to 12 tons/ha for shrubland and grassland; and (4) about 14 to 40 tons/ha for grassland. These results prove that the amount of CO2 fixation varies with the vegetation type to a considerable extent. Types 1 and 2, including wasteland, among other types, show a very small amount of CO2 fixation, which apparently proves the adverse effects of the extension of wasteland. Judging from the comparison between Type1 and Type 2, or the difference in fixation between Type 3 and Type 4, it is also apparent that the presence of herbs has a significant effect on CO2 fixation.

347 Table 4.5 Biomass Measurements according to the Sampling Plots for Each Vegetation Type

Biomass of T1 and T2 Converted to CO2t/ha Biomass of T3 and T4 Converted to CO2t/ha

t t 2 2 CO CO

Figure 4.10 Biomass Measurements by Vegetation Type

348 5. Explanation of Additionality

The northern part of Burkina Faso belongs to the Sahel in climatic terms and is so dry that it has an annual rainfall of only 600 mm or less. Every area like this, where industrial afforestation is not found, may be considered to have additionality.

Besides this, there are also high economic and technical barriers and in this respect, additionality can be explained.

6. Information on Afforestation

It is considered that the suitable tree species for the A/R CDM potential areas in Burkina Faso include indigenous ones such as Acacia senegal and Acacia nilotica and fast-growing species such as Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Gum arabic can be collected from Acacia senegal, while tannin for tanning hides can be collected from Acacia nilotica. Eucalyptus camaldulensis grows fast and produces good firewood and charcoal. Any of these species can be very useful for local residents in improving their lives. Without the use of trees species that effectively benefit local residents, it will be very difficult to conserve forests over the long term in severe environments such as the environment in this region.

Besides these species, Faidelbida albida, Butyrospermum parkii (Shea butter), an indigenous species, and the neem tree and eucalyptus as introduced species, are also recommended for afforestation/reforestation by the Forest Department.

A group of women has planted eucalyptus and neem trees around Barsalogho Village. The former have grown up to 6 to 9 m high and 11 to 15 cm in DBH in the sixth year and the latter up to 5 to 6 m high and 10 to 15 cm in DBH. In Ronda, a little south of Kaya, there is a plantation of Acacia senegal, from which local residents collect gum arabic. The Forest Department of Burkina Faso has the intention of expanding the plantations of Acacia senegal from the standpoint of additionality in connection with the A/R CDM.

Key points that the Forest Department of Burkina Faso is considering under the A/R CDM include: y Soil treatment before planting y Protection from slash-and-burn farming, logging and overgrazing at least for the first three years.

With regard to these above points, some arrangements must be made with the owners of the sites in order to facilitate negotiations and consultations for the protection of certain land from logging, slash-and-burn farming and grazing. Whenever necessary, supportive activities for plant propagation should also be introduced.

349 10. Other links to related information y Address of the DNA (designated national authority)： le Secrétariat Permanent du Conseil National pour l'Environnement et le Développement Durable (SP/CONEDD) Avenue Bassawarga, porte No. 392, côté ouest de l'ex "Camp Fonctionnaire", près de la Station Total de la Cathédrale de Ouagadougou 6486 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso ([email protected], [email protected])

Phone: (226-50) 312 464, (226-50) 313 166 Fax: (226-50) 31 64 91 y Website of the DNA (designated national authority)： http://www.spconedd.bf/www.rideb/index.php y Website of the FAO FRA2010 (French version) http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/pdf/fra/2010/Africa/Burkina-Faso-2010-032.doc y Website of the FAO Forestry databases http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/databases/en/

Forest definition of Burkina Faso: Minimum canopy density is 30% Minimum canopy density is 5 mm Smallest forest area is 1 ha

350 SP.CONEDD -CT (Technical Consultant) Permanent Secretariat -ITS (Business/Technology Audit) National Council for Environment Minister’s Office -SP (Special Secretary) and Sustainable Development -Protocol Division

-SP (Special Secretary) Under-Secretary -SCC (Central Documentation) -SE (Search Room) Independent Organization Special Organization

CNSF PPD ANB

National Forest Development National Seeds Center Project Program Biological Central Non-central Security Organizations Organizations

DNCPEF DGCN DGACV DRECV

351 National Dept. of Water, General Department General Department of Living Environment Local Dept. of Nature Conservation Improvement Forest and Military Affairs Environment & Living Environment DEP

DF DFC DSE DAPN DRIE DAP DEE Survey Planning Dept. DPECV Environmental Forest Fauna/Chase Ecological Hygiene & Regulation & Landscape Evaluation Dept. DAF Provincial Dept. of Department Department Search Dept. Pollution Environmental Improvement Administration & Environment & Living Prevention Dept. Surveillance Dept. Financial Affairs Dept. Environment

DRH

Human Resources Dept. DCPM

Public Relations Dept.

ENEF

National Water & Forest School Organizational Chart of the Ministry of Environment and Living Environment (MECV) of Burkina Faso January 21, 2005

SENEGAL

1. Procedure and results of mapping

GeoCover-LC data obtained by analyzing Landsat TM data was used to select the potential A/R CDM areas in Senegal. GeoCover-LC data for both 1990 and 2000 are available for limited areas of the eastern part of Senegal. The selection of potential A/R CDM areas has therefore been conducted only for these areas. Fig. 1.1 shows the sheet maps of LC data covering the whole of Senegal and Fig. 1.2 shows the areas where LC data for both 1990 and 2000 are available.

Figure 1.1 Sheet maps of LC data for the whole of Senegal

Figure 1.2 Areas where LC data for both 1990 and 2000 are available in Senegal

Fig. 1.3 shows the results of the selection of potential A/R CDM areas in the eastern part of Senegal.

352

Figure 1.3 Results of the selection of potential A/R CDM areas in the eastern part of Senegal

Table 1.1 shows the potential area of A/R CDM land according to administrative units in the three regions of the eastern part of Senegal.

353 Table 1.1 Area of potential A/R CDM land according to administrative units in the three regions of the eastern part of Senegal

Region (Ha) Saint-Louis 976,183 Louga 10,855 Tambacounda 1,288,986

354 2. Basic Information (SENEGAL)

1. Forest definition

Determined values: x A single minimum value of 30% for the tree crown cover; x A single minimum value of 1/2 ha for the surface area; x A single minimum value of 5 m for the tree height.

2. Sustainable development

Activities that could be considered to contribute to sustainable development:

Technical aspects: x Applying silvicultural techniques that are adapted and reproducible by village organizations x Applying phytosanitary techniques

Socioeconomic aspects: x Development of occupations based on the planted species x Tendency towards food security x Development of ethnobotany x Development of ecotourism

Environmental aspects: x Reforestation x Sequestration of CO2 (Production of renewable biomass)

A large-scale reforestation project of only one species, especially a foreign species such as Eucalyptus, presents advantages as well as disadvantages.

Advantages: x Economic development of the field x Specialization of the local residents x Effective control of settlements

Disadvantages: x No protective measures in the event of climate change (drought, flooding, and possible

355 stress on the species) x No multiplication of administrative services x Economy would be a vertical economy (lack of economic diversity) x Problem of product distribution in case of market saturation

3. Feasibility Study

The important points to be considered upon the execution of the feasibility studies: x What is the influence of the rural community (cartographic survey)? x Land occupancy x Community land management (actual participation by the residents) x Identifying large-scale land owners x Identifying the actual users of the forest x Identifying the restraints linked to forest allocation x Consideration of the pressures exerted by the administrative authorities x Restorative capacity of certain lands from the viewpoint of land preservation and restoration (saline soil, degraded zones)

4. Small scale A/R CDM

Projects that potentially satisfy the requirements of the participants and/or improvement of the living standards of low-income groups:

Income-generating activities: x Projects to promote the development of the primary sector (agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing, local handcrafts, and agroforestry) x Marketing of ligneous forest products (dead wood, firewood, and manufactured wood) and non-ligneous forest products (fruit, rubber…) x MEC (Setting up of financing systems, such as mutual savings and cash credit schemes)

Improving the quality of life: x Participating in the reinforcement and promotion of basic services x Development of individual initiatives x Perfect circulation of people and goods

Low-income groups are those with no income-generating activities through which they can satisfy their basic needs (limited access to food and basic administrative services).

356 5. Environmental and Socio-economical impact assessment

Regarding the impacts, what is important and/or judgment points that your country consider as a project that has significant impacts on environmental and/or socio-economical conditions?

In addition, does your country has procedure and/or standards for the assessment? If yes, please describe the procedure and/or standards.

Environmental impacts: x Environmental restoration projects x Soil conservation projects

Socioeconomic impacts: x Projects to improve the living environment in rural areas x Job-creation projects x Resident training for new technologies x Access to cash credits

6. Distribution of lCER or tCER (Certified Emission Reduction) credit

If your country already has ideas on distribution of CER between your country and Annex 1 countries after getting CER through the A/R CDM projects, could you describe the ideas?

(No answer)

7. Restriction of afforestation projects

If there are any restrictions of afforestation project invested by foreign countries, for example plantations of 10 % of indigenous trees are duty in Brazil, could you explain the restrictions?

In addition, such restrictions will be applied to A/R CDM projects?

x Species that are suited to the ecological conditions x The consent of the residents concerning the choice of species

8. Suitable site

The mission would like to know idea about the sites where your country considers implementing an A/R CDM project. If possible, could you explain concrete name (administrative name) of the areas?

357 3. State of Baselines

The western region of the Republic of Senegal faces the Atlantic. Aside from this Atlantic coastal region, the interior regions are a little dry and have savanna forests. According to the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000(FRA2000)by FAO, the forest area as of 2000 was 6,205,000 ha and the forest coverage rate was 32.2％, which shows that Senegal is a country that has many forests in western Africa. The reduction in the forest area since 1990 has been an average of 45,000 ha annually and the forest reduction rate is -0.7％. Note that various domestic statistical data sources differ in their Fig.s.

Topography of Senegal: It has level terrain with an average elevation of 200 m or less except for the southeastern regions. The vegetation varies from tropical rainforest to deserts. Due to the level terrain, the natural vegetation varies with the reduction in precipitation from south to north. The vegetation is broadly divided into three regions from south to north, (1) Guinea region (2) Sudan region (3) Sahel region. In some regions along riverbanks and the Atlantic coast, a particular type of vegetation occurs due to the water conditions. An outline of these types of vegetation is as follows:

(1) Guinea region: The northern area of Senegal - The main species is acacia including Acacia senegal. It is an important region for its grazing forest. (2) Sudan region: The eastern area of Senegal - The main tree species is Combretum spp. It is an important region for lumber production, especially fuelwood. (3) Sahel region: Mainly the southern area of Senegal - The main tree species are Khaya senegalensis，Afzelia africana，Chlorophora regia and others. The accumulation per ha is 100-120 m3. It is an area for timber production. (4) Mangrove forests: The estuaries of large rivers including the Casamance river and Saloum river - The main tree species are Rhizophora racemosa and Avicennia africana. Accumulation per ha is as low as 10-40 m3.

Forest vegetation in Senegal has been degraded due to the increase in the demand for fuelwood accompanying population growth and the frequent occurrence of droughts.

6. Information on Afforestation

In the Republic of Senegal, before independence in 1960, afforestation using

Casuarina equisetifolia was successfully carried out in the coastal regions. In addition, teak, Gmelina arborea, Melaleuca leucadendron and other species are planted in the southern region. However, the emphasis was placed on afforestation for firewood production. Afforestation for fuelwood (mainly Eucalyputus camaldulensis) forest projects have been launched since 1980 or so, but have not been successful.

Then the government changed its policy to the afforestation of small areas for fuelwood forests (5 ha or so). It distributed saplings to the residents without charge and the residents planted them, raised the trees and were given the wood that was produced. The plantations were implemented mostly using agroforestry methods.

An overview of afforestation in 2000 according to FRA2000 is as follows: The total area of afforestation was 263,000 ha and the annual afforestation area was about 11,000 ha. The main 358 tree species for afforestation are eucalyptus(63,000 ha), dryness-resistant acacia (32,000 ha) and others.

The main tree species for afforestation are listed below. Acacia senegal is dryness-resistant and is used for agroforestry in dry regions for erosion prevention. In addition, the tree sap (gum Arabic) is used in beer brewing, confectionery production, the manufacture of medicines and other purposes.

Afforestation is planned to be carried out as agroforestry.

The main tree species for afforestation are as follows: y Faidherbia(Acacia)albida·································· Leguminosae y A. senegal ·························································· Leguminosae y Anacardium occidentale ···································Anacardiaceae y Azadirachta indica·················································· Meliaceae y Borassus aethopium····················································· Palmae y Cassia siamea···················································· Leguminosae y Casuarina equisetifolia·····································Casuarinaceae y Eucalyptus camaldulensis······································· Myrtaceae y E. microtheca·························································· Myrtaceae y Gmelina arborea··················································Verbenaceae y Khaya senegalensis················································· Meliaceae y Prosopis juliflora ··············································· Leguminosae y Tectona grandis ···················································Verbenaceae

359 10. Other links to related information y Address of the DNA (designated national authority): Direction de l'Environment et des Etablissements Classés 106, Rue Carnot, Dakar BP 6557 Dakar Etoile

( [email protected] )

Phone: (221) 821 07 25 Fax: (221) 822 62 12 y Website of the DNA (designated national authority): Direction de l'Environment et des Etablissements Classés y Website of Ministere de l’environnement et de la protectiondela nature HP: http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/

・Website of Centre de Suivi Ecologique: http://www.cse.sn/ y Website of the FAO FRA2010 (French vergion) http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/pdf/fra/2010/Africa/Senegal-2010-186.doc y Website of the FAO Forestry databases http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/databases/en/

References:

360 UGANDA

1. Procedure and result of mapping

As for Uganda, maps showing the land use and vegetation of 1990 and 2005 have been obtained from the National Forestry Authority. The data analyzes only the southwestern part of Uganda, however, we consider that it is sufficient to make a map, since the northeastern part of the country is not suitable for afforestation due to the low precipitation. Therefore, the selection of potential areas has been conducted using this data.

The classifications used for the map data are the same as the land use classifications, explained in detail in 3. State of baselines, in the 2002 National Biomass Study. In the selection of A/R CDM potential areas, the person in charge from the National Forestry Authority indicated the following categories. 6. Bushland (bushes and shrubs, average height <4 m), 7. Grassland (pastureland, rangeland and open savannah, including scattered bushes or shrubs) and 9. Subsistence farmland (with or without trees, in use or fallow, small scale reserves). Therefore, the selection of the areas was conducted by combining data for these categories.

The categories of land use that were used for the National Biomass Study are shown in Table 1.1 below. Fig. 1.1 shows a flowchart of combining the information for the selection of the potential areas.

Table 1.1 Land use categories used for the National Biomass Study in Uganda

Class Description No. 1 Plantation or woodlot, deciduous broad leaf trees (hardwood) 2 Plantation or woodlot, coniferous trees 3 Tropical high forest (THF), conserved 4 Tropical high forest (THF), depleted 5 Forests (trees and shrubs, average height >4 m) 6 Bushland (bush and shrubs, average height <4 m) 7 Grassland (pastureland, rangeland and open savannah, including scattered bushes or shrubs) 8 Wetland (wetland vegetation, swampy area, hydrarch grass plants, including papyrus) 9 Subsistence farmland (with or without trees, in use or fallow, small scale reserve) 10 Uniform farmland (no trees regardless of the season) e.g. tea or sugar estates 11 Cities and living areas, urban or rural built-up areas 12 Water areas (rivers lakes or swamps) 13 Bare land (rock land or barren soil)

361

Legend Legend

Land use map of Land use map of 2005 1990

Fig. 1.1 Flow of combining land use maps at two points of time

Potential areas

Figure 1.1 Flowchart of combining the information for the selection of the potential area at the two points in time

The selection of the A/R CDM potential areas was conducted according to nine patterns given below to easily understand the changes between 1990 and 2005.

(1) The area classified into class 6 (bushland) in 1990 and classified into the same class in 2005 (2) The area classified into class 6 (bushland) in 1990 and classified into class 7 (grassland) in 2005 (3) The area classified into class 6 (bushland) in 1990 and classified into class 9 (farmland) in 2005 (4) The area classified into class 7 (grassland) in 1990 and classified into class 6 (bush land) in 2005 (5) The area classified into class 7 (grassland) in 1990 and classified into the same class in 2005 (6) The area classified into class 7 (grassland) in 1990 and classified into class 9 (farmland) in 2005 (7) The area classified into class 9 (farmland) in 1990 and classified into class 6 (bush land) in 2005 (8) The area classified into class 9 (farmland) in 1990 and classified into class 7 (grassland) in 2005 (9) The area classified into class 9 (farmland) in 1990 and classified into the same class in 2005

362 The results of the selection of A/R CDM potential areas are shown in Fig. 1.2 below.

Figure 1.2 The results of the selection of A/R CDM potential areas in Uganda

The totaled results of the A/R CDM potential areas according to the changes in the vegetation and land use in Uganda are as follows.

Table 1.2 Area of A/R CDM potential areas according to the changes in the vegetation and land use in Uganda

1990 1004 Area (ha) 6 (bushland) → 6 (bushland) 209,257 6 (bushland) → 7 (grassland) 90,215 6 (bushland) → 9 (farmland) 123,645 7 (grassland) → 6 (bushland) 600,414 7 (grassland) → 7 (grassland) 915,253 7 (grassland) → 9 (farmland) 620,453 9 (farmland) → 6 (bushland) 264,676 9 (farmland) → 7 (grassland) 252,896 9 (farmland) → 9 (farmland) 4,024,594 other vegetation land use 9,749,339

363 2. Basic Information (UGANDA)

1. Suitable areas

(a) the areas listed below are where we have central forest Reserves:

- Karamoja region (Mtns Moroto,Napaka,Kadam,others) Northern Uganda - Luwero,Nakasongora area, Central Uganda - Rakai –Sembabule areas, Southern Uganda.

Some of the areas that could easily qualify

Area under the Minimum Minimum Grassland IRESERVE minimum canopy tree potential Remarks AREA (Ha) area (Ha) cover of 30% Ht 5 m Abera 1212 1 Pinus Caribaea or Restoration with Terminalia woodlands to be enriched with Milicia excelsa Keyo 546 0 Restoration for Water catchment Opit 1593 120 Pinus Caribaea or Restoration with Terminalia woodlands to be enriched with Milicia excelsa 3509 254 Pinus Caribaea or Restoration with Terminalia woodlands to be enriched with Milicia excelsa Opok 536 0 Pinus Caribaea or Restoration with Terminalia woodlands to be enriched with Milicia excelsa Maruzi 6118 734 Pinus Caribaea or Restoration with Combretum Acacia woodlands to be enriched with Milicia excelsa KASAGALA 10298 2189 Pinus Caribaea or Restoration with Terminalia woodlands to be enriched with Milicia excelsa Kyalubanga 4393 918 Pinus Caribaea or Restoration with Combretum Acacia woodlands to be enriched with Milicia excelsa Wabisi-Wajala 4453 662 Negotiable with the army, otherwise Pinus Caribaea or Restoration with Combretum Acacia woodlands to be enriched with Milicia excelsa Bajo 3373 1741 To be checked Kazooba 7423 152 To be checked Kyalwamuka 6527 3394 To be checked Kyamazzi 4848 2708 To be checked Monikakine 163 0 To be checked Sitambogo 652 67 Hills only Rwoho 2999 2405 Pinus and water catchment in the valleys 6074 4051 Pinus and water catchment in the valleys

364 Area under the Minimum Minimum Grassland IRESERVE minimum canopy tree potential Remarks AREA (Ha) area (Ha) cover of 30% Ht 5 m Kyahi 4090 3622 Otzi 18757 4558 Delbergia teak mixture Kalombi 3836 2171 To be checked Kisombwa 2946 2386 To be checked Kitonya 862 559 To be checked Luwunga 9159 1004 To be checked Mpinve 1810 538 Hills are lateritic. Valleys are rich mixed Markamia and Meliacea. Need restoration Zimwa 834 551 To be checked Alungamosimo 4646 2949 To be checked si 111657 37734

(b) There are other areas which are not inside the CFRS but they are suitable for inclusion in possible project.

2. Forest définition

- Minimum canopy density is 30% - Minimum tree height is 5 m - Smallest forest area is 1 ha.

3. Sustainable development

According to framework of A/R CDM project, A/R CDM project have to contribute to sustainable development. However, word of sustainable development is still abstract.

Therefore, what kinds of project do you consider as projects that contribute to sustainable development? For example, how projects of large scale afforestation with one species especially exotic species such as Eucalyptus?

The country has adopted a “sustainable development” criteria and it’s attached as a separate document

365 USTAINBLE DEVELOPMENT CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF CDM PROJECTS IN UGANDA

Sustainable development in Uganda is looked at as ensuring the well-being of the present generation without being at the expense of future generations. Since CDM projects must lead to a reduction in measurable and verified greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, Uganda’s sustainable development criteria is based on environmental, social, economic and technology development aspects into the development process. These elements of the criteria are sub-divided into sub-elements and each is given a maximum score against which the project evaluation team will score the project. It is a requirement that each CDM project must have an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as one of the basic premise for sustainable development in line with the guidelines for EIA in Uganda. The guidelines emphasize public participation in the entire EIA process, as a way of ensuring public input in the designing of projects in their surroundings. The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is responsible for approving EIA experts to conduct the assessment. One the project has met this requirement; the Designated National Authority; (DNA) shall subject it to the remaining three aspects of sustainable development as shown in the criteria below:

366 Maximum Aspect Criteria Indicator Score

Certificate of approval of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) by lead agency Environmental Environmental

40 1.Enhancing community access to essential social services (energy, safe water and hygeine, communication, 18 health, and education)

2.Community participation in project implementation, monitoring and 15 evaluation 2. Gender balance and participation of disadvantaged groups 7 35 1. Number and nature of to be jobs (Skilled and unskilled) created by the 8 project 2. Contribution to saving and 7 generation of foreign exchange. 3. Contribution to increased production of marketable goods and 6 services 4. Mutual economic benefits accruing

Economic from project activities 5 5. Contribution to increased demand for services 5 6. Contribution to redistribution of development to address area 4 imbalances in development. 25 1. Environmentally friendly technologies; 10 2. Technology transfer (hard and soft ware) 7 3. Effiency of techonologies; 4 Technology4. Acceptability of technology by local Social community. 4 Total Score 100

367 Guidelines for application of the criteria

The general principles for application of the criteria are the following:

1. The project must have got approval of its EIA from the relevant lead agency; 2. For a project to be selected, it must score a minimum pass mark of in each category 50%.

3. The project developer should be able to score the project based on the SD criteria; 4. Where any sub-element of the criteria does not apply to a project by its nature, for example, if the project does not at all have any element of community participation, the project scores zero on this sub-element of the social aspect. 5. In case the project has adverse effects on any aspect and or sub-element of any aspect, it scores within a range of minus one to minus the maximum score of that aspect or sub-element;

The previous two principles enhance fairness of the criteria. For example, a hydropower project or a sugar cane cogeneration project may have no community participation in their implementation apart from public participation in its EIA. Therefore these two projects would score zero on this sub-element of the social aspect. On the other hand, a Carbon sequestration project through small-scale, farmer led, forestry projects is likely to score high on the sub-element of the social aspect especially if it takes on the approach of community-based resource management. However, it is likely that the first two projects would score high on economic and technology aspects hence compensating for the zero score on community participation.

4. Feasibility Study

They will need to consider these or more points:

a) Eligibility based on definition of forest as in (2)above b) Other CDM requirements. c) Use and ownership are arranged as follows: (Buy the land Act )

(i) Some land is Government land –here the investor will use two methods :

a. Obtain use rights for say 50 yrs by way of license.

b. Obtain a joint implementation arrangement such as by entering into an M.O.U with the government agency such as the National forestry Authority.

368 c. Obtain rights to carbon dioxide emission reductions by way of an “Emission reductions purchase agreement”.

(ii) Some land belongs to private individuals and can be used through the following approaches:

a) You can obtain a lease i.e. permission to use his/her land for an agreed period say 49, or 99, or 199 yrs for an agreed consideration; or

b) You can purchase the land from the owner through Ugandan partner; or

c) You can enter into joint arrangement with the owner and share the profits in agreed proportions.

(iii) Some land belongs to committees or an extended family .Still you will use the same methods as in two above to access and use it;

5. Small scale A/R CDM

Low income people are not yet defined in Uganda for the purpose of “small scale AIR CDM” projects. However we have a range of low income people in the country. In general terms, you will be able to satisfy these requirements if you work with communities who are neighbours to your project. As such all projects that will “help” neighborhood communities to “improve” their livelihood situations will have met the requirement for working with “low income” people.

6. Environmental and Socio-economical impact assessment

Regarding the impacts, what is important and/or judgment points that your country consider as a project which has significant impacts on environmental and/or socio-economical conditions?

In addition, does your country has procedure and/or standards for the assessment? If yes, please describe the procedure and/or standards. there is a procedure for doing an environment and or socio-economic impact assessment (EIA). Standard procedures do exist and they are in two stages: a) For any project (small or normal) a project profile is prepared and filed to the national

369 Environment Management Authority. The authority, on receipt of the file will:

y Reply with a notification for a need for a full EIA; or y Reply with a letter of no objection stating that there is no need for full blown EIA. Nonetheless it specifies some of the “small scale” remedial actions that have to be done. b) When an EIA is required, other procedures are put in the guidelines.

7. Distribution of lCER or tCER (Certified Emission Reduction) credit

If your country already has ideas on distribution of CER between your country and Annex 1 countries after getting CER through the A/R CDM projects, could you describe the ideas?

The current emission reduction purchase Agreement is stipulating the transfer of t CER to the trust fund.

8. Restriction of afforestation projects

In addition, such restrictions will be applied to A/R CDM projects?

There are no restrictions of that nature in Uganda

370 3. State of baselines

Government of Uganda prepared research document which is "National Biomass Study” on 2002. Class of land cover and land use in Uganda is as follows;

Table 3.1 Stratification System

Class Land cover and Land use 1. Plantations and woodlots – deciduous trees/broadleaves (“hardwood”) 2. Plantations and woodlots – coniferous trees 3. Tropical High Forest (THF) – normally Stocked 4. Tropical High Forest (THF) – depleted/encroached 5. Woodland – trees and shrubs (average height >4 m) 6. Bushland – bush, thickets, scrub (average height <4 m) 7. Grassland – rangelands, pastureland, open Savannah; May include scattered trees shrubs, scrubs and thickets. 8. Wetlands – wetland vegetation; swamp areas, papyrus and other sedges 9. Subsistence farmland – mixed farmland, small holdings in use or recently used, with or without trees. 10. Uniform commercial farmland – mono-cropped, non-seasonal farmland usually without any trees for example tea and sugar estates 11. Build up area – Urban or rural built up areas 12. Open Water – River and Lakes 13. Impediments – Rocks and Barren land

Note: A stratification system in practice is not only for the assessment of biomass but is to a large extent a multipurpose classification system. The great majority of users are not specifically interested in biomass or wood fuel alone, but rather in a wide range of spatial and non-spatial data and information related to land use, land degradation, environment, urban and rural economic developments.

371 Plantations (Classes 1 and 2) – These are man-made tree plantations comprising of two main classes. Class 1 consists of broad-leaved trees mainly Eucalyptus spp., (Fig. 3.1), Maesopsis eminii, Acacia mearnsii (Black Wattle) and some Markhamia lutea. Class 2 includes the Conifers; Pine spp. and Cypress spp. (Fig. 3.2)

Figure 3.1 Eucalyptus Plantation in Namanve Forest Reserve

Figure 3.2 Coniferous Plantation: Katugo Forest Reserve

372

Figure 3.3 Tropical High Forest (normally stocked): Mabira Forest Reserve

Tropical High Forest (THF) (Classes 3 and 4) – These are natural forests rich in species biodiversity i.e. flora and fauna. THF were grouped into Class 3 (Fig. 3.3) i.e. normally stocked forest, for example Mabira Forest along Kampala-Jinja Highway, and, Class 4 (Fig. 3.4) i.e. depleted or encroached with reduced species richness and composition dominated by secondary growth of bush and shurubs, in particular Solanum gigantea.

Figure 3.4 Depleted or encroached Tropical High Forest: Mabira Forese Reserve

373 Woodlands (Class 5) – Wooded areas where trees and shrubs are predominant. There are wet and dry types. The wet type occurrs as a zone along wetlands (riverine forest) and the dry type is found on grass-covered upland areas. To qualify as woodland the average height of the trees must exceed 4 m.

Figure 3.5 Woodland (trees and shrubs): Nakasongola District

Bushlands (Class 6) – refers to vegetation dominated by bush, scrub and thicket growing together as an entity, but not exceeding an average height of 4 m (Fig. 3.6).

Figure 3.6 Bushland (bush, thickets and scrubs): Nakasongola District

374 It is common to find bushlands in abandoned farmland under late fallow, or forestland. The vegetation rapidly progresses to bush with many different pioneer species as the first phase of succession. In dry, grass-covered areas they appear to be permanent, for example normally taller growing species Acacia hockii in Mbarara and Commiphora africana in Moroto.

Common bushlands species include: Securinega virosa, Acanthus pubescens, Lantana camara, Rhus natalensis, Rhus vulgaris, Harisonia spp., Acacia gourmensii, Solanum spp., Ziziphus africana, Xymenia americana, Securidaca longipendiculata, Dovylis macrocalyx (Wild Kei apple), Maytenus senegalensis, Maesa lanceolata and Alchomea cordifolia.

Common grass often found within bushlands are : Cloris spp., Panicum spp, Imperata cylindricum (Spear grass) and Hyparrhenia ruffa.

Grasslands (Class 7) – Rangelands, grazing grounds, improved pastures and natural savannah grassland. Various trees – bush/woody vegetation frequently occur on this land, but grass dominates the landscape (Fig. 3.7).

Figure 3.7 Grassland/Rangelands: Bare hills of Mbarara District

Grasslands normally have some trees, but many areas cleared for pasture were devoid of trees and therefore had little woody biomass. Under the circumstances, a sub-qualifier ‘i’ was introduced in class 7 (grassland) to represent Improved Pasture’.

375 Wetlands (Class 8) – comprises of a) permanent wetland – usually with papyrus and reeds (Fig. 3.8) and b) seasonally flooded areas.

Figure 3.8 Papyrus wetland: Mpologoma River along Iganga-Tirinyi road

Wetlands are found along lakeshores and in valleys with impeded drainage. Various vegetation types may occur although grass tends to be the most frequent and dominant species. Common trees include Acacia siberiana and palms such as Phoenix reclinata.

Farmland Area (Class 9) – Scattered trees are frequently found in the vicinity of the homestaeads. Examples include fruit trees and various multipurpose trees integrated in the farming system (agroforestry), (Fig. 3.9). Farmland areas including small holder subsistence farm units covere 50-90% of the land cover of Uganda. The cropping systems include mono- and mixed cropping.

Figure 3.9 Subsistence farmland near Mwiri SSS in Jinja District

376 Large scale or Commercial farmlands (Class 10) – Sugar Estates, (Fig. 3.10), tea estates for instance in Western Uganda and Coffee Estates in Central Uganda.

Figure 3.10 Large-scale commercial farmland: Kakira sugar estates

Built up area (Class 11) – Urban areas, towns, village trading centres, quarries, homesteads, school compounds, roads, and recreational grounds.

However, urban areas were most common and considerable biomass was noted in various compounds (Fig. 3.11).

Figure 3.11 Built up area: Kampala City Centre

377 Open Water (Class 12) – Lakes, Rivers and Ponds (Fig. 3.12).

The distinction between open water and flooded wetland is sometimes difficult to draw especially in situations where for instance floating vegetation such as water hyacinth blurs their boundaries.

Figure 3.12 Open water body: View of L. Victoria from Mwiri SSS

Impediments (Class 13) – Bare rocks and soils without vegetation cover (Fig. 3.13).

Figure 3.13 Impediments: Bare rock near Bukedea Trading Centre

378 6. Information on afforestation

Tree plantations are divided into industrial coniferous forests and Eucalyptus charcoal production plantations. Afforestation in Uganda started with indigenous tree species, such as Markhamia platycalyz，Melicea excelsa and Entandrophragma spp. in 1908. Industrial coniferous forests have been created as a source of timber supply as an alternative to the invaluable natural forests and also for the purpose of supplying timber as a raw material in compliance with uniform standards. As for the tree species, about one third of these forests are composed of Cupressus lusitanica, while the remaining two thirds are composed of pine species, such as Pinus caribaea，P. oocarpa，P. patula and P. radiata.

With regard to disease and insect damage to coniferous trees, Cupressus lusitanica trees were seriously damaged by plant lice (aphid : Cinara cupressii ) (Aphididae) in 1989 and this damage subsequently spread throughout the country. In the worst case, Cupressus lusitanica trees were completely annihilated by a major outbreak of plant lice in Mafuga.

Eucalyptus charcoal forests have been created as peri-urban forest reserves in the vicinities of major cities across the country since before its independence in order to supply building materials and charcoal to urban residents. The total area of these reserves is 10,900 ha, where Eucalyptus trees that can grow very well in Uganda were mainly chosen for afforestation. Besides these, there are also charcoal forests occupying an area of 7,700 ha that are privately owned in order to dry tobacco leaves and refine black tea leaves. However, these plantations are in an extremely bad condition and their resources and output are never comparable to the reserves.

379 8. Information on A/R CDM projects

Observation site Buganba Central Forest Reserve(CFR Area 1,210 ha) GPS Data History of AR In this CFR, afforestation started in the 1950s and reached almost the Projects present level of 500 ha at the end of 1960. Most of the planting records were destroyed during Idi Amin’s administration (some of them were allegedly sold by the person in charge). At this moment, there is no way of knowing the history so past afforestation must be presumed. Technical Caribbean Pine trees were mainly planted and some of them have already Information, incl. been cut in some plantations, which have been subsequently reforested. Silvicultural Although the standard cutting age is 18 to 22 years, an age of 30 years or Methodology more is adopted in some plantations (as mentioned above, accurate records are not available). Potential for A/R The potential for A/R CDM projects is very low in this area since trees CDM began to be planted in the 1950s and land other than the planted areas is occupied by natural forest reserves along the river. The National Forest Authority (NFA) of the Ugandan Government also understands this situation and has no intention of planning A/R CDM projects in this area. Others

Observation site Rwoho Central National Reserve(CFR Area 9,100 ha) GPS Data North Entrance S 00° 48’ 46.8” E 030°33’ 24.0” Nursery S 00° 53’ 37.8” E 030°35’ 43.7”

History of A/R The Ugandan Government recognizes that timber resources should be CDM Projects sustainably expanded in order to meet the increasing demand for timber products and mitigate the pressure to develop the remaining natural forests. According to the FAO, the forests in Uganda are decreasing at a rate of 2.7% a year and Uganda is still one of the countries faced with the highest rate of decrease in the world. At the present time, man-made forests have been established covering no more than several thousand ha. Just to meet the domestic demand for timber, they need to promote at least 65,000 ha of afforestation with a high yield. For this purpose, the only feasible means is to create forests using public incentives. This has been proven by the Sawlog Production Grant Scheme (SPGS) funded by the EU, which has achieved 2,500 ha of afforestation in the past two years.

In this situation, the validation review is now under way in order to carry out a small-scale A/R CDM project for part of Rwoho CNR (See Fig. 1). Four similar plots have already been added to the existing ones in the CNR (the requirement for de-bundling is met since all of them are 1 km or more distant from one another). It is planned to pursue A/R CDM in these four other plots immediately after this small-scale A/R CDM is approved and registered (See Fig. 2).

The suitability of the land has been verified by image analysis using

380 SPOT satellite data from 1992, which is the closest year to the base year (See Fig. 3).

The A/R CDM projects in Uganda aim to develop a new fundraising mechanism for overcoming internal barriers to afforestation for timber production and return the profits from the CDM projects to the community. The total area of the A/R CDM project under the validation review is 341.9 ha in Rwoho CFR (the point Figure 8.1 Location of Ugandan CNRs CO2-3 in Fig. 8.2) , of which and Rwoho CNR afforestation by the NFA (National Forest Authority) accounts for 93% or 318.2 ha, while afforestation by the community accounts for 7% or 22.7 ha. Based on a conservative estimate, the project is expected to absorb 29,572 tons of CO2 by 2012. As for the harvest, a rotation of 22 years will be adopted.

In the project, different investors are permitted to share the implementation of afforestation at the initiative of the private sector and the community. The costs of monitoring, the validation review and credit certification will be shared among the participants in the project. Based on the successful implementation of the first pilot project, it is planned to extend similar projects to a considerable number of public forest reserves (FR). For this reason, a project design that can be easily imitated has been developed and the concept gives the option Figure 8.2 Coverage of the Small-scale A/R of a program approach. CDM Project In the project, the NFA

381 will become a major investor responsible for 93% of the total area. The NFA will take priority in the implementation of this first project on the grounds that the NFA is now the only agency in Uganda that will be able to extend credit to overseas investors for this new investment concept and provide a guarantee of compensation for an equivalent reduction in emissions in case of the failure of the project activities. A co-investor is Rwoho Environmental Conservation and Protection Association (RECPA), a community group which has 250 Figure 8.3 The State of Land Suitability members interested in Based on SPOT Data afforestation. Many of these members have experience in planting activities. This community group will manage the remaining area (7%). In similar projects that may be carried on continuously, the share held by the community and by private companies as investors is expected to gradually increase depending on experience and learning from the first project.

The community group will receive a sum of money equivalent to the absorbed CO2 in tonnage at the price specified in the agreement concerning the purchase of reduced emissions between the NFA and the buyers. The details of the rights and responsibilities will be specified in the community forest management agreement and the agroforestry license.

The NFA will provide the community group with seedlings and technical support. In return for this, the community group will take responsibility for protecting the plantations from fire and conserving the existing natural forests.

The NFA will have all rights to emissions reduction achieved by the community group. The community group will receive an amount equivalent to the volume of absorbed CO2 from the NFA, which in turn will take general responsibility for the delivery of the reduced emissions and the implementation of the project. Outline of the The project covers part of Rwoho CNR (See Fig. 8.1), a forest protection

382 Project Site area announced in the gazette. The CNR has a total area of 9,100 ha, half of which (50%) is ready for afforestation. The external boundary extends for 50 km, of which about 9 km is bounded by a river and the remaining 41 km is marked with artificial objects, such as signposts buried in trenches and at every corner. The Rwoho CNR is located along the ridge of flat highlands running from north to south.

This target area is lined by a ridge declining westward to the Kabobo Valley and also several parallel ridges running eastward and characterized by a downward ridge along the Mishumba Valley. The altitude ranges from 1,360 m to 1,800 m and 56% (51 ㎞ 2) of the target area has a slope of 15% or more. The average annual rainfall is about 1,000 mm and there are two rainy seasons every year (from March to May and from September to December). The average temperature is relatively low at 17.5℃, but frost has not been recorded for the past two decades. This area is not exposed to even flooding except for a small part at the bottom of the valley (where trees will not be planted). The main waterway is the Kagera River flowing into Lake Victoria. The soil of the target area is mostly loam.

The grassland that comprises the present vegetation may be said to be a climax vegetation resulting from fires caused by human activity in this area. The grassland is dominated by Themeda-Chlosis as savanna grass. The riverine vegetation is composed of herbal plants such as Papyrus and semideciduous trees such as Albizia/Markhamia, which will be protected within the framework of the project activities.

Rwoho CNR is classified as a secondary protected forest in the national master plan for forests and natural conservation, where there are no species likely to become extinct. It takes 41st place among the 65 forest areas surveyed in Uganda in terms of importance for biodiversity. A unique tree species in Uganda is Terminalia laxiflora and the tree species typical of this region is Grewia pubescens. Besides these, there are also several species that grow only in no more than five forest areas in Uganda even if the whole of East Africa not limited to Uganda is considered. In addition, two mammal species and one species of butterfly indigenous to this area have been confirmed. Moreover, five tree species, one mammal species and eight species of butterfly have been also found to inhabit this area to which their range is restricted. Outline of the AR On the severely degraded grasslands within the target area, plantations Project with an area of 341.9 ha will be established on a block basis using pine and indigenous tree species for timber production. As for the tree species to be planted, Pinus caribaea which has produced a good result in past afforestation will account for 75%, while Maesopsis eminii will account for 20% and Prunus africana for 5%. The cutting age for Pinus caribaea and Maesopsis eminii will be 22 years or a certain period of time until they reach a target size of, say, 45 cm in diameter.

Planting of Prunus africana will become an afforestation project that will

383 contribute to forest management for medicinal bark production with a rotation of 10 years. Plantations will comprise a total of 14 blocks with an area of 25 ha each. Every block will be surrounded by firebreaks.

Generally speaking, Uganda and East Africa as a whole still have little experience in planting native tree species. They have not yet found any useful native species other than Maesopsis eminii and Prunus africana that can grow well under the locational conditions of the Rwoho region. In the absence of accurate information on growth and tree species, increasing the proportion of other native species is likely to enhance the risks to the project. However, the experience in planting native species accumulated in this project is expected to reduce technical barriers to other projects in the future.

Observation site Namwasa Central Forest Reserve(CFR Area 9,000 ha) GPS Data Nursery S 00° 36’ 02.4” E 031° 39’ 18.4” History & Outline A company called The New Forests Company has leased part (6,300 ha) of the AR Project of this Namwasa CFR from the government and launched an afforestation project for the purpose of timber production in 2006. Namwasa CFR is located in the Mubende District about 130 km west-northwest of Kampala, the capital of the country (See Fig. 8.4). The land rent varies from place to place. If the whole of this country is divided into three parts, the area with the highest rent (the vicinity of Kampala) 23,000 Uganda Shillings/ ha/year (US$1 = about 1,700 Shillings as of September, 2007), followed by 9,900 Shillings/ha/year and 6,000 Shillings/ha/year at the lowest. The Namwasa Figure 8.4 Location of Namwasa CFR area comes under the second highest area. The term of the land lease is fifty years and is renewable.

384 Figure 8.5 Illustration of the Afforestation Project It is planned to divide the target area into five blocks and phase in the afforestation project in five years up to 2010.(See Fig. 8.5).

As for the workforce, it is essential to employ workers within this area in order to bring economic benefits to the area. Usually, about 70% of the employment is secured from the neighboring communities. However, external employment will increase during the busy season for farmers. Technical The main tree species for afforestation are Pinus caribaea and Information, incl. Eucalyptus grandis. Both of these species were planted at intervals of Silvicultural 2 m x 3 m in 2006 and the planting intervals in and after 2007 and the Methodology survival rates in 2006 are as follows:

Tree Species Planting Interval Survival Rate Pinus caribaea 2.7 m x 2.7 m 80% or more Eucalyptus grandis 2.45 m x 2.45 m 60 - 80%

A survival rate of 80% or more is standard for supplementary planting. The planted trees have grown well and have reached 6 to 7 m in average height and 4 to 6 cm in average DBH in the plantations of Eucalyptus grandis planted in April 2006. The pre-planting vegetation is bushes, which makes land preparation troublesome. Post-planting weeding uses herbicides.

The nursery has an adequate production capacity of 2,000,000 seedlings per season (two seasons a year). It distributes 100,000 to 200,000 seedlings per season to the local community free of charge for the benefit of the latter. Potential for A/R At the present time, a joint project for A/R CDM with the NFA is under CDM consideration. One of the key points is that the present amount of biomass is high compared with grasslands and the baseline will

385 necessarily rise since the present vegetation as a baseline is mostly composed of bushes 2 to 4 m high owing to the high land productivity. Conversely, however, it means that the problem can be resolved because the planted trees will also show a considerable increment in the project scenario, for which more credit can be gained. Others

Observation site Kikonda Central Forest Reserve (CFR Area 12,186 ha) GPS Data Location of Office N 01° 12’ 26.5” E 031° 33’ 30.7” History & Outline While Global Wood AG(AG is a German acronym meaning a joint-stock of AR Project company)with German capital makes the investment, Sustainable Use of Biomass Ltd. assumes the business management. Like The New Forests Company in Namwasa CFR, this company leases land from the government and has implemented an afforestation project for the purpose of timber production since 2002. Kiokoda CFR is located in Kiboga District about 150 km northwest from Kampala, the capital of the country (See Fig. 8.6).

Although 7,600 ha of the total area (12,186 ha) of CFR is regarded as being available for afforestation, the planned project will substantially target an area of 7,338 ha. The balance of the total area (12,186 ha) less 7,600 ha is a conserved area. The afforestation project started in 2002 and no more than 788 ha of afforestation was achieved by 2006 since the project was carried out tentatively. In the future, 560 ha of afforestation is planned for every year Figure 8.6 Location of Kikonda CFR until 2019. Technical Although the main tree species for afforestation is Pinus caribaea, Information, incl. Maesopsis eminii is also tentatively being planted. Silvicultural Methodology Pinus caribaea is planted at intervals of 2 m x 3 m. With regard to thinning and final cutting, the first thinning is intended to cut out inferior trees in addition to thinning one out of ten lines 3 to 5 years after planting The thinning rate is 30% in total. The second thinning will be done 9 to 12 years after planting and finally leave about 400 trees. The final cutting will be done 18 to 20 years after planting. An annual increment of 2 to 2.5 cm in DBH is expected. Pruning will also be carried out in order to produce high-quality timber. Trees planted in 2003 have grown to 6 to 8 m in height and 8 to 12 cm in DBH. Those planted in 2004

386 have grown to 5 to 7 m in height and 5 to 7 cm in DBH. With regard to the methods of planting and tending Maesopsis emini, the trees are planted at intervals of 3 m x 4 m first and then tended as dominant trees at a rate of 250 trees per ha when they reach the cutting age of 20 to 25 years. The other trees are to be thinned every five years. In the pilot plantation created in 2002, the height and DBH of the planted trees were 6 to 8 m and 6 to 10 cm, respectively. Their growth is allegedly worse than expected due to the wrong method of weeding used and delayed thinning. Problems in carrying out afforestation are wind and insect (termites and borers) damage to the planted trees and termites, among others, cause the most serious damage. Since the pre-planting vegetation is bushes, herbicides will be sprayed after the removal of the bushes for land preparation. The labor productivity and afforestation costs are currently as follows: Planting productivity: About 400 seedlings/person/day. Wages are calculated per piece.

Seedling Price: 27 Uganda Shillings/piece Afforestation Costs: About US$2,000/ha including direct and indirect expenses. Potential for A/R They worked out a unique methodology and submitted it to EB, which, CDM however, evaluated it as Grade C. They then gave up initiating an A/R CDM project using their unique methodology. Instead, they are now preparing a PDD using the approved methodology AR-AM0003, “Afforestation and reforestation of degraded land through tree planting, assisted natural regeneration and the control of animal grazing.” They aim to pass the validation review during this year.

According to this PDD, the baseline scenario assumes that the bushes will change to grasslands as a result of excessive grazing and charcoal production. They intend to explain additionality by means of an investment barrier analysis, including an investment analysis comparing the interest rate on bank deposits (14% a year) in Uganda with the project’s IRR (estimated at about 10%) and a barrier analysis of legal, social and environmental/technical risks. Others

387 10. Other links to related information y Address of the DNA (designated national authority): Ministry of Lands, Water and Environment National Climate Change Steering Committee (NCCSC), P. O. Box 7025, Kampala, Uganda

Philip M. Gwage ( [email protected], [email protected] ) Secretary Phone: (256-41) 251 798 Fax: (256-41) 251 797 y Website of the DNA (designated national authority): y Website of the National Forestry Authority: http://www.nfa.org.ug/ y Website of the Uganda’s Commercial Tree Planting Fund: http://www.sawlog.ug/ y Website of the Unique Forestry Consultants: http://www.unique-forst.de/englisch/index2.htm y Explanation for Bio Carbon Fund project “Nile Basin Reforestation” http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=BioCF&FID=9708&ItemID=9708&ft=Projects &ProjID=9644 y Website of the FAO FRA2010 http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/pdf/fra/2010/Africa/Uganda-2010-218.doc y Website of the FAO Forestry databases http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/databases/en/

References:

388 KENYA

2. Basic Information (KENYA)

1. Suitable site

The mission would like to know idea about the sites where your country considers implementing an A/R CDM project. If possible, could you explain concrete name (administrative name) of the areas?

The Kenya forest Service intends to promote A/R CDM activities within lands that are privately owned, communally owned and those that are under the management of local authorities. These areas mostly lie in the marginal areas but they receive enough rainfall to support tree growth. The soils, temperature and altitude favour tree farming which when done professionally is likely to realize very promising carbon stocks within reasonable time.

2. Forest definition

Kenya has already chosen its definition of a forest. A forest has a minimum area of 0.1 ha, 30% forest cover and a tree height of 2 metres. This was found appropriate to allow as wide participation as possible.

3. Sustainable development

In determining attainment of sustainable development objectives, it is very important to articulate the end use specification for the trees planted other than the carbon benefits, mode of production including employment creation. Overall, a CDM project could contribute to sustainable development by providing: y Providing increased man-made capital such as infrastructure building and improved economic efficiency y Improving environmental capital such as air, water and soil quality, biodiversity conservation etc. y Improving social and human standards of living through job creation or transfer of knowledge

389 4. Feasibility Study

The mission supposes that Japanese bodies have to carry out feasibility study to identify real project sites when they really have intention to implement A/R CDM project. What are important points that they should be take care and bear in mind when they carry our the study? For example, some site is suitable for A/R CDM project from point of view of natural condition, but the site may not be suitable from point of view of land ownership or usufruct, so the one of important point is to check land ownership and/or usufruct. y Land tenure y Tree tenure rights y Current land use y Any restrictions on land use change y Environmental issues that could impact on tree growing y Methods of land preparation around the area. In some areas fire is commonly used and which can occasionally cause damage. y Willingness of communities and individuals to engage in long term commitments y Past damage to tree crops especially through arson or to open up canopy to allow grass growth for livestock

5. Small scale A/R CDM

These are private or community based A/R projects that target income generating activities or alternatively programmes that provide opportunities for poor communities to access benefits from such activities. Such pro-poor activities could for example include honey production, grazing materials, access to non-wood forest products etc. It is possible for an A/R project to provide these benefits even when targeting long term wood production.

6. Environmental and Socio-economical impact assessment

If environmental and/or socio-economical impact is considered significant by the host countries or the project participants, the assessment on environmental and/or socio-economical impact is required according to the framework of A/R CDM stipulated in COP 9.

Regarding the impacts, what is important and/or judgment points that your country consider as a project which has significant impacts on environmental and/or socio-economical conditions?

In addition, does your country has procedure and/or standards for the assessment? If yes, please describe the procedure and/or standards.

No ideas.

390 7. Distribution of lCER or tCER (Certified Emission Reduction) credit

If your country already has ideas on distribution of CER between your country and Annex 1 countries after getting CER through the A/R CDM projects, could you describe the ideas?

No ideas.

8. Restriction of afforestation projects

If there are any restrictions of afforestation project invested by foreign countries, for example plantations of 10 % of indigenous trees are duty in Brazil, could you explain the restrictions?

Kenya does not have such restrictions. In any case the project proponents are local .tree species selection will primarily be determined by the primary goal of management. Some species may however not be suitable for certain areas but there are environment committees that can advice on suitablility.

In addition, such restrictions will be applied to A/R CDM projects?

No ideas.

391 3. State of Baselines

Forest vegetation in Kenya, which largely depends on the climate, among other natural conditions including topography, geology and soil, is generally classified into four major types similar to a climatic classification as follows:

(1) Semi-deciduous tropical rainforests (2) Savanna forests (3) Semi-deciduous tropical mountainous rainforests (4) Semi arid area

The distribution and characteristics of these types of vegetation are described as follows:

(1) Semi-deciduous tropical rainforests: These forests are adapted to high-temperature areas ranging from tropical wet to quasi wet zones in the climatic classification and are distributed like a belt along the Indian Ocean, although they do not occupy a large area. This forest type comprises more deciduous broad-leaved trees than tropical rainforests dominated by evergreen trees. There are only a small number of tree species and the grown trees are not high and grow with few climbing plants. The main species composition includes Palmae, Lauraceae, Myristicaceae, Bombacaceae, Moraceae, Leguminosae, Guttiferae, Rutaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Combretaceae, Sapotaceae, Oleaceae and Myrtaceae.

The mangrove forests distributed along the coast belong to this vegetation zone.

(2) Savanna forests: These are distributed over an extensive area (about 60% of the territory) ranging from tropical semiarid to arid zones according to the climatic classification. Savanna forests are dominated by leguminous species, in which thorny species of the Acacia genus occur in large numbers.

(3) Semi-deciduous tropical mountainous rainforests: These forests have developed in the tropical wet highland zone according to the climatic classification and are distributed in the highland areas at an altitude of 1,500 m or above, including Mt. Kenya (5,200 m) and its adjoining areas, such as the mountainous region of Highland Kimai, Para and the Uzanbara highlands in Kenya.

The dominant species include Lauraceae, Leguminosae and Moraceae spp. which are mixed with Apocynaceae, Podocarpaceae, Palmae, Meliaceae, Proteaceae and Compositae.

(4) Semi-arid area: This type of vegetation has developed in the desert zone with an annual mean rainfall of less than 300 mm. These deserts are distributed in the area ranging from the east bank of Turkana Lake to the southeast and the interior of Kenya.

6. Information on Afforestation

(1) Afforestation in the Kenya Highlands

Afforestation in Kenya mainly uses P. patula and C. lusitanica. In most cases, afforestation

392 has been carried out in highland areas with high precipitation. As already stated, however, this region is also suitable for agriculture. For this reason, some parts have been converted into farmland and accordingly the planted area is decreasing slightly.

(2) Planting Test under the JICA Social Forestry Project

With regard to afforestation in semiarid areas, demonstration tests have been conducted in order to develop tree species adaptable to a temperature of around 20oC and an annual rainfall of 400 mm to 500 mm with certain silvicultural techniques under a Technical Cooperation Project (Kenya Social Forestry Training: SFTP and Kenya Semiarid Area Social Forestry Model Development Program) between JICA and the Kenya Forestry Research Institute.

(i) The species recommended by the Project, the seedlings of which are grown and planted by groups of male and female farmers, are:

1. Senna siamea(Cassia siamea) 2. Cassia spectabilis 3. Dovyalis caffra 4. Azadirachta lndica 5. Tamarindus lndica 6. Terminaria mantaly 7. Jacaranda mimosifolia 8. Delonix regia 9. Ficus benjamina

(ii) Species (fruit trees) liked by groups of male and female farmers and supported by the Project

10. Carica papaya 11. Mangifera indica(Mango) 12. Citrus spp 13. Psidium guajava

393 8. Information on A/R CDM Projects

Observation site Plantations and Planned Sites of Mwigiki Farm Co. Ltd GPS Data Office N 00° 03’ 04.3” E 037° 10’ 22.3” History & Outline In the vicinity of Nyanyuki Town at the northern foot of Mt. Kenya, a of the AR Project company called Mwigiki Farm Co. Ltd has launched an afforestation project for the main purpose of fuel supply to tea factories (See the map). Mwigiki Farm Co. Ltd owns land with a total area of 1,412 acres in this area and has planted Eucalyptus trees in a total area of 512 acres for four years since 2004. However, this land is unsuitable for tea cultivation. Mwigiki Farm Co. Ltd is a company established through capital investment by five tea factories in the neighborhood. These factories are companies, the stocks of which are shared by 20,000 farmers residing and cultivating tea in the neighborhood. In this afforestation project, Mwigiki Farm Co. Ltd has invited the tea farms to become shareholders of these tea factories and to take part in the scheme. Some of them are interested (currently 600 farms) and have cleared almost all the bushy land assigned to them. As for methodology, they cultivate wheat first and then plant trees after harvesting the wheat. Whereas Mwigiki Farm Co. Ltd has the right to the planted trees, the farms have the right to the harvested wheat and receive wages for their assignments in the project. The farms are in a position similar to tenants under the afforestation project but are also regarded as having both the status of capitalists and workers because they are shareholders in the tea factories. Technical The main planted tree species include Eucalyptus grandis and Information, Eucalyptus camaldulensis. At the site afforested in 2006, the tree including height has reached 3 to 5 m and the DBH has reached 4 or 5cm. Silvicultural This land is located at an altitude of about 2,100 m and reportedly has an Methodology annual rainfall of 1,200 mm to 1,500 mm. This is an area typical of highlands with high precipitation in Kenya and can be expected to provide good conditions for the growth of the planted trees. Potential for A/R It is planned to use the timber harvested from plantations as a bioenergy CDM alternative to the diesel fuel that is currently used at the tea factories. In

394 this respect, the project will be accompanied by the possibility of emissions CDM. It is understood that a CDM project combining sources of emissions and absorption is currently unacceptable. Accordingly, the project will aim at actual compatibility by preparing PDDs separately on the assumption that Eucalyptus tree planting is A/R CDM, while the use of bioenergy is emissions CDM. Since the growth of the planted trees is not bad, the project is expected to gain adequate credit if it proves by means of investment analysis that the aspect of A/R CDM will not be business as usual. Others

Observation site A leading farm (Mr. Moses Ngari)in the Mbeere District, Gachoka Division, Mbeti Location GPS Data Farm S 00° 38’ 12.7” E 037° 31’ 30.2” History & Outline Mr. Moses Ngari is running a farm located in the Mbeere District, of the AR Project Gachoka Division, Mbeti Location east-southeast of Embu Town at the southern foot of Mt. Kenya has afforested about 17 acres of a total area of 20 acres (See the map showing the plantations and planned sites of Mwigiki Farm Co. Ltd). Technical The tree species used for afforestation include Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Information, hybrids of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus grandis, and including Grevillea robusta. In the plantation of Grevillea robusta planted five Silvicultural years ago, the planted trees have grown well to 10 m in height and 12 to Methodology 20 cm in DBH. It is intended to cultivate maize and beans among tree lines as a form of agroforestry.

While the seedlings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Grevillea robusta are produced by themselves, the cuttings of hybrids are procured from JICA’s ISFP (Intensified Social Forestry Project in Semi-Arid Areas in Kenya).

This land is located at an altitude of about 1,200 m and reportedly has an annual rainfall of 600 mm to 700 mm. It is a semiarid area but is good for planted trees, which grow relatively well probably owing to the high level of groundwater. Eucalyptus trees were not found to have withered and died due to dryness. One of the silvicultural problems is the damage expected from termites. Although pesticides are currently used to eliminate them, this method is not sustainable since the use of many chemicals raises financial difficulties and environmental problems. Potential for A/R A small-scale A/R CDM project using agroforestry is considered to be a CDM candidate. However, KFS(Kenya Forestry Service)is currently preparing a PIN(Project Idea Note)in order to pursue the use of the World Bank’s bio-carbon fund. According to this PIN, it is planned to acquire land with a total area of 3,000 ha to carry out an A/R CDM project to plant Melia volkensii in the districts of Tharaka, Mbeere and Kitui, all of which are targeted by ISFP. (In the PIN, it is not a small-scale but an ordinary-scale A/R CDM project.).

395 With regard to barriers to the proof of additionality, it is assumed that producing seedlings of Melia volkensii that has difficulty in germination is the greatest technical barrier. In addition, it is also to be kept in mind that other barriers will arise with regard to the security of the water environment and intensive labor requirements for the successful establishment of plantations in arid areas and the provision of incentives for investment in commercial forestry. The baseline scenario assumes that the current agroforestry activities will continue. This agroforestry embraces multipurpose sporadic tree cultivation on farmland for maintaining livelihoods, including charcoal, feedstuff, timber and fruit crops in addition to a mixture of livestock raising and agriculture. Others

10. Other links to related information y Address of the DNA (designated national authority): National Environment Management Authority P. O. Box 67839, Kapiti Road off Mombasa Road, South C, NAIROBI

Mr. Avignon Mwinzi ( [email protected], [email protected] ) Director General Phone: (254-20) 609 694/605 522 y Website of the DNA (designated national authority): http://www.nema.go.ke y Website of the Kenya Forest Service: http://www.kfs.go.ke/ y Explanation for Bio Carbon Fund project “Green Belt Movement” http://carbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=BioCF&FID=9708&ItemID=9708&ft=Projects &ProjID=9635 y Website of the FAO FRA2010 http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/pdf/fra/2010/Africa/Kenya-2010-107.doc y Website of the FAO Forestry databases http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/databases/en/

References:

396 References

General

1. （財）国際緑化推進センター：吸収源 CDM 事業説明会「COP9 報告会」資料、2004 年 2. 永目伊知郎：吸収源 CDM の運用ルールについて（COP９決定報告）、『フォレストコンサル』 No97、2004 3. 小林紀之：COP９の森林吸収源決定事項とわが国の課題（産・学・官情報）、『APAST』Vo l . 1 4 No.3、2004 4. 小林紀之：新訂地球温暖化と森林ビジネス（「地球益」をめざして）、日本林業調査会、2004 年 5. 松尾直樹：CDM 方法論と理事会のスタンスに関する評価分析（プロジェクト参加者としての対応）、2003 年 6. 日本製紙連合会／（社）海外産業植林センター：「JI、CDM 植林クレジット技術指針調査」平成 14 年度報告書、2003 年 7. 日本製紙連合会／（社）海外産業植林センター：「JI、CDM 植林クレジット技術指針調査」平成 15 年度報告書、2004 年 8. （独）森林総合研究所：森林吸収源計測･活用体制整備強化事業調査報告書、（3）CDM 植林基礎データの整備 9. （財）国際緑化推進センター：「CDM 植林促進技術開発事業」平成 14 年度報告書、2003 年 10. （財）国際緑化推進センター：「CDM 植林促進技術開発事業」平成 13 年度報告書、2002 年 11. （社）海外産業植林センター：「CDM 植林技術指針調査事業」平成 15 年度報告書、2004 年 12. （財）国際緑化推進センター／（社）海外産業植林センター：「CDM 植林技術指針調査事業」平成 17 年度報告書、2006 年 13. （財）国際緑化推進センター／（社）海外産業植林センター：「CDM 植林技術指針調査事業」平成 18 年度報告書、2007 年 14. 林野庁ホームページ、CDM ヘルプデスク、http://www.rinya.maff.go.jp/seisaku/cdm/top.htm 15. 気候変動枠組条約事務局ホームページ http://unfccc.int/ 16. CDM 植林の課題と展望、（財）地球環境戦略研究機関ホームページ、 http://www.iges.or.jp/jp/fc/index.html 17. IPCC［気候変動に関する政府間パネル］環境庁地球環境部：IPCC 地球温暖化第二次レポート、中央法規､1996 年 18. 森林・林業・林産業と地球温暖化防止に関する検討会：森林・木質資源を活用した循環型システムの構築を目指して, 森林・林業・林産業と地球温暖化防止に関する検討報告書 19. Joe Wisniewski, Ariel E. Lugo, Natural Sink of CO2. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1992. 20. FAO, Land Cover Classification System, LCCS, Classification Concepts and User Manual. 2000 21. FAO, Forests and Climate Change, Reader on Modalities for Including Afforestation and Reforestation Project Activities Under the Clean Development Mechanism. 2003. 22. FAO, Carbon Sequestration Options Under the Clean Development Mechanism to Address Land Degradation. 2000. 23. FAO, Land Resource Potential and Constraints at Regional and Country Levels. 2000. 24. FAO, Prevention of Land Degradation, Enhancement of Carbon Sequestration and Conservation of Biodiversity through Land Use Change and Sustainable Land Management with a Focus on Latin America and the Caribbean. 1999. 25. FAO, Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands, LADA. 2002. 26. FAO / IFA (International Fertilizer Industry Association), Global Estimates of Gaseous Emissions of NH3, NO and N2O from Agricultural Land. 2001. 27. FAO, GTOS, Global Terrestrial System, Biennial Report 2000-2001. 28. Artimino, Florence, Global Land Cover Network. FAO, 2002. 29. FAO, Climate Change Affects Agriculture and is a Risk to Food Security, FAO Works on Sustainable Practices in Agriculture and Forestry to Mitigate Climate Change. 30. FAO, Gateway to Land and Water Information. 2001. 31. FAO, GTOS, TEMS, The Yellow Pages of Terrestrial Monitoring Sites. 2000.

397 32. FAO, GTOS, GOFC-GOLD, Global Observation of Forest and Land Cover Dynamics. 2000. 33. FAO, Carbon Sequestration through Land Use Change and Appropriate Land Management. 2000. 34. FAO, GTOS, TCO, International Data and Information Products on Terrestrial Carbon. 2000. 35. Forest Carbon Monitoring Program, Field Tests of Carbon Monitoring Methods in Forestry Projects. Winrock International, 1999.

INDONESIA 1. Ministry of Environment, Republic of Indonesia: Technical Report, National Strategy Study on CDM in Forestry Sector, 2003 2. Perum Perhutani, Indonesia: Guideline of Wood Forest Product Share-out, 2002 3. Perum Perhutani, Indonesia: Community Based Forest Resource Management, 2001 4. Center for International Forest Research (CIFOR): A Shared Research Agenda for Landuse, Landuse Change, Forestry and the Clean Development Mechanism, 2001 5. The World phosphate Institute (IMPHOS), Morocco/Center for Soil and Agroclimate Research and Development (CSARD), Indonesia: Report of the Detailed Soil Survey of Sukaramah, Batumulia and Bumiasih Villages, Tanahlaut Regency, South Kalimantan Province, 2001 6. Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Bogor Agricultural University: Final Report on Improving Estimates of Annual Biomass Increment and Forest Aboveground Biomass in Southeast Asia using GIS Approach and Site- or Species- Specific Allometric Regressions, Indonesia, 2001 7. D. Murdiyarso and H. Tsuruta (Edited by): The Impacts of Land-use/cover Change on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tropical Asia, Global Change Impacts Centre for Southeast Asia (IC-SEA) and National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences (NIAES), 2000 8. Arne dalfelt, Lars Otto Naess, RTM. Sutamihardha, Ngaloken Gingings: Feasibility Study on: Reforestation of Degraded Grasslands in Indonesia as a Climate Change Mitigation Option, Center for International Climate and Environmental Research (CICERO), Oslo, Norway/Ministry of State for Environment, Indonesia, 1996 9. 住友林業(株)：「インドネシア共和国カリマンタン州及び東ジャワ州における植林事業調査」報告書、2003 年 10. Forestry Research & Development Agency (FORDA) and JICA, Manual for the preparation and implementation of AR¥CDM project activities in Indonesia. 2005 11. Forestry Research & Development Agency (FORDA) and JICA, Case studies: Cost and benefit estimation of A/R CDM project: 4 simulation models in Indonesia.2005 12. Forestry Research & Development Agency (FORDA) and JICA, Abstract proceedings of the 2nd workshop on demonstration study on carbon fixing forest management in Indonesia.. How to increase the welfare of local people through the sustainable forest management.2005 13. Forestry Research & Development Agency (FORDA) and JICA, Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on demonstration study on carbon fixing forest management in Indonesia.. How to increase the welfare of local people through the sustainable forest management.2005 14. Forestry Research & Development Agency (FORDA) and JICA, Joint coordinating committee IV, carbon fixing forest management project. Progress report and annual work plan.2005 15. Forestry Research & Development Agency (FORDA) and JICA, Terminal report on carbon fixing forest management project in Indonesia. 2005 16. Departemen Kehutanan, Pedoman penyusunan dokumen amdal bidang Kehutanan. 2002. 17. D. Murdiyarso and H. Tsuruta, Carbon Forestry: Who will benefit?, Proceeding of workshop on carbon sequestration and sustainable livelihoods.

VIET NAM 1. （株）日商岩井総合研究所：「ベトナムにおける排出権獲得の為の民間資金を活用した環境植林 CDM 事業化調査」報告書、2003 年

その他アジア 1. Cyril Pinso, Pedro Moura-Costa, Greenhouse Gas Offset Funding for Enrichment Planting -A Case Study from Sabah, Malaysia. Innoprise Corporation, 1993 2. Louis Lebel, Will Steffen, Global Environmental Change and Sustainable Development in Southeast

398 Asia, Science Plan for a SARCS Integrated Study. Southeast Asian Regional Committee for START. 3. Zhou Guangzhao et. al. Life Sciences, Land Use/Cover Change and The Terrestrial Carbon Cycle in the Asia-Pacific Region. Science in China Press, 2001. 4. Royal Forest Depertment (RFD) and JIFPRO, Effective utilization of forest biomass for regional people in Thailand.2002.

TUNISIA 1. Direction Generale des Forets, Ministere de l’Agriculture, Republique Tunisienne : Resultats du premier inventaire pastoral national en Tunisie, 1995 2. Ministry of Environment and land planning, Initial communication of Tunisia under the United Nations framework convention on climate change. 2001. 3. Ministry of Agriculture, environment and water resources, Greenhouse gas emissions in Tunisia. 2002. 4. Ministry of Agriculture, environment and water resources, National report the state of the environment 2002. 5. Ministry of Agriculture, environment and water resources, National report the state of the environment 2003.

Other AFRICAN area 1. FAO, Africover, Eastern Africa. 2. Alain Karsenty, Cecile Blanco, et al. Forest and Climate Change, Instruments related to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Their Potential for Sustainable Forest Management in Africa. CIRAD, FAO, 2003. 3. Ministere de l'Amenagement du Territoire, de l'Urbanisme, de l'Habitat et de l'Environnement, Kingdom of Morocco, Executive Summary, First National Communication, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2001. 4. GEF / PNUD, Renforcement des Capacites dans le Maghreb pour falre face aux changements climatlques, Climat et Sante Humaine au Maghreb. 2002.

COSTA RICA 1. Bruno Locatelli and Lucio Pedroni, Will simplified modalities and procedures makes more small-scale forestry projects viable under the Clean Development Mechanism?, CATIE 2. Almacenamiento del carbono en bosque con manejo forestal sostenible en la reserva de biosfera maya Peten Guatemala, CATIE 3. Damaris Amable Suarez Pascua, Cuantificacion y valoracion economica del servicio ambiental almacenamiento de carbono en sistemas agroforestales de cafe en la comarca Yassica Matagalpa Nicaragua, CATIE 4. Chelsia Moraes Ferreira, Almacenamiento de carbono en bosque secundarios en el municipio de San Carlos Nicaragua, CATIE 5. Sumy Rafael Aguilar Mendoza, Estimacion de biomasa aerea y carbono almacenado en el area de aprovechamiento anual 2001 Uaxactun Flores Peten, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala 6. Milena Segura, Markku Kanninen, Marielis Alfaro, Jose Joaquin Campos, Almacenamiento y fijacion de carbono en bosques de bajura de la zona atlantica de Costa Rica, Revista Forestal Centroamericana 7. D.N.Bird, M. Dutschke, L. Pedroni, B. Schlamadinger, Tcer or Lcer-Choices of CDM-credits for afforestation and forestation, ENCOFOR 8. L. Pedroni, Carbon accounting for sinks in the CDM after CoP-9: flawed environmental integrity?, CATIE 9. Bruno Locatelli, Lucio Pedroni, Accounting methods for carbon credits: impacts on the minimum area of forestry projects under the Clean Mechanism, CATIE 10. Lucio Pedroni, Ruling on the ‘crunch issues’ of land use, land-use change and forestry: impacts on project viability, Inderscience Enterprises 11. Mirza Castro, Costa Rica frente al cambio climatico, FAO 12. Johnny Montenegro, Sergio Abarca, Improtancia del sector agropecuario costarricense en la mitigacion del calentamiento global, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Instituto Meteorologico Nacional 13. Milena A. Segura Madrigal, Informe Almacenamiento y Fijacion de carbono en Quercus costarricensis

399 en un bosque de altura Cirdukkera de Tlamanca Costa Rica, Instituto Meteorologico Nacional

ECUADOR 1. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur, Evaluation of the CO2 sequestration potential of afforestation projects and secondary forests in two different climate zones of South America, GTZ 2. CORMADELA,Tendencias del mercado forestal y calculo de rentabilidad: herramientas claves para el establecimiento de plantaciones forestales productivas,CORMADELA 3. CORMADELA, Methodologia para la evaluacion del impacto ambiental de plantaciones forestales, CORMADELA

BOLIVIA 1. Programa nacional de Cambio Climaticos, Inventario nacional de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de Bolivia para la decada 1990-2000 y su analisis tendencial, ministerio de desarrollo sostenible, Grupo de trabajo programa nacional de cambios climaticos de Bolivia 2. Fernando Pizarro Romero, Mercedes Battancos Eguez, Atlas de derechos forestales: Toma1, SIFORBAL 3. Fernando Pizarro Romero, Mercedes Battancos Eguez, Atlas de derechos forestales: Toma2, SIFORBAL

CHILE 1． INFOR; Chilean Forestry Sector 2002-2003, 2． INFOR, FONDEF, Univercidad Austral(May-2000);Carbon Sequestration by Chilean Forests and The Promotion of This Capacity in the World Caron Market.; Measurement of the carbon sequestration capacity , Valdivia-Chile, 3． ONF;Projecto Manejo con Comunidades Indigenas (PROMACIN): 4． ONF; Accion internacionales: 5． Univercidad Austral de Chile; Mitigando el efecto invernadero 6． Project CONAF-CONAMA-BIRF(Marzo de 1999);Catastro y evaluacion de recursos vegetationales nativos de Chile, Informe nacional con Variables Ambientales 7． Project CONAF-CONAMA-BIRF(Marzo de 1999);Catastro y evaluacion de recursos vegetationales nativos de Chile, Informe nacional con Variables Ambientales 8． Project CONAF-CONAMA-BIRF(Marzo de 1999);Catastro y evaluacion de recursos vegetationales nativos de Chile, Informe Primera a Carta regiion 9． Project CONAF-CONAMA-BIRF(Marzo de 1999);Catastro y evaluacion de recursos vegetationales nativos de Chile, Informe Quinta Region, 10． Project CONAF-CONAMA-BIRF(Marzo de 1999);Catastro y evaluacion de recursos vegetationales nativos de Chile, Informe Region Sexta region 11． Project CONAF-CONAMA-BIRF(Marzo de 1999);Catastro y evaluacion de recursos vegetationales nativos de Chile, Informe nacional Regional Septima Region 12． Project CONAF-CONAMA-BIRF(Marzo de 1999);Catastro y evaluacion de recursos vegetationales nativos de Chile, Informe nacional Regional Octava Region 13． Project CONAF-CONAMA-BIRF(Marzo de 1999);Catastro y evaluacion de recursos vegetationales nativos de Chile, Informe nacional Regional Novena Region 14． Project CONAF-CONAMA-BIRF(Marzo de 1999);Catastro y evaluacion de recursos vegetationales nativos de Chile, Informe nacional Region Decioma 15． Project CONAF-CONAMA-BIRF(Marzo de 1999);Catastro y evaluacion de recursos vegetationales nativos de Chile, Informe nacional Region Undecima 16． Project CONAF-CONAMA-BIRF(Marzo de 1999);Catastro y evaluacion de recursos vegetationales nativos de Chile, Informe nacional Region Duodecima 17． UACH BIOTA INFOR(2003); Catastro y Usos del Suelo y Vegetacion, Monitoreo y Actualizacion Region Metropolitana 18． UACH BIOTA INFOR(2003); Catastro y Usos del Suelo y Vegetacion, Monitoreo y Actualizacion Region Sexta

400 ARGENTINA 1． C.G. Buduba, G.A. Loguercio, J.A. Irisarri, T. Voigt, M.F. Valenzuela, Evaluacion preliminar del contenido de carbono edafico en plantaciones de Pino ponderosa en el oeste del Chubut, CIEFAP 2． Pablo Laclau, Biomass and carbon sequestration of ponderosa pine plantations and native cypress forests in northwest Patagonia, ELSEVIER 3． Gabriel A. Loguercio, Fijacion de carbono: Un beneficio adicional para proyectos forestales en Patagonia, Patagonia forestal 4． Direccion de bosque (2004); Atlas de los bosques nativos Argentinos 5． OAMDL oficina argentina (CDR), Direccion de bosques Primer Inventario nacional de bosques nativos 6． Secretraria de agricultura, Ganaderia, Pesca y Alimentacion(2001); Inventario Nacional de Plantationes Bosques 7． EL CAPI y las comunidades indigenas de FORMOSA 8． EL CAPI y las comunidades indigenas de PILCOMAYO 9． EL CAPI y las comunidades indigenas de TARTAGAL y AGUARAY 10． EL CAPI y las comunidades indigenas de CHACO 11． PAN (2003); Atlas Argentino 12． INTA(1980): Carta de suelos de la Republica Argentina Hoja 3560-9 Chacabuco 13． Dr. Edgar Ortiz Malavassi, Area Capatacion Recursos Secretaria de Agriculturam Ganaderia,Pesca y Alimentos(2004); SAGPyA Forestal no.-31 14． Gustavo M. Salvador, Economic Analysis of Projects for Carbon Sequestration A Case Study in Patagonia Argentina, Institute of Agricultural Economics 15． Dr. Hector Gonda, Patagonia Forestal, CIEFAP 16． JICA, Study on Selected Productive Clusters in the Argentine Republic

URUGUAY 1． Climate Change Unit (2002); National Strategy Study for the Application of the CDM in Uruguay 2． Climate Change Unit (2002); Study in Support of the Application of the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol in Uruguay 3． Climate Change Unit (2004);Unit Second national communication. To the conference of the Parties in UNFCCC 4． Reivista ForestalNo.14 (2000);Forestal. Sociedad Produtores Forestales 5． Reivista ForestalNo.16 (2001);Forestal. Sociedad Produtores Forestales 6． Reivista Forestal No.17(2002);Forestal. Sociedad Produtores Forestales 7． Reivista Forestal No.18(2002);Forestal. Sociedad Produtores Forestales 8． Reivista Forestal No 21(2003);Forestal. Sociedad Produtores Forestales 9． Reivista Forestal No.22(2004);Forestal. Sociedad Produtores Forestales 10． INIA, Campo Natulas. Estrategia Invernal Manejo y Suplementacion, INIA

401