Unit-5 Bus Architecture
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QEMU Version 2.10.2 User Documentation I
QEMU version 2.10.2 User Documentation i Table of Contents 1 Introduction ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.1 Features :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 2 QEMU PC System emulator ::::::::::::::::::: 2 2.1 Introduction :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 2.2 Quick Start::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 2.3 Invocation :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 2.3.1 Standard options :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 2.3.2 Block device options ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 2.3.3 USB options:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 19 2.3.4 Display options ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 19 2.3.5 i386 target only::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 26 2.3.6 Network options :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 27 2.3.7 Character device options:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 35 2.3.8 Device URL Syntax::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 39 2.3.9 Bluetooth(R) options ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 42 2.3.10 TPM device options ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 42 2.3.11 Linux/Multiboot boot specific ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 43 2.3.12 Debug/Expert options ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 44 2.3.13 Generic object creation :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 52 2.4 Keys in the graphical frontends :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 58 2.5 Keys in the character backend multiplexer ::::::::::::::::::::: 58 2.6 QEMU Monitor ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 59 2.6.1 Commands ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -
System Buses EE2222 Computer Interfacing and Microprocessors
System Buses EE2222 Computer Interfacing and Microprocessors Partially based on Computer Organization and Architecture by William Stallings Computer Electronics by Thomas Blum 2020 EE2222 1 Connecting • All the units must be connected • Different type of connection for different type of unit • CPU • Memory • Input/Output 2020 EE2222 2 CPU Connection • Reads instruction and data • Writes out data (after processing) • Sends control signals to other units • Receives (& acts on) interrupts 2020 EE2222 3 Memory Connection • Receives and sends data • Receives addresses (of locations) • Receives control signals • Read • Write • Timing 2020 EE2222 4 Input/Output Connection(1) • Similar to memory from computer’s viewpoint • Output • Receive data from computer • Send data to peripheral • Input • Receive data from peripheral • Send data to computer 2020 EE2222 5 Input/Output Connection(2) • Receive control signals from computer • Send control signals to peripherals • e.g. spin disk • Receive addresses from computer • e.g. port number to identify peripheral • Send interrupt signals (control) 2020 EE2222 6 What is a Bus? • A communication pathway connecting two or more devices • Usually broadcast (all components see signal) • Often grouped • A number of channels in one bus • e.g. 32 bit data bus is 32 separate single bit channels • Power lines may not be shown 2020 EE2222 7 Bus Interconnection Scheme 2020 EE2222 8 Data bus • Carries data • Remember that there is no difference between “data” and “instruction” at this level • Width is a key determinant of performance • 8, 16, 32, 64 bit 2020 EE2222 9 Address bus • Identify the source or destination of data • e.g. CPU needs to read an instruction (data) from a given location in memory • Bus width determines maximum memory capacity of system • e.g. -
Certifications, Reports and Compatibility Applications
2-port 10Gbps USB C PCIe Card - USB 3.1 Gen 2 Type-C PCI Express Host Controller Add-On Card - Expansion Card - USB 3.2 Gen 2x1 PCIe Adapter 15W/port - Windows, macOS, Linux Product ID: PEXUSB312C3 This PCIe USB 3.1 Gen 2 card installs into an available PCI-Express slot in your computer and enables you to upgrade your current system by adding two USB-C (10Gbps) ports. Also known as USB 3.2 Gen 2x1, this USB 3.1 Gen 2 card adds two 10Gbps USB Type-C ports to your computer. Utilizing an ASMedia ASM3142 chipset, this card harnesses the speed of USB 3.1 Gen 2. With higher data throughput support, this USB 3.1 Gen 2 PCIe expansion card is a necessity for external drives and many other USB 3.1 Gen 2 peripherals and includes an optional SATA power connector for high power devices. The card is backward compatible with USB 3.0 (5Gbps) and USB 2.0 (480mbps) devices. The card works with newer USB-C devices, but can easily support your existing USB-A peripherals using inexpensive USB Type C cables and adapters. See our Accessories Tab for supported options. The USB 3.1 card is compatible with Windows, Linux and macOS operating systems. The card includes both standard-profile and low-profile brackets to install in various form-factor PCs and servers. StarTech.com conducts thorough compatibility and performance testing on all our products to ensure we are meeting or exceeding industry standards and providing high-quality products to IT Professionals. -
Scaling Enterprise Storage with SAS Hard Drives
Whitepaper | November 2007 Scaling Enterprise Storage with SAS Hard Drives Introduction Data center workloads have increased exponentially in recent years, requiring IT managers to find new ways of scaling their enterprise storage resources in a way that is both highly reliable and cost-effective. With the introduction of complementary serial interface technologies, IT managers now have the flexibility to deploy either high performance SAS drives or cost-effective Serial ATA (SATA) drives in a Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) storage environment. Hardware compatibility between the new interfaces will provide unprecedented design flexibility for server and storage subsystem deployments. SAS was designed to be the successor to parallel SCSI, which has been used effectively as an enterprise storage interface for more than 20 years. SAS supports the SCSI com- mand set and protocol, maintaining compatibility with the last 20 years of application software investment. SAS will support faster data transfer rates and more devices per controller, as well as reduce the size and complexity of the cables and connectors (thus enabling smaller, more densely-packed disk arrays). SAS is a point-to-point serial architecture, meaning that each drive has a dedicated connection to the host. Eliminating the shared (parallel) bus bottleneck results in higher overall performance because the host will deliver full bandwidth to each individual hard drive. These dedicated, point-to-point connections provide full-duplex connectivity at 3Gb/s for superior performance. SAS is a dual-port interface that provides two separate data paths into the drive. This delivers higher levels of performance and eliminates the “single point of failure” that is a drawback of the current parallel SCSI inter- face. -
Getting Started with Your VXI-1394 Interface for Windows NT/98 And
VXI Getting Started with Your VXI-1394 Interface for Windows NT/98 VXI-1394 Interface for Windows NT/98 November 1999 Edition Part Number 322109D-01 Worldwide Technical Support and Product Information www.ni.com National Instruments Corporate Headquarters 11500 North Mopac Expressway Austin, Texas 78759-3504 USA Tel: 512 794 0100 Worldwide Offices Australia 03 9879 5166, Austria 0662 45 79 90 0, Belgium 02 757 00 20, Brazil 011 284 5011, Canada (Calgary) 403 274 9391, Canada (Ontario) 905 785 0085, Canada (Québec) 514 694 8521, China 0755 3904939, Denmark 45 76 26 00, Finland 09 725 725 11, France 01 48 14 24 24, Germany 089 741 31 30, Greece 30 1 42 96 427, Hong Kong 2645 3186, India 91805275406, Israel 03 6120092, Italy 02 413091, Japan 03 5472 2970, Korea 02 596 7456, Mexico (D.F.) 5 280 7625, Mexico (Monterrey) 8 357 7695, Netherlands 0348 433466, Norway 32 27 73 00, Poland 48 22 528 94 06, Portugal 351 1 726 9011, Singapore 2265886, Spain 91 640 0085, Sweden 08 587 895 00, Switzerland 056 200 51 51, Taiwan 02 2377 1200, United Kingdom 01635 523545 For further support information, see the Technical Support Resources appendix. To comment on the documentation, send e-mail to [email protected] © Copyright 1998, 1999 National Instruments Corporation. All rights reserved. Important Information Warranty The National Instruments VXI-1394 board is warranted against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one year from the date of shipment, as evidenced by receipts or other documentation. National Instruments will, at its option, repair or replace equipment that proves to be defective during the warranty period. -
SAS Storage Architecture: Serial Attached SCSI, 2005, Mike Jackson, 0977087808, 9780977087808, Mindshare Press, 2005
SAS Storage Architecture: Serial Attached SCSI, 2005, Mike Jackson, 0977087808, 9780977087808, MindShare Press, 2005 DOWNLOAD http://bit.ly/1zNQCoA http://www.barnesandnoble.com/s/?store=book&keyword=SAS+Storage+Architecture%3A+Serial+Attached+SCSI SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) is the serial storage interface that has been designed to replace and upgrade SCSI, by far the most popular storage interface for high-performance systems for many years. Retaining backward compatibility with the millions of lines of code written to support SCSI devices, SAS incorporates recent advances in high-speed serial design to provide better performance, better reliability and enhanced capabilities, all at a lower cost. SAS will be a significant part of many future high-performance storage systems, and hardware designers, system validation engineers, device driver developers and others working in this area will need a working knowledge of it.SAS Storage Architecture provides a comprehensive guide to the SAS standard. The book contains descriptions and numerous examples of the concepts presented, using the same building block approach as other MindShare offerings. This book details important concepts relating to the design and implementation of storage networks.Specific topics of interest include:SATA Compatibility Expander devices Discovery Process Connection protocols Arbitration of competing connection requests Flow Control protocols ACK/NAK protocol Primitives ? construction and uses Frames ? format, definition, used of each field Error checking mechanisms -
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ECESATUSB1 This Expresscard Power Esata Port Controller Card
1 Port ExpressCard Power eSATA Controller Adapter Card StarTech ID: ECESATUSB1 This ExpressCard Power eSATA port controller card can be installed in an available ExpressCard 34/54 mm slot to provide a powered eSATA connection, and also alternatively provide either external SATA (data only) or USB 2.0 connectivity from one uniquely designed port if using with standard eSATA or USB devices. An ideal solution for using an eSATA SSD Flash drive on your laptop, the power eSATA card delivers both a high speed eSATA connection and power from the combined USB port. A versatile connectivity solution, the card features built-in port multiplier support, allowing multi-drive eSATA storage enclosures to be connected to the host computer using a single eSATA cable. Taking advantage of the transfer speed of eSATA connection and the 5V power output of the USB 2.0 port, the ExpressCard Power eSATA adapter is the perfect answer for connecting compatible mobile drive enclosures, similar to the built-in power eSATA port provided by the following laptop computers: Toshiba: Satellite E105, A350, Satellite Pro P300; Qosmio G50, X305, Portege A600, M750, R500, R600; and Tecra M10, R10, A10. Dell: Studio 15, 17; Latitude E6400, E6500; Precision M2400, M4400, M6400, M6400 Covet. Applications Connects to eSATA SSD Flash drives, such as OCZ Throttle, Kangaru e-Flash drives and Ridata Racer series flash drives Provides connectivity between Notebooks and PCs with ExpressCard slots to external drive enclosures with Power eSATA (eSATA+USB) port, or with regular eSATA -
HP Proliant G6 Intel Xeon Bladesystem C-Class Server Blades
Technologies in HP ProLiant G6 c-Class server blades with Intel® Xeon® processors technology brief Abstract.............................................................................................................................................. 2 ProLiant c-Class server blade architecture................................................................................................ 2 Processor technologies ......................................................................................................................... 3 Multi-level caches............................................................................................................................. 3 QuickPath Interconnect controller ....................................................................................................... 4 Hyper-Threading .............................................................................................................................. 4 Turbo Boost technology..................................................................................................................... 5 Thermal Logic technologies ................................................................................................................... 5 Processor socket technology.................................................................................................................. 6 Memory technologies ........................................................................................................................... 6 I/O technologies -
Computer Bus Characteristics
Upendra Sharma (upsharma.in) Computer Bus A bus, in computing, is a set of physical connections (cables, printed circuits, etc.) which can be shared by multiple hardware components in order to communicate with one another. The purpose of buses is to reduce the number of "pathways" needed for communication between the components, by carrying out all communications over a single data channel. This is why the metaphor of a "data highway" is sometimes used. If only two hardware components communicate over the line, it is called a hardware port (such as a serial port or parallel port). Characteristics A bus is characterised by the amount of information that can be transmitted at once. This amount, expressed in bits, corresponds to the number of physical lines over which data is sent simultaneously. A 32-wire ribbon cable can transmit 32 bits in parallel. The term "width" is used to refer to the number of bits that a bus can transmit at once. Additionally, the bus speed is also defined by its frequency (expressed in Hertz), the number of data packets sent or received per second. Each time that data is sent or received is called a cycle. This way, it is possible to find the maximum transfer speed of the bus, the amount of data which it can transport per unit of time, by multiplying its width by its frequency. A bus with a width of 16 bits and a frequency of 133 MHz, therefore, has a transfer speed equal to: Upendra Sharma (upsharma.in) Types of Buses In reality, each bus is generally constituted of 50 to 100 distinct physical lines, divided into three subassemblies: The address bus (sometimes called the memory bus) transports memory addresses which the processor wants to access in order to read or write data. -
Fujitsu Plug-And-Play Controller (Ppc)
cO MB86701 FUJITSU PLUG-AND-PLAY CONTROLLER (PPC) ADVANCE INFORMATION JULY 1994 KEY FEATURES • Provides Plug-and-Play compatibility for ISA add-in • Read the card's resource requirements data cards • Identify the card and configure its resources • Conforms to Intel/Microsoft Plug-and-Play specifica • Locate a driver for the card tion vl.Oa (May 5, 1994) lbis process is done automatically at every hard reset of • Interface to serial resource EEPROM with read and write the system. Plug-and-Play ISA cards will interoperate capability for storage of data structures required by Plug and-Play and additional user defined data. with standard ISA cards in a fully compatible manner. Information that identifies the card and describes the sys • Provides five chip select outputs: tem resources which are requested by the card, such as - Two I/O chip selects, /CSO and /CSl, f{AO-AlS} memory and IJO space, DMA channel, and interrupt level - Two memory chip selects, JC,S2 and /CS3, f{AO-A23} supported is maintained in a standardized read-only for - JC,S4 is the OR of CSO and CS3 and is used as described mat below In a system that uses only Plug-and-Play ISA cards, it • Supports two DMA channels and two interrupts from the will be possible to achieve full auto-configuration. It is logical device recognized that the current generation of standard ISA - Interrupts directed to any of 11 interrupt channels on the cards will coexist with Plug-and-Play ISA cards in the ISA bus same system. In such systems, the configuration solution - DMA directed to any of 7 DMA channels on the ISA needs to be augmented in the BIOS and/or operating sys bus tem to manage and arbitrate the allocation of ISA bus re • Provides four quasi-bidirectional general purpose I/O sources. -
Cifx PC Cards for Real-Time Ethernet and Fieldbus
cifX PC cards for Real-Time Ethernet and Fieldbus All major industrial protocols All common PC card formats One hardware for all Real-Time Ethernet protocols Master and Slave Wide range of device drivers Same application interface for all networks PC cards in all formats for all protocols The cifX PC card family is the unified standard supporting all Real-Time Ethernet and Fieldbus systems for PC based automation. The protocol stack is executed autonomously on the PC card and process data exchange with the host is done via Dual-Port-Memory or DMA (Direct Memory Access). Thanks to the common Hilscher Platform Strategy all PC cards use the same driver and tools - independent of protocol and card format. A change of communication protocol is done by just loading a different firmware. A rotary switch delivers an easy and reliable slot assignment for the PCI- and PCI Express card types. In addition special types e.g. with integrated NVRAM, 2-channel cards or detached network interface are available. A complete software package is always included in the scope of delivery. This package consists of one FDT-based configuration tool (IEC standard) for all products and networks, loadable firmware, documentation and a driver tool-kit. Due to own network controller netX a 10-year guarantee of delivery is granted. Spectra GmbH & Co. KG Niederlassung Österreich Spectra (Schweiz) AG [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] cifX - Communication for PC based Automation NVRAM included PCI Same Function - Same API - Same Tools Especially for compact Box PCs Hilscher offers specific types with integrated NVRAM for secure data storage.