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Breviario De Legislación Cultural Por Max Araujo

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Breviario De Legislación Cultural Por Max Araujo BREVIARIO DE LEGISLACIÓN CULTURAL Primera edición, marzo de 2006. Banco Mundial Segunda edición, agosto 2009. Asociación en Guatemala de Amigos de la UNESCO MAX ARAUJO © Max Araujo Por la presente edición: Asociación en Guatemala de Amigos de la UNESCO Asociación en Guatemala de Amigos de la UNESCO Max Araujo (1950). Abogado y notario, escritor, promotor y gestor cultural. Es miembro de distintas asociaciones de cultura y de desarrollo social. Ha sido y es directivo de entidades como Adesca, Asociación en Guatemala de Amigos de la UNESCO, Instituto Guatemalteco de Cultura Hispánica, Movimiento Cuarto Mundo y Asociación Módulos de Esperanza. Ha sido durante varios años asesor del Despacho superior del Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, del Departamento de Derecho de Autor y Derechos Conexos del Registro de la Propiedad Intelectual y formó parte de delegaciones ofi ciales a Asambleas Generales de CERLALC y de UNESCO. Tiene va rios libros publicados y ha aparecido en antologías de escritores gua te- maltecos e hispanoamericanos. Su correo personal es maxaraujo1950@ hotmail.com Diagramación y diseño de portada: Francisco Morales Santos Revisión textos: Jaime Bran Impreso en Serviprensa, S. A. 3a. avenida 14-62, zona 1 Tels.: 2232-0237, 2232-5424 Correo electrónico: [email protected] Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala 2 BREVIARIO DE LEGISLACIÓN CULTURAL BREVIARIO DE LEGISLACIÓN CULTURAL MAX ARAUJO 3 MAX ARAUJO 4 BREVIARIO DE LEGISLACIÓN CULTURAL NOTA INTRODUCTORIA El Breviario de legislación cultural, estimado lector, es una herramienta de primer orden, por cuanto en él se halla gran parte de la legislación cultural de Guatemala recopilada por Max Araujo, escritor, promotor cultural y, particularmente, abogado y notario de profesión. Su conocimiento de las leyes lo han llevado a enfocar su atención en todas aquellas que conciernen a la protección, difusión y rescate del patrimonio tangible e intangible del país. Es el suyo un trabajo de años que se ha materializado en proyectos de leyes, mesas redon- das, conferencias y foros multidisciplinarios tanto en el país como en el extranjero, sin más satisfacción que la de saber que está contribuyendo con algo de suma utilidad para un país como el nuestro: un país que cada día sorprende con sus tesoros arqueológicos de tiempos jamás imaginados y el prodigio de las manos que hoy por hoy compiten en color y armonía con la creación de la naturaleza. Me refi ero a la industria textil, la cerámica y la ebanistería, entre otras, así como a la arquitectura y la escultura de las épocas prehispánica, colonial y republicana que son objeto de constante admiración en el mundo. La palabra breviario se refi ere a libro de lectura habitual o compendio y este, precisamente, cumple las dos funciones, porque está destinado a consultas frecuentes y a la vez es una suma de leyes relacionadas con la cultura. Entre las leyes aquí reunidas, están, la Ley de Protección del Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación, la Ley de creación de ADESCA, la de Fomento del Libro de Guatemala, la de Derechos de Autor, la de Espectáculos Deportivos, la de Protección de la Antigua Guatemala y la de creación de la Academia de Lenguas Mayas, entre otras. Es importante señalar que la recopilación se enriquece con observaciones pertinentes que con- tribuirán en gran manera a quienes estén interesados en el tema. Francisco Morales Santos 5 BREVIARIO DE LEGISLACIÓN CULTURAL PALABRAS LIMINARES Guatemala es un país con un rico y variado patrimonio cultural, tangible e intangible (material e inmaterial). Para restaurar, proteger, conservar, defender y difundir ese patrimonio, se han creado instituciones y dependencias de gobierno y se ha emitido una abundante legislación, compuesta por normas constitucionales, leyes ordinarias, acuerdos gubernativos, acuerdos mi nisteriales y acuerdos municipales. Se han ratifi cado también leyes internacionales, que, como consecuencia, han pasado a ser de obligado cumplimiento en el país. Estas últimas son las convenciones emitidas por organismos internacionales, principalmente por la UNESCO, or ganismo de la ONU, encargado de lo relativo a la ciencia, la educación y la cultura. La pu bli cación que el lector tiene en sus manos pretende dar un panorama en el que se encuentra un concepto relacionado con cultura, la defi nición legal de patrimonio cultural nacional y del patrimonio cultural inmaterial, un breve análisis del mismo y de algunas leyes relacionadas con el tema de legislación cultural, algunas ya derogadas, pero que en su momento fueron im portantes. Asimismo, algunos antecedentes de cómo el Estado ha creado instituciones rela cio nadas con el sector cultura, entre ellas el Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, y por último un listado incompleto de las normas que están vigentes en Guatemala y que regulan as pectos de pa trimonio cultural. Se transcriben, también, algunas leyes y algunos artículos de las leyes que es necesario que se conozcan. De antemano aclaro que este trabajo es incompleto; está hecho con el propósito de que sirva de guía a quienes desean conocer de manera integral nuestra legislación cultural, en cuyo caso es recomendable leer los textos com pletos de las leyes y hacer las comparaciones e interpretaciones que sean necesarias. Espero que este trabajo llene las expectativas que me propuse al hacerlo, para que con tri buya a dar conocimientos aunque sean mínimos sobre la materia y para crear conciencia de la urgencia y necesidad de conocer nuestra legislación cultural, para las acciones de rescate, pro tección y difusión del patrimonio cultural guatemalteco que deben realizarse, pero sobre todo porque existe un principio jurídico, incorporado a nuestra legislación nacional, que dice: “La ignorancia de la ley no exime su cumplimiento”. Agradezco el apoyo logístico y secretarial de Blanca Azurdia Ponce (†), Julissa López y Magalí Muñoz de Castillo. Este trabajo es producto de un curso de introducción a la Le- gislación Cultural coordinado por Beatriz Quevedo, directora de Casa Mima, que se llevó a cabo en el Mu seo de Arte Moderno Carlos Mérida en el primer semestre del año 2005. Este esfuerzo se perfeccionará cuando toda la legislación cultural se incluya en una recopilación de varios vo lúmenes, que algunos colegas abogados están elaborando. Por último debo con- signar que muchos de los datos fueron tomados del valioso trabajo que coordinó el licenciado Alfonso Ortiz Sobalvarro, producto de una consultoría hecha para el Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes en el año 2001, como parte de una asistencia técnica del Banco Mundial. El trabajo se denomina “Estrategia de Reforma Jurídica y normativa para el sector cultura”. Es valioso e importante que los interesados en el tema lo conozcan. Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción, octubre 2005 Nota: Este breviario fue actualizado en el mes de agosto de 2009 por el autor, con el apo yo técnico de investigación y redacción de Brenda Nineth Torres, asistente de la Asesoría Específi ca del Des pa cho Superior del MICUDE, ya que desde su edición en 2005 han surgido nuevas normas. Las Con ven ciones internacionales transcritas en el anexo de este libro fueron ratifi cadas por Guatemala en el 2006, por lo que ya son leyes internas. 7 BREVIARIO DE LEGISLACIÓN CULTURAL CAPÍTULO I DE LA DEFINICIÓN DE CULTURA Y DE LA DEFINICIÓN LEGAL DEL PATRIMONIO CULTURAL DE GUATEMALA I. Defi nición de Cultura Existen muchas defi niciones de cultura, desde la más elemental que dice que cultura es todo lo que el ser humano hace, hasta aquella que la confunde con la acumulación de co no cimientos a través de la educación formal y con la forma de comportarse según las reglas sociales de ca da comunidad, en nuestro caso las del mundo occidental, asimiladas por los gua temaltecos. Sin embargo, para no generar discusiones al respecto, se transcribe la defi nición que los expertos de la UNESCO consensuaron para el anteproyecto de Con ven ción Sobre la Protección y Pro- moción de la Diversidad de las Expresiones Culturales, que dice “se entiende por ‘cultura’ el conjunto de rasgos distintivos espirituales, materiales, in te lec tuales, y afectivos de una so- ciedad o grupo social, que comprende, además de las artes y las letras, los estilos de vida, las formas de convivencia, los sistemas de valores, las tra diciones y las creencias”.1 II. Defi nición legal del Patrimonio Cultural Para los efectos de este trabajo, para que en forma didáctica y legal comprenda lo que es el patri- monio cultural de Guatemala, se consigna el artículo 60 de la Constitución Política de la Repú- blica que dice: “Forman el Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación, los bienes, valores pa leon tológicos, arqueológicos, históricos y artísticos del país”. Este precepto constitucional se com ple menta con los artículos 2 y 3 de la Ley de Protección al Patrimonio Cultural que dicen: Artículo 2. Forman el Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación los bienes e instituciones que por ministerio de ley o por declaratoria de autoridad lo integren y constituyan bienes mue- bles o inmuebles, públicos y privados, relativos a la paleontología, arqueo logía, historia, antropología, arte, ciencia y tecnología y la cultura en general, incluido el Patrimonio in tangible, que coadyuven al fortalecimiento de la identidad nacional”.2 Artículo 3. Clasifi cación. Para los efectos de la presente Ley se consideran bienes que conforman el Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación, los siguientes: Patrimonio cultural tangible a) Bienes culturales inmuebles: 1. La arquitectura y sus elementos, incluida la decoración aplicada. 2. Los grupos de elementos y conjuntos arquitectónicos y de arquitectura vernácula. 3. Los centros y conjuntos históricos, incluyendo las áreas que le sirven de entorno y su paisaje natural. 1 Se refi ere a la versión que como proyecto se conocía en octubre de 2004. 2 La división de Patrimonio Cultural Tangible e Intangible se incorpora por primera vez en la Ley del Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación.
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