SAS Enters the Mainstream Although Adoption of Serial Attached SCSI
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SAS enters the mainstream By the InfoStor staff http://www.infostor.com/articles/article_display.cfm?Section=ARTCL&C=Newst&ARTICLE_ID=295373&KEYWORDS=Adaptec&p=23 Although adoption of Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) is still in the infancy stages, the next 12 months bode well for proponents of the relatively new disk drive/array interface. For example, in a recent InfoStor QuickVote reader poll, 27% of the respondents said SAS will account for the majority of their disk drive purchases over the next year, although Serial ATA (SATA) topped the list with 37% of the respondents, followed by Fibre Channel with 32%. Only 4% of the poll respondents cited the aging parallel SCSI interface (see figure). However, surveys of InfoStor’s readers are skewed by the fact that almost half of our readers are in the channel (primarily VARs and systems/storage integrators), and the channel moves faster than end users in terms of adopting (or at least kicking the tires on) new technologies such as serial interfaces. Click here to enlarge image To get a more accurate view of the pace of adoption of serial interfaces such as SAS, consider market research predictions from firms such as Gartner and International Data Corp. (IDC). Yet even in those firms’ predictions, SAS is coming on surprisingly strong, mostly at the expense of its parallel SCSI predecessor. For example, Gartner predicts SAS disk drives will account for 16.4% of all multi-user drive shipments this year and will garner almost 45% of the overall market in 2009 (see figure on p. 18). IDC’s disk-drive shipment projections underline the same general trend toward serial interfaces, but differ in the specifics. For example, IDC expects SAS to account for 15.7% of the enterprise drive category shipments this year, and almost 26% in 2009 (see figure on p. 18). However, regardless of which predictions prove to be more accurate, it’s clear that SAS has hit the mainstream in a relatively short period of time. The basics Unlike parallel transmission technology, which transmits data in multiple streams, serial interfaces send data in a single stream. As such, they are not tied to a particular clock speed and can send data faster. SAS, for example, has a theoretical maximum transfer rate of 3Gbps (in both directions), as does the current generation of SATA. The current generation of Fibre Channel has a maximum transfer rate of 4Gbps. SAS overcomes some of the inherent limitations of parallel SCSI, such as signal skew and crosstalk, signal termination restrictions, cable and connector reflection, lack of scalability and performance, and device addressability (theoretically, up to 128 devices with SAS, or more than 16,000 devices per domain with expanders, compared to only 15 devices with parallel SCSI). Although many of the advantages of SAS (versus parallel SCSI) relate to packaging issues that may be of more interest to OEMs and integrators (e.g., thinner cables, etc.), end users will be drawn to the speed advantages and what some think is SAS’s crowning achievement: SAS enclosures can support both SAS and/or SATA disk drives. This capability gives users and integrators the ability to create tiered storage systems or domains that combine higher-performance SAS drives with higher-capacity (and lower-cost/ performance) SATA drives. Other benefits of SAS include dual-ported drives (also a feature of Fibre Channel drives), the use of expanders for adding external capacity, and a point- to-point connection architecture (vs. parallel SCSI’s shared-bus architecture) for higher performance. In a point-to-point architecture, each device has a dedicated path to the controller, with full bandwidth on each connection. SAS also features multi-lane, or “wide,” connections so that, for example, an “x4” (or “4x”) connection provides up to 24Gbps aggregate, bidirectional throughput. New products Market research firms predict a rosy future for SAS, but another way to gauge market momentum is by the number of product introductions. And there have been a slew of SAS products released recently. Here’s a sampling of SAS products that went into production shipments over the last few months: Click here to enlarge image Accusys’ 64-bit ACS-93000 SAS-SAS RAID controller supports SATA native command queuing (NCQ) and SCSI tagged command queuing (TCQ), and has dual PCI-X connections, up to 16 SAS drive channels, a 533MHz RISC I/O processor, up to 4GB DDR2 cache memory, support for all RAID levels (and multiple RAID levels and stripe sizes in a single disk group), online disk group defragmentation and LUN capacity expansion, and support for Windows Virtual Disk Service (VDS) and Multi-Path I/O (MPIO). Adaptec is shipping five “Unified Serial” SAS/ SATA RAID controllers for PCIe systems. The low-profile cards are designed for entry-level to midrange servers and workstations. The controllers are available with four internal ports (model 3405), eight internal ports (model 3805), 12 internal ports (model 31205), 16 internal ports (model 31605), or eight external ports with dual-path fail-over (model 3085). Click here to enlarge image Features include • Performance: Hot Space (RAID-5EE) spreads the hot-spare disk space across the array and increases performance by using the spare spindle; • Data protection: Dual-drive failure protection (RAID 6) ensures the array can survive two disk failures without losing data; and • Management: Users can manage data backups by taking point-in-time snapshots (via an optional Snapshot Backup feature) and copying them to tape or disk without taking arrays offline. A hot- spare slot can be designated in the disk cabinet, so after replacing a failed drive the array will reconstruct to its original configuration. Pricing for the controllers, which come with up to 256MB of cache and support for RAID arrays of up to 512TB, ranges from $390 to $995. Click here to enlarge image Advanced Industrial Computer’s (AIC) Xtore division is shipping the XD 2000 RAID arrays, which support SAS/SATA drives and can be configured with dual 4Gbps Fibre Channel or 3Gbps x4 SAS host channels per blade. The XD 2000 includes RAID 50 Interleave (RAID 50i) for higher availability. RAID 50i creates multiple RAID-5 drive strata within a single RAID set across single or multiple enclosures within a storage domain, and protects against multiple drive failures. Xtore officials claim that RAID 50i does not have the overhead and performance penalties sometimes associated with RAID 6. The XD 2000 subsystems also support RAID 0, 1, 5, and 6. Other features include dual active controller blades, logical volume virtualized storage, and support for up to 16 drives in a 3U enclosure. Arena Maxtronic recently began shipments of the JanusRAID2 SS-6651E and SS-6652E RAID storage systems. The SS-6651E has a 4Gbps Fibre Channel host interface and the SS-6652E has a 3Gbps four-lane (x4) host interface that provides 12Gbps of aggregate throughput. Both subsystems support all RAID levels, including the company’s NRAID, as well as JBOD configurations. Logical disks and volumes have independently configured stripe sizes, support online initialization, and sequential prioritized rebuilding. Up to three RAID alteration tasks can be performed online without bringing a subsystem offline. (Tasks include disk group expansion, defragmentation, logical disk expansion, RAID level migration, and stripe size migration.) Reliability features include disk scrubbing, disk self test, and disk cloning. Atto Technology entered the SAS adapter market with the ExpressSAS R348 (internal) and R380 (external) RAID adapters. The company also launched a SAS Advantage channel program for VARs and integrators targeting high-throughput environments such as digital video. Atto officials attribute the adapters’ performance in part to the company’s Advanced Data Streaming (ADS) technology and the use of Intel’s 800MHz IOP348 I/O processors for PCIe hosts. The company claims a throughput rate of up to 903MBps in a RAID-5 configuration with 256KB transfers across 12 3.5-inch SAS drives, or 979MBps with 4MB transfers. Like all SAS adapters, the ExpressSAS cards support both 3Gbps SAS and SATA drives. In addition to supporting virtually all standard RAID levels, the adapters support Atto’s DV RAID, which is designed to accelerate performance in streaming media applications such as high-definition (HD) digital video editing. The cards feature a native (as opposed to bridged) PCIe implementation with x8 PCIe-to-SAS/SATA interfaces and come in a low-profile form factor. The R348 has user-configurable internal port options with x4 Mini-SAS connectors (eight internal, or four internal and four external), and the R380 has eight external ports (two x4 Mini-SAS connectors). Other features of the ExpressSAS adapters include support for up to 32 physical drives and 128 logical drives, 256MB of ECC SDRAM, and support for Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X platforms. MSRP for the adapters is $1,095. Ciprico’s RAIDCore RC5000 line of SAS/SATA controllers for Windows and Linux platforms leverage software-based RAID. Compatible with PCI-X and PCI Express hosts, the controllers are currently available in 8-port configurations, with 12- and 16-port versions due next month. The company claims more than 1.1GBps throughput with 16 SATA drives. Users can create virtual arrays of up to 32 drives. Eight-port controllers supporting RAID 5 are priced at $299, and RAID-0/1/10 versions are priced at $219. Dot Hill’s 2730 Turbo RAID array, which is targeted primarily at OEMs and integrators, is up to 40% faster than the model 2730 due to a new processor. The company claims 1,154MBps sustained throughput and transfer rates of more than 124,000 I/Os per second. Based on Dot Hill’s R/Evolution architecture and SimulCache technology (which leverages dual RAID controllers instead of conventional cache mirroring), the disk array has 12 drives per enclosure (expandable to 56) in any mix of SATA or SAS drives.